1279

Index

References are to Pages

__________

ABSENCE OF CREDIT IN GUILD TRANSACTIONS:

French Spinster Illustration: p. 200

ABSTRACTION: PP. 30–32, 158, 178–79, 208, 281, 418, 420, 424, 668, 673, 837, 851, 880, 916, 1061, 1086, 1236

Abstraction of a Promise or its Independence from underlying transactions, Equities or Defenses: pp. 30–32, 158, 178–79, 208, 418, 668, 837, 851, 880, 916, 1061

ABSTRACT V. CAUSAL AGENCY: PP. 420, 424, 668, 673

ACCEPTANCE: PP. 15, 82, 117, 169, 172, 204, 226, 257, 264, 272, 275–76, 278, 282, 285, 289–91, 315, 360, 387, 390, 404, 406, 420, 427, 430–31, 434–35, 451, 459, 524, 749, 778, 815, 822, 844, 864–65, 871, 889, 897, 903, 906–13, 926, 1028, 1030, 1050, 1052, 1054–55, 1061, 1067, 1072, 1074, 1100, 1102–03, 1118, 1121, 1126, 1159, 1169, 1186, 1194, 1198–1200, 1210, 1217–18, 1226, 1238

Bankers’ Acceptances: pp. 404, 815, 905, 907, 1052

Mail box Rule—Adams v. Lindsell: pp. 822, 910–12

Mirror Image Rule: pp. 909, 979, 1069–74

See Hugo Grotius’ (or Assent principle): Assent by the Promisee as a Requirement for the enforcement of the Promise: pp. 909–10, see also Pollicitation: pp. 82, 251, 257–58, 265, 281–82, 289–91, 387, 435, 749, 910

See Offers and Acceptances: p. 908

The need for an acceptance of a promise to be able to enforce it in French law: pp. 272, 275–76, 278, 280, 282, 285, 289–91, 315

What constitutes an Acceptance? pp. 82, 117, 172, 204, 226, 257, 264, 360, 387

Accion Redhibitoria: p. 1227

Acte Authentique: pp. 40, 217–19, 221, 223, 259, 867, 871, 985

Actio: p. 105

Actio Venditi: p. 49, 104, 129, 771

Active Verb “Is” and its Restrictive Effects on the Scope and Application of French Codified Definitions and Classifications: pp. 52, 246, 519

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE: PP. 63, 67, 72, 75, 78, 187, 352, 364

Accounts Receivable Financing: pp. 384–85, 618, 716, 737–40, 742–43, 794–95, 799–800, 802, 828

Economic Importance in Chilean GDP: pp. 915, 918

Ad Solemnitatem Formality: p. 932

Ad Probationem Formality: pp. 130, 263, 871, 930, 932–24, 936–37

Adequacy of Consideration: p. 901

Adequate Assurances of Performance—U.C.C. § 2–609: pp. 824, 831, 855; p. 1197, 1200–01

ADHESION, CONTRACTS OF: PP. 223, 274, 808–09, 858, 869, 965, 998

AGENCY: PP. 52, 94–95, 103, 122, 141, 162–63, 169, 171–89, 234, 236, 238, 258, 271, 328, 334, 343, 350, 368–76, 395, 425–26, 430–32, 436, 440, 499, 576, 588, 590, 602, 612, 724, 733, 799–800, 820, 823–24, 826–27, 848, 865, 904, 931–32, 957, 998, 1010, 1012, 1022, 1095, 1163

Professor Omar Morales and Apparent, Actual, Express and Implied Authority Disclosed, Undisclosed and Partially Disclosed Principals in United States and Latin American Law: pp. 174–76, 182–85; see also Powers of Attorney: pp. 175, 177–78, 231–33, 236, 372, 424, 428, 931–32, 1104

Professors W. Müller-Freinfels on Paul Laband’s doctrine on the German Prokura: Independence or “Abstraction” of an Agent’s Authority and Representation: p. 175

The Abstract and Causal Agency: pp. 171, 174

The Biblical Principle of Agency: An Agent Can only Benefit but not harm his Principal: pp. 162–63, 169

AGREEMENT: PP. 5, 9, 13, 16, 20, 23–24, 31, 37, 43, 99, 188, 123, 129, 152, 171, 188–89, 204, 222, 255–56, 260, 264–65, 276, 278, 280, 347, 394, 458, 675, 692, 711, 716, 722, 834, 839, 862–63, 865, 869, 872, 874, 903, 922–23, 928, 930, 938, 949, 952, 972, 987, 1012, 1017, 1020, 1033, 1037, 1051, 1056, 1099, 1126, 1162–63, 1175, 1201, 1203–04, 1220, 1228

Chinese Conditional Sale Agreements and other Causal Sale Agreements: pp. 669–72, 675, 677

Conditional Sales or Sale Agreements with Retention of Title; Scholastic Objections thereto: pp. 51–52, 71, 75, 109, 513, 619, 1037

1280

Escrow Agreements: p. 372

Gratuitous Loan of use Agreements in Roman law (Commodatum): pp. 5, 16, 103, 112, 119, 258, 425

Master Agreements in contemporary U.S. law: p. 807

Multi-Lateral Agreements and Consideration: pp. 803, 896

Oral or Parole Agreements and Statute of Frauds: pp. 779, 784, 863–64, 895, 922, 927–29, 930, 950, 984–87, 1018

Pactum Commissorium: Roman law Agreement that allowed secured creditor to repossess and resell the collateral of a defaulted loan: pp. 70, 419, 741, 1049, 1167, 1170, 1172, 1175, 1205

Remedies for Breach of Warranty in: English Law: p. 809

United States and Spanish law: pp. 847, 1129, 1215

Sale Agreements, Remedies for Breach of Contract in Roman law: pp. 14, 133

Agricultural Survival Society: pp. 17, 81–102

Agus, A.: pp. 153–55, 170

Ahumada, Dr. Raul Cervantes: pp. 102, 412, 532–34, 542, 1007

Aleatory Contract: pp. 261, 1138–41, 1147–48, 1154

Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch of 1871 (ADHGB): pp. 413–14, 422, 424, 981

Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen (AG): 455–56

Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Für Die Banken (AGB): pp. 455, 462, 1209

Allocation of Risk or loss of Goods Sold: p. 299

Alphonse the Wise and his Law of the Seven Parts (Leyes de las Siete Partidas): p. 545

AGB AS A SOURCE OF BANKING CONTRACT LAW:

Bundesgerichtshof, September 26, 1989, WM 1989, 1713: a Judicial Illustration on Liability for Slight Negligence in the AGB for Banks: p. 466

Standard Contract Forms: the Purchase of Souvenirs from Oktoberfest as an Illustration of the everyday use of these contract forms: p. 458

Altruism v. Selfishness: pp. 7–10, 105, 112, 169, 317–18, 405, 489, 636, 641, 683, 688, 784, 786, 861, 886–89, 902, 994, 1034–35, 1037, 1041

Alternative or Substitute Performance: pp. 251, 1183–84, 1192, 1202

Availability in German Law: pp. 1178, 1179

Animus Possidendi: p. 411

Animus Rem Sibi Habendi Or Animus Dominii: pp. 411, 1041

Anpassung: pp. 1151–52

Anticipatory Repudiation: pp. 17, 21, 826, 831, 855, 1167, 1194, 1196–98, 1202–203, 1208–09, 1215

April Theses–Lenin’s writings: pp. 567–68

AQUINAS, SAINT THOMAS: PP. 48, 52, 140, 149–51, 197, 319, 374, 529–30, 559, 789

See also Summa Theologica: 149–50, 374

Versions of the Just Price of Commodities contrast with Henry Langenstein’s version: 196, 559–60

ARCHETYPES: PP. 18, 40–42, 56, 268, 495, 528, 603, 614, 638, 944, 950, 1039

Banker: p. 1036, 1049–63, 1067–68, 1071–74, 1076, 1078–79

Bourgeois-Civil Contracting Party: p. 280

English and Colonial International Trader: pp. 751, 756

Impact of French archetypal behavior on Legal Institutions: p. 493, 511, 517, 526–27

Good Faith Merchant: pp. 449, 515–16

Jewish Agent: pp. 154, 160–63, 169

Honest and Decent Merchant: pp. 438, 515, 638, 809

Picaresque Merchants: p. 143

Secured Commercial Lenders: p. 1038

Roman Dignity: p. 111

AMERICAN GENERAL STORE AND THE START OF A CONSUMER REVOLUTION: PP. 792–93

Accounts Receivable Financing: pp. 794–95

Availability and Importance of Consumer Credit: pp. 793–95

Commercial and Consumer Credit Pyramid: p. 795

Consumer Credit Patterns: p. 793

Consumer Revolution: p. 792

Credit by Storekeepers and Factors: p. 797

Fielding Lewis Store in Virginia: p. 792

Migration of English Credit Patterns: p. 797

Multi-Ethnic Family Farmer, Producer and Merchant: p. 795

Wholesalers and Jobbers: p. 798

American Law Institute (ALI): pp. 180, 848, 897, 973

Ames, J.B.: p. 896

Amsterdam Exchange: 207, 208

Anarchist, Code of the: p. 99

ARGENTINA: PP. 147, 298, 338, 478, 505, 522, 876, 1120, 1121, 1148

Case Law on Excessive Onerousness of Contractual Obligations Article 1198 of Argentine Civil Code: p. 1147–50

Civil Code of 1871: pp. 522, 876

ARISTOTLE: PP. 36, 48–51, 69, 114, 140, 149–50, 265, 565, 641, 862, 874–75, 1237

Aristotelian Definitions and their Impact on Economic Development; the restrictive effect of the verb “is” in Aristotelian definitions: p. 52

Essences and Definitions: pp. 19, 48–50, 52, 69 117, 120, 149–50, 153, 412, 979

Ascarelli, Tulio: pp. 337–38

Assent: pp. 180, 210, 256, 259, 260, 265, 861, 862, 899, 911–12, 915, 924, 926, 965, 985, 1010

1281

See “Acceptance” Assignment of Rights: pp. 937–38, 1171–72

Assignment and negotiation of rights in Chinese

German and French law: pp. 385, 387–89

Assignment of urban land use rights in the PRC: p. 708

Assignment v. negotiation of right to payment of a Bill of Exchange in English Law, Hussey v. Jacob by Holt, C.J.: p. 778

Assignment of Accounts receivable and Factoring in Colonial America: p. 794. See also Factoring: pp. 794–95, 822, 915

United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade: p. 917

ASSUMPSIT: PP. 142, 164, 767, 771, 775–76, 778–79, 893, 895–97, 906–07, 914, 969, 1222

Consideration, Assumpsit and Indbitatus Assumpsit in English Law, Slade’s Case: p. 893

Slade’s case and “Every Contract Executory Imports and Assumpsit”: pp. 164, 896

ATIYAH, PATRICK S.: PP. 861, 889, 916

And the executed nature of most English contracts until the eighteenth century: p. 861; see also pp. 889, 916

Austin, John: pp. 98–99, 445, 553, 753

AUTONOMY OF THE PARTIES TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS OR FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN: PP. 21, 249, 267, 307, 381, 470, 481, 489, 616, 618, 783, 791, 803, 808, 831, 842, 856, 858, 861, 889, 934, 965, 1117, 1135, 1144

French law, Article 1134 of Code Civil: p. 223, 246, 255, 272, 247, 451, 831, 954–55, 973, 1056, 1154

German law, § 305 of the BGB: pp. 417–18, 457–58

Living law of United States commercial transactions: What the law does not expressly forbid, it allows: p. 831

Marxist-Leninist Supposedly Living Law: “We do not allow anything private” pp. 545, 592–93; which results in the maxim “What the Law does not expressly allow, it forbids.”

Authentication of documents by Latin Notaries: p. 219

Axioms, Maxims, Proverbs: Standard and Best Practices Decanted: p. 6, 50

Baade, Hans: p. 307

BABYLONIAN AND GREEK APPROACHES TO PHYSICS AND THE COMMON AND CIVIL LAW APPROACHES TO CODIFIED LAW:

Richard Feynman: p. 245

Babylonian Focus on Phenomena and Problem Resolution: p. 246

Greek Focus on the Underlying Order of Things: p. 246

Bagmen: pp. 570–72, 575

Bad Man of Contracts and Justice Holmes: pp. 41, 1131, 1194–95, 1213, 1238

Ball, Alan: pp. 550, 570–73, 575–76, 582

Bank of England: pp. 57–58, 361, 401, 403, 752, 771, 809

BANKRUPTCY AND A SECOND CHANCE THEOLOGY:

Bankruptcy and Secured Transactions Law–NLCIFT 12 Principles: pp. 29, 72, 73

Bankruptcy in the Code de Commerce–Bourgeois v. Merchants’ conflicting interest in the Code de Commerce: pp. 307, 327, 328, 330

In Latin American Codes: p. 525

In U.S. Law: Judeo-Christian Theology and the doctrine of a Second Chance: pp. 824, 825

Bargain Test: pp. 898–902

Bargained-for Consideration: pp. 901–05, 907, 910, 914–16

BARTER:

Barter (Permutatio) distinguished from a Sale Agreement in Roman law, an important juristic opinion by Paul: p. 129.

In Colonial trade in the United States; The General Store: p. 791

In Medieval Law: p. 192

In Soviet Trade: p. 569

Present day importance: NLCIFT Twelve Principles: p. 71

Bartolo De Saxoferrato: pp. 148, 1178

Bary, William Theodore: pp. 626, 633–34, 644

Beawes, Wyndham: pp. 146, 210, 752–53

Negative View of Commerce in Medieval Spain: p. 146

Bedos, Judge: pp. 312–15, 319, 329, 355, 407, 754, 784

Bello, Andres: pp. 38, 40, 41, 173, 249, 492, 518–24, 542, 877

Bentham, Jeremy: pp. 51, 518, 693, 772, 773, 1235

Berghoff, Hartmut: pp. 819, 820, 823, 824

Berle, Adolf: p. 564

Berman, Harold: p. 552

BGB’S CONCEPTUAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

A General and a Special Part, each with diverse Normative Functions: pp. 415–19

Duty to Perform Obligations in Good Faith (Bona Fides and Treu Und Glauben): pp. 418–19

Franz Wieacker’s Favorable View of “The BGB’s General Clauses” or Principles: p. 418

Juristic or Juridical Act (Rechtsgeschäft) and Fredrick Lawson’s skeptical view of it: p. 416

1282

BGB’S COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONALLY CIVIL CONTRACTS AND CODE CIVIL RULES:

Among Others: Removal of the Prohibition of the Pactum Commissorium: p. 419

Application to For-Profit (Economic) Associations, as well as to some commercial transactions: p. 419

Enforcement of Binding or Firm Offers During Period Specified by the Offeror, especially during Auctions: p. 420

Enforcement of Executory Promises and Acknowledgments of Debts: p. 420

Enforcement of “Abstract” Promises or Obligations Regardless of the absence of Causa: p. 420

Liberal Enforcement of Contracts for Benefit of Third Parties: p. 420

Regulations of Offers and Acceptances Inter Absentes: p. 420

Bilateral Contract as a Contract of Sale Scholastically defined also as Consensual, Synallagmatic and onerous Agreement: pp. 49–53

Bills of Lading: pp. 67, 302, 353, 434, 564, 753, 781, 814, 818, 832, 837, 847, 848, 916, 936, 1026, 1055, 1057, 1059, 1064, 1069, 1077

Bills of Exchange (Lettre De Change): pp. 10, 20

Bills of Exchange Law of 1849: See Wechselgesetz

Blackbourn, David: pp. 381–83, 392–94, 405, 419

Blackburn, Robin: pp. 760, 761

Blackstone, Sir William: pp. 166, 178, 763, 764, 768, 773, 845

Bloch, Marc: pp. 143, 666

Bloom, Irene: pp. 633, 634, 644, 646

Bogdanov, Alexander: p. 565

Bolgar, Vera: pp. 223, 273, 274, 279

Bon Pére De Famille (Good Father of Family): pp. 45, 955, 956, 958

Bona Fidei and Consensual Contracts: See Consensual and Real Contracts

BONA FIDES: PP. 130, 418, 953, 954, 960, 963, 998, 1117, 1153

And Treu Und Glauben: p. 418

Bonaparte, Napoleon: pp. 254, 255, 268, 298, 313, 327–32, 339, 347, 348, 378, 379, 388, 399, 402, 421, 440, 726, 752

BONDS AND ESPECIALLY GOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIABLE BONDS:

Importance of negotiable bonds and other payment instruments in Germany’s and Britain’s economic development: p. 385

The importance of negotiable government bonds in United States financial structure: p. 816. (especially note 149)

The Rothschild’s governmental bond business in Europe’s public and private financing: p. 397

Boni Mores, Gute Sitten in German law: p. 438

Bonus Vir: pp. 7, 19, 56, 109, 121, 122, 128, 130, 131, 135, 405, 444, 493, 515, 614, 638, 1043, 1236, 1243, 1244

Bouye, Thomas: p. 677

Bracton, Henry: pp. 768, 771, 894

Bradstreet, John M.: pp. 820, 826, 827

Braudel, Fernand: pp. 192–94, 197, 202–11, 303, 311, 335, 382, 392, 396, 397, 493, 751

BRAZIL: PP. 90, 126, 146, 477, 478, 509, 518, 522, 525, 527, 662, 815, 877, 957, 1067, 1085, 1086, 1101, 1152, 1175, 1210

Case Law: pp. 1067, 1086

Civil Code of 1916: pp. 509, 518, 522, 877

Code of Civil Procedure: pp. 1085, 1086

BREACH OF SALE AGREEMENT REMEDIES SELLER’S REMEDIES: P. 1214

Actual Resales and damages: p. 1215

Hypothetical Resales and Damages: pp. 1215, 1216

Specific Performance and Action for the Price and damages: p. 1217

BUYER’S REMEDIES:

Actions for Breach of Express or Implied Warranties and Damages: pp. 1218, 1219

Actual “Cover” or Repurchase and Damages: p. 1218

Breach of Warranties under the U.C.C.: pp. 1219–21, 1223–28

Hypothetical Repurchase and Damages: p. 1218

BRITISH 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY TRADE AND TRADESMEN:

Bank of England: pp. 752, 771

British Colonial Trade and Cooperation: p. 755

British Informal Commercial Practices and

Contrast with the Formalities of the Code Civil and the Code De Commerce: p. 753

Commissions, Consignments and Joint Ventures in Colonial America: p. 757

Defoe’s Description of the “Greatest Trading Country in the World” and Its Tradesmen: p. 750, 754

England’s Commercial Revolution and Ease of Trade: p. 751, 752

Fixed Prices and Uniform Weights and Measures: p. 758

Honesty of Tradesmen and Their Poetic Licenses: p. 753, 754

London Tradesmen and Gentlemen: p. 751, 752

Monopoly and Mercantilism in British 17th and 18th Century Trade: pp. 755, 756

Storke: an Archetypal English and Colonial Trader: pp. 756, 757

Wyndham Beawes and Lex Mercatoria Rediviva: p. 753

Brotherhood, Commercial and Religious: p. 153

Brotherly Standard of Fairness among Jewish medieval traders. pp. 168–71

Buckland, William: pp. 117, 175

1283

Buller, Sir Francis: p. 773

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1900 (BGB): pp. 20, 51, 377, 409

Butler, William E.: pp. 553, 591, 593, 596, 597, 610

Buyer Beware: pp. 44, 46, 809, 954, 1221

Caciques: pp. 90, 534

Cadastral and Land Registry systems, Professor Alejandro Garro’s description: pp. 713, 723–33

Cambium: pp. 13, 151, 314, 385

CANON LAW:

Canon law and the doctrine that what has been agreed upon deserves observance (Pacta Sunt Servanda): pp. 146, 148

Canon Law and the erosion of the unenforceability of executory promises (Nudum Pactum Actio Non Oritur): p. 127

CAPITALISM: PP. 168, 191–94, 198, 202, 310, 311, 318, 372, 502, 503, 539, 546, 554–56, 565, 566, 567, 574, 576, 581, 583, 585, 652, 653, 657, 660, 663, 687, 697, 751, 761, 785, 786, 788, 791, 804, 819, 832, 858

Intermediaries (Verlagers) between Labor and Consumers and Karl Marx’s sequence of Money to make possible the production of goods and services (M) the purchase of the necessary raw materials or commodities (C) and the Money obtained by reselling the materials or commodities (C) or MCM: pp. 556, 557

Origin and Meaning: pp. 168, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 202

Some of Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels Misconceptions and Demonology: pp. 555, 556

Transactional Sequence (Three Steps): p. 193

Cardozo, Justice Benjamin Nathan: pp. 7, 8, 39, 43–46, 59, 60, 62–65, 170, 448, 788, 838, 839, 897, 951, 996, 999, 1001, 1008, 1012, 1013

CASE LAW SUPPORT FOR CUSTOM AND USAGE: ITS LIMITS: P. 439

Contrast with French Courts’ Requirement of a Valid Causa Even for the Purchase of Negotiable Instruments: p. 439

CATO’S PRACTICAL CATECHISM, ON FARMERS, SOLDIERS AND MERCHANTS: PP. 111, 112, 1039, 1040

Cato’s Official View of Lending at Interest and his own fortune as a maritime lender: pp. 1039, 1040

Caudillos: pp. 493, 503, 505–07, 514, 516, 534

Causa: pp. 6, 35, 36, 121, 123–26, 128, 212, 251, 252, 276, 277, 280, 292, 301, 333, 420, 424, 439, 520, 668, 670, 778, 781, 861, 862, 870, 872–81, 890, 898, 900, 914–18, 1102

CAUSA AND ITS MORALITY:

A Roman action (condictio sine causa) for the recovery of a thing given for an unfulfilled reason or purpose (causa): p. 120

Canon Law’s Version of Causa: p. 890

Causa as an Element of valid contract in the Code Civil, Articles 1131–33: p. 124

Its negative effects on the predictability of commercial contracts: pp. 872–73

Professor Gino Gorla’s characterization of Causa as a Circular Concept: p. 124

The exclusion of causa in the European Principles of Contract Law (EPCL) and in the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: pp. 876–77

The German rejection of Causa: p. 124

The Peculiar Morality of Causa in French adjudication: A possibly legal causa of an insurance policy in favor of a mistress as long as she did not charge for her company. (Pretium Stupri): pp. 273, 288

The Code Civil’s causa as an impediment to the negotiation of contractual or unilateral promises of payment (including promissory notes, bills of exchange and governmental bonds): pp. 772–74

The redundancy of Causa in contemporary Spanish commercial litigation: p. 275

The problems with the causality of Chinese Familistic Contracts: p. 669

CAUSA IN ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL LAW, KEY ELEMENTS OF FORMATION:

Abandonment of Causa in the BGB, CISG, European Principles of Contract Law and UNIDTROIT Principles: pp. 879–81

A Posteriori Moral Reach of Causa: pp. 878–79

Causa in the Code Civil and Progeny: pp. 875–78

Medieval Common (Continental and English Law) Meaning of Causa: pp. 873–74

Caveat Emptor: pp. 7, 44, 805, 806, 954, 966, 977, 1221, 1222

Certificate of Deposit: pp. 264, 343, 649, 837

Chan, Wing-Tsit: p. 663

Chang, Jung: p. 625

Chapman, Stanley D.: pp. 561–62

Charity: pp. 261, 315–19, 406, 636, 794, 882, 887, 910

Charles I, King: pp. 488, 491.

Chen, Theodore H.E.: p. 688

CHILE: PP. 38, 40, 71, 125, 147, 249, 322, 477, 478, 517, 518, 519–26, 540, 874, 915, 1121, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1227

Andres Bello Civil Code as a Model for other Latin American countries: pp. 518–22

1284

Culpa in Contrahendo Decision: pp. 1121, 1125

Importance of Accounts Receivable Financing through Factoring in Chile: p. 913

CHINESE CAUSAL CLAUSES AND RIGHTS AND THE HIGH VOLUME OF DISPUTES AND VIOLENCE TO THIS DAY:

Ancient Custom of Dian: pp. 669, 671, 672

Causal Statement in 1894 Sale Agreement: p. 673

Causality in Familistic Contracts: p. 673

Conditional Sales and Familistic Clauses: pp. 675, 676

Defension Clause: pp. 674–76

Economic Necessity: pp. 669, 670, 675

Families as Contracting and Litigating Units: pp. 672, 673

Free and Servile Tenants: pp. 665–67

Land Contracts and Economic Growth: p. 667

Marc Bloch’s La Sociėtė Fėodal: p. 666

Property of Land and Third Party Rights: pp. 667–71

Provident Fund Loans: p. 717

Restrictions on Second Home Purchases: p. 717

Supreme Court Land Rights Directives and Supreme Court Letter of Credit Judicial Interpretations as Possible Unifying and Uniformity Factor: pp. 701, 714, 744

Right of Redemption of Family Land: pp. 669–71, 677

Sales of Surface Rights: pp. 667, 668, 670

Similarities with Hindu Law: pp. 629, 670, 674

Thomas Bouye on Land Dispute Violence: p. 677

Topsoil Ownership: p. 672

Uncertainty of PRL Security Right: p. 740

Usufructs: pp. 667, 699, 707, 710, 711, 722, 723, 726

Zelin, Madeleine: On Familistic Clauses and Conditional Sales: p. 675

CHINESE CONTEMPORARY LAND LAW REFORMS:

A “Sketched” and Loose Style of Legislation: p. 706

Courts and the Weight of Their Decisions: p. 701

Drafting of PRC Land Law: pp. 709–12

Main Constitutional and Statutory Sources of the Reform of Real Property Law: pp. 709–12

CHINESE CONTEMPORARY PERSONAL PROPERTY SECURITY LAW REFORMS:

Absence of Unitary Concept of a Security Right or Interest and Many Redundant Rules: pp. 739, 740

Art. 208 of PRL, Arts. 211 and 230 of the PRL: pp. 740, 741

Art. 228 of the PRL and Its Inconsistency with International Uniform Legislation, i.e. OAS Model Law of Secured Transactions and UNCITRAL Guide: pp. 742, 743

Down Payments and Mortgage Loans: p. 717

Housing Guarantee Companies: p. 717

Installments: pp. 716, 717

Lump Sum Down Payments: p. 716

Many Uncertainties in PRL: pp. 714, 720, 733

Mortgages and Pledges: pp. 737, 742, 743

Overlapping Movable Security Registries: p. 743

Pledge of Accounts Receivable: p. 742 Cuming, Ron: Findings: pp. 740, 743, 744

CHINESE HIERARCHIES: SCHOLARS, CRAFTSMEN, FARMERS AND MERCHANTS: P. 635

Jerome Cohen: p. 625

John Fairbank and Edwin Reischauer: p. 626

John Fairbank and Merle Goldman: pp. 626, 635, 643, 644

Land Contracts and Tang Dynasty: p. 648

Liang Zhiping: pp. 628, 640

Madeleine Zelin: pp. 628, 652

Max Weber: p. 638

Monetization Credit, Wholesale and Retail Contracts and Manuals: p. 649

Monopolies and Corruption in Agrarian China: p. 646

Moral Way and Obedience to the Ruler: p. 635

Myron Cohen: p. 673

Patricia Ebrey Comments: pp. 629–31, 642, 643, 647

Profits and Selfishness: p. 641

Richard Lufrano: pp. 657, 658

Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties: p. 649

Superior Person, the Moral Way and Confucian Law: p. 635, 636

Theodore Bary and Irene Bloom: p. 646

Valerie Hansen: pp. 644, 648

Wing-tsit Chan: p. 633

Zhou and Qin Dynasties: p. 645

CHINESE IMPERIAL COURT LITIGATION:

Adjudicators: p. 682

Assistant Drafters and Pleadings: p. 682

Familistic Clauses, Corrupt Legalistic Procedures And Prevailing Uncertainty and Violence: p. 676

Forgery and Chicanery: pp. 672, 681

Function of Witnesses: p. 673

Invertebration of Imperial Contract Law: p. 684

Myron Cohen, Community Ties and Contract Disputes: p. 673

Statute of Limitations: p. 683

Typical “Doctored” Contract: p. 683

Valerie Hansen and Contracts Deposited in Purchasers’ Tombs: p. 673

1285

Zurndorfer and Background Materials on Chinese Litigation: p. 681

CHINESE LAND LAW SOURCES:

Chinese Supreme Court: pp. 701, 714, 744

General Principles of Civil Law (1985–86): pp. 703, 708

Land Administrative Law and Registry Measures (LAL 1986): p. 703

Law for the Administration of Urban Real Estate (LAURE 1994): p. 703

PRC Constitution of 1982 as Amended in 1988: pp. 703, 707, 744

Property Rights Law of 2007 (PRL): pp. 703, 706–14, 716, 720, 722–44

Provisional Regulations of the PRC Concerning The Grant and Assignment of the Right to Use Land in Urban Areas (May 24, 1990): pp. 709, 711

Rural Land Contracting Law (RLCL 2002): p. 703

Unified Contract Law (1999): p. 703

CHINESE LEGAL INVERTEBRATION:

Conflicting Concurrent Jurisdictions, Legal and Political: Luoyang Seed Case: p. 701

Confusing Sources of Legislation and Methods of Drafting Legislation: p. 700

Deng Xiaoping’s Assumption “Planning and Market Forces Are Both Means of Controlling Economic Activity”: pp. 696, 697

Many and Confusing Sources of Legislation: p. 700

Missing Reliable Identity Documents (Hukou) for Migrants: p. 718

National Congress of the Communist Party of China (NCCPC): p. 700

Reflection of Legal Intervtebration in the Luoyang Seed Case: p. 702

Stress Test of the PRC’s Property Rights: p. 699

Susan Whiting and Effects of Fiscal Pressures on Chinese Land Law: pp. 698, 701, 702

Uncertain Legal Status of Collectives: p. 720

Uncertain Meaning of Basic Terms and Concepts, “The People”: p. 720

CHINESE TRADITIONAL VALUES AND LIVING LAW: CONFUCIUS, DAO AND LEGALISM:

Commerce and the Protection of the Family Even at the Expense of Third Parties: p. 640

Confucius’ Analects: pp. 633, 634, 637–39

Daoism and Neo Confucianism: pp. 633, 643, 644

David Jordan: pp. 627, 628, 631, 632

Feudalism and Taxation: p. 645

George Dalton: p. 631

Han Dynasty: p. 646

Harriet Zurndorfer: pp. 649, 653, 659

CHINESE TWENTIETH CENTURY LAND REFORM:

Absence of Contracts and Human Costs: p. 689

Economic Value of Self Enforcing and Commercial Contracts: p. 692

Failure of Collectivization Policies: p. 689

Farmers v. Proletarians: pp. 685, 687

Initial Land Reform: p. 687

Mao’s Little Red Book and Book of Quotations: p. 688

Mao Tse-Tung and Shifting Marxist Dogma: p. 685

Mediation and Litigation during Collectivization Period: p. 693

NSM and Absolute Selflessness: p. 689

Opt-in Collectives: p. 690, 691

Option-Less Collectives: p. 690, 691

Peasant and Soldier Background: p. 685

Spirit of the New Socialist Man (NSM): p. 687

Theodore Chen and Mao’s New Society: p. 688

Yifu Lin’s Assessment of Human Costs and Their Cause: pp. 690, 692

CHINESE TYPES OF PROPERTY AND PROBLEMS WITH RURAL PROPERTIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:

Collective Ownership: p. 706

Land for Combined Usages or Other Purposes: p. 709

Land for Commercial, Tourism and Recreational Purposes: p. 709

Land for Educational, Scientific, Technological, Cultural, Health Care Or Sports: p. 709

Land for Industrial Purposes: p. 709

Land for Residential Purposes: p. 709

Land Use Grants and Allocations: p. 735

Legal Nature of Granted Land Use Rights: p. 709

Personal Property and Art. 10 of the 1982 PRC Constitution: p. 703

PRC Usufruct: pp. 699, 700, 711, 722

Right to Use the Land and Amendment to Art 10 of the 1982 Constitution: p. 707

Shanghai Condominium Transactions: p. 715

Third Parties of the PRL: p. 712

Walter Lee Translation of PRL: pp. 703, 708, 730, 731

What Do Owners Own Under the PRL: p. 708

Who Are Owners Under the PRL: p. 707

Zhu Keliang and Roy Prosterman on Rural Property Law and Its Developmental Problems: pp. 703, 705, 713

CHINESE TYPICAL LAND LAW

DISPUTES:

Certificates of Registration: p. 730

Land Registry Recordings and Multiple Overlapping Registries: pp. 723, 743

1286

Legal Descriptions in the Registry v. Cadastral Data: p. 728

Overall Weakness of Third Party Rights: p. 734

Rights In Rem or In Personam of “Holders” or “Obliges”: p. 732

Transactional Sequence Data: p. 729

Uncertain Constitutive or Notice Effects of Recordings: p. 724

Usufructs and their Priorities: p. 722

Christian, David: pp. 548–51

Circumvention: pp. 112, 489, 495, 496

CODE CIVIL (IN GENERAL):

Age of Enlightenment: pp. 246–48, 840, 841

As Enfranchising Contracting and Empowering Parties to Draft Their Contractual Justice: pp. 247, 273, 280

Baruch Spinoza: pp. 248, 252

Bonne Foi: pp. 954, 955

Comparison Methods of: pp. 35–46

Contracts: See Contracts In the Code Civil, David Hume: p. 241

Doctrinal Interpretation as a source of law: pp. 273, 954, 955

Extrajudicial Remedies: pp. 1167–75, 1193–97, 1200–14

Geometric Logic and Humanism: p. 247

God, Reason and Nature as a Source of Law: p. 247

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: p. 248

Jean Jacques Rousseau: p. 247

John Locke: p. 247

Natural Law and the Formulation of Rational And Enlightened Legal Institutions-Definitions, Classifications: pp. 247–58, 262, 266–68, 271, 275

Newton’s Scientific Method: p. 247

Permanent and Universal Private Law Order: p. 246

Persuasiveness of Definitions and Principles-Axiom Sounding Roman Legal Maxims (Regulae Iuris): p. 255

Role of Active Verb “Is” In Formulation of Principles and Rules: p. 246

CODE CIVIL (DRAFTING OF):

Aristotelian and Thomistic Influences: p. 255

Customary Law (Pays De Droit Coutumier): p. 254

Gordley’s Views on Influence of Natural Law: pp. 255, 266–68

Influence of Roman Law: pp. 254, 281

Jean Domat: pp. 255, 267

Napoleon’s Role: pp. 254–56

Portalis, Chief Drafter: pp. 254, 267, 275, 276

Pothier’s Definitions and Classifications: pp. 256, 258–63, 265–67, 272, 276

Written Law (Pays De Droit Écrit): p. 254

CODE CIVIL, ILLUSTRATIVE CASE LAW OF INTERPRETATION:

(Civil) Promises to Sell and Options to Purchase Land: pp. 258, 288

Contractual Rights as Only Rights in Personam: pp. 284, 285

Contrast With German Notarial, More Commercial-Like Practices: pp. 283, 284

Illegal Cause in an Insurance Contract: pp. 292–94

Pollicitations: pp. 289, 290

Sales, Lesion and Rescission: pp. 294–96

Unilateral Promises to Do and to Give: pp. 285–89

CODE DE COMMERCE (1807):

Napoleon’s Pride in the Code Civil but Scant Attention to the Code De Commerce: p. 327

Napoleon’s Statement to Legislators Dec. 31, 1804: p. 327

CODE DE COMMERCE, GRADUAL REFORMS OF THE 1807 VERSION:

2008 Amendments: pp. 350–61

All Acts Carried Out by Merchants Are Commercial Including Civil Acts Needed to Support Business Activities: pp. 338–41

Bankruptcy Law of 1838: p. 332

Closed List of Acts of Commerce: pp. 325–39

Conflict between Bourgeois and Commercial Interests: pp. 339, 347

Criticism by Early Legal Commentators But Gradual Acceptance by Merchants and Especially Bankers: pp. 330–32

Difficulties in Their Application by Commercial Courts: pp. 331, 342

Not-For-Profit View of Transactions by Non-Merchants: p. 333

“Objective” Acts of Commerce Approach to the Scope: pp. 332, 333

Principle that all juristic acts carried out by merchants are commercial and governed by the Code de Commerce: Ripert’s Broadest Interpretation of Close List: pp. 331, 335

“Statutory, also “Red Ink Case”: pp. 328, 333, 351, 360

The “Accordion” like Expansion of the List of Acts of Commerce in 2008” pp. 347–59

CODE DE COMMERCE, NAPOLEON’S INTEREST IN:

Harsh Bankruptcy Rules: pp. 329, 330

Prevention of Victimization of Non-Merchants by Merchants and Their Institutions: p. 329

Reflection of Merchants Tricky Behavior and Thus Deserving of Jail: p. 330

Tricky Nature of Bills of Exchange, as Apparent In Its Use by a “Courtesan” to Lure a Young Bourgeois to Part with His Fortune: p. 332, see also Red Ink Case

Codex Iustinianus: pp. 114, 115

Cohen, Jerome: p. 625

1287

Cohen, Meir: pp. 673, 683

Coke, Lord Chief Justice Edward: pp. 767, 768–70, 894, 895

Colbert, Jean Baptiste and Mercantilism: pp. 200–02, 209, 315, 328

Collectives: See Collectivization

Collectivization: pp. 87, 609, 686, 689, 690, 692, 693, 729

Collectivization Period (China): p. 693

COLOMBIA: PP. 71, 78, 287, 322, 354, 467, 478, 522, 525–27, 620, 868, 1082, 1084, 1090–94, 1104, 1174

Colombia’s Commercial Code innovative Article 3 on the sources of commercial contract law: p. 620

Colombian civil and commercial pleadings: pp. 1093–96

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS COMMONLY USED IN CIVIL AND IN COMMON LAW COUNTRIES:

Aleatory: pp. 261, 1138–41, 1147, 1148, 1154

Bilateral: pp. 142, 252, 258, 280, 869, 935, 1132, 1205

Brokerage: pp. 343, 440

Consensual: pp. 52, 119–22, 141, 257, 259, 272, 276, 287, 862, 872–74, 935, 1044, 1117

Construction: pp. 29, 30, 368, 371, 1002, 1004

Dynamic and Informal: pp. 16, 17, 122, 262, 340, 435, 808, 868, 871, 895, 915, 917, 943, 1038, 1040, 1193

Employment: p. 27, 28

Franchising: p. 272

Insurance: pp. 208, 261, 280, 292–94, 343, 360 427, 753, 775, 918–20, 967, 970, 971

License and Licensing: pp. 68, 77, 194, 982, 991

Multilateral: p. 15

Of Adhesion: pp. 274, 869

Of Deposit or Bailment: pp. 261, 375

Onerous (or profitable): pp. 124, 125, 277, 375, 935, 1140

Ordinary and Financial Leases: pp. 52, 75, 152, 153, 511–13, 612, 619, 740, 744, 777, 908

Simulated: p. 12

Static or Ceremonial: pp. 15, 17, 260, 862, 864, 867, 871, 949

Transportation and Freight: pp. 299, 360, 803, 934–37, 958

Unilateral: pp. 897, 1146

COMMERCIAL COURT (FRANCE), TODAY:

Judge Perce Rey Interview: pp. 323–25

Linklater LLP Description of Practice before this Court: pp. 320–23

Commercial Revolution (England): pp. 751, 752

COMMERCIAL TREATIES AND THEIR HIERARCHY AS A SOURCE OF THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS:

German, French, Mexican and United States

Laws: pp. 449–58

Interpretation of CISG: p. 460

Schmidt-Kessel Commentary: pp. 460–66

Commercial Typology in Post-Guilds Southern and Central Europe: p. 202

Commission Agency (Commissions): pp. 185, 325, 440, 757, 981

Commission Agents (Comisionistas) and Brokers (Corredores) and the Costa Rican landmark decision of Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Diaz: How the nomenclature used by Mexican doctrinal writings trumped the Costa Rican living law nomenclature: pp. 337, 341, 351

Commission Agents (Mexican Doctrinal Writings): pp. 440, 495

Commodatum: pp. 5, 16, 103, 112, 119, 425

Commodification of Land Products: p. 83

Common Law Court: pp. 83, 141, 271, 766–72, 845, 1222

Common Law of Agency: pp. 174, 179

Communal Living v. Commercial Association: p. 85

Commune: pp. 304, 686, 691, 693, 694, 697, 1181

Communism: pp. 192, 546, 553, 556, 558, 560, 565, 567, 570, 571, 574, 583, 590, 598, 608, 691

Communist Manifesto: pp. 556, see also Marx, Karl

Compadres: pp. 90, 501, 516, 534, 662

COMPARATIVE CASE LAW ON FORMALITIES AND SOLEMNITIES:

Contract as Ceremony: p. 869

El Salvador: Formality or Solemnity of a Truck Bill of Lading: p. 934

Informal and Heraclitesian purchases and sales under United States law of: automobiles by consumers: p. 921

Informal Purchase of Its Meat Supply by a Restaurant and Sale of Grain to an Elevator: pp. 924, 927

Mexico’s Mixed Picture: Constitutive and Declarative Documents: p. 937

Preparatory Contracts and Public Deeds: p. 938

Spain: Spiritualist Principle of Its Civil Code and The Need for Escrituras Publicas (Public Deeds): pp. 864, 987

Spain’s Mixed Picture: pp. 930–33

United States: Contract as Commercial Conduct: p. 917

Uruguay: Ad Solemnitatem Formality of an Insurance Policy: pp. 864, 871, 930–33, 937

COMPARISON:

Contextual: pp. 22, 36, 38, 39, 79, 862

Dynamic: pp. 16, 868, 871

Normative: p. 19

Static: p. 35

1288

COMPETITION:

Biological selection and competition for survival: p. 10

Deflationary conditions in the United States as a fuel to the competitive fires: p. 825

Guilds and Fixed Prices v. Competition: pp. 191, 192

Horacio Gutierrez, Esq., Deputy General Counsel of Microsoft and a former Member of the Board of Directors of NLCIFT’s opinion on the December 28, 2004 European Union court’s dismissal of Microsoft’s appeal on a finding of Microsoft’s abuse of its dominant position in the European marketplace: p. 355

Predatory Pricing and Competition, the Matsushita decision: p. 22

Remedies against unfair competition: p. 832

The dense transactions of Pre-Commercial Society as Inconsistent with Competition: pp. 89–93

The European Union Latin Notaries and Competition: p. 237

The Present Code de Commerce, rules on pricing and competition, the long shadow of the United States Sherman and Clayton Acts: p. 354

The Public Purpose in the manner in which some leading American corporations conducted their early nineteenth century business–Professor Steven Pearlstein’ views: p. 804

Yet, a “No Holds Barred” Competition as the marketplace grew: pp. 799, 803

Condictio Ob Causa Datorum and Consideration: pp. 121, 134

Confucianism: pp. 476, 623, 633, 637, 643–45, 652, 684

CONFUCIUS AS A PROVIDER OF CHINA’S FAMILISTIC LIVING LAW ON WHO IS SUPPOSED TO BE PROTECTED OR SHELTERED:

Confucius’ Analects and the Protection and Sheltering of One’s Family but not of those affected by the acts of a one’s family member: “The upright men of my land are different. The father will shelter the son and the son will shelter the father.” How about those who suffered from the actions of the sheltered father or son?: p. 640

Confucian Adjudication during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties: p. 645

The Confucian values that inspired the imperial bureaucracy: pp. 643–45

CONSENSUAL AND REAL CONTRACTS:

In Roman and Medieval Law: The typification of contracts and the linkage between the typification of a contract and the granting of causes of action for that type of contract such as with Consensual and Real contracts. In consensual contracts, the mere consent of the parties binds them to the contract (Solus Consensus Obligat) while in real contracts, a thing had to be transferred from one party to the other before an obligation to return arose: pp. 118, 120–22, 252, 257, 873. See also Glossary “Consensual” contracts that calls attention to the fact that the U.S. contract and secured transactions legal literature often uses the terms consensual and contractual inter-changeably contrary to the understanding of consensual contracts in Roman law and in civil law countries.” See also Typification.

In French Law: pp. 258, 259

In El Salvadoran Law: pp. 934–36

CONSIDERATION AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR THE FORMATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS:

Consideration as Causa in Medieval and Renaissance England: Canon Law’s causa and consideration. (Kevin Teeven’s and David Harris Sacks analyses of Christopher St. Germain’s “Doctor and Student) (circa 1530) pp. 890–91

In General: The importance of consideration for English commercial contracts, national and international: Leone Levi: p. 891

J.H. Baker’s insightful account of the evolution of the doctrine of Consideration in English law: p. 891

Prof. Harris Sack’s reference to John & William Restell’s definitions of causa and consideration in their dictionary Les Terms de la Ley (1624): p. 892

The Importance of the giving of something of value to the other party of a contractual relationship when establishing that party’s trust in the giver and thus strengthening the parties’ observance and enforceability of the contractual sequence of performances: “In the beginning of a contractual relationship there was a giving.” pp. 861–63

The “remedial” role of consideration in the Forms of Action in Debt, Covenant and Assumpsit, Slade’s Case: p. 893

The replacement of the traditional view with the requirement of the Restatement Second of Contracts, that consideration be “bargained for.” p. 898

1289

The “traditional”, substantive law view of Consideration as a Quid Pro Quo requiring a benefit to the promisor and a detriment (or something given up by the promisee) through mid-twentieth century English and American Law, including Restatement First of the Law of Contracts. pp. 893–97

CONSULAR TRIBUNALS:

Frequency of Non-Legally Trained Judges: p. 301

Notaries as Consultants on Record Keeping and Applicable Law: p. 301

Summary Oral Proceedings, Private Writings and Business Records as Evidence, Limited Number of Defenses: p. 301

Consulates of the Sea (Consulatus Maris): p. 302

Consumer Revolution: pp. 761, 785, 804, 858 and the American General Store: 792–93

Contemporary Scholastic Definition of a Financial Lease by the Spanish Supreme Court: p. 152

CONTRACTS:

Anglo-American: pp. 861, 897

As Delict in Medieval Europe: p. 141

Civil: pp. 280, 339, 374, 419, 864, 870, 1001, 1139, 1203, 1205

Classic (Static): pp. 15, 17, 260, 862, 864, 867, 871, 949

Commercial (Dynamic): pp. 3–6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20–22, 41, 42, 46, 51, 59, 66, 67, 81, 82, 84, 89, 98, 100, 103, 115, 116, 121, 122, 134, 140, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 159, 162, 173, 174, 185, 191, 210–13, 217–19, 224–26, 245, 262, 271, 273, 277, 280, 318, 340, 347, 356, 360, 373, 415, 425, 426, 435, 437, 438, 440–60

Deposit: pp. 261, 375

Doctored: p. 683

Innominate: pp. 82, 120, 123, 124, 149, 276

Of Agency: pp. 95, 189, 234, 371, 375

Of Financial Leasing: p. 152

Scholastic Definition: p. 152

Self-Enforcing: p. 692

CONTRACTS COMMON IN SOVIET RUSSIA:

Between or Among State Entities: Supply and Output: pp. 557–60

Between Private Parties: Personal Services Generating “Unearned Income” Sale and Rental of “Personal Property” pp. 597–99

Construction and Rental of Dachas between State Officials and Private Parties: p. 605

Sales from “Dead Factories”: pp. 571, 574

Sales by Truck Dispatchers: pp. 546, 611, 576

CONTRACT, INTERPRETATION: MOST COMMON TOOLS AND CRITERIA:

Dictionary Meaning: p. 1029

Extrinsic or Parole Evidence rule: p. 943

Literal or within “the four corners”: p. 942

Plain Meaning: pp. 943, 944

Sectoral: Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 948, 974

CONTRACTS, JUDICIAL AND EXTRAJUDICIAL TERMINATION:

Adequate Assurances of Performance: p. 1194

Anticipatory Repudiation in General: pp. 1194, 1196, 1202

Anticipatory Repudiation Unavailable under Spanish Law: p. 1202

BGB § 323: p. 1210

Breach of Contract Remedies under the U.C.C.: p. 1197

Extrajudicial Resolution in Mexican Case Law: p. 1204

Guatemalan Decree No. 51-2007: p. 1211

Holmes’ Bad Man of Contracts and his Incompatibility with Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance under U.C.C. § 2–609: p. 1194

Honduran Law of Secured Transactions 2008: p. 1212

Nachfrist in German Case Law: p. 1206

Remedies under OAS Model Law of Secured Transactions of 2002: p. 1211

U.C.C. § 9–609 and the Secured Creditor’s Repossession after the Debtor’s Default: p. 1211

UCP 500 Sub-Arts. 14(D)–(E): pp. 1212, 1213

CONTRACTS TYPICAL OF THE CODE CIVIL AND CODE DE COMMERCE INSPIRED JURISDICTIONS:

Agency: pp. 95, 189, 234, 371, 375

Civil (mostly non-profit) distinguished from Commercial (for profit) contracts: pp. 612, 819

Consensual (informal) v. Real (delivery of a thing) contracts: pp. 16, 52, 118–22, 141, 151, 250, 257, 259, 263, 272, 276, 287, 862, 872–74, 935, 1044, 1117

Executive or Self-Enforcing: p. 692

Gratuitous, including Contracts of Donation: pp. 276, 277, 370, 372, 376

Innominate (in Roman law): I give so that you give (do ut des), I give so that you do (do ut facias), I do so that you give (facio ut des), and I do so that you do (facio ut facias): p. 120

Synallagmatic: pp. 258, 273, 874, 1133

CONTRACTS AND THEIR FORMATIVE PROCESS:

Ceremonial or Static and Civil Contracts: pp. 15, 17, 260, 280, 339, 374, 419, 862, 864, 867, 870, 871, 949, 1001, 1139, 1203, 1205

1290

Commercial, Dynamic or Conduct-Based Contracts: pp. 16, 17, 122, 262, 340, 435, 808, 868, 871, 895, 915, 917, 943, 1038, 1040, 1193

Classic (Static) early 19th Century Contract in United States Decisional and Doctrinal Law: p. 864

Heraclites’ Fluid and Constantly Changing Commercial Transactions: p. 868

Kevin Teeven’s Comment on the Moment of Conclusion of some Contracts: p. 865

Parmenides’ Fixed or Static Transactions: p. 866

Pothier’s Ceremonial Land Conveyance Contract: p. 866

Roscoe Pound, Arthur Corbin and W.W. Cook’s Objections to Williston’s Assumption That “Bargains Are Discreet Transactions”: p. 864

Samuel Williston’s Mechanical and Static Jurisprudence: p. 865

Samuel Williston’s Static View of Contract in Restatement (First) of Contracts: pp. 864, 865

Contractual Justice (Justice Contractuelle): pp. 223, 273, 280, 947, 955

Cook, W.W.: p. 865

Corbin, Arthur: pp. 865, 914, 943, 973, 998

COSTA RICA: PP. 71, 219, 229, 234–36, 341, 342, 440, 478, 480, 481, 507, 513, 517, 522, 525, 527, 882, 1170–72, 1174

Case Law: p. 1170

Civil Code: pp. 1171, 1172

Commercial Code: pp. 342, 1171

Extrajudicial Remedies: p. 1174

Cotton Cloth Business (China): p. 659

Cotton, Reverend John: p. 789

Corpus Juris Civilis: pp. 110, 114, 122, 128, 135, 148, 249, 410, 412, 417, 522, 874, 1045, 1176–78

Craftsmen: pp. 67, 96, 111, 192–95, 211, 269, 270, 300, 338, 362–64, 381, 382, 562, 635, 751, 885

Credit Network: pp. 495, 498, 502, 787

CREDIT RATING AGENCIES:

19th Century Archetypal American Commercial Borrower: p. 821

Biased Credit Reports: p. 822

Brief History of Credit Rating: p. 819

Early 20th Century Secured Transactions and Bankruptcy Law: p. 828

Impact of Commercial Credit and Rating

Agencies on the United States Economy: p. 819

James Madison, Rowena Olegario, and Hartmut Berghoff’s Studies on Credit Rating Agencies: pp. 819, 820

Lewis Tappan’s and James Bradstreet’s Credit Rating Practices: p. 820

Meaning of Honesty in Colonial America: p. 821

Presumption of a Debtor’s Good Faith in Colonial America: p. 822

Short Term Credits: p. 825

Credit Unions in Germany pp. 382, 384

Cuba’s economic policy and the Marcelo Fernandez v. Che Guevara Debate on cost accounting: p. 582

Culpa as a functional equivalent of bad faith?: pp. 957, 958

CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO AND PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY:

Argentina: p. 1120

Chile: p. 1121

Common Law Jurisdictions: p. 1122

Damages: p. 1123

France: p. 1119

Germany: p. 1118

Italy: p. 1120

Peru: p. 1120

Rodrigo Novoa’s study: p. 1117

Cuming, Ronald C. C.: pp. 740, 743, 744

CUSTOM AND USAGE AS A PRIMARY SOURCE OF EUROPEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN COMMERCIAL LAW:

Article 2 of the Mexican Commercial Code v. Article 3 of the Colombian Commercial Code: pp. 452, 620

Standard Contract Forms for Trade on: Wool, Cocoa, Oil, Seed and Fats, Grain and Feed, Cotton, Produce, Jute, Metal, Rubber, Sugar, Timber and Provision of Services, for Example, by Civil Engineers and Other Service Providers in the Construction Industry: p. 437

The ICC’s INCOTERM, UCP 500 and 600: pp. 1033, 1057

The Opposing Views of Levin Goldschmidt and Heinrich Thől: p. 441

The Opposing Views of Cesare Vivante and Alfredo Rocco: p. 441

The present importance of compilations of commercial standard practices and usages of trade as primary sources of commercial law: pp. 438, 450, 465, 1049–53

Customary and Rabbinical Brotherly Duties: p. 154

Dacha Rentals: p. 608

Dachas: pp. 42, 605–09

Dalton, George: pp. 19, 84–90, 631, 884, 893

Dao: p. 637

Daoism: pp. 633, 642

Darwin, Charles: pp. 10, 554, 562

Dawson, John Philip: pp. 93, 285, 877, 895, 898–02, 962, 1096, 1151–53, 1176–85, 1191

De Vries, Jan: p. 217

Decentralization: pp. 579, 697

Defension Clause (China): pp. 94, 674–76

Defoe, Daniel: pp. 750–54, 759, 821

Del Credere Salesmen: pp. 177, 499, 756

Dense Exchange Relationships: p. 19

Dense Social Relations: p. 83

DEPARTMENT STORES:

Among the Pioneers in the Use of Master Supply Agreements: p. 807

As Open Markets: p. 306

1291

As Caveat Emptor gives way to “The Customer is Always Right”: p. 305

His and Her Submarines: p. 804

Implied Warranties: p. 807

Standardization of Quality as a Basis for Warranties of Merchantability and Fitness for Purpose: p. 807

Deudor Garante: p. 76

Dialectic: pp. 49, 50, 192, 546, 560, 562–65, 583, 686, see also Plato’s Dialectics

DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM IN THE WRITINGS OF KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS:

Basis of Capitalism in the “Law of Motion of Modern Society: p. 555

Communist Manifesto: p. 556

Darwin as Interpreted by Marxist-Leninists: pp. 554, 562

David Christian: pp. 548–51

Default: pp. 52, 477, 1088, 1205, 1207, 1266

Deification of the Exploited: p. 559

Demonology of Capitalist Contracts and Private Property: p. 558

Demonology of the Imprecisely Described Archetypal Capitalists: p. 557

Stanley Chapman: pp. 549

The Capitalists’ Appropriation of the Surplus Value in the Production and Distribution of Goods: p. 559

Dian: pp. 669, 671, 672

Digesta Iustiniani: p. 114

Disclosed and Undisclosed Principals: pp. 180, 181, 187

Discretionary Conditions: p. 130, see also Bonus Vir Doctrine of the Estates: p. 21

Domat, Jean: pp. 25, 267, 955

Double-Entry Bookkeeping, Its Commercial Importance: pp. 87, 139, 299

Drobnig, Ulrich: p. 356

Dual (Civil and Commercial Codes) in European Post-Medieval Law: Long Shadow of the Guild System: p. 211

Dubovec, Marek: pp. 15, 90, 718

Durkheim, Emile: pp. 8, 786, 1034

Earl of Oxford Case: pp. 767, 768

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley: pp. 625, 629, 630, 631, 641, 642, 647, 651

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW (EAL): PP. 1232, 1233, 1236, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1243

Analytical Tools of the EAL: p. 1233

EAL: A Propos of the Lost Volume Seller: p. 1232

EAL’s Contribution to Commercial Contract Adjudication: p. 1241

Economic Efficiency: pp. 681, 1234–35

Law of Demand, Prices and the Relationship Between Prices and Costs of Opportunity: p. 1233

Posner’s Homo Economicus, Ordinary Merchants And the Bonus Vir: p. 1236

Price v. Neal and § 204 of the Proposed New Payment Code: pp. 772, 1238–41

ECONOMIC PLANNING AS A SOURCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE-CONTRACT LAW:

Ludwig Von Mises’ Criticism: p. 579

Yevsey Liberman’s Autonomy of Production, Profitability Rate and Economic Planning: p. 580

Yevsey Liberman’s views on Market Socialism and Market Prices: pp. 580–82

Ehrlich, Eugen and his “Living Law”: pp. 98, 148, 229, 439, 446, 475, 480, 485, 493, 499, 509, 532, 533, 554, 567, 620, 623–26, 628, 638, 648, 663, 853, 871, 980, 1053, 1063, 1176, 1181, 1187

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY FRENCH (PARISIAN) COMMERCIAL COURT:

Amalia Kessler Commentary: pp. 308, 310–14, 316, 317

Red Ink Case: p. 312

Einert, Dr. Karl as an architect of the continental European modern law of negotiable instruments: pp. 6, 390, 391, 421, 780

EL SALVADOR: PP. 71, 478, 522, 525, 526, 934, 936, 1084, 1129, 1130, 1174

Case Law: p. 934

Civil Code: pp. 522, 1133, 1134, 1140

Commercial Code: pp. 525, 934–36, 1130, 1132, 1134

Supreme Court: pp. 934, 1084

Ellinger, Peter: pp. 6, 1062

Emptio Venditio: pp. 12, 49, 103, 119, 129, 151, 387, 425

Engels, Friedrich: pp. 545, 546, 554–67, 617

English Bills of Exchange Act: pp. 6, 421

ENGLISH ENABLEMENT OF THE COMMODIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL PROMISES:

A Form of Action (Assumpsit) which Enabled the Enforcement of Executory Promises (Slade’s Case): pp. 766, 767, 771, 775, 776

A “With and Without” Recourse Assignment of Contractual Rights and Negotiation of Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange: p. 776

A Doctrine of Estates that enabled the commodification of land rights: p. 710

ENGLISH JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS:

C.H.S. Fifoot and the Mansfieldian Application of Commercial Practices: p. 773

Common Law and Equity Courts: p. 768

Earl of Oxford Case, Lord Chief Justice Coke, and Bracton’s Admonition: p. 768

Equity and Commercial Contract Law: p. 770

Forms of Actions and Writs: p. 771

Frederic William Maitland and the Distinctively English Nature of the Forms of Action and Writs, Despite Their Roman Ancestry: pp. 771, 772

Holt in Hussey v. Jacob: p. 778

1292

Lawrence Friedman’s Description of the Royal Central Courts: p. 767

Mansfield’s Influence on Llewellyn’s Art.2 of the U.C.C.: p. 773

Mansfield’s Juries and Merchants and Merchant Jurors: p. 773

Mansfield’s Pillans and Von Mierop v. Rose, Miller v. Race: p. 772

Plucknett on the Institutional Elements of England’s Judiciary: p. 774

Price v. Neal: p. 772

Slade’s Case: pp. 766, 76–68, 772, 775, 776

Sir Francsis Buller’s Assessment of Mansfield’s Contribution to English Commercial Law: p. 773

English Medieval Wool Contracts and their Executory Promises: p. 164

Enlightenment and Its Influence on the Framers of United States Legal Institutions: p. 840

Equal Treatment of Foreign and Local Merchants in Certain European Fairs: pp. 304, 305

Escrituras Publicas: p. 216

Escrow Agreements for Options to Purchase and Promises of Sales in some Civil Law Countries: p. 376, 937

Escrow Agreement in the United States as an Extra Judicial Tool to Avoid Controversies: p. 1162

Estrella, Eduardo Notarial Practices in Provincial Mexico: p. 229

European Council Directive 86/653 (1986): p. 183

European Flexible Discount of Commercial Paper System and its Influence on the Federal Reserve Act: p. 858

Exceptio: pp. 104, 171, 921, 947, 953, 954, 958, 961, 962, 1007, 1021, 1064

Exceptio Doli and its Relation with the Doctrine of Good Faith: p. 953

EXCUSE OF EXCESSIVE ONEROUSNESS OF PERFORMANCE:

Argentine Civil Code Art. 1198: p. 1147

Argentine Law: Argentine Decisional Law and Hyperinflation: p. 1148

Assumption of Contractual Risk and its Foreseeability as a Defense against Strict Enforcement: pp. 1142, 1154

Comparison of Italian and Other European Law Excuses for Non-Performance (Rescission, Annulment and Mistake): p. 1137

El Salvador Commercial Code Art. 994 and Italian Civil Code Art. 1467: pp. 1132, 1134

Excuses for Non-Performance of Commercial Contracts and their Exceptional Nature: p. 1131

French Law: the Theory of Unforeseeablity: p. 1154

German Law: Anpassung and Judicial Activism: p. 1151

Italian Law: Aleatory Contracts and the Waiver Of Excessive Onerousness: pp. 1138, 1139

Italian Law: Contractual Presuppositions (Presupposizione) Subjective Excessive Onerousness: p. 1143

Italian Law: Foreseeability and the Uomo Medio (Average Man): p. 1142

Italian Law: Rebus Sic Stantibus: p. 1139

United States Law: Impossibility and Impracticability and Frustration of Purpose: p. 1155

United States Law: Restatement (Second) of Contracts: p. 1157

Swiss Law: Rebus Sic Stantibus: p. 1153

Synallagmatic Balance (An Agreed Upon Exchange of Performances) and Excessive Onerousness: p. 1132

Excuses for Non-Performance of Commercial Contracts and their Exceptional Nature: p. 1131

Executory or Deferred Performance Promises: pp. 5, 20, 37, 95, 140–42, 156–60, 164, 167, 205, 263, 264, 265, 272, 280, 281, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757, 758, 775, 776, 787, 861, 871, 889, 893, 895, 897, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221

Exegetes: pp. 335, 338

Expressed and Implied or Apparent Authority: p. 181

EXTRAJUDICIAL REMEDIES AND SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE:

Aggrieved Party’s Duty to Mitigate Damages: p. 1168

Anticipatory Repudiation, Substitute Transactions and Nachfrist: p. 1167

Cover and Resale: pp. 1169, 1194

Dawson’s Landmark Comparative Study on Specific Performance, including Roman, Medieval, French, German and United States Law: p. 1176–86

Economic Significance of Extrajudicial Remedies in the Law of Secured Commercial Loans: p. 1174

Extrajudicial Remedies in CISG and in UNIDTROIT: pp. 1160, 1164

Opposition to Extrajudicial Remedies in French And Spanish Civil Codes and Their Progeny: p. 1165

Prohibition of the Pactum Commissorium and Express Resolution Clauses in Code Civil-Inspired Jurisdictions: p. 1170

Sicherungsübereignung in German Law: p. 1173

Specific Performance: p. 1175

Specific Performance and Just in Time Performance: p. 1186

United States Law: p. 1184

U.S. Escrow Agreement as an Extrajudicial Remedy: p. 1162

European Principles of Contract Law (EPCL): pp. 872, 880

Factors of Production in Pre-Commercial Society: pp. 86, 87, 884

Factual and Analogical Logic: p. 60

Fairbank, John K.: pp. 626, 635, 643, 644, 658, 659, 685, 686

1293

FAIRS AND CONSULAR COURTS:

Courts of Medieval Fairs and Self Enforcing Fairs as Unifiers of European Commercial Law; Rudolf Schlesinger, Hans Baade, Peter Herzog, and Edward Wise: p. 307

Instruments (Scripta Obligatoria): p. 298

Consular Tribunals: p. 300

Enforcement of Judgments by Fair Guards: p. 305

Equal Treatment of Foreign and Local Merchants: pp. 304, 305

Frederic Rockwell Sanborn: pp. 299, 300, 307

Italian Cities’ and Merchant Associations’ Statutes: p. 299

Principle of the Peace of the Marketplace: p. 303, 304

Summary Trials Subject to a Uniform Law: p. 304

Special Statutes, Applicable to Guilds (Corporazione or Gilde), Colonial Ventures (Statuti Coloniali), and Maritime Ventures (Diritti Marittimi): p. 300

Statuta Mercatorum Applicable to All Merchants: pp. 300, 301

Familism: pp. 68, 475, 476, 481, 623, 624, 645, 653, 661, 663, 664, 684

Familistic Societies: pp. 17, 90, 663

Family Farms (United States): pp. 785, 797

FAMILY, LINEAGE AND CLAN AS PRIVATE LAW MAKERS AND ECONOMIC UNITS (IMPERIAL CHINA):

Common Budget: p. 628

David Jordan’s Descriptive Commentary: pp. 627, 628, 631, 632

Family Land and Survival: p. 628

Place of Residence: p. 628

Patriarchal Hierarchy: p. 627

Farnsworth, E. Allan: pp. 118, 164, 849, 893, 898–902, 904, 908, 916, 995, 998, 1118, 1122, 1123, 1221

Fascist, “Top-Down” Commercial Law: pp. 336, 445, 446, 517, 525, 618

Federal Reserve System: pp. 811, 816

Federal Reserve Act: pp. 783, 784, 811, 813, 814, 816, 1053, 1054

Federal-State Dualism (United States): p. 842

Ferguson, Niall: pp. 397, 400, 402–04, 406

Ferdinand, King: pp. 482, 487

Fernandez Font, Marcelo: pp. 87, 582, 583, 595, 736

Feudalism: pp. 140, 142, 144, 192, 199, 246, 254, 304, 306, 546, 549, 563, 564, 565, 567, 595, 645

Feynman, Richard: pp. 245, 246

Fiducia: pp. 1041–44

Fielding Lewis Store: pp. 792, 793, 804

Fifoot, C.H.S.: pp. 773, 906

Firm Promises: pp. 15, 82, 264, 265, 280, 749, 870, 916

Fixed Prices: pp. 191, 195, 196, 199, 210, 396, 652, 751, 758, 759, 802, 803

Flotistas, Almaceneros and Hacendados: p. 494

Forde, David Michael: p. 1188

FORMALITIES AND SOLEMNITIES:

Art. L–110(3) Code De Commerce: p. 218

Formalities Exempted Acts of Commerce (Actes De Commerce): p. 218

Formalities or Solemnities in Land and Commercial Transactions: p. 217

In the Code Civil: pp. 217–19

In the Code De Commerce: pp. 217–19

In French Pre and Post Code Civil Bourgeois and Landed Gentry Transactions: p. 218

In the Spanish and Mexican Commercial Codes (Spiritualist Principle): pp. 217, 222, 223, 229

Judicial Oath: See Serment Décisoire

FRENCH CASE LAW ON ACTS OF COMMERCE:

Accidents While Farming, French Supreme Court’s Implicit Admission of Commercial Nature of Agriculture: p. 365

Agricultural Civil Cooperatives and Acts of Commerce: p. 366

Contract for the Performance of Work v. Contract of Agency: a Mostly Scholastic Dichotomy of Juristic v. Material Acts: p. 368

Craftsmen and Merchants: p. 362

George Ripert’s Broadest Version of a Commercial Act: p. 341

Investment of Savings by a Civil Cooperative as a Commercial Act: p. 366

Merchants and Farmers: p. 364

Promises to Sell and Options to Buy as Obligations to Do and to Give, as Scholastic Market Averse Dichotomies: p. 370

FRENCH STATUTORY LAW, RECENT MODERNIZATION OF THE CONSENT PRINCIPLE:

Commercial Promises and Pollicitations: p. 289

Promises to Sell and the Commercial Marketplace: p. 287

Statutorily Enforced Electronic Pollicitations: p. 290

Friedman, Lawrence: p. 767

Friedman, Milton: pp. 853–55

Friendly, Judge Henry and Contractual Reasonableness: pp. 18, 58, 59, 1027, 1030

Frivolous, or Non-Necessitous Conveyance of Family Land: p. 83

Frivolous Purposes in a Sale of Family Land, India: p. 92

Fuero De Navarra: pp. 142, 930, Fuero De Soria: p. 142

Fuero Real: p. 143

Gaius’ Institutes: pp. 114, 118, 415

Gamonales: p. 90

1294

Gap Filling Role of Doctrinal Writings in European and Latin American Legal systems: pp. 440–49

Gas Company of El Salvador (GCES) Excessive Onerousness Arbitration Case: pp. 1129–35, 1138, 1144, 1145

Geniza Jewish Cairo Cemetery: pp. 153, 157, 168

GERMAN ADJECTIVES, PROVERBS AND PRINCIPLES THAT SUMMARIZED STANDARD AND BEST COMMERCIAL PRACTICES: PP. 437–72

Behavior of a Proper, Honest and Decent Merchant: (Ordentlicher Kaufmann): pp. 431, 438, 467–68, 944, 961, 977, 1023

Good Practices and Public Policy (Boni Mores, Gute Sitten): p. 438

Principle of Good Faith (Gebot Von Treu Und Glauben): pp. 438, 458, 467–68

“The Hand that Conveys to One Must Warrant His Conveyance to Another” (Hand Muss Hand Wahren): p. 6

“Where You Have Put Your Faith, There You Must Seek It” (Wo Du Deinen Glauben Gelassen Hast, Musst Du Ihn Suchen): p. 6

GERMAN COMMERCIAL CONTRACT LAW AS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL USERS OF CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES “AS GENERAL CONDITIONS OF TRADE” (AGB):

Bundesgerichtshof, September 26, 1989, WM 1989, 1713: a Judicial Illustration on Slight Negligence in the AGB for Banks: p. 466

General Conditions of Trade for Banks as a Crucial Source of Commercial Contract Law: p. 455

Standard Contract Forms the Purchase of Souvenirs from Oktoberfest as an Illustration: p. 458

GERMAN PANDECTISM, ANALYTICAL SYSTEM BUILDING AND A NARROW VERSION OF LEGAL SCIENCE:

Aristotelian Essences and the Definitions and Classifications of Pothier and Other French 18th Century Neo-Scholastics: p. 412

Bernhard Windscheid’s Influential Lehrbuch Des Pandektenrechts: p. 410

Legal Science as a Search for the Organizing Concepts and Principles of Roman Private Law: p. 409

Pandectists: pp. 411–13, 416, 417

Pandectists’ Disinterest in Contemporary Socio-Economic Facts: p. 412

Prokura or Abstract Agency: pp. 424, 428, 430, 432

Scientific Method of Physical and Social Sciences And Puchta’s Pandektenrecht (A Law Derived from Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis): pp. 410, 411

System Building: p. 410

Von Ihering’s Concept of Possession (Animus Possidendi): p. 412, 413

Von Mehren’s and Gordley’s Comments on Puchta’s Failed Concept of National Spirit of the German People: pp. 410, 413–19

Von Savigny’s Organizing Concept of Possession (Animus Rem Sibi Habendi or Animus Dominii): pp. 409, 411

German Prudent Businessman (Eines Ordentlicher Kaufmann): pp. 431, 438, 467, 468, 944, 961, 977, 1023

GERMANISTS AND ROMANISTS: P. 409

Opposing Views on National Codification: p. 409

Thibaut: a Germanic Private Law Based on Germanic Culture: p. 409

Von Savigny’s 1814 Pamphlet: On the Vocation of Our Times for Legislation and Legal Science: p. 409

Von Savigny’s Disciple Puchta’s Systematization of Roman law and Pandectism: p. 410–11

Von Savigny’s Historical School: p. 409

GERMANY’S GENERAL CONDITIONS OF TRADE:

See Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen (Ag) Germany’s General Conditions of Trade for Banks: p. 455

See Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Für Die Banken (AGB) p. 455

GERMANY’S SOCIO ECONOMIC AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS THAT SPURRED ITS NINETEENTH CENTURY’S ECONOMIC GROWTH:

Abandonment of the Medieval (and still nine-teenth century’s French) characterization of the Bill of Exchange as a Contract for the Exchange of Currency (Cambium) (to evade the prohibition of usury) to a Negotiable Firm Promise to Pay a Sum Certain to a named payee bearer or their endorsees: pp. 15, 82, 227, 228, 257, 265, 280, 283, 385, 421, 749, 870, 916, 948, 1075

Approval of Market Sensitive Interest Rates: p. 392

Availability of Inventory and Accounts Receivable as Collateral to finance commerce and industry: p. 384, 396

Blackburn on 1849–80 Major Economic Transformation: pp. 381–83, 392–94

Changes in Popular Consumption and the Falling Ratios of Customers to Traders: p. 382

Commercialization of Real Property and Agriculture: p. 392

Creation of Credit Unions: p. 382, 384

Decline of the Prosecution of Usury and the Distinction Between an assignment of Contractual Rights and the Negotiation of a Firm Promise and 1295Abstract Promise to Pay a Sum Certain: pp. 749, 777, 870, 879, 880, 896, 916

Ease of Commercial Filings and Licensing and Protection of Commercial Intellectual Property: pp. 427–29

Economic Freedoms Won by the Middle Class: pp. 381–82, 394

Enablement of Jews to Participate in Commerce and Banking: p. 383

Enforcement of Executory Contracts: p. 384

Greater Ease in the Transition from Craftsmen to Merchants: p. 381

Guild Members’ transition to Verlegers: p. 382

Itinerant Traders and Hawkers transition to Shopkeepers: p. 382

Gift Giving and Reciprocity in Contract Formation: pp. 87, 881

Gilmore, Grant: pp. 83–84, 799–800, 898

Glass Steagall Act: p. 42

Glossators and Commentators: pp. 139, 148, 249, 874–75, 1177–78

Goitein, S.D. and Medieval-Mediterranean Commercial Brotherhood: p. 153

Goldman, Emma: p. 572

GOLDSCHMIDT, LEVIN: PP. 4, 12, 168, 297, 304, 437, 441, 443–47, 458, 490, 631, 944

Influence on A Bottom up Custom and Usage Inspired Commercial Law: p. 496

Influence on Llewellyn’s Belief in an Archetypal Commercial Behavior derived from a “Nature of Things Commercial”: pp. 447–49

GOOD FAITH IN CODIFIED, ROMAN, DECISIONAL AND DOCTRINAL LAW: PP. 21, 41, 57–59, 66, 92, 98, 104, 120–22, 129, 131–35, 163, 189, 251–53, 274

Contractual Diligence and Absence Of Fault Measured by Good Father of Family Standard in Code Civil: pp. 42, 45, 948, 951, 955–56, 958–59, 981

Demogue, Rene and the Obligation to Produce an Agreed Upon Result or to Employ Specified or Ordinary Diligence: p. 958

Exceptio Doli: in Roman law: p. 104, 921, 947, 953–54, 958, 961–62, 1007, 1021, 1064

Exceptio Doli: A Contemporary Illustration of it when one party and the court rely on the “Literal Meaning” of a contract stipulation disregarding the actual and sectoral intent, see Teofila Astorga Case: p. 1014

Honesty and Truth Telling as good faith in Lord Mansfield Decisions: pp. 948, 967, 970, 972

Uberrima Fides (Highest or Fiduciary Good Faith In Cardozo’s Meinhard v. Salmon): pp. 951, 996, 1008, 1013

Unconscionability and bad faith as assessed or not by United States and German Court Decisions: p. 1027

Usage of Trade as a Corrector of Mutual Mistake in the German Haakjöringsköd Case: p. 1020

Viteri’s Case and a Bad Faith Reliance on Formalistic Strict Law Arguments: p. 1001

Zekoll, J. and Reimann, M.—Opinion that Good Faith Applies Equally to Commercial and Civil Transactions under the BGB and HGB: p. 438

GOOD FAITH IN LAW AND ECONOMICS WRITINGS: A JUDICIAL ILLUSTRATION: P. 988

Good Faith as a Subjective, State of Mind Determination That Requires a Search for Dishonest Behavior: p. 990

Sectoral (Usage of Trade) Version of Good Faith in the Commercial Leasing Business: p. 995

Summer, Robert: Negative Excluder: p. 993

Trade Usage and Archetypal Good Faith Behavior In Compilations of Standard and Best Practices, and in Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 960, 966, 974

GOOD FAITH, REASONABLENESS AND SECTORAL ARCHETYPES: P. 943

CISG Art. 8(2): p. 977

In Adversarial v. Cooperative and Fiduciary Transactions: p. 966

In Standard and Best Practices: p. 966

Llewellyn’s Archetypal Merchant and His German (Ordentlicher Kaufmann) Antecedent: p. 967

Sectoral Meaning of Reasonableness: Placing Oneself in the Position of a Sectoral Archetypal Other: p. 976

U.C.C. Art. 5 and its Mistaken Exclusion of Reasonableness: p. 978

U.C.C. Arts. 1 and 2 and in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202: p. 972

U.C.C. § 1–205 Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 973–74

GOODE, SIR ROY: PP. 44, 916, 965–66, 975–76, 1048, 1221–22, 1226

Foreword: p. vii

Gomez Jiménez, Maria Trinidad: Mexican decision on the Unenforceability of Options and Promises to sell Real Estate as Promises to “To do”: pp. 911, 938, 940–41

González Poveda, D. Pedro: p. 931

GORDLEY, JAMES: PP. 88, 90–91, 94–95, 104, 149, 254–55, 266–67, 274–76, 289–90, 377, 409–10, 413–15, 417–18, 420, 422, 879, 920, 958, 1117–19, 1154

And Roman law Recognition of the Informal Sale Agreement: p. 104

1296

Gorla, Gino: pp. 104, 119, 121–24, 126, 141–42, 251–52, 276, 872–74

Government Bonds, English and German: pp. 36, 264, 341, 389, 667, 780, 813, 818, 877

Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA): pp. 325, 465, 472, 1033

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: p. 42

Greenspan, Alan: pp. 41–42

GROTIUS, HUGO: PP. 81–82, 178, 249–53, 256–58, 267, 275, 281, 528, 640, 898, 909–10, 954

A Natural and Immanent Roman law: p. 251

Consent Principle (Solus Consensus Obligat): p. 252, 257

Pollicitation: pp. 82, 251, 257–58, 265, 281–82, 289–91, 387, 435, 749, 910

Pothier’s and Code Civil’s Adoption of Grotius’ Consent or Assent Principle: p. 251

Reasonable Causa: pp. 251–52

Right Reason: p. 249

Grundbuch (Germany): pp. 724, 726–30, 735

Guanxi: pp. 84, 90–91, 475, 662, 695, 699, 707, 710, 712; see also Glossary

GUATEMALA: PP. 66, 71, 175, 183, 185–87, 478, 522, 525–26, 936, 1174–75, 1211

Commercial Code, Article 280: p. 185

Decree 51–2007: p. 1211

Guevara, Che: pp. 87, 582, 584–85, 595, 605, 736

GUILDS: PP. 17, 137, 191, 216, 268, 362

And Fixed Prices (or Tariffs), Standards of Workmanship and Hierarchy: p. 195

And Monopolies: p. 194

And Their Emphasis on Sustenance Rather than As Associations of Artisans and Craftsmen: p. 193

Generating Profits (Nahrungsprinzip): p. 196

Smith and Causes of the Demise of Guilds: p. 198

Status to Contract, Sir Henry Maine: p. 199

Weber’s Version of Just Price (Nahrugsprinzip): p. 196

Haakjöringsköd Mistake in Fact decision: p. 1020

Hammer, Armand: p. 572

Han Dynasty: p. 646

HANDELSGESETZBUCH OF 1897 (HGB): PP. 377, 401, 409, 413

Court Decisions: p. 998

Hansen, Valerie: pp. 644, 648, 673, 675–76, 680–83, 735

Harmful Agency to the Head of the Family as Principal: pp. 94

Hazard, John N.: pp. 552–53, 579, 590–93, 596–98, 601, 610–13

Heck, Philipp: pp. 51, 417, 524, 920

Hegel, George Friedrich: p. 562

Henderson, Dan F.: p. 28

Henry VIII Statute of Usury: p. 156

Heraclites: pp. 868, 921, 927, 934

Herzog, Peter E.: pp. 173, 307

Heter Iska Jewish Partnerships: pp. 156, 168

Heward, Edmund: pp. 760, 763–65, 773, 970–71

HGB, DRAFTING OF: ADHGB OF 1871: PP. 413, 422, 981

See also Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch: pp. 413, 422, 981

HANDELSGESETZBUCH

(HGB) IN GENERAL: PP. 377, 404, 409, 413

Einert’s Influential Monograph on Negotiable Instruments: p. 390

Merchant Drafting: Greater Clarity than the BGB but Lack of Precision especially when using Different Terms for Same Concepts: p. 422

Not A Product of the Pandektenrecht but of the Customary and Market Sensitive Doctrinal Law: The Bills of Exchange Law of 1849. (Wechselgesetz): p. 421

HGB’S SCOPE AND MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS:

A Commercial Register (or Registry): Public Notice of Doing Business and of Valuable Commercial Rights: pp. 427–29, 436

An Archetypal Honest and Decent Merchant (Ordentlichen Kaufmann): pp. 438, 515, 638

An abstract (non-causal) commercial agency (Prokura): pp. 50 n.57, 179, 183, 395, 424, 428, 430, 432

Reliance on equitable doctrines and archetypal behavior such as Good Faith, Honest and Decent Commercial Behavior and to Usage of Trade: pp. 437–38

Hidalgo: p. 144

High Commerce: pp. 111, 145, 207, 209, 335, 391, 396, 406–07, 493–94, 800

Hillel the Elder, Rabbi Joseph: p. 11

Hindu Law Doctrine of Necessity: pp. 92, 670

HOEBEL, E. ADAMSON: PP. 44–45, 75, 96–101, 148, 442, 595, 999

And Legal Anthropology: p. 45

Imperative Selection Principle: p. 100

Holmes Jr., Justice Oliver Wendell: pp. 4, 41, 268, 298, 587–88, 693, 898–99, 902, 993–95, 998, 1027, 1131, 1175, 1194, 1195, 1213, 1238, see also Bad Man of Contracts: pp. 4, 1195

Holt, Chief Justice: pp. 764, 772, 778–80

Hombres De Bien: pp. 494, 505, 513–15, 519

Homo Economicus in Judge Posner’s Economic Analysis of Law: pp. 87, 1236

HONDURAS:

Commercial Code: pp. 135, 446, 1134

Law on Secured Transactions: pp. 66 n.120, 526, 1174–75, 1212

Houizhou: pp. 660

House of Lords (England): pp. 7, 781, 872, 1156

Huang, Mitzi: pp. 700–01

Huang, Philip C.: p. 694

Hukou: pp. 718–19

Hume, David: p. 247

1297

Huvelin, Paul: pp. 297, 300–07, 437

Hyperinflation: pp. 147, 960, 962, 1139, 1148–49, 1151

Hypotheca: pp. 69, 123, 1041, 1043–45, 1048

IMPERIAL CHINA: MONOPOLIES (CORRUPTION) AND DISTRUST: PP. 646–47, 657, 666

Absence of Verleggers and other Capitalist

China’s Failure to Observe the Legal Principles of National and International Commercial Viability: pp. 652–56, 663

Confucius’ low opinion and ranking of merchants: pp. 633, 635

Exclusive Dealings and the Guanxi: p. 662

Familism and Business Associations: p. 661

Imperial China’s Failure to Become a Leading Capitalist Nation: pp. 652–56

Imperial China, Free Tenancy and Commercialized Rights in Land: pp. 665–67

Intermediaries: p. 659

Rulers and Bureaucrats’ Association with Monopolies and Limited Commercial Risk Taking: pp. 656–57

The Confucian, Familistic Superior Man and His Disregard of Third Party Rights: pp. 638–40

The Houizhou Clan: An Archetypal Commercial Clan and its Familistic Practices: Sharp Dealing, Bribery and Simulation: p. 660.

Impresa (Enterprise) as a defining concept for the scope of the Italian Civil Code and of some Latin American Commercial Codes: pp. 336–37, 445–46, 517, 618

Independence of Promises: pp. 7 n.16, 29–30, 31, 32, 72, 157, 178–79, 186, 300, 314, 387, 594, 667–69, 777–78, 916, 1022, 1025, 1051, 1066, 1071, 1075–76, 1187

Infanzones: p. 142

Innes, Stephen and Puritan Moral Capitalism: p. 790

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): pp. 325, 437, 421, 945, 1033, 1054, 1058, 1060, 1074, 1131, 1145, 1169

International Chamber of Commerce’s International Commercial Terms for International Sale of Goods (Incoterms): pp. 437, 465, 945–47, 949, 1033, 1070

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), Principles on International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT Principles): pp. 347, 449, 872, 880–81, 973, 995, 1124–25, 1127, 1145, 1164–67, 1169, 1206, 1208

International Swaps and Derivatives Association (I.S.D.A.): pp. 325, 405

Inveterate Custom: pp. 439, 597, 976, 1009, 1014

Irrevocable Promises: pp. 82, 435

Isabella, Queen of Spain: pp. 482, 487, 491, 530

ITALY: PP. 145, 148, 149, 168, 172, 179, 193, 204, 205, 207, 297, 299, 301–06, 336, 382, 384, 386, 441–45, 616, 750, 777, 987, 1040, 1101, 1102, 1120, 1134, 1135, 1142, 1143, 1145, 1154, 1155, 1204

Unified (Civil and Commercial) Code of 1942: pp. 426, 443, 525, 1135

ITALY AND LATIN AMERICA, ACTS OF COMMERCE, LAW AND DOCTRINE:

Argentina: Carlos Malagarriga’s Definitions and Classifications of Acts of Commerce: pp. 336–38

Ascarelli, Tullio: Criticism of the Exclusion of Agri-Business from Acts of Commerce: p. 337

Fascist Concept of Enterprise (Impresa); see Impresa

Iudex: pp. 116, 119–20, 129, 134, 171–72, 771, 953, 1176–77

Ius Civile Quiritium: p. 105

Ius Distrahendi: pp. 108–09, 411

Ius Gentium: pp. 106, 121, 250

Ius Peregrinum: p. 106

Jaffe, Yachiel: p. 1188

James Sommersett Case: p. 763

Japanese Corporate Culture: p. 28

Jefferson, Thomas: pp. 247, 840–41

Jeito and the picaresque In Brazil: pp. 90, 509–10; see also Rosenn Keith

Jencken, Henry Diedrich’s Important Comparative Study of Negotiable Instruments Law in 19th Century England, France and Germany: pp. 386–91, 421–22

Joint Ventures in or with British Colonial America: pp. 757–58

Jordan, David K.: Chinese Familial, Clan and Tribal Organization 627–31, 632

JUST PRICE:

Puritan-American Version: p. 789; see also Saint Thomas Aquinas and Henry Langenstein

Jural Postulates, Cultural Values and the Drafting of Legal Principles: pp. 101–02

Justice as “Prayed for” (Justicia Rogada): a common feature of civil and commercial pleading in many European and Latin American countries that limits the remedies only to those prayed for or requested in the pleadings: pp. 1084–87

JUSTINIAN, EMPEROR AND COMPILER OF AMONG OTHER BOOKS OF THE CORPUS IURIS (JURIS) CIVILIS: PP. 4, 105, 109–10, 114, 128, 135, 148, 249, 410, 412, 522, 874, 1045, 1176, 1178

Code: pp. 1041, 1045, 1048

Digest: 108, 114–15, 120, 128, 131, 171–72, 250, 444, 872, 956, 1038, 1041–44, 1047–48

Kelsen, Hans: pp. 98–99, 553, 753

Kessler, Amalia D.: pp. 308, 310–17, 320, 331, 385, 808, 965, 1117–18, 1122

Khozraschet: p. 581(Accountability of Soviet State Enterprises as suggested by Evsey Liberman’s: p. 582

Kötz, Heinrich: pp. 37–38, 1181, 1183

1298

Kozolchyk, Boris (author’s cousin): pp. 990, 999

Kozolchyk Raphael (author’s son): p. 857

Kucherov, Samuel: p. 547, 552–53, 589, 600–02, 605, 607, 609

Kulak: pp. 42, 550, 553, 576–77, 593, 607, 609

Landes, William and Posner, Richard Judge: p. 10

Landgericht Stuttgart (Germany): pp. 463, 467, 470, 1023–24

Laesio Enormis: pp. 274, 393, 420

Land Registry: pp. 695, 706, 713, 715–16, 723, 727–35

Langenstein, Henry’s Just Price Theory: pp. 196, 560

LATIN AMERICA AND SPAIN, ORDINARY OR DECLARATIVE JUDICIAL PROCEDURES: P. 1082

Justice as Prayed For (Justicia Rogada): p. 60 Utra Petita: p. 1084 (Excessive claim) and Remedial Finality: p. 1084

Pleadings: pp. 1084–85

Trial Practice and Sources of Law: p. 1082–84

Typical Complaint: p. 1086

LATIN AMERICA’S BURDEN OF A COLONIAL PAST: A RESTRICTIVE COMMERCIAL AND TRADE LAW: P. 493

Illustrations of Colonial Anti commercial and International Trade laws: p. 494

Law No. 3 of Charles I and Philip II, Oct. 6, 1552: p. 448

Law No. 4 of Philip IV February 10, 1623: p. 489

Law No. 17 of King Philip V, December 2, 1737: p. 490

Leyes De Indias, Novisima Recopilacion: pp. 482, 484–88, 490, 502, 529

LATIN AMERICA’S FAMILIES OF CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL CODES: P. 518

Bello and the Chilean Civil Code of 1855: p. 518

Freita’s Rejected Draft of the Civil Code: p. 52

Mirow Comments on Latin American codes: pp. 525–26

Sársfield and the Argentinean Civil Code of 1871: p. 522

Twentieth Century Commercial Codes of Honduras, Costa Rica and Colombia: p. 525

LATIN AMERICA’S POST-COLONIAL FAMILISTIC ATTITUDES: P. 528

A Natural Right to Smuggle: p. 538

A Literal Reading (Letrismo) of laws, and conracts as the Safest Personal Method of Interpretation: p. 540

Cervantes Ahumada and Influential Living Law Institutions in Mexican Law: pp. 532–33

The All Powerful, Almost Magic Powers of the Executive Branch: p. 591

LATIN NOTARIAL FUNCTIONS: P. 219

Attestation and Authentication of Facts Seen, Heard or Perceived by Senses, Attestation of Expressed Intent in Contracts: pp. 220, 228

Authentication as a Notarial Function: p. 219

Authentication and Prima Facie Evidence: p. 222

Conferral of Public Faith (Publica Fides, Fe Pública) on Notarial deeds: p. 221

Definition of Latin Notary by Conseil Supériur du Notariat: pp. 215, 223

Eduardo Estrella and Joaquin Picado’s descriptions of Notarial Functions in provincial Mexico and San Jose Costa Rica: pp. 229, 234

Evidentiary Weight of Attestation: p. 221

Geographical Reach of Latin Notariat: p. 219

Germany Notaries as Most Attuned to Market Transactions: p. 226

Guild-like Features: p. 217

Limits of Latin Notary’s Factual Authentication: p. 222

Malavet, Pedro thorough analysis of functions: pp. 215, 221

McCormick on Evidence: pp. 224–25

New Breed of Commercial Notaries: p. 228

Notarial Documents, Deeds (Acte Authentiques, Escrituras Públicas): pp. 40, 55, 217–19, 221, 223, 259, 867, 871, 985

Notarial Drafting Style: pp. 216–21, 223

Notaries as Legal Advisor to Both Parties: pp. 216, 220

Open Ended and Strictly Structured: p. 217

Presumption of Truth and Solemnity: pp. 218, 231

Self-Executory Enforcement of Notarial Documents and Deeds: p. 219

Support of Notarial Documents by French Doctrine of Contractual Justice (Justice Contractuelle): p. 223

United States Notary, Definition: pp. 240–41

Law of Primitive Man: pp. 96, 595

Law of the Twelve Tables: pp. 105–06, 110, 113, 116

Lawson, F.H.: pp. 119, 268, 416

Lazarillo de Tormes and the Spanish Picaresque: p. 144

League of Nations: pp. 781, 1103

Legalism: pp. 475–76, 481, 568, 590, 623–25, 633–45, 647, 651

Legal Alphabet: pp. 19, 103–09, 135

Legal Anthropology: pp. 45, 148

Familism, Confucianism; and Legalism (China): p. 623

Legal Invertebration: pp. 589, 620–21, 630, 663, 684, 707, 718, 744, 1044, 1046–47, 1077–78

Legal Maxims (Regulae Iuris): pp. 50, 108–09, 246, 248, 253, 255, 639

Legal Scholasticism: p. 47–63, 337

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: p. 248

1299

LENIN, VLADIMIR ILYICH: PP. 545–45, 549–50, 552, 559, 562, 565

See Leninism: pp. 554, 566–67

April Theses: p. 567

Article 12 of the Soviet Constitution of 1936: p. 545

Berman: p. 38

Charismatic Authoritarian Leadership: p. 566

Codes and Codification: p. 592

Hazard Butler and Maggs: pp. 591, 593, 596, 597, 610

Law Making and Authoritarian Legalism: pp. 475–76, 481, 568

Legal Nihilism: pp. 589–90, 596–97, 605

Lenin and Authoritarian Legalism: “A

Good Communist is also a Good Chekist”: p. 569

Obedience through Didactics and Terror: p. 569

October Revolution of 1917: p. 567

Pashukanis, Evgeny: pp. 593–97, 617

Positivistic Soviet Law: p. 553

Service Robert, Lenin Biographer: pp. 549, 566–67

Sources of Lenin’s Law: p. 568

Weber and Charismatic Authority: p. 566

Wu, Austin, Kelsen, and Bogdanov: pp. 553, 565

Zasulich: p. 565

(Literality) Letrismo in Mexican Judicial Adjudication: p. 540

LETTERS OF CREDIT (LOC) LAW AND PRACTICE: PP. 815, 978, 1049

Attainment of Uniform Universal Usage in Less than One Century of Practice (Mid-19th–Mid-20th Century) Why?: pp. 1051–69

Archetypal Bankers: Bad Faith, Honest But Selfish and Reasonable: The Reasonable Document Checker: p. 1074

Birth of a Nuclear Letter of Credit Practice: p. 1051

ICC and Its Compilation of Uniform Customs And Practices (UCP 1933, 1951, 1962, 1974 and 1983 Revisions), see Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP)

Limited Role of Judicial Statutory or Codified LOC Law: pp. 1055–57

Macro and Micro Economic Forces and Letter of Credit Practices in the United States: pp. 1053–55

Reasonableness and Interchangeability of Correspondent Banks’ Functions: p. 1051

Standard and Best Practices in the Examination of Documents: p. 1051

LIVING LAW PRINCIPLES OF UNITED STATES’ CONTRACT LAW INTERPRETATION: PP. 829–34

Contracts Must Be Performed in Good Faith: p. 832

Equal Protection of Equals and the Need for Greater Inclusion of Equals: p. 834

Freedom of Contract as “What the Law Does Not Expressly Forbid, It Allows”: p. 831

Private Property is Preferable to Communal Property: p. 832

Protection of Third Parties as Actual or Potential Market Participants: p. 836

Recognition of “Sweat Equity”: Those whose work contributes significant value to assets have an equitable entitlement to a fair share of it: p. 831

Matsushita Decision and a Misunderstood Legal Culture: pp. 22–25, 26, 28, 33

Mauss, Marcel and the Importance of Gifts and Giving in Commercial Contract Law: pp. 44, 87–88, 885, 893

Maxims: pp. 6–7, 50; see also Legal Maxims: pp. 108, 951, 1179

Medieval Commercial Brotherhood: pp. 153–55, 167, 169–70

Medieval Practices as Incubators of Important Commercial Practices: p. 139

Medieval Versions of Justice Price of Goods and Commodities: pp. 191, 196–97

Mercado, Fray Tomas del and Spanish Colonial-Religious Commercial Law: p. 528

MERCANTILISM AND MONOPOLY: P. 198

And One-Sided Terms of Sale: p. 201

Method of Reasoning: p. 149

MEXICO:

Breach of Commercial Contract Complaint: pp. 1096–98

Case Law: pp. 938–41, 1000–08, 1014–15

Commercial Code: pp. 373–76, 439, 452

Extrajudicial Resolution: p. 1204

Federal Code of Civil Procedure: pp. 286, 345, 508–09, 520, 523–24

Living Law: pp. 515–16, 532–37

Preparatory Contracts and Public Deeds: pp. 938–41

Microfinance and James Greenberg: pp. 42, 46

Ming Dynasty: pp. 625, 650–51, 654–55, 659–60, 666

Mirow, M.: pp. 491, 522, 525–26

Mlodinow, Leonard: p. 245

Molloy, Judge John: pp. 385, 387, 389, 1049, 1103–06

Mommsen, Theodore: pp. 105, 110–13, 1039–41, 1047

MONOPOLIES: PP. 17, 111, 170, 193, 194, 199, 239, 271, 396, 491, 646–47, 657, 662, 755

State Monopolies: pp. 17, 199, 647

Royal Monopolies: p. 491

MORAL CAPITALISM AND THE COLONIAL PURITANS: PP. 785–86

Decline of Puritan Moral Capitalism: p. 788

Morales, Omar: p. 175

Moscow Wool Outlet Case: p. 613

1300

Moveable or Personal Property Security Interests: pp. 739–44

Müller-Freienfels, Wolfram and the Comparative Law of Agency: p. 175

Multilateralism: p. 755

Nachfrist: pp. 1139, 1167–68, 1206–10

NAFTA: pp. 73, 303, 436, 1245, 1246

Nahrungsprinzip: pp. 196

see also Guilds pp. 17, 137, 191–212, 216, 268–69, 271–72, 299, 300, 308, 362, 549, 561, 649–50, 657–58, 662, 751, 861, 967

National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Law (NCCUSL) presently UNIFORM LAW COMMISSION (ULC): pp. 422, 847–49, 973, 1079

National Congress of the Communist Party of China (NCCPC): p. 700

National Law Center for Inter-American Free Trade (NLCIFT): pp. 66, 70–71, 73, 77–78, 83, 102, 133, 174, 225, 235, 238, 322, 346, 349, 354–55, 358–59, 373, 477, 516, 521, 527, 739, 783, 834, 842, 1038, 1073, 1077–79, 1082, 1117, 1163, 1223

Natural Law: pp. 3, 103, 126, 246, 247–53, 255–58, 262, 266–268, 271, 275, 409–10, 412, 444, 447, 553, 640, 934, 944, 954

Negative Excluder as a definer of Good Faith: p. 993

Negotiable Instruments: pp. 6, 30, 36, 38, 56–57, 65, 147, 206, 238, 240, 280, 299, 308, 328, 332, 337, 339, 343, 355, 357, 363–64, 386, 389–92, 397, 404, 421–22, 434, 439, 454, 526., 533, 535, 542–43, 668, 764, 776–80, 784–85, 836–37, 844–45, 847, 851, 899, 908, 916, 978, 1055, 1062, 1081, 1090, 1093, 1097–1100, 1102, 1105, 1238

Negotiorum Gestio and Unjust Enrichment: pp. 186–87

Nelson, Benjamin and the Transformation of the Prohibition of Usury: pp. 156, 532

Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet (No one can give what he does not have): pp. 778, 807

Nemo Potest Praecise Cogi Ad Factum (“Nobody can be forced to perform a specific act.)”: pp. 1177–80

Neo Confucian Merchants: p. 656

Neo Confucianism: pp. 633, 643–44

Nepmen as an initial permissible Soviet version of merchants: pp. 573–77, 580

New Payment Code (Proposed) of the U.C.C. and the influence of Economic Analysis of Law: p. 1238

New Socialist Man (NSM): pp. 582–85, 605, 687–88

Newton, Isaac: p. 1237

Nicaragua, Field Research: p. 38

NLCIFT Twelve Principles of Secured Transactions Laws in the Americas: pp. 70, 83, 102, 133, 358–59, 739, 783, 1038

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): pp. 73, 199, 305, 438

Novellae Iustiniani: pp. 114–15

Novisima Recopilacion: pp. 482, 484–90, 502, 529

Novoa, Lic. Rodrigo: pp. 1117, 1124

NUCLEAR ELEMENTS OF A VIABLE COMMERCIAL PRACTICE: P. 1034

Altruism: pp. 1034–36

Cost Effectiveness: pp. 1034, 1076

Honesty: pp. 1034–36, 1047, 1053, 1076–77, 107

Fairness: pp. 1034–36, 1047–48, 1051, 1053, 1069, 1076, 1078

Reasonableness: pp. 1034–36, 1047–48, 1053, 1062, 1067, 1069, 1072–73, 1076–79

Selfishness: pp. 1034–35, 1037, 1041

NUDA PACTA: PP. 20, 122, 216, 251, 281, 289, 435, 861

And Executory Promises: pp. 20, 37, 95, 140–41, 156–57, 164, 167, 205, 263–64, 272, 280, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757–58, 775–76, 787, 861, 889, 895, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221

OATHS: P. 171

Civil Law Oath: p. 171

Common Law Oath: p. 171

Decisory Oaths: pp. 155, 159–62, 172–74

Hebrew Partner’s Oath (Shavuot Shutaphim): p. 45

OBSTACLES TO A MARKET-BASED CASE LAW IN THE FRENCH COMMERCIAL COURT: ILLUSTRATIVE DECISIONS: P. 310

Judge Bedos’ Decision in Red Ink Case: p. 312

Parrish Priests as Arbiters and Judges of Commercial Customs: Charity And Just Price: p. 316

Selfishness, Charity for Its Own Sake and Normative Charity: p. 317.

Suspension of Payments and Its Charitable Aftermath: p. 315

October Revolution of 1917: p. 567

Oktoberfest: p. 458

Olavarria, Julio: p. 525

Olegario, Rowena: pp. 792, 797

Opposite Characterizations of Acts of Commerce by Local Customs and Foreign Legal Doctrine: Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Diaz: p. 341

Options and Promises to Purchase or Sell: Maria Trinidad Gomez Case: pp. 53, 285, 374, 911, 938, 940–41

Ordentlicher Kauffmann: pp. 431, 438, 467–68, 944, 961, 977, 1023

see also Honest and Decent Merchant

see also HGB

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) MODEL INTER-AMERICAN LAW ON SECURED TRANSACTIONS: PP. 70, 71, 73, 75, 102, 143–44, 171, 250, 346–47, 356, 359, 438, 452, 526–27, 619, 743, 819, 1073, 1077, 1173, 1175, 1211, 1232, 1234

Organization of American States Convention on Choice of Law in Contractual Disputes: p. 346

1301

Pactum Commissorium: pp. 70, 419, 741, 1049, 1167, 1170–72, 1175, 1205

Pandectism: pp. 413, 522

Pandektenrecht: pp. 390, 410–11, 420, 445

PARAGUAY: PP. 478, 522, 525, 877

Civil Code: p. 877

Pardessus, Jean Marie: pp. 330, 334, 387

Parlements: pp. 270–72, 1178 see also Socio-Economic Context

Parmenides and the Static and Ceremonial Contract: p. 866

PARTNERSHIPS: PP. 112, 118, 123, 139, 168, 187, 201, 299, 353–54, 366, 425, 432–33, 438, 442, 462, 503, 530, 546, 649, 652, 661, 758, 867, 873–74, 1132

And Commendas: p. 168

General: p. 432

Limited: p. 433

Silent: p. 433

Pashukanis, Evgeny and Soviet Legal Nihilism: pp. 589, 593–97

Past of Promise by E. Allan Farnsworth, A Classic: pp. 118, 164, 893

Peopled Nature of Commercial Law: p. 3

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC): PP. 13–14, 18, 93, 415, 623, 625, 631, 638, 646, 650, 654–56, 663, 665, 680–81, 686–88, 695–96, 698–709, 712, 720, 723–24, 728–32, 734–36, 739–40, 742–46, 786, 791

Personal Property Security Act (PPSA) (Canada): pp. 71, 73, 171

Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Dias: pp. 341, 44

Picado, Joaquin: pp. 234–35

PICARESQUE: P. 143–45

Contemporary Versions: p. 146

Merchants Aristotelian Essences: p. 150

Pignus, of the contract of pledge with the debtor’s dispossession of the collateral: pp. 108, 119, 123, 309, 872, 1038, 1041–45

Pirenne, Henry: pp. 143–44

Plato’s Dialectics: p. 50

Pledge of Accounts Receivable: p. 742

Plucknett, Theodore T.T.: p. 164, 166, 766–68, 771–74

Poetic License of Tradesmen: p. 753

Polanyi, Karl: p. 85

Pontiffs (Roman): p. 105

Portalis, Jean Etienne-Marie: pp. 254, 267, 275–76, 955

Posner, Judge Richard A: pp. 10, 753, 948, 988–98, 1213, 1232–40, 1243–44

Post Guilds’ Commercial Typology: p. 202

Pothier, Robert: pp. 82, 251, 255–67, 272, 276, 281, 289, 291, 335, 337, 387, 394, 412, 862–63, 901, 909–10, 954, 956, 1132–33, 1179–80

Pound, Roscoe: pp. 45, 55, 83, 101, 174, 846, 865

Practices (Commercial and Financial): pp. 4–7, 12, 17, 22, 39, 56, 66, 122, 179, 210, 307, 323, 345, 494, 527, 588, 653–54, 663, 746, 753, 775, 783, 786, 803–04, 826, 833, 839, 944, 976, 980, 984, 987, 1018, 1033–80, 1245

Praetors: pp. 35, 49, 106–07, 113–16, 119–21, 171–72, 249, 411, 418, 771–72, 921, 930, 947–48, 953–54, 958, 998, 1007, 1041–43, 1045, 1064, 1176

Praetor’s Edict: pp. 107, 115, 121, 249, 411, 1043

Praetor Peregrinus: p. 121

Pre-Commercial Society Dense Transactions: pp. 84, 90

Presupposizione as Excuses for Non Performance: p. 1143

Price as an Essential Element of a Sale: p. 130

Prigent, Stephane: p. 282

Principle of the Peace of the Market in some Medieval Fairs: p. 304

Principles of European Contract Law (EPCL): pp. 22, 872, 880–81, 912

Prokurist: pp. 179, 394–95, 407, 428, 436, 981, see

also German Prokura

PROMISES:

Abstract: pp. 16, 30, 420, 424, 435, 524, 667–68, 777, 879–80

As Offers and Acceptances: pp. 81, 106, 126, 186, 203, 219, 280, 287, 288, 402, 418, 428, 820, 823, 906, 908, 909, 910

As Options: pp. 15, 164, 256, 371, 747, 909, 939, 976, 997, 1158, 1227

Electronic Offers, Acceptances, Acknowledgements of Conclusion of Contracts and Receipt of Goods in French Law: 286, 288, 289, 358

Executory: pp. 20, 37, 95, 140–41, 156–57, 164, 167, 205, 263–64, 272, 280, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757–58, 775–76, 787, 861, 889, 895, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221

In United States and International Commercial and Banking law:

Master Agreements: pp. 806–07

S.W.I.F.T (Banking) messages: p. 901

U.C.C. Revised §§ 2–103, 2–201: p. 922

PROMISES, FIRM OR IRREVOCABLE:

Formal and Informal: pp. 45, 121, 141, 142, 142, 428, see also Stipulatio

Illusory: p. 97

In German and Mexican Law: pp. 225, 226, 263, 433, 522

In International LOC law: pp. 32, 1004, 1046, 1061, 1062, 1072

In United States Law: pp. 289, 912, 923, 924

Promissory Notes: pp. 36, 57, 147, 211, 233, 264, 321, 328, 339, 355, 364, 385–86, 388–90, 397, 399, 421, 439, 774, 776–81, 793–95, 890, 937, 1054, 1098, 1100–01, 1103

Property Rights Law of 2007 (PRL) of the PRC: pp. 703, 744

Prosterman, Roy: pp. 687, 703, 705–06, 713, 734

Puchta, George G.: pp. 410–11, 414, 418

PUFENDORF, SAMUEL: PP. 249–50, 252–53, 256, 267

A Code Shaped by Axioms Inspired by Natural Law: p. 252

1302

Combination of Deduction, Induction, Axioms, Analysis and Synthesis: p. 253

General Part of a Code: pp. 414–18

Juristic Acts: pp. 219, 368, 370–72, 524, 877

Wieacker: pp. 248, 250–53, 409, 413, 418–20, 951–53, 967, 987, 991

PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL AND STATUTE OF FRAUDS:

See Glossary for Promissory Estoppel: and Preclusion: see also: pp. 925–27 and Warder and Lee Elevator case: p. 927

PURITANS’ COMMERCIAL VALUES, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES:

Diligence and Hard Work: Work as the Source of all Wealth: pp. 786–87

Freedom of Contract as the Means to Market One’s Property at Just and Reasonable Prices: p. 791

Honesty, especially in Weights and Measures: p. 832

Link between the Labor that Transforms Property or Adds Value to it and a Measure of Entitlement: p. 833

Locke’s Second Treatise on Government and Ascetic Puritanism: p. 833

Moral Capitalism: Reward for the Elect, Industrious and Striving: pp. 785, 858

Networks of Credit, especially among extended families: Preference for Private over Communal Property: pp. 790–91

Punishments for Idleness and Neglecting Family: p. 787

Trustworthiness and Credit Networks within Extended Families: p. 787

Prussia: pp. 178, 378–81, 387, 392, 402–03, 405, 414, 418, 554–55, 726, 1181

Punctilio the Most Honorable: pp. 17, 46, 996

Publica Fides, Fe Pública: p. 221

Purchase and Sale by Samples or Standard Description: p. 208

Purposive Nature of Legal Institutions: p. 36

Qin Dynasty: pp. 646–47

Qing Code: pp. 669, 671

Qing Dynasty: pp. 641, 660–61, 678, 684, 651, 660

Quasi-Money: pp. 147, 385, 810, 813–14, 818 1054

Quid Pro Quo: pp. 5, 120, 276, 769, 882, 889–93, 895–97, 909, 1053, 1221

Rabbinic Responsa by Maimonides: pp. 115, 140, 154–55, 157–62, 168, 530

Reasonable Expectations of Regular Market Participants: pp. 4, 11, 43, 59, 885, 1007, 1034

Recasens, Siches, Luis and the Logic of the Reasonable: pp. 11, 19, 47, 55–56, 74

Rechtsgeschäft (Juristic Act): pp. 179, 253, 274, 416, 517, 524

Recognizances and Executory Promises: p. 164

Red Ink Case: pp. 298, 312, 328–29, 332, 388, 753, 784

Regulae Iuris: pp. 50, 108–09, 246, 248, 253, 255, 639

Regulation of Local v. International Commerce: p. 200

Reimann, Mathias: pp. 423, 438, 961

Reischauer, Edwin O.: p. 627

REMEDIAL LAW’S ROLE IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION: P. 891

Actions on Debt, Covenant and Assumpsit: Enforcement of Executory Promises and Slade’s Case: p. 893

J.H. Baker: pp. 891, 893, 895

John Dawson: pp. 12, 45, 93, 121, 256, 285, 877, 895, 898–900, 902, 962, 1150–53, 1176–77, 1179–85, 1191

Levi, Leone: p. 891

Lord Mansfield Seeming Breakthrough against the Formalism of Consideration in Pillans and Rose v. Van Mierop and Hopkins: p. 905

Regression to Formalism in Consideration by the House of Lords in Rann v. Hughes: p. 872

ROLE OF CONSIDERATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGREEMENTS OR PROMISES: PP. 89, 127, 881, 890–98, 901–05, 908, 910

Firm and Abstract Offers and Consideration: Ordinary Offers, Acceptances and Consideration: pp. 908–14

Master Agreements and Bargained-for Consideration: p. 903

Restatement (Second) and U.C.C. § 2–205: p. 914

Shortcomings of the Bargain Test: p. 898

Representative or Archetypal Behavior of Merchants: p. 66

Repression of Usury: pp. 150, 488

Res Vel Factum and Failure of Contractual Reciprocity: pp. 141, 276

RESALE OF GOODS BUYER FAILED TO PURCHASE AS A REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THE SALE AGREEMENT: PP. 1166, 1221

Actual: p. 1215

Hypothetical: p. 1218

RESTATEMENT:

(First) of Contracts: pp. 864, 897

(Second) of Contracts: pp. 127, 897, 929, 943, 959, 973–75, 994–95, 1122, 1157

(Third) of Agency: pp. 180–84

Rey, Judge Perrette: p. 323

Richman, Barak D.: pp. 168–69

Rights in Rem: pp. 52, 65, 69, 279, 284, 286, 411–13, 523, 600, 706, 708–09, 720, 724–27, 732–34, 1042, 1044

Ripert, Georges: pp. 125, 272–74, 331, 335–36, 338–41, 423, 878, 955, 957

Rivera, Lic. Ana Maria: pp. 1082, 1090

Rocco, Alfredo: pp. 4, 99, 335, 441, 443–47, 449

1303

Roman Legal Alphabet: p. 107

ROOVER, RAYMOND DE: PP. 13, 151–52, 196, 207, 315, 320, 560

Banking and Economic Thought: p. 151

Rosenn, Keith: pp. 509–10, 522

ROTHSCHILD: PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKING: P. 397

Archetypal Behavior of a Trusted International Financier: p. 404

Connections in High Places: p. 401

Emergence of an International Bond Market: p. 403

Ferguson, Niall Insightful and Readable Account: p. 402

Humble Beginnings: p. 883

Integrity: p. 402

Origins: Mayer Amschel’s Ghetto Clothing, Coins, Medals and Antiques: p. 398

Trustworthiness and Fiduciary Duties: p. 402

Rousseau, Jean Jacques: pp. 247, 908

Russian Federation: pp. 576, 615–20

Civil Code of 1995: pp. 618–20

Sacks, David Harris: pp. 775–76, 891–93, 895

Sanborn, Fredric Rockwell: pp. 299, 300–01, 304, 307–08

Schama, Simon: pp. 760, 762

Schlesinger, Rudolf: pp. 307, 597–99, 963–64

Schmidt-Kessel, Dr. Martin: pp. 456, 463, 465–66

Scholasticism: pp. 47–63, 150, 256, 287, 337

Schulz, Fritz: p. 116

Sebek, Barbara: pp. 87–88, 884–86

SECURED LENDING IN IMPERIAL ROME: PP. 1039–49

Archetypal Roman Small Farmers, Landholders And Lenders in Imperial Rome: p. 1039

Creditors’ Sale of Collateral in the Justinian Digest and Code: p. 1044

Possessory Pledge (Pignus) and His Non-Possessory Pledge (Hypotheca): p. 1041

Roman Secured Transactions: Fiduciary Ownership (Fiducia): p. 1041

Unbriddled Selfish Practices and Legal Invertebration: p. 1046

Selfishness: pp. 7–13, 317–19, 641, 103

Serment Décisoire: p. 172

Service, Robert: pp. 549, 566, 567

Shavuot Shutaphim; see Oaths Shetar: pp. 45, 156–59

And Promissory Notes: p. 147

Shiue, Carol H.: pp. 665, 677

Sicherungsübereignung: pp. 1173, 1174

Slade’s Case: pp. 164, 766–68, 772, 775, 776, 779, 893, 895–97, 907, 909, 914

Slavery: pp. 111, 627, 756, 760–66, 820, 842, 843, 1178–80, 1191

SLAVERY AND ENGLAND’S WELFARE:

Effects of the Slave Trade on Availability of Consumer and Commercial Credit in 18th Century England: pp. 761, 763, 765

Inhuman Treatment of Slaves Reflected in the James Sommersett Case: p. 763

Robin Blackburn, Simon Schama, and Heward on Economic Importance of English Slave Trade and Production Practices: pp. 760–62

Simulation: pp. 12–14, 75, 386, 506–13, 523, 528, 530, 534, 535, 537, 575, 610, 611, 654, 940, 1046, 1049

Smith, Adam: pp. 8, 198, 318, 545, 548, 554, 585, 595, 642, 886, 887, 1034, 1037

Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (S.W.I.F.T): p. 1066

SOCIAL ATTITUDES DURING FRANCE’S DRAFTING OF ITS CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL CODES:

Dislike of Merchants and Especially Shopkeepers, Money Changers and Lenders in contrast with the Bourgeois Landed Gentry: pp. 298, 299, 313, 327

The purchase of venal public offices, especially judgeships: p. 270

The discouragement of the use of commercial paper such as promissory notes and bills of exchange by non-merchants, as tricky instruments: p. 329

Prevailing Poverty Throughout Pre-Codified: France: p. 269

Socratic Method: p. 50

Song Dynasty: pp. 629, 643, 649, 650, 654, 680–22

SOVIET TRIALS OF EXPLOITATION OF SALARIED WORKERS:

Artisans and Merchants: p. 610

Fedaeev: a Seller of Wagon Wheels: p. 610

Glass Blowing Workshop or A Simulation: p. 610

Shorin: Worker or Joint Venturer: p. 610

Utekeshev: Factory Dispatcher, Nepman or Both: p. 611

SOVIET COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN OR PART OF:

Black Market and Dead Factories: pp. 546, 571, 573, 574

Central Planning and Basic Principles of Civil Law and Civil Procedure of 1961: p. 598

Civil Code of 1922 and the Civil Transaction: pp. 589, 591, 592, 601, 608

Civil Contracts: pp. 590, 592

Constitutions (1918, 1924, 1936, 1977): pp. 587, 589–92, 597, 600, 602, 608, 609

Corruption and Invertebration: p. 587

Federal Ownership Act of 1990: p. 599

Hierarchy of Sources: p. 591

Legal Nihilism and Evgeny Pashukanis: pp. 589, 593

Lenin’s Living Law: “Grab By the Neck Slogans”: p. 587

1304

“Personal Property” Transactions, among the most important among private contracting parties: pp. 587, 589, 599

Sources of Private (Personal) Law: p. 589

SOVIET PERSONAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS, SPECIAL MEANING:

Administrative and Judicial Decisions and Criteria for the Allocation of Housing: p. 601

Assessments of Needs and Merits: p. 603

Archetypes of Non-Soviet Behavior: Private Hiring of Workers as leading to “Unearned Income,” “Speculators”, Kulaks, Loafers and “Behavior Unbecoming a Party Member”: pp. 606–08

Civil Code of 1964: p. 606

Economic Significance of Soviet Commerce in Personal Property: p. 609

Lemdyanov’s Garden: p. 606

Making a Wife’s Life Impossible: p. 604

Scarcity and Unpredictability of Private Homes and Dachas: p. 605

Statutory and Case Law on Personal Property Transactions: p. 610

Virtuous Tenant: p. 604

Zamchenko: the Loafer: p. 603

Zykeyev’s Misappropriation of Construction Materials: p. 608

SOVIET PRIVATE TRADE DURING “WAR COMMUNISM” AND NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP):

Alan Ball: p. 570–76

Armand Hammer: p. 572

Bagmen and Entrepreneurial Factory Workers: p. 570

Emma Goldman: p. 572

Nepmen Contracts and Commercial and Economic Revival: p. 572

New Economic Policy: p. 571

SOVIET SPECULATORS, THEIR SALES AND PRICING SYSTEM:

Demise of the Nepmen and Kulaks: p. 576

Dispatchers of Factory Vehicles and their Joint Ventures with Factory Bosses and Employees: p. 546

Simulated and Illegal Transactions: p. 576

SPAIN: PP. 36, 48, 55, 95, 109, 134, 142–45, 151–53, 157, 172, 193, 195, 197, 209, 222, 226, 227, 248, 260, 263, 277, 297, 384, 396, 397, 423, 439, 440, 462, 479, 480–92, 499, 502–06, 517, 528, 529, 532, 750, 752, 755, 756, 882, 889, 916, 917, 930–34, 1081, 1082, 1090, 1101, 1102, 1134, 1202–04, 1227

Case Law: pp. 439, 930–34, 1202–04

Civil Code: pp. 69, 95, 125, 140, 172, 217, 218, 221, 223, 277, 517, 522, 863, 879, 930, 1136, 1201, 1203, 1227, 1228

Commercial Code: pp. 434, 439, 525, 1228

Foral Law: p. 142

Supreme Court: pp. 52, 153, 439, 930–34, 976, 1134, 1202–04

SPAIN’S COLONIAL MONOPOLISTIC AND CORRUPT POLICIES: COLONIAL TRADE: P. 142

Archetypal Picaresque Behavior, Exporters, Importers and Wholesalers (Flotistas, Almaceneros and Hacendados): pp. 143, 494, 496

Bribes, Negocios and Simulations: pp. 506–07

Bribery, Simulation and Violence: pp. 508–10

Business Ethics of Kinship, Real and Fictive Friendship (Compadrazgo): pp. 510–11, 513, 515, 662

Church Commercial and Trade Doctrines: pp. 528–32

Control of Agribusiness: Hacendados and Caudillos: p. 503

Control of Colonial Credit: p. 496

Control of the Supply of Goods: Taxation, Circumvention (Simulation) and Smuggling: p. 495

Discrimination and Bribery in Commercial Consulates: p. 507

Effect of Simulation on Mexico’s Economy: p. 511

Living Law of Colonial Commercial Contracts: p. 493

Mercado, Fray Tomas del’: “Manual of Bargains and Contracts” (Suma De Tratos y Contratos): p. 528

Spain’s Board of Trade and Official and Royal Monopolies: p. 491

Standards of Fairness in Colonial Trade: p. 499

Traveling Salesmen and Brotherly Customers: p. 499

Specific Performance: pp. 16, 37, 285, 287, 889, 931, 941, 989, 1065, 1106, 1126, 1135, 1136, 1159, 1162, 1166, 1175–92, 1203, 1204, 1217, 1218

Speidel, Richard: pp. 66, 864–66

Spinoza, Baruch: p. 247

Standard and Best Practices: pp. 4–6, 17, 39, 42–43, 56, 66, 70, 224, 325, 620 746, 850–51, 951, 966, 998, 1033, 1051, 1059, 1076, 1079

Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Letter of Credit Documents (SBPED): pp. 438, 1073

Standards of Fairness: pp. 17, 147, 319, 448, 458, 839

Statuta Mercatorum: pp. 300–01, see Fairs and Consular Courts: p. 299

Scope of Commercial Adjudication: p. 859

STATUTORY AND CODIFIED COMMERCIAL LAW IN THE UNITED STATES: PP. 844–57

American Law Institute and Its Restatements: p. 848

Casuistry in Statutory and Codified Law: p. 846

Disclosure as a Regulatory Tool: p. 857

Drafting of Article 5 of the U.C.C.: p. 849

Drafting of the U.C.C.: p. 849

1305

Regulation of Abusive Contractual Practices Overreaching: p. 853

Tools to Combat Overreaching: p. 856

United States Legislative and Contract Drafting Style: p. 852

Strangers and their Treatment by Tribal and Market Societies: p. 92

Static and Dynamic Comparison of Civil and Commercial Contracts: p. 861

Status and Contract: pp. 82, 179

Stein, Gregory and his impressive work on PRC’s real property transactions: pp. 18, 703, 711, 721

Stein, Peter: p. 108

Stipulatio as a pioneering Roman formal and ritual conract: pp. 117–22, 157–58, 171, 216, 873, 954

Stone, Julius: pp. 45, 99, 101–02, 584

Storke, Samuel: pp. 756–58, 761, 776, 785–87, 798

Summa Theologica: pp. 149–50, 374

SUMMARY OR EXECUTIVE PROCEDURES: COLOMBIA, MEXICO AND SPAIN: P. 1090

Cautionary Measures: p. 1092

Colombian Complaint: p. 1094

Essential Elements: p. 1090

Landmark Spanish Summary Process Decision: p. 1098

Large and Small Claims: p. 1093

Mexican Complaint: p. 1096

Ana Maria Rivera’s Comments: pp. 1082, 1090

Summer, Robert S.: p. 993

Switzerland: pp. 4, 179, 220, 279, 377, 420, 567, 726, 877, 1027–28, 1153

Syllogism: pp. 50–51

Tang Dynasty: pp. 648–49, 665

Tappan, Lewis: pp. 820, 823

Tate Museum: p. 882

Teeven, Kevin: pp. 863, 865, 890, 892, 910–11

Teofila Astorga Vda. De Aceves: pp. 132, 602, 1001, 1014, 1162

Thatcher, Margaret: p. 548

The Customer is Always Right and the Demise of Caveat Emptor in U.S. Department Stores: p. 805

The Common Law and the English “Necessary Intelligence” in Ortega Gasset’s The Revolt of the Masses: p. 54

Theory of Unforseeability: p. 1149

Thibaut, Anton: p. 409

Third Parties and Their Protection or Lack Thereof: pp. 3–7, 12, 17–18, 30, 38, 43, 56–58, 65–66, 71–72, 91–92, 95, 123, 129, 167–70, 174–76, 178–81, 183, 197, 210, 221–22, 240, 270, 278–79, 287, 314, 356–57, 359, 370, 385, 387–88, 391, 395, 419, 421, 424, 428, 432, 435–36, 462, 469, 475–76, 482, 503, 513, 515–16, 598, 604, 633, 636, 640, 653, 662–63, 666–68, 670–72, 674–75, 678–79, 683–84, 688, 695–746, 773, 778, 783, 791, 800, 831, 836–39, 857, 871, 878, 880, 917, 931, 937, 967, 972, 988, 999, 1034, 1036–39, 1043–44, 1048, 1060–62, 1064–65, 1075–76, 1090, 1093, 1134, 1180, 1205, 1211, 1235, 1238–40, 1245

Thöl, Heinrich: pp. 4, 34, 40, 151, 192, 207, 250, 312, 317, 335, 441–46, 449

Torrens System: pp. 724–25, 727–28, 731, 734–35

Titre Authentique: p. 40

Topsoil: pp. 670, 672, 684, 690, 710

Tse-Tung, Mao: pp. 18, 569, 585, 685–93, 696

Trust, Seminal Role of: p. 44

TRUSTWORTHY AGENTS AND INTERMEDIARIES: P. 394

Prokurist and the Abstract and Binding of his Principal (§§ 48–50 of the HGB): p. 394

TURKEY: PP. 179, 220, 1091

Code of Civil Procedure: p. 1091

TYPOLOGY OF POST-GUILDS EUROPEAN MERCHANTS AND THEIR TRANSACTIONS: PP. 200–12

Ambulatory and Street Merchants, Peddlers and Shops: Hand to Hand and Eye to Eye Commerce: p. 208

Fairs as Markets and as Clearing and Settlement Places, Exchange Houses, Warehousemen, Wholesalers, Purchase and Sale by Samples or Standard Descriptions: pp. 205–07

High Commerce: pp. 111, 145, 207, 209, 335, 391, 396, 406–07, 493–94, 800

Inter Praesentes Transactions: pp. 203, 278, 388, 424, 862

Uberrima Fides: pp. 405, 775, 951, 996, 1013

Ulpian: pp. 7, 45, 56, 98, 130–35, 405, 872, 1021, 1042, 1044–47, 1176–78, 1244

Ultra Petita and Justice as Prayed for: pp. 60, 1006, 1084–85, 1087

UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (U.C.C.): PP. 7, 21, 41, 58–59, 71, 73, 82, 93, 95, 99, 100, 133–35, 171, 355–56, 360–61, 390, 405, 425–26, 442, 446, 449, 453–54, 617, 674, 679, 739, 771, 783–84, 788, 802, 806–07, 825–26, 831–32, 838, 847–53, 857, 863, 865, 873, 908, 914–16, 924–27, 929, 931, 943–44, 950, 953, 961, 964, 967, 972–87, 993–98, 1018–20, 1123, 1026, 1131, 1035–36, 1038, 1046, 1050, 1053, 1055–56, 1066, 1102–03, 1156, 1167, 1170, 1175, 1185, 1189, 1193–99, 1201–02, 1208–09, 1211, 1215–16, 1219–20, 1222, 1224–29, 1238–39

See also Table of Statutes

UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS (UCP): P. 437

See also Table of Statutes:

UCP 400: pp. 1063–71, 1073, 1076

UCP 500: pp. 325, 437, 456, 458, 619, 770, 848, 851, 979, 1056–78, 1212–13

UCP 600: pp. 472, 619–20, 913, 1054, 1059, 1066

UCP 1933 Revision: pp. 1060–61

UCP 1951 Revision: p. 1061

UCP 1962 Revision: p. 1062

UCP 1974 Revision: p. 1062

1306

Uniform Law Commission (ULC): pp. 848–50

Uniform Weights and Measures: p. 758

Unilaterally Commercial or Mixed Civil and Commercial Acts: p. 339

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): pp. 7, 29, 359, 466, 527, 838, 849, 872, 917, 977, 1077, 1106, 1109, 1112, 1125

United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG): pp. 449, 453, 456, 459–71, 616, 872, 917, 950, 953, 962, 977, 1102, 1117, 1125, 1160, 1165, 1194, 1206, 1208

UNITED STATES BANKS AND COMMERCIAL CREDIT:

Commercial Banking System: pp. 810–11

Federal Reserve System: pp. 810–12, 816, 818

Fixed Ratios of Bank Reserves for Demand Obligations: p. 814

Importation of the European Flexible Approach to the Federal Reserve Bank of the U.S.: p. 814

Readily Marketable Staples as Collateral in Commercial and Central Banking Lending: p. 816

Warburg and the Federal Reserve Act: p. 813

UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL TRIAL PRACTICE: PP. 1103–09

Complaint: p. 1106

Discovery, Complaint and Decision: p. 1103

Filing a Civil Action: p. 1105

From Forms of Action to Code Pleading: p. 1103

Importance of Pre-Trial Discovery and Illustration: p. 1109

Judge Molloy’s Comments: p. 1104

Pre-Trial Discovery: p. 1105

Summary Judgments: p. 1105

Unlimited Family Liability in Pre-Commercial transactions: pp. 94–95

Unzulassige Rechtsabüsung, or Rechtsmissbrauch (Abuse of Rights): p. 962

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION OF 1789: P. 842

Federal State Dualism: p. 842

Government of Limited Powers: p. 842

Marshall and the Long Shadow of Mansfield: p. 844

Swift v. Tyson: pp. 844–45, 908

The U.S., as England Profiting From Slavery: pp. 760, 842

Uniform Federal Commercial Law: p. 844

United States Novel Remedy for the Recovery of Loss Profits by the Loss Volume Seller: p. 1228

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT LAW: P. 783

Corporate Culture: p. 29

URUGUAY: PP. 478, 522, 525, 584, 871, 918–20, 1082, 1086–89, 1155, 1158, 1223

Civil Code: p. 918

Commercial Code: p. 918

Complaint: p. 1087

Supreme Court: p. 919

Unsecured Commercial Credit: p. 797

Uomo Medio (Average Man in Italian Contract and Tort Law adjudication): pp. 1142–43, 1147, 1149

U.S. Escrow Agreement: p. 1162

Usage of Trade: pp. 99, 134, 162, 224, 226, 262, 273, 465, 619, 754, 773, 831, 852, 869, 920, 930, 945, 950, 952–53, 967–68, 972–76, 986, 988, 995, 1001, 1005, 1016–20, 1036, 1052, 1056, 1063, 1219–20

Usufructs: pp. 699, 707, 710–11, 722–23, 726

Usury: pp. 36, 51, 70, 140, 145, 149–53, 155–56, 165, 265, 308, 311, 315, 318–320, 331, 383–85, 469, 488, 502, 528–29, 532, 655, 779, 781–82, 784, 794–95, 886, 1170

Utilitarianism: p. 1235

Valente, Fabian: p. 309

Values and Attitudes of Commercial Practices of United States Colonial (and Many of the Post-Colonials) Merchants: p. 783

Vélez Sársfield, Dalmacio: pp. 522–24, 542, 876–77

Verlager: pp. 198, 561; see also Verlagssystem Verlagssystem: pp. 191–209, 310

Villanos: pp. 142–43, 930

Viteri: pp. 1000–08, 1012–13

Heirs of Viteri: pp. 1001, 1004–05

Vivante, Cesare: pp. 4, 441–43, 445–46, 449

Volksgeist: p. 410

Von Bismarck, Otto: p. 380

Von Ihering, Rudolf: pp. 36–37, 43–45, 51, 55, 111, 179, 252, 281, 289, 347, 413, 417–18, 443, 594, 944, 1041

Von Mehren, Philip: pp. 53, 254–55, 278, 289–90, 377, 409–10, 413–15, 417–18, 420, 422, 879, 920, 1117–19, 1154

Von Mises, Ludwig: pp. 86, 559, 579–80

VON SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH CARL: 1814 PAMPHLET: ON THE VOCATION OF OUR TIMES FOR LEGISLATION AND LEGAL SCIENCE: P. 409

Historical School: pp. 409, 444

Informal Sale Agreements: p. 104

War Communism: pp. 570–71, 574

Warburg, Paul: pp. 813–16, 818–19, 858, 1053

Warehousemen: pp. 75, 207, 649, 800, 832

Warranties: pp. 7, 44, 459, 466, 807–09, 826, 836, 838, 851–52, 967, 969–70, 1033, 1215, 1219–27

Watson, Alan: pp. 108, 118, 120, 131, 634, 872, 874, 1038, 1041, 1044, 1047

Weber, Max: pp. 40, 53, 87, 168, 192, 196, 418, 442, 557, 566–67, 624, 627, 635, 638, 641, 652–53, 663, 999

Wechselrecht: p. 390

Wechselgesetz: pp. 421, 434

Wheble, Bernard: pp. 1062–64, 1074, 1076

Whiting, Susan: pp. 698, 701

1307

Wholesalers: pp. 203, 207, 210, 213, 361, 400, 448, 49–95, 572, 574, 647, 649, 759, 784–85, 797–807, 814, 819, 825, 858

WHOLESALERS AS LENDERS AND JOINT VENTURERS: THE DAIRY INDUSTRY:

P. 800

An Investor’s Natural Right to Short Term Profits: p. 804

Fixed Prices and the Pursuit of Unregulated Freedom of Contract by Opposing Coalitions: p. 802

No Holds Barred Competition: p. 803

Production and Distribution of Fluid Milk in New York State: p. 801

United States Council for International Business (USCIB): pp. 1069, 1073

United States Negotiable Instruments Law: New York State: p. 847

Wieacker, Franz: pp. 248, 250–53, 409, 413, 418–20, 951–53, 967, 987, 991

Wildy and Sons: p. 883

Williston, Samuel: pp. 847, 864–65, 980, 983

Wilson, Edward O.: pp. 8, 162

Windelband, Wilhelm: pp. 48, 50

Windscheid, Bernhard: pp. 410, 414, 1150–51

Wise, Edward M.: p. 307

Woude, Ad Vande: p. 27

Wu, John C.: p. 553

XIAOPING, DENG’S “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY” AND COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS INVOLVING LAND RIGHTS: PP. 696–98

Decentralization of Land Use Regulation: p. 69

Lubman and the Dual and Triple Tracks of Land Use Rights: p. 697

Socialist Market Economy: pp. 621, 623, 681, 694, 696

Stein and the Importance of PRC’s Revenues from Land Transactions: pp. 736–37

Yntema, Hessel E.: pp. 3, 35, 103, 113–16, 274, 297, 441, 446, 846

And Practical Problems of Justice: p. 103, 113

Zasulich, Vera: p. 565

Zekoll, J.: pp. 423, 438, 961

Zelin, Madeline: pp. 628–29, 651–52, 660–61, 665, 673, 675–80, 683

Zhiping, Lian: pp. 629, 640

Zhou Dynasty: pp. 635, 645

Zollverein: pp. 379–81

Zulueta, Francis De.: pp. 92–93, 118–19

Zurndorfer, Harriet: pp. 649, 653, 659–60, 665–66, 681–83

Zweigert, Konrad: pp. 6, 37–38, 1181, 1183 1894

Sale Agreement (China): p. 673