References are to Pages
__________
ABSENCE OF CREDIT IN GUILD TRANSACTIONS:
French Spinster Illustration: p. 200
ABSTRACTION: PP. 30–32, 158, 178–79, 208, 281, 418, 420, 424, 668, 673, 837, 851, 880, 916, 1061, 1086, 1236
Abstraction of a Promise or its Independence from underlying transactions, Equities or Defenses: pp. 30–32, 158, 178–79, 208, 418, 668, 837, 851, 880, 916, 1061
ABSTRACT V. CAUSAL AGENCY: PP. 420, 424, 668, 673
ACCEPTANCE: PP. 15, 82, 117, 169, 172, 204, 226, 257, 264, 272, 275–76, 278, 282, 285, 289–91, 315, 360, 387, 390, 404, 406, 420, 427, 430–31, 434–35, 451, 459, 524, 749, 778, 815, 822, 844, 864–65, 871, 889, 897, 903, 906–13, 926, 1028, 1030, 1050, 1052, 1054–55, 1061, 1067, 1072, 1074, 1100, 1102–03, 1118, 1121, 1126, 1159, 1169, 1186, 1194, 1198–1200, 1210, 1217–18, 1226, 1238
Bankers’ Acceptances: pp. 404, 815, 905, 907, 1052
Mail box Rule—Adams v. Lindsell: pp. 822, 910–12
Mirror Image Rule: pp. 909, 979, 1069–74
See Hugo Grotius’ (or Assent principle): Assent by the Promisee as a Requirement for the enforcement of the Promise: pp. 909–10, see also Pollicitation: pp. 82, 251, 257–58, 265, 281–82, 289–91, 387, 435, 749, 910
See Offers and Acceptances: p. 908
The need for an acceptance of a promise to be able to enforce it in French law: pp. 272, 275–76, 278, 280, 282, 285, 289–91, 315
What constitutes an Acceptance? pp. 82, 117, 172, 204, 226, 257, 264, 360, 387
Accion Redhibitoria: p. 1227
Acte Authentique: pp. 40, 217–19, 221, 223, 259, 867, 871, 985
Actio: p. 105
Actio Venditi: p. 49, 104, 129, 771
Active Verb “Is” and its Restrictive Effects on the Scope and Application of French Codified Definitions and Classifications: pp. 52, 246, 519
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE: PP. 63, 67, 72, 75, 78, 187, 352, 364
Accounts Receivable Financing: pp. 384–85, 618, 716, 737–40, 742–43, 794–95, 799–800, 802, 828
Economic Importance in Chilean GDP: pp. 915, 918
Ad Solemnitatem Formality: p. 932
Ad Probationem Formality: pp. 130, 263, 871, 930, 932–24, 936–37
Adequacy of Consideration: p. 901
Adequate Assurances of Performance—U.C.C. § 2–609: pp. 824, 831, 855; p. 1197, 1200–01
ADHESION, CONTRACTS OF: PP. 223, 274, 808–09, 858, 869, 965, 998
AGENCY: PP. 52, 94–95, 103, 122, 141, 162–63, 169, 171–89, 234, 236, 238, 258, 271, 328, 334, 343, 350, 368–76, 395, 425–26, 430–32, 436, 440, 499, 576, 588, 590, 602, 612, 724, 733, 799–800, 820, 823–24, 826–27, 848, 865, 904, 931–32, 957, 998, 1010, 1012, 1022, 1095, 1163
Professor Omar Morales and Apparent, Actual, Express and Implied Authority Disclosed, Undisclosed and Partially Disclosed Principals in United States and Latin American Law: pp. 174–76, 182–85; see also Powers of Attorney: pp. 175, 177–78, 231–33, 236, 372, 424, 428, 931–32, 1104
Professors W. Müller-Freinfels on Paul Laband’s doctrine on the German Prokura: Independence or “Abstraction” of an Agent’s Authority and Representation: p. 175
The Abstract and Causal Agency: pp. 171, 174
The Biblical Principle of Agency: An Agent Can only Benefit but not harm his Principal: pp. 162–63, 169
AGREEMENT: PP. 5, 9, 13, 16, 20, 23–24, 31, 37, 43, 99, 188, 123, 129, 152, 171, 188–89, 204, 222, 255–56, 260, 264–65, 276, 278, 280, 347, 394, 458, 675, 692, 711, 716, 722, 834, 839, 862–63, 865, 869, 872, 874, 903, 922–23, 928, 930, 938, 949, 952, 972, 987, 1012, 1017, 1020, 1033, 1037, 1051, 1056, 1099, 1126, 1162–63, 1175, 1201, 1203–04, 1220, 1228
Chinese Conditional Sale Agreements and other Causal Sale Agreements: pp. 669–72, 675, 677
Conditional Sales or Sale Agreements with Retention of Title; Scholastic Objections thereto: pp. 51–52, 71, 75, 109, 513, 619, 1037
Escrow Agreements: p. 372
Gratuitous Loan of use Agreements in Roman law (Commodatum): pp. 5, 16, 103, 112, 119, 258, 425
Master Agreements in contemporary U.S. law: p. 807
Multi-Lateral Agreements and Consideration: pp. 803, 896
Oral or Parole Agreements and Statute of Frauds: pp. 779, 784, 863–64, 895, 922, 927–29, 930, 950, 984–87, 1018
Pactum Commissorium: Roman law Agreement that allowed secured creditor to repossess and resell the collateral of a defaulted loan: pp. 70, 419, 741, 1049, 1167, 1170, 1172, 1175, 1205
Remedies for Breach of Warranty in: English Law: p. 809
United States and Spanish law: pp. 847, 1129, 1215
Sale Agreements, Remedies for Breach of Contract in Roman law: pp. 14, 133
Agricultural Survival Society: pp. 17, 81–102
Agus, A.: pp. 153–55, 170
Ahumada, Dr. Raul Cervantes: pp. 102, 412, 532–34, 542, 1007
Aleatory Contract: pp. 261, 1138–41, 1147–48, 1154
Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch of 1871 (ADHGB): pp. 413–14, 422, 424, 981
Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen (AG): 455–56
Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Für Die Banken (AGB): pp. 455, 462, 1209
Allocation of Risk or loss of Goods Sold: p. 299
Alphonse the Wise and his Law of the Seven Parts (Leyes de las Siete Partidas): p. 545
AGB AS A SOURCE OF BANKING CONTRACT LAW:
Bundesgerichtshof, September 26, 1989, WM 1989, 1713: a Judicial Illustration on Liability for Slight Negligence in the AGB for Banks: p. 466
Standard Contract Forms: the Purchase of Souvenirs from Oktoberfest as an Illustration of the everyday use of these contract forms: p. 458
Altruism v. Selfishness: pp. 7–10, 105, 112, 169, 317–18, 405, 489, 636, 641, 683, 688, 784, 786, 861, 886–89, 902, 994, 1034–35, 1037, 1041
Alternative or Substitute Performance: pp. 251, 1183–84, 1192, 1202
Availability in German Law: pp. 1178, 1179
Animus Possidendi: p. 411
Animus Rem Sibi Habendi Or Animus Dominii: pp. 411, 1041
Anpassung: pp. 1151–52
Anticipatory Repudiation: pp. 17, 21, 826, 831, 855, 1167, 1194, 1196–98, 1202–203, 1208–09, 1215
April Theses–Lenin’s writings: pp. 567–68
AQUINAS, SAINT THOMAS: PP. 48, 52, 140, 149–51, 197, 319, 374, 529–30, 559, 789
See also Summa Theologica: 149–50, 374
Versions of the Just Price of Commodities contrast with Henry Langenstein’s version: 196, 559–60
ARCHETYPES: PP. 18, 40–42, 56, 268, 495, 528, 603, 614, 638, 944, 950, 1039
Banker: p. 1036, 1049–63, 1067–68, 1071–74, 1076, 1078–79
Bourgeois-Civil Contracting Party: p. 280
English and Colonial International Trader: pp. 751, 756
Impact of French archetypal behavior on Legal Institutions: p. 493, 511, 517, 526–27
Good Faith Merchant: pp. 449, 515–16
Jewish Agent: pp. 154, 160–63, 169
Honest and Decent Merchant: pp. 438, 515, 638, 809
Picaresque Merchants: p. 143
Secured Commercial Lenders: p. 1038
Roman Dignity: p. 111
AMERICAN GENERAL STORE AND THE START OF A CONSUMER REVOLUTION: PP. 792–93
Accounts Receivable Financing: pp. 794–95
Availability and Importance of Consumer Credit: pp. 793–95
Commercial and Consumer Credit Pyramid: p. 795
Consumer Credit Patterns: p. 793
Consumer Revolution: p. 792
Credit by Storekeepers and Factors: p. 797
Fielding Lewis Store in Virginia: p. 792
Migration of English Credit Patterns: p. 797
Multi-Ethnic Family Farmer, Producer and Merchant: p. 795
Wholesalers and Jobbers: p. 798
American Law Institute (ALI): pp. 180, 848, 897, 973
Ames, J.B.: p. 896
Amsterdam Exchange: 207, 208
Anarchist, Code of the: p. 99
ARGENTINA: PP. 147, 298, 338, 478, 505, 522, 876, 1120, 1121, 1148
Case Law on Excessive Onerousness of Contractual Obligations Article 1198 of Argentine Civil Code: p. 1147–50
Civil Code of 1871: pp. 522, 876
ARISTOTLE: PP. 36, 48–51, 69, 114, 140, 149–50, 265, 565, 641, 862, 874–75, 1237
Aristotelian Definitions and their Impact on Economic Development; the restrictive effect of the verb “is” in Aristotelian definitions: p. 52
Essences and Definitions: pp. 19, 48–50, 52, 69 117, 120, 149–50, 153, 412, 979
Ascarelli, Tulio: pp. 337–38
Assent: pp. 180, 210, 256, 259, 260, 265, 861, 862, 899, 911–12, 915, 924, 926, 965, 985, 1010
See “Acceptance” Assignment of Rights: pp. 937–38, 1171–72
Assignment and negotiation of rights in Chinese
German and French law: pp. 385, 387–89
Assignment of urban land use rights in the PRC: p. 708
Assignment v. negotiation of right to payment of a Bill of Exchange in English Law, Hussey v. Jacob by Holt, C.J.: p. 778
Assignment of Accounts receivable and Factoring in Colonial America: p. 794. See also Factoring: pp. 794–95, 822, 915
United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade: p. 917
ASSUMPSIT: PP. 142, 164, 767, 771, 775–76, 778–79, 893, 895–97, 906–07, 914, 969, 1222
Consideration, Assumpsit and Indbitatus Assumpsit in English Law, Slade’s Case: p. 893
Slade’s case and “Every Contract Executory Imports and Assumpsit”: pp. 164, 896
ATIYAH, PATRICK S.: PP. 861, 889, 916
And the executed nature of most English contracts until the eighteenth century: p. 861; see also pp. 889, 916
Austin, John: pp. 98–99, 445, 553, 753
AUTONOMY OF THE PARTIES TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS OR FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN: PP. 21, 249, 267, 307, 381, 470, 481, 489, 616, 618, 783, 791, 803, 808, 831, 842, 856, 858, 861, 889, 934, 965, 1117, 1135, 1144
French law, Article 1134 of Code Civil: p. 223, 246, 255, 272, 247, 451, 831, 954–55, 973, 1056, 1154
German law, § 305 of the BGB: pp. 417–18, 457–58
Living law of United States commercial transactions: What the law does not expressly forbid, it allows: p. 831
Marxist-Leninist Supposedly Living Law: “We do not allow anything private” pp. 545, 592–93; which results in the maxim “What the Law does not expressly allow, it forbids.”
Authentication of documents by Latin Notaries: p. 219
Axioms, Maxims, Proverbs: Standard and Best Practices Decanted: p. 6, 50
Baade, Hans: p. 307
BABYLONIAN AND GREEK APPROACHES TO PHYSICS AND THE COMMON AND CIVIL LAW APPROACHES TO CODIFIED LAW:
Richard Feynman: p. 245
Babylonian Focus on Phenomena and Problem Resolution: p. 246
Greek Focus on the Underlying Order of Things: p. 246
Bagmen: pp. 570–72, 575
Bad Man of Contracts and Justice Holmes: pp. 41, 1131, 1194–95, 1213, 1238
Ball, Alan: pp. 550, 570–73, 575–76, 582
Bank of England: pp. 57–58, 361, 401, 403, 752, 771, 809
BANKRUPTCY AND A SECOND CHANCE THEOLOGY:
Bankruptcy and Secured Transactions Law–NLCIFT 12 Principles: pp. 29, 72, 73
Bankruptcy in the Code de Commerce–Bourgeois v. Merchants’ conflicting interest in the Code de Commerce: pp. 307, 327, 328, 330
In Latin American Codes: p. 525
In U.S. Law: Judeo-Christian Theology and the doctrine of a Second Chance: pp. 824, 825
Bargain Test: pp. 898–902
Bargained-for Consideration: pp. 901–05, 907, 910, 914–16
BARTER:
Barter (Permutatio) distinguished from a Sale Agreement in Roman law, an important juristic opinion by Paul: p. 129.
In Colonial trade in the United States; The General Store: p. 791
In Medieval Law: p. 192
In Soviet Trade: p. 569
Present day importance: NLCIFT Twelve Principles: p. 71
Bartolo De Saxoferrato: pp. 148, 1178
Bary, William Theodore: pp. 626, 633–34, 644
Beawes, Wyndham: pp. 146, 210, 752–53
Negative View of Commerce in Medieval Spain: p. 146
Bedos, Judge: pp. 312–15, 319, 329, 355, 407, 754, 784
Bello, Andres: pp. 38, 40, 41, 173, 249, 492, 518–24, 542, 877
Bentham, Jeremy: pp. 51, 518, 693, 772, 773, 1235
Berghoff, Hartmut: pp. 819, 820, 823, 824
Berle, Adolf: p. 564
Berman, Harold: p. 552
BGB’S CONCEPTUAL CONTRIBUTIONS:
A General and a Special Part, each with diverse Normative Functions: pp. 415–19
Duty to Perform Obligations in Good Faith (Bona Fides and Treu Und Glauben): pp. 418–19
Franz Wieacker’s Favorable View of “The BGB’s General Clauses” or Principles: p. 418
Juristic or Juridical Act (Rechtsgeschäft) and Fredrick Lawson’s skeptical view of it: p. 416
BGB’S COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONALLY CIVIL CONTRACTS AND CODE CIVIL RULES:
Among Others: Removal of the Prohibition of the Pactum Commissorium: p. 419
Application to For-Profit (Economic) Associations, as well as to some commercial transactions: p. 419
Enforcement of Binding or Firm Offers During Period Specified by the Offeror, especially during Auctions: p. 420
Enforcement of Executory Promises and Acknowledgments of Debts: p. 420
Enforcement of “Abstract” Promises or Obligations Regardless of the absence of Causa: p. 420
Liberal Enforcement of Contracts for Benefit of Third Parties: p. 420
Regulations of Offers and Acceptances Inter Absentes: p. 420
Bilateral Contract as a Contract of Sale Scholastically defined also as Consensual, Synallagmatic and onerous Agreement: pp. 49–53
Bills of Lading: pp. 67, 302, 353, 434, 564, 753, 781, 814, 818, 832, 837, 847, 848, 916, 936, 1026, 1055, 1057, 1059, 1064, 1069, 1077
Bills of Exchange (Lettre De Change): pp. 10, 20
Bills of Exchange Law of 1849: See Wechselgesetz
Blackbourn, David: pp. 381–83, 392–94, 405, 419
Blackburn, Robin: pp. 760, 761
Blackstone, Sir William: pp. 166, 178, 763, 764, 768, 773, 845
Bloch, Marc: pp. 143, 666
Bloom, Irene: pp. 633, 634, 644, 646
Bogdanov, Alexander: p. 565
Bolgar, Vera: pp. 223, 273, 274, 279
Bon Pére De Famille (Good Father of Family): pp. 45, 955, 956, 958
Bona Fidei and Consensual Contracts: See Consensual and Real Contracts
BONA FIDES: PP. 130, 418, 953, 954, 960, 963, 998, 1117, 1153
And Treu Und Glauben: p. 418
Bonaparte, Napoleon: pp. 254, 255, 268, 298, 313, 327–32, 339, 347, 348, 378, 379, 388, 399, 402, 421, 440, 726, 752
BONDS AND ESPECIALLY GOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIABLE BONDS:
Importance of negotiable bonds and other payment instruments in Germany’s and Britain’s economic development: p. 385
The importance of negotiable government bonds in United States financial structure: p. 816. (especially note 149)
The Rothschild’s governmental bond business in Europe’s public and private financing: p. 397
Boni Mores, Gute Sitten in German law: p. 438
Bonus Vir: pp. 7, 19, 56, 109, 121, 122, 128, 130, 131, 135, 405, 444, 493, 515, 614, 638, 1043, 1236, 1243, 1244
Bouye, Thomas: p. 677
Bracton, Henry: pp. 768, 771, 894
Bradstreet, John M.: pp. 820, 826, 827
Braudel, Fernand: pp. 192–94, 197, 202–11, 303, 311, 335, 382, 392, 396, 397, 493, 751
BRAZIL: PP. 90, 126, 146, 477, 478, 509, 518, 522, 525, 527, 662, 815, 877, 957, 1067, 1085, 1086, 1101, 1152, 1175, 1210
Case Law: pp. 1067, 1086
Civil Code of 1916: pp. 509, 518, 522, 877
Code of Civil Procedure: pp. 1085, 1086
BREACH OF SALE AGREEMENT REMEDIES SELLER’S REMEDIES: P. 1214
Actual Resales and damages: p. 1215
Hypothetical Resales and Damages: pp. 1215, 1216
Specific Performance and Action for the Price and damages: p. 1217
BUYER’S REMEDIES:
Actions for Breach of Express or Implied Warranties and Damages: pp. 1218, 1219
Actual “Cover” or Repurchase and Damages: p. 1218
Breach of Warranties under the U.C.C.: pp. 1219–21, 1223–28
Hypothetical Repurchase and Damages: p. 1218
BRITISH 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY TRADE AND TRADESMEN:
Bank of England: pp. 752, 771
British Colonial Trade and Cooperation: p. 755
British Informal Commercial Practices and
Contrast with the Formalities of the Code Civil and the Code De Commerce: p. 753
Commissions, Consignments and Joint Ventures in Colonial America: p. 757
Defoe’s Description of the “Greatest Trading Country in the World” and Its Tradesmen: p. 750, 754
England’s Commercial Revolution and Ease of Trade: p. 751, 752
Fixed Prices and Uniform Weights and Measures: p. 758
Honesty of Tradesmen and Their Poetic Licenses: p. 753, 754
London Tradesmen and Gentlemen: p. 751, 752
Monopoly and Mercantilism in British 17th and 18th Century Trade: pp. 755, 756
Storke: an Archetypal English and Colonial Trader: pp. 756, 757
Wyndham Beawes and Lex Mercatoria Rediviva: p. 753
Brotherhood, Commercial and Religious: p. 153
Brotherly Standard of Fairness among Jewish medieval traders. pp. 168–71
Buckland, William: pp. 117, 175
Buller, Sir Francis: p. 773
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1900 (BGB): pp. 20, 51, 377, 409
Butler, William E.: pp. 553, 591, 593, 596, 597, 610
Buyer Beware: pp. 44, 46, 809, 954, 1221
Caciques: pp. 90, 534
Cadastral and Land Registry systems, Professor Alejandro Garro’s description: pp. 713, 723–33
Cambium: pp. 13, 151, 314, 385
CANON LAW:
Canon law and the doctrine that what has been agreed upon deserves observance (Pacta Sunt Servanda): pp. 146, 148
Canon Law and the erosion of the unenforceability of executory promises (Nudum Pactum Actio Non Oritur): p. 127
CAPITALISM: PP. 168, 191–94, 198, 202, 310, 311, 318, 372, 502, 503, 539, 546, 554–56, 565, 566, 567, 574, 576, 581, 583, 585, 652, 653, 657, 660, 663, 687, 697, 751, 761, 785, 786, 788, 791, 804, 819, 832, 858
Intermediaries (Verlagers) between Labor and Consumers and Karl Marx’s sequence of Money to make possible the production of goods and services (M) the purchase of the necessary raw materials or commodities (C) and the Money obtained by reselling the materials or commodities (C) or MCM: pp. 556, 557
Origin and Meaning: pp. 168, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 202
Some of Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels Misconceptions and Demonology: pp. 555, 556
Transactional Sequence (Three Steps): p. 193
Cardozo, Justice Benjamin Nathan: pp. 7, 8, 39, 43–46, 59, 60, 62–65, 170, 448, 788, 838, 839, 897, 951, 996, 999, 1001, 1008, 1012, 1013
CASE LAW SUPPORT FOR CUSTOM AND USAGE: ITS LIMITS: P. 439
Contrast with French Courts’ Requirement of a Valid Causa Even for the Purchase of Negotiable Instruments: p. 439
CATO’S PRACTICAL CATECHISM, ON FARMERS, SOLDIERS AND MERCHANTS: PP. 111, 112, 1039, 1040
Cato’s Official View of Lending at Interest and his own fortune as a maritime lender: pp. 1039, 1040
Caudillos: pp. 493, 503, 505–07, 514, 516, 534
Causa: pp. 6, 35, 36, 121, 123–26, 128, 212, 251, 252, 276, 277, 280, 292, 301, 333, 420, 424, 439, 520, 668, 670, 778, 781, 861, 862, 870, 872–81, 890, 898, 900, 914–18, 1102
CAUSA AND ITS MORALITY:
A Roman action (condictio sine causa) for the recovery of a thing given for an unfulfilled reason or purpose (causa): p. 120
Canon Law’s Version of Causa: p. 890
Causa as an Element of valid contract in the Code Civil, Articles 1131–33: p. 124
Its negative effects on the predictability of commercial contracts: pp. 872–73
Professor Gino Gorla’s characterization of Causa as a Circular Concept: p. 124
The exclusion of causa in the European Principles of Contract Law (EPCL) and in the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: pp. 876–77
The German rejection of Causa: p. 124
The Peculiar Morality of Causa in French adjudication: A possibly legal causa of an insurance policy in favor of a mistress as long as she did not charge for her company. (Pretium Stupri): pp. 273, 288
The Code Civil’s causa as an impediment to the negotiation of contractual or unilateral promises of payment (including promissory notes, bills of exchange and governmental bonds): pp. 772–74
The redundancy of Causa in contemporary Spanish commercial litigation: p. 275
The problems with the causality of Chinese Familistic Contracts: p. 669
CAUSA IN ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL LAW, KEY ELEMENTS OF FORMATION:
Abandonment of Causa in the BGB, CISG, European Principles of Contract Law and UNIDTROIT Principles: pp. 879–81
A Posteriori Moral Reach of Causa: pp. 878–79
Causa in the Code Civil and Progeny: pp. 875–78
Medieval Common (Continental and English Law) Meaning of Causa: pp. 873–74
Caveat Emptor: pp. 7, 44, 805, 806, 954, 966, 977, 1221, 1222
Certificate of Deposit: pp. 264, 343, 649, 837
Chan, Wing-Tsit: p. 663
Chang, Jung: p. 625
Chapman, Stanley D.: pp. 561–62
Charity: pp. 261, 315–19, 406, 636, 794, 882, 887, 910
Charles I, King: pp. 488, 491.
Chen, Theodore H.E.: p. 688
CHILE: PP. 38, 40, 71, 125, 147, 249, 322, 477, 478, 517, 518, 519–26, 540, 874, 915, 1121, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1227
Andres Bello Civil Code as a Model for other Latin American countries: pp. 518–22
Culpa in Contrahendo Decision: pp. 1121, 1125
Importance of Accounts Receivable Financing through Factoring in Chile: p. 913
CHINESE CAUSAL CLAUSES AND RIGHTS AND THE HIGH VOLUME OF DISPUTES AND VIOLENCE TO THIS DAY:
Ancient Custom of Dian: pp. 669, 671, 672
Causal Statement in 1894 Sale Agreement: p. 673
Causality in Familistic Contracts: p. 673
Conditional Sales and Familistic Clauses: pp. 675, 676
Defension Clause: pp. 674–76
Economic Necessity: pp. 669, 670, 675
Families as Contracting and Litigating Units: pp. 672, 673
Free and Servile Tenants: pp. 665–67
Land Contracts and Economic Growth: p. 667
Marc Bloch’s La Sociėtė Fėodal: p. 666
Property of Land and Third Party Rights: pp. 667–71
Provident Fund Loans: p. 717
Restrictions on Second Home Purchases: p. 717
Supreme Court Land Rights Directives and Supreme Court Letter of Credit Judicial Interpretations as Possible Unifying and Uniformity Factor: pp. 701, 714, 744
Right of Redemption of Family Land: pp. 669–71, 677
Sales of Surface Rights: pp. 667, 668, 670
Similarities with Hindu Law: pp. 629, 670, 674
Thomas Bouye on Land Dispute Violence: p. 677
Topsoil Ownership: p. 672
Uncertainty of PRL Security Right: p. 740
Usufructs: pp. 667, 699, 707, 710, 711, 722, 723, 726
Zelin, Madeleine: On Familistic Clauses and Conditional Sales: p. 675
CHINESE CONTEMPORARY LAND LAW REFORMS:
A “Sketched” and Loose Style of Legislation: p. 706
Courts and the Weight of Their Decisions: p. 701
Drafting of PRC Land Law: pp. 709–12
Main Constitutional and Statutory Sources of the Reform of Real Property Law: pp. 709–12
CHINESE CONTEMPORARY PERSONAL PROPERTY SECURITY LAW REFORMS:
Absence of Unitary Concept of a Security Right or Interest and Many Redundant Rules: pp. 739, 740
Art. 208 of PRL, Arts. 211 and 230 of the PRL: pp. 740, 741
Art. 228 of the PRL and Its Inconsistency with International Uniform Legislation, i.e. OAS Model Law of Secured Transactions and UNCITRAL Guide: pp. 742, 743
Down Payments and Mortgage Loans: p. 717
Housing Guarantee Companies: p. 717
Installments: pp. 716, 717
Lump Sum Down Payments: p. 716
Many Uncertainties in PRL: pp. 714, 720, 733
Mortgages and Pledges: pp. 737, 742, 743
Overlapping Movable Security Registries: p. 743
Pledge of Accounts Receivable: p. 742 Cuming, Ron: Findings: pp. 740, 743, 744
CHINESE HIERARCHIES: SCHOLARS, CRAFTSMEN, FARMERS AND MERCHANTS: P. 635
Jerome Cohen: p. 625
John Fairbank and Edwin Reischauer: p. 626
John Fairbank and Merle Goldman: pp. 626, 635, 643, 644
Land Contracts and Tang Dynasty: p. 648
Liang Zhiping: pp. 628, 640
Madeleine Zelin: pp. 628, 652
Max Weber: p. 638
Monetization Credit, Wholesale and Retail Contracts and Manuals: p. 649
Monopolies and Corruption in Agrarian China: p. 646
Moral Way and Obedience to the Ruler: p. 635
Myron Cohen: p. 673
Patricia Ebrey Comments: pp. 629–31, 642, 643, 647
Profits and Selfishness: p. 641
Richard Lufrano: pp. 657, 658
Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties: p. 649
Superior Person, the Moral Way and Confucian Law: p. 635, 636
Theodore Bary and Irene Bloom: p. 646
Valerie Hansen: pp. 644, 648
Wing-tsit Chan: p. 633
Zhou and Qin Dynasties: p. 645
CHINESE IMPERIAL COURT LITIGATION:
Adjudicators: p. 682
Assistant Drafters and Pleadings: p. 682
Familistic Clauses, Corrupt Legalistic Procedures And Prevailing Uncertainty and Violence: p. 676
Forgery and Chicanery: pp. 672, 681
Function of Witnesses: p. 673
Invertebration of Imperial Contract Law: p. 684
Myron Cohen, Community Ties and Contract Disputes: p. 673
Statute of Limitations: p. 683
Typical “Doctored” Contract: p. 683
Valerie Hansen and Contracts Deposited in Purchasers’ Tombs: p. 673
Zurndorfer and Background Materials on Chinese Litigation: p. 681
CHINESE LAND LAW SOURCES:
Chinese Supreme Court: pp. 701, 714, 744
General Principles of Civil Law (1985–86): pp. 703, 708
Land Administrative Law and Registry Measures (LAL 1986): p. 703
Law for the Administration of Urban Real Estate (LAURE 1994): p. 703
PRC Constitution of 1982 as Amended in 1988: pp. 703, 707, 744
Property Rights Law of 2007 (PRL): pp. 703, 706–14, 716, 720, 722–44
Provisional Regulations of the PRC Concerning The Grant and Assignment of the Right to Use Land in Urban Areas (May 24, 1990): pp. 709, 711
Rural Land Contracting Law (RLCL 2002): p. 703
Unified Contract Law (1999): p. 703
CHINESE LEGAL INVERTEBRATION:
Conflicting Concurrent Jurisdictions, Legal and Political: Luoyang Seed Case: p. 701
Confusing Sources of Legislation and Methods of Drafting Legislation: p. 700
Deng Xiaoping’s Assumption “Planning and Market Forces Are Both Means of Controlling Economic Activity”: pp. 696, 697
Many and Confusing Sources of Legislation: p. 700
Missing Reliable Identity Documents (Hukou) for Migrants: p. 718
National Congress of the Communist Party of China (NCCPC): p. 700
Reflection of Legal Intervtebration in the Luoyang Seed Case: p. 702
Stress Test of the PRC’s Property Rights: p. 699
Susan Whiting and Effects of Fiscal Pressures on Chinese Land Law: pp. 698, 701, 702
Uncertain Legal Status of Collectives: p. 720
Uncertain Meaning of Basic Terms and Concepts, “The People”: p. 720
CHINESE TRADITIONAL VALUES AND LIVING LAW: CONFUCIUS, DAO AND LEGALISM:
Commerce and the Protection of the Family Even at the Expense of Third Parties: p. 640
Confucius’ Analects: pp. 633, 634, 637–39
Daoism and Neo Confucianism: pp. 633, 643, 644
David Jordan: pp. 627, 628, 631, 632
Feudalism and Taxation: p. 645
George Dalton: p. 631
Han Dynasty: p. 646
Harriet Zurndorfer: pp. 649, 653, 659
CHINESE TWENTIETH CENTURY LAND REFORM:
Absence of Contracts and Human Costs: p. 689
Economic Value of Self Enforcing and Commercial Contracts: p. 692
Failure of Collectivization Policies: p. 689
Farmers v. Proletarians: pp. 685, 687
Initial Land Reform: p. 687
Mao’s Little Red Book and Book of Quotations: p. 688
Mao Tse-Tung and Shifting Marxist Dogma: p. 685
Mediation and Litigation during Collectivization Period: p. 693
NSM and Absolute Selflessness: p. 689
Opt-in Collectives: p. 690, 691
Option-Less Collectives: p. 690, 691
Peasant and Soldier Background: p. 685
Spirit of the New Socialist Man (NSM): p. 687
Theodore Chen and Mao’s New Society: p. 688
Yifu Lin’s Assessment of Human Costs and Their Cause: pp. 690, 692
CHINESE TYPES OF PROPERTY AND PROBLEMS WITH RURAL PROPERTIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
Collective Ownership: p. 706
Land for Combined Usages or Other Purposes: p. 709
Land for Commercial, Tourism and Recreational Purposes: p. 709
Land for Educational, Scientific, Technological, Cultural, Health Care Or Sports: p. 709
Land for Industrial Purposes: p. 709
Land for Residential Purposes: p. 709
Land Use Grants and Allocations: p. 735
Legal Nature of Granted Land Use Rights: p. 709
Personal Property and Art. 10 of the 1982 PRC Constitution: p. 703
PRC Usufruct: pp. 699, 700, 711, 722
Right to Use the Land and Amendment to Art 10 of the 1982 Constitution: p. 707
Shanghai Condominium Transactions: p. 715
Third Parties of the PRL: p. 712
Walter Lee Translation of PRL: pp. 703, 708, 730, 731
What Do Owners Own Under the PRL: p. 708
Who Are Owners Under the PRL: p. 707
Zhu Keliang and Roy Prosterman on Rural Property Law and Its Developmental Problems: pp. 703, 705, 713
CHINESE TYPICAL LAND LAW
DISPUTES:
Certificates of Registration: p. 730
Land Registry Recordings and Multiple Overlapping Registries: pp. 723, 743
Legal Descriptions in the Registry v. Cadastral Data: p. 728
Overall Weakness of Third Party Rights: p. 734
Rights In Rem or In Personam of “Holders” or “Obliges”: p. 732
Transactional Sequence Data: p. 729
Uncertain Constitutive or Notice Effects of Recordings: p. 724
Usufructs and their Priorities: p. 722
Christian, David: pp. 548–51
Circumvention: pp. 112, 489, 495, 496
CODE CIVIL (IN GENERAL):
Age of Enlightenment: pp. 246–48, 840, 841
As Enfranchising Contracting and Empowering Parties to Draft Their Contractual Justice: pp. 247, 273, 280
Baruch Spinoza: pp. 248, 252
Bonne Foi: pp. 954, 955
Comparison Methods of: pp. 35–46
Contracts: See Contracts In the Code Civil, David Hume: p. 241
Doctrinal Interpretation as a source of law: pp. 273, 954, 955
Extrajudicial Remedies: pp. 1167–75, 1193–97, 1200–14
Geometric Logic and Humanism: p. 247
God, Reason and Nature as a Source of Law: p. 247
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: p. 248
Jean Jacques Rousseau: p. 247
John Locke: p. 247
Natural Law and the Formulation of Rational And Enlightened Legal Institutions-Definitions, Classifications: pp. 247–58, 262, 266–68, 271, 275
Newton’s Scientific Method: p. 247
Permanent and Universal Private Law Order: p. 246
Persuasiveness of Definitions and Principles-Axiom Sounding Roman Legal Maxims (Regulae Iuris): p. 255
Role of Active Verb “Is” In Formulation of Principles and Rules: p. 246
CODE CIVIL (DRAFTING OF):
Aristotelian and Thomistic Influences: p. 255
Customary Law (Pays De Droit Coutumier): p. 254
Gordley’s Views on Influence of Natural Law: pp. 255, 266–68
Influence of Roman Law: pp. 254, 281
Jean Domat: pp. 255, 267
Napoleon’s Role: pp. 254–56
Portalis, Chief Drafter: pp. 254, 267, 275, 276
Pothier’s Definitions and Classifications: pp. 256, 258–63, 265–67, 272, 276
Written Law (Pays De Droit Écrit): p. 254
CODE CIVIL, ILLUSTRATIVE CASE LAW OF INTERPRETATION:
(Civil) Promises to Sell and Options to Purchase Land: pp. 258, 288
Contractual Rights as Only Rights in Personam: pp. 284, 285
Contrast With German Notarial, More Commercial-Like Practices: pp. 283, 284
Illegal Cause in an Insurance Contract: pp. 292–94
Pollicitations: pp. 289, 290
Sales, Lesion and Rescission: pp. 294–96
Unilateral Promises to Do and to Give: pp. 285–89
CODE DE COMMERCE (1807):
Napoleon’s Pride in the Code Civil but Scant Attention to the Code De Commerce: p. 327
Napoleon’s Statement to Legislators Dec. 31, 1804: p. 327
CODE DE COMMERCE, GRADUAL REFORMS OF THE 1807 VERSION:
2008 Amendments: pp. 350–61
All Acts Carried Out by Merchants Are Commercial Including Civil Acts Needed to Support Business Activities: pp. 338–41
Bankruptcy Law of 1838: p. 332
Closed List of Acts of Commerce: pp. 325–39
Conflict between Bourgeois and Commercial Interests: pp. 339, 347
Criticism by Early Legal Commentators But Gradual Acceptance by Merchants and Especially Bankers: pp. 330–32
Difficulties in Their Application by Commercial Courts: pp. 331, 342
Not-For-Profit View of Transactions by Non-Merchants: p. 333
“Objective” Acts of Commerce Approach to the Scope: pp. 332, 333
Principle that all juristic acts carried out by merchants are commercial and governed by the Code de Commerce: Ripert’s Broadest Interpretation of Close List: pp. 331, 335
“Statutory, also “Red Ink Case”: pp. 328, 333, 351, 360
The “Accordion” like Expansion of the List of Acts of Commerce in 2008” pp. 347–59
CODE DE COMMERCE, NAPOLEON’S INTEREST IN:
Harsh Bankruptcy Rules: pp. 329, 330
Prevention of Victimization of Non-Merchants by Merchants and Their Institutions: p. 329
Reflection of Merchants Tricky Behavior and Thus Deserving of Jail: p. 330
Tricky Nature of Bills of Exchange, as Apparent In Its Use by a “Courtesan” to Lure a Young Bourgeois to Part with His Fortune: p. 332, see also Red Ink Case
Codex Iustinianus: pp. 114, 115
Cohen, Jerome: p. 625
Cohen, Meir: pp. 673, 683
Coke, Lord Chief Justice Edward: pp. 767, 768–70, 894, 895
Colbert, Jean Baptiste and Mercantilism: pp. 200–02, 209, 315, 328
Collectives: See Collectivization
Collectivization: pp. 87, 609, 686, 689, 690, 692, 693, 729
Collectivization Period (China): p. 693
COLOMBIA: PP. 71, 78, 287, 322, 354, 467, 478, 522, 525–27, 620, 868, 1082, 1084, 1090–94, 1104, 1174
Colombia’s Commercial Code innovative Article 3 on the sources of commercial contract law: p. 620
Colombian civil and commercial pleadings: pp. 1093–96
COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS COMMONLY USED IN CIVIL AND IN COMMON LAW COUNTRIES:
Aleatory: pp. 261, 1138–41, 1147, 1148, 1154
Bilateral: pp. 142, 252, 258, 280, 869, 935, 1132, 1205
Brokerage: pp. 343, 440
Consensual: pp. 52, 119–22, 141, 257, 259, 272, 276, 287, 862, 872–74, 935, 1044, 1117
Construction: pp. 29, 30, 368, 371, 1002, 1004
Dynamic and Informal: pp. 16, 17, 122, 262, 340, 435, 808, 868, 871, 895, 915, 917, 943, 1038, 1040, 1193
Employment: p. 27, 28
Franchising: p. 272
Insurance: pp. 208, 261, 280, 292–94, 343, 360 427, 753, 775, 918–20, 967, 970, 971
License and Licensing: pp. 68, 77, 194, 982, 991
Multilateral: p. 15
Of Adhesion: pp. 274, 869
Of Deposit or Bailment: pp. 261, 375
Onerous (or profitable): pp. 124, 125, 277, 375, 935, 1140
Ordinary and Financial Leases: pp. 52, 75, 152, 153, 511–13, 612, 619, 740, 744, 777, 908
Simulated: p. 12
Static or Ceremonial: pp. 15, 17, 260, 862, 864, 867, 871, 949
Transportation and Freight: pp. 299, 360, 803, 934–37, 958
Unilateral: pp. 897, 1146
COMMERCIAL COURT (FRANCE), TODAY:
Judge Perce Rey Interview: pp. 323–25
Linklater LLP Description of Practice before this Court: pp. 320–23
Commercial Revolution (England): pp. 751, 752
COMMERCIAL TREATIES AND THEIR HIERARCHY AS A SOURCE OF THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS:
German, French, Mexican and United States
Laws: pp. 449–58
Interpretation of CISG: p. 460
Schmidt-Kessel Commentary: pp. 460–66
Commercial Typology in Post-Guilds Southern and Central Europe: p. 202
Commission Agency (Commissions): pp. 185, 325, 440, 757, 981
Commission Agents (Comisionistas) and Brokers (Corredores) and the Costa Rican landmark decision of Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Diaz: How the nomenclature used by Mexican doctrinal writings trumped the Costa Rican living law nomenclature: pp. 337, 341, 351
Commission Agents (Mexican Doctrinal Writings): pp. 440, 495
Commodatum: pp. 5, 16, 103, 112, 119, 425
Commodification of Land Products: p. 83
Common Law Court: pp. 83, 141, 271, 766–72, 845, 1222
Common Law of Agency: pp. 174, 179
Communal Living v. Commercial Association: p. 85
Commune: pp. 304, 686, 691, 693, 694, 697, 1181
Communism: pp. 192, 546, 553, 556, 558, 560, 565, 567, 570, 571, 574, 583, 590, 598, 608, 691
Communist Manifesto: pp. 556, see also Marx, Karl
Compadres: pp. 90, 501, 516, 534, 662
COMPARATIVE CASE LAW ON FORMALITIES AND SOLEMNITIES:
Contract as Ceremony: p. 869
El Salvador: Formality or Solemnity of a Truck Bill of Lading: p. 934
Informal and Heraclitesian purchases and sales under United States law of: automobiles by consumers: p. 921
Informal Purchase of Its Meat Supply by a Restaurant and Sale of Grain to an Elevator: pp. 924, 927
Mexico’s Mixed Picture: Constitutive and Declarative Documents: p. 937
Preparatory Contracts and Public Deeds: p. 938
Spain: Spiritualist Principle of Its Civil Code and The Need for Escrituras Publicas (Public Deeds): pp. 864, 987
Spain’s Mixed Picture: pp. 930–33
United States: Contract as Commercial Conduct: p. 917
Uruguay: Ad Solemnitatem Formality of an Insurance Policy: pp. 864, 871, 930–33, 937
COMPARISON:
Contextual: pp. 22, 36, 38, 39, 79, 862
Dynamic: pp. 16, 868, 871
Normative: p. 19
Static: p. 35
COMPETITION:
Biological selection and competition for survival: p. 10
Deflationary conditions in the United States as a fuel to the competitive fires: p. 825
Guilds and Fixed Prices v. Competition: pp. 191, 192
Horacio Gutierrez, Esq., Deputy General Counsel of Microsoft and a former Member of the Board of Directors of NLCIFT’s opinion on the December 28, 2004 European Union court’s dismissal of Microsoft’s appeal on a finding of Microsoft’s abuse of its dominant position in the European marketplace: p. 355
Predatory Pricing and Competition, the Matsushita decision: p. 22
Remedies against unfair competition: p. 832
The dense transactions of Pre-Commercial Society as Inconsistent with Competition: pp. 89–93
The European Union Latin Notaries and Competition: p. 237
The Present Code de Commerce, rules on pricing and competition, the long shadow of the United States Sherman and Clayton Acts: p. 354
The Public Purpose in the manner in which some leading American corporations conducted their early nineteenth century business–Professor Steven Pearlstein’ views: p. 804
Yet, a “No Holds Barred” Competition as the marketplace grew: pp. 799, 803
Condictio Ob Causa Datorum and Consideration: pp. 121, 134
Confucianism: pp. 476, 623, 633, 637, 643–45, 652, 684
CONFUCIUS AS A PROVIDER OF CHINA’S FAMILISTIC LIVING LAW ON WHO IS SUPPOSED TO BE PROTECTED OR SHELTERED:
Confucius’ Analects and the Protection and Sheltering of One’s Family but not of those affected by the acts of a one’s family member: “The upright men of my land are different. The father will shelter the son and the son will shelter the father.” How about those who suffered from the actions of the sheltered father or son?: p. 640
Confucian Adjudication during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties: p. 645
The Confucian values that inspired the imperial bureaucracy: pp. 643–45
CONSENSUAL AND REAL CONTRACTS:
In Roman and Medieval Law: The typification of contracts and the linkage between the typification of a contract and the granting of causes of action for that type of contract such as with Consensual and Real contracts. In consensual contracts, the mere consent of the parties binds them to the contract (Solus Consensus Obligat) while in real contracts, a thing had to be transferred from one party to the other before an obligation to return arose: pp. 118, 120–22, 252, 257, 873. See also Glossary “Consensual” contracts that calls attention to the fact that the U.S. contract and secured transactions legal literature often uses the terms consensual and contractual inter-changeably contrary to the understanding of consensual contracts in Roman law and in civil law countries.” See also Typification.
In French Law: pp. 258, 259
In El Salvadoran Law: pp. 934–36
CONSIDERATION AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR THE FORMATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS:
Consideration as Causa in Medieval and Renaissance England: Canon Law’s causa and consideration. (Kevin Teeven’s and David Harris Sacks analyses of Christopher St. Germain’s “Doctor and Student) (circa 1530) pp. 890–91
In General: The importance of consideration for English commercial contracts, national and international: Leone Levi: p. 891
J.H. Baker’s insightful account of the evolution of the doctrine of Consideration in English law: p. 891
Prof. Harris Sack’s reference to John & William Restell’s definitions of causa and consideration in their dictionary Les Terms de la Ley (1624): p. 892
The Importance of the giving of something of value to the other party of a contractual relationship when establishing that party’s trust in the giver and thus strengthening the parties’ observance and enforceability of the contractual sequence of performances: “In the beginning of a contractual relationship there was a giving.” pp. 861–63
The “remedial” role of consideration in the Forms of Action in Debt, Covenant and Assumpsit, Slade’s Case: p. 893
The replacement of the traditional view with the requirement of the Restatement Second of Contracts, that consideration be “bargained for.” p. 898
The “traditional”, substantive law view of Consideration as a Quid Pro Quo requiring a benefit to the promisor and a detriment (or something given up by the promisee) through mid-twentieth century English and American Law, including Restatement First of the Law of Contracts. pp. 893–97
CONSULAR TRIBUNALS:
Frequency of Non-Legally Trained Judges: p. 301
Notaries as Consultants on Record Keeping and Applicable Law: p. 301
Summary Oral Proceedings, Private Writings and Business Records as Evidence, Limited Number of Defenses: p. 301
Consulates of the Sea (Consulatus Maris): p. 302
Consumer Revolution: pp. 761, 785, 804, 858 and the American General Store: 792–93
Contemporary Scholastic Definition of a Financial Lease by the Spanish Supreme Court: p. 152
CONTRACTS:
Anglo-American: pp. 861, 897
As Delict in Medieval Europe: p. 141
Civil: pp. 280, 339, 374, 419, 864, 870, 1001, 1139, 1203, 1205
Classic (Static): pp. 15, 17, 260, 862, 864, 867, 871, 949
Commercial (Dynamic): pp. 3–6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20–22, 41, 42, 46, 51, 59, 66, 67, 81, 82, 84, 89, 98, 100, 103, 115, 116, 121, 122, 134, 140, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 159, 162, 173, 174, 185, 191, 210–13, 217–19, 224–26, 245, 262, 271, 273, 277, 280, 318, 340, 347, 356, 360, 373, 415, 425, 426, 435, 437, 438, 440–60
Deposit: pp. 261, 375
Doctored: p. 683
Innominate: pp. 82, 120, 123, 124, 149, 276
Of Agency: pp. 95, 189, 234, 371, 375
Of Financial Leasing: p. 152
Scholastic Definition: p. 152
Self-Enforcing: p. 692
CONTRACTS COMMON IN SOVIET RUSSIA:
Between or Among State Entities: Supply and Output: pp. 557–60
Between Private Parties: Personal Services Generating “Unearned Income” Sale and Rental of “Personal Property” pp. 597–99
Construction and Rental of Dachas between State Officials and Private Parties: p. 605
Sales from “Dead Factories”: pp. 571, 574
Sales by Truck Dispatchers: pp. 546, 611, 576
CONTRACT, INTERPRETATION: MOST COMMON TOOLS AND CRITERIA:
Dictionary Meaning: p. 1029
Extrinsic or Parole Evidence rule: p. 943
Literal or within “the four corners”: p. 942
Plain Meaning: pp. 943, 944
Sectoral: Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 948, 974
CONTRACTS, JUDICIAL AND EXTRAJUDICIAL TERMINATION:
Adequate Assurances of Performance: p. 1194
Anticipatory Repudiation in General: pp. 1194, 1196, 1202
Anticipatory Repudiation Unavailable under Spanish Law: p. 1202
BGB § 323: p. 1210
Breach of Contract Remedies under the U.C.C.: p. 1197
Extrajudicial Resolution in Mexican Case Law: p. 1204
Guatemalan Decree No. 51-2007: p. 1211
Holmes’ Bad Man of Contracts and his Incompatibility with Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance under U.C.C. § 2–609: p. 1194
Honduran Law of Secured Transactions 2008: p. 1212
Nachfrist in German Case Law: p. 1206
Remedies under OAS Model Law of Secured Transactions of 2002: p. 1211
U.C.C. § 9–609 and the Secured Creditor’s Repossession after the Debtor’s Default: p. 1211
UCP 500 Sub-Arts. 14(D)–(E): pp. 1212, 1213
CONTRACTS TYPICAL OF THE CODE CIVIL AND CODE DE COMMERCE INSPIRED JURISDICTIONS:
Agency: pp. 95, 189, 234, 371, 375
Civil (mostly non-profit) distinguished from Commercial (for profit) contracts: pp. 612, 819
Consensual (informal) v. Real (delivery of a thing) contracts: pp. 16, 52, 118–22, 141, 151, 250, 257, 259, 263, 272, 276, 287, 862, 872–74, 935, 1044, 1117
Executive or Self-Enforcing: p. 692
Gratuitous, including Contracts of Donation: pp. 276, 277, 370, 372, 376
Innominate (in Roman law): I give so that you give (do ut des), I give so that you do (do ut facias), I do so that you give (facio ut des), and I do so that you do (facio ut facias): p. 120
Synallagmatic: pp. 258, 273, 874, 1133
CONTRACTS AND THEIR FORMATIVE PROCESS:
Ceremonial or Static and Civil Contracts: pp. 15, 17, 260, 280, 339, 374, 419, 862, 864, 867, 870, 871, 949, 1001, 1139, 1203, 1205
Commercial, Dynamic or Conduct-Based Contracts: pp. 16, 17, 122, 262, 340, 435, 808, 868, 871, 895, 915, 917, 943, 1038, 1040, 1193
Classic (Static) early 19th Century Contract in United States Decisional and Doctrinal Law: p. 864
Heraclites’ Fluid and Constantly Changing Commercial Transactions: p. 868
Kevin Teeven’s Comment on the Moment of Conclusion of some Contracts: p. 865
Parmenides’ Fixed or Static Transactions: p. 866
Pothier’s Ceremonial Land Conveyance Contract: p. 866
Roscoe Pound, Arthur Corbin and W.W. Cook’s Objections to Williston’s Assumption That “Bargains Are Discreet Transactions”: p. 864
Samuel Williston’s Mechanical and Static Jurisprudence: p. 865
Samuel Williston’s Static View of Contract in Restatement (First) of Contracts: pp. 864, 865
Contractual Justice (Justice Contractuelle): pp. 223, 273, 280, 947, 955
Cook, W.W.: p. 865
Corbin, Arthur: pp. 865, 914, 943, 973, 998
COSTA RICA: PP. 71, 219, 229, 234–36, 341, 342, 440, 478, 480, 481, 507, 513, 517, 522, 525, 527, 882, 1170–72, 1174
Case Law: p. 1170
Civil Code: pp. 1171, 1172
Commercial Code: pp. 342, 1171
Extrajudicial Remedies: p. 1174
Cotton Cloth Business (China): p. 659
Cotton, Reverend John: p. 789
Corpus Juris Civilis: pp. 110, 114, 122, 128, 135, 148, 249, 410, 412, 417, 522, 874, 1045, 1176–78
Craftsmen: pp. 67, 96, 111, 192–95, 211, 269, 270, 300, 338, 362–64, 381, 382, 562, 635, 751, 885
Credit Network: pp. 495, 498, 502, 787
CREDIT RATING AGENCIES:
19th Century Archetypal American Commercial Borrower: p. 821
Biased Credit Reports: p. 822
Brief History of Credit Rating: p. 819
Early 20th Century Secured Transactions and Bankruptcy Law: p. 828
Impact of Commercial Credit and Rating
Agencies on the United States Economy: p. 819
James Madison, Rowena Olegario, and Hartmut Berghoff’s Studies on Credit Rating Agencies: pp. 819, 820
Lewis Tappan’s and James Bradstreet’s Credit Rating Practices: p. 820
Meaning of Honesty in Colonial America: p. 821
Presumption of a Debtor’s Good Faith in Colonial America: p. 822
Short Term Credits: p. 825
Credit Unions in Germany pp. 382, 384
Cuba’s economic policy and the Marcelo Fernandez v. Che Guevara Debate on cost accounting: p. 582
Culpa as a functional equivalent of bad faith?: pp. 957, 958
CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO AND PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY:
Argentina: p. 1120
Chile: p. 1121
Common Law Jurisdictions: p. 1122
Damages: p. 1123
France: p. 1119
Germany: p. 1118
Italy: p. 1120
Peru: p. 1120
Rodrigo Novoa’s study: p. 1117
Cuming, Ronald C. C.: pp. 740, 743, 744
CUSTOM AND USAGE AS A PRIMARY SOURCE OF EUROPEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN COMMERCIAL LAW:
Article 2 of the Mexican Commercial Code v. Article 3 of the Colombian Commercial Code: pp. 452, 620
Standard Contract Forms for Trade on: Wool, Cocoa, Oil, Seed and Fats, Grain and Feed, Cotton, Produce, Jute, Metal, Rubber, Sugar, Timber and Provision of Services, for Example, by Civil Engineers and Other Service Providers in the Construction Industry: p. 437
The ICC’s INCOTERM, UCP 500 and 600: pp. 1033, 1057
The Opposing Views of Levin Goldschmidt and Heinrich Thől: p. 441
The Opposing Views of Cesare Vivante and Alfredo Rocco: p. 441
The present importance of compilations of commercial standard practices and usages of trade as primary sources of commercial law: pp. 438, 450, 465, 1049–53
Customary and Rabbinical Brotherly Duties: p. 154
Dacha Rentals: p. 608
Dachas: pp. 42, 605–09
Dalton, George: pp. 19, 84–90, 631, 884, 893
Dao: p. 637
Daoism: pp. 633, 642
Darwin, Charles: pp. 10, 554, 562
Dawson, John Philip: pp. 93, 285, 877, 895, 898–02, 962, 1096, 1151–53, 1176–85, 1191
De Vries, Jan: p. 217
Decentralization: pp. 579, 697
Defension Clause (China): pp. 94, 674–76
Defoe, Daniel: pp. 750–54, 759, 821
Del Credere Salesmen: pp. 177, 499, 756
Dense Exchange Relationships: p. 19
Dense Social Relations: p. 83
DEPARTMENT STORES:
Among the Pioneers in the Use of Master Supply Agreements: p. 807
As Open Markets: p. 306
As Caveat Emptor gives way to “The Customer is Always Right”: p. 305
His and Her Submarines: p. 804
Implied Warranties: p. 807
Standardization of Quality as a Basis for Warranties of Merchantability and Fitness for Purpose: p. 807
Deudor Garante: p. 76
Dialectic: pp. 49, 50, 192, 546, 560, 562–65, 583, 686, see also Plato’s Dialectics
DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM IN THE WRITINGS OF KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS:
Basis of Capitalism in the “Law of Motion of Modern Society: p. 555
Communist Manifesto: p. 556
Darwin as Interpreted by Marxist-Leninists: pp. 554, 562
David Christian: pp. 548–51
Default: pp. 52, 477, 1088, 1205, 1207, 1266
Deification of the Exploited: p. 559
Demonology of Capitalist Contracts and Private Property: p. 558
Demonology of the Imprecisely Described Archetypal Capitalists: p. 557
Stanley Chapman: pp. 549
The Capitalists’ Appropriation of the Surplus Value in the Production and Distribution of Goods: p. 559
Dian: pp. 669, 671, 672
Digesta Iustiniani: p. 114
Disclosed and Undisclosed Principals: pp. 180, 181, 187
Discretionary Conditions: p. 130, see also Bonus Vir Doctrine of the Estates: p. 21
Domat, Jean: pp. 25, 267, 955
Double-Entry Bookkeeping, Its Commercial Importance: pp. 87, 139, 299
Drobnig, Ulrich: p. 356
Dual (Civil and Commercial Codes) in European Post-Medieval Law: Long Shadow of the Guild System: p. 211
Dubovec, Marek: pp. 15, 90, 718
Durkheim, Emile: pp. 8, 786, 1034
Earl of Oxford Case: pp. 767, 768
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley: pp. 625, 629, 630, 631, 641, 642, 647, 651
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW (EAL): PP. 1232, 1233, 1236, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1243
Analytical Tools of the EAL: p. 1233
EAL: A Propos of the Lost Volume Seller: p. 1232
EAL’s Contribution to Commercial Contract Adjudication: p. 1241
Economic Efficiency: pp. 681, 1234–35
Law of Demand, Prices and the Relationship Between Prices and Costs of Opportunity: p. 1233
Posner’s Homo Economicus, Ordinary Merchants And the Bonus Vir: p. 1236
Price v. Neal and § 204 of the Proposed New Payment Code: pp. 772, 1238–41
ECONOMIC PLANNING AS A SOURCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE-CONTRACT LAW:
Ludwig Von Mises’ Criticism: p. 579
Yevsey Liberman’s Autonomy of Production, Profitability Rate and Economic Planning: p. 580
Yevsey Liberman’s views on Market Socialism and Market Prices: pp. 580–82
Ehrlich, Eugen and his “Living Law”: pp. 98, 148, 229, 439, 446, 475, 480, 485, 493, 499, 509, 532, 533, 554, 567, 620, 623–26, 628, 638, 648, 663, 853, 871, 980, 1053, 1063, 1176, 1181, 1187
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY FRENCH (PARISIAN) COMMERCIAL COURT:
Amalia Kessler Commentary: pp. 308, 310–14, 316, 317
Red Ink Case: p. 312
Einert, Dr. Karl as an architect of the continental European modern law of negotiable instruments: pp. 6, 390, 391, 421, 780
EL SALVADOR: PP. 71, 478, 522, 525, 526, 934, 936, 1084, 1129, 1130, 1174
Case Law: p. 934
Civil Code: pp. 522, 1133, 1134, 1140
Commercial Code: pp. 525, 934–36, 1130, 1132, 1134
Supreme Court: pp. 934, 1084
Ellinger, Peter: pp. 6, 1062
Emptio Venditio: pp. 12, 49, 103, 119, 129, 151, 387, 425
Engels, Friedrich: pp. 545, 546, 554–67, 617
English Bills of Exchange Act: pp. 6, 421
ENGLISH ENABLEMENT OF THE COMMODIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL PROMISES:
A Form of Action (Assumpsit) which Enabled the Enforcement of Executory Promises (Slade’s Case): pp. 766, 767, 771, 775, 776
A “With and Without” Recourse Assignment of Contractual Rights and Negotiation of Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange: p. 776
A Doctrine of Estates that enabled the commodification of land rights: p. 710
ENGLISH JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS:
C.H.S. Fifoot and the Mansfieldian Application of Commercial Practices: p. 773
Common Law and Equity Courts: p. 768
Earl of Oxford Case, Lord Chief Justice Coke, and Bracton’s Admonition: p. 768
Equity and Commercial Contract Law: p. 770
Forms of Actions and Writs: p. 771
Frederic William Maitland and the Distinctively English Nature of the Forms of Action and Writs, Despite Their Roman Ancestry: pp. 771, 772
Holt in Hussey v. Jacob: p. 778
Lawrence Friedman’s Description of the Royal Central Courts: p. 767
Mansfield’s Influence on Llewellyn’s Art.2 of the U.C.C.: p. 773
Mansfield’s Juries and Merchants and Merchant Jurors: p. 773
Mansfield’s Pillans and Von Mierop v. Rose, Miller v. Race: p. 772
Plucknett on the Institutional Elements of England’s Judiciary: p. 774
Price v. Neal: p. 772
Slade’s Case: pp. 766, 76–68, 772, 775, 776
Sir Francsis Buller’s Assessment of Mansfield’s Contribution to English Commercial Law: p. 773
English Medieval Wool Contracts and their Executory Promises: p. 164
Enlightenment and Its Influence on the Framers of United States Legal Institutions: p. 840
Equal Treatment of Foreign and Local Merchants in Certain European Fairs: pp. 304, 305
Escrituras Publicas: p. 216
Escrow Agreements for Options to Purchase and Promises of Sales in some Civil Law Countries: p. 376, 937
Escrow Agreement in the United States as an Extra Judicial Tool to Avoid Controversies: p. 1162
Estrella, Eduardo Notarial Practices in Provincial Mexico: p. 229
European Council Directive 86/653 (1986): p. 183
European Flexible Discount of Commercial Paper System and its Influence on the Federal Reserve Act: p. 858
Exceptio: pp. 104, 171, 921, 947, 953, 954, 958, 961, 962, 1007, 1021, 1064
Exceptio Doli and its Relation with the Doctrine of Good Faith: p. 953
EXCUSE OF EXCESSIVE ONEROUSNESS OF PERFORMANCE:
Argentine Civil Code Art. 1198: p. 1147
Argentine Law: Argentine Decisional Law and Hyperinflation: p. 1148
Assumption of Contractual Risk and its Foreseeability as a Defense against Strict Enforcement: pp. 1142, 1154
Comparison of Italian and Other European Law Excuses for Non-Performance (Rescission, Annulment and Mistake): p. 1137
El Salvador Commercial Code Art. 994 and Italian Civil Code Art. 1467: pp. 1132, 1134
Excuses for Non-Performance of Commercial Contracts and their Exceptional Nature: p. 1131
French Law: the Theory of Unforeseeablity: p. 1154
German Law: Anpassung and Judicial Activism: p. 1151
Italian Law: Aleatory Contracts and the Waiver Of Excessive Onerousness: pp. 1138, 1139
Italian Law: Contractual Presuppositions (Presupposizione) Subjective Excessive Onerousness: p. 1143
Italian Law: Foreseeability and the Uomo Medio (Average Man): p. 1142
Italian Law: Rebus Sic Stantibus: p. 1139
United States Law: Impossibility and Impracticability and Frustration of Purpose: p. 1155
United States Law: Restatement (Second) of Contracts: p. 1157
Swiss Law: Rebus Sic Stantibus: p. 1153
Synallagmatic Balance (An Agreed Upon Exchange of Performances) and Excessive Onerousness: p. 1132
Excuses for Non-Performance of Commercial Contracts and their Exceptional Nature: p. 1131
Executory or Deferred Performance Promises: pp. 5, 20, 37, 95, 140–42, 156–60, 164, 167, 205, 263, 264, 265, 272, 280, 281, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757, 758, 775, 776, 787, 861, 871, 889, 893, 895, 897, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221
Exegetes: pp. 335, 338
Expressed and Implied or Apparent Authority: p. 181
EXTRAJUDICIAL REMEDIES AND SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE:
Aggrieved Party’s Duty to Mitigate Damages: p. 1168
Anticipatory Repudiation, Substitute Transactions and Nachfrist: p. 1167
Cover and Resale: pp. 1169, 1194
Dawson’s Landmark Comparative Study on Specific Performance, including Roman, Medieval, French, German and United States Law: p. 1176–86
Economic Significance of Extrajudicial Remedies in the Law of Secured Commercial Loans: p. 1174
Extrajudicial Remedies in CISG and in UNIDTROIT: pp. 1160, 1164
Opposition to Extrajudicial Remedies in French And Spanish Civil Codes and Their Progeny: p. 1165
Prohibition of the Pactum Commissorium and Express Resolution Clauses in Code Civil-Inspired Jurisdictions: p. 1170
Sicherungsübereignung in German Law: p. 1173
Specific Performance: p. 1175
Specific Performance and Just in Time Performance: p. 1186
United States Law: p. 1184
U.S. Escrow Agreement as an Extrajudicial Remedy: p. 1162
European Principles of Contract Law (EPCL): pp. 872, 880
Factors of Production in Pre-Commercial Society: pp. 86, 87, 884
Factual and Analogical Logic: p. 60
Fairbank, John K.: pp. 626, 635, 643, 644, 658, 659, 685, 686
FAIRS AND CONSULAR COURTS:
Courts of Medieval Fairs and Self Enforcing Fairs as Unifiers of European Commercial Law; Rudolf Schlesinger, Hans Baade, Peter Herzog, and Edward Wise: p. 307
Instruments (Scripta Obligatoria): p. 298
Consular Tribunals: p. 300
Enforcement of Judgments by Fair Guards: p. 305
Equal Treatment of Foreign and Local Merchants: pp. 304, 305
Frederic Rockwell Sanborn: pp. 299, 300, 307
Italian Cities’ and Merchant Associations’ Statutes: p. 299
Principle of the Peace of the Marketplace: p. 303, 304
Summary Trials Subject to a Uniform Law: p. 304
Special Statutes, Applicable to Guilds (Corporazione or Gilde), Colonial Ventures (Statuti Coloniali), and Maritime Ventures (Diritti Marittimi): p. 300
Statuta Mercatorum Applicable to All Merchants: pp. 300, 301
Familism: pp. 68, 475, 476, 481, 623, 624, 645, 653, 661, 663, 664, 684
Familistic Societies: pp. 17, 90, 663
Family Farms (United States): pp. 785, 797
FAMILY, LINEAGE AND CLAN AS PRIVATE LAW MAKERS AND ECONOMIC UNITS (IMPERIAL CHINA):
Common Budget: p. 628
David Jordan’s Descriptive Commentary: pp. 627, 628, 631, 632
Family Land and Survival: p. 628
Place of Residence: p. 628
Patriarchal Hierarchy: p. 627
Farnsworth, E. Allan: pp. 118, 164, 849, 893, 898–902, 904, 908, 916, 995, 998, 1118, 1122, 1123, 1221
Fascist, “Top-Down” Commercial Law: pp. 336, 445, 446, 517, 525, 618
Federal Reserve System: pp. 811, 816
Federal Reserve Act: pp. 783, 784, 811, 813, 814, 816, 1053, 1054
Federal-State Dualism (United States): p. 842
Ferguson, Niall: pp. 397, 400, 402–04, 406
Ferdinand, King: pp. 482, 487
Fernandez Font, Marcelo: pp. 87, 582, 583, 595, 736
Feudalism: pp. 140, 142, 144, 192, 199, 246, 254, 304, 306, 546, 549, 563, 564, 565, 567, 595, 645
Feynman, Richard: pp. 245, 246
Fiducia: pp. 1041–44
Fielding Lewis Store: pp. 792, 793, 804
Fifoot, C.H.S.: pp. 773, 906
Firm Promises: pp. 15, 82, 264, 265, 280, 749, 870, 916
Fixed Prices: pp. 191, 195, 196, 199, 210, 396, 652, 751, 758, 759, 802, 803
Flotistas, Almaceneros and Hacendados: p. 494
Forde, David Michael: p. 1188
FORMALITIES AND SOLEMNITIES:
Art. L–110(3) Code De Commerce: p. 218
Formalities Exempted Acts of Commerce (Actes De Commerce): p. 218
Formalities or Solemnities in Land and Commercial Transactions: p. 217
In the Code Civil: pp. 217–19
In the Code De Commerce: pp. 217–19
In French Pre and Post Code Civil Bourgeois and Landed Gentry Transactions: p. 218
In the Spanish and Mexican Commercial Codes (Spiritualist Principle): pp. 217, 222, 223, 229
Judicial Oath: See Serment Décisoire
FRENCH CASE LAW ON ACTS OF COMMERCE:
Accidents While Farming, French Supreme Court’s Implicit Admission of Commercial Nature of Agriculture: p. 365
Agricultural Civil Cooperatives and Acts of Commerce: p. 366
Contract for the Performance of Work v. Contract of Agency: a Mostly Scholastic Dichotomy of Juristic v. Material Acts: p. 368
Craftsmen and Merchants: p. 362
George Ripert’s Broadest Version of a Commercial Act: p. 341
Investment of Savings by a Civil Cooperative as a Commercial Act: p. 366
Merchants and Farmers: p. 364
Promises to Sell and Options to Buy as Obligations to Do and to Give, as Scholastic Market Averse Dichotomies: p. 370
FRENCH STATUTORY LAW, RECENT MODERNIZATION OF THE CONSENT PRINCIPLE:
Commercial Promises and Pollicitations: p. 289
Promises to Sell and the Commercial Marketplace: p. 287
Statutorily Enforced Electronic Pollicitations: p. 290
Friedman, Lawrence: p. 767
Friedman, Milton: pp. 853–55
Friendly, Judge Henry and Contractual Reasonableness: pp. 18, 58, 59, 1027, 1030
Frivolous, or Non-Necessitous Conveyance of Family Land: p. 83
Frivolous Purposes in a Sale of Family Land, India: p. 92
Fuero De Navarra: pp. 142, 930, Fuero De Soria: p. 142
Fuero Real: p. 143
Gaius’ Institutes: pp. 114, 118, 415
Gamonales: p. 90
Gap Filling Role of Doctrinal Writings in European and Latin American Legal systems: pp. 440–49
Gas Company of El Salvador (GCES) Excessive Onerousness Arbitration Case: pp. 1129–35, 1138, 1144, 1145
Geniza Jewish Cairo Cemetery: pp. 153, 157, 168
GERMAN ADJECTIVES, PROVERBS AND PRINCIPLES THAT SUMMARIZED STANDARD AND BEST COMMERCIAL PRACTICES: PP. 437–72
Behavior of a Proper, Honest and Decent Merchant: (Ordentlicher Kaufmann): pp. 431, 438, 467–68, 944, 961, 977, 1023
Good Practices and Public Policy (Boni Mores, Gute Sitten): p. 438
Principle of Good Faith (Gebot Von Treu Und Glauben): pp. 438, 458, 467–68
“The Hand that Conveys to One Must Warrant His Conveyance to Another” (Hand Muss Hand Wahren): p. 6
“Where You Have Put Your Faith, There You Must Seek It” (Wo Du Deinen Glauben Gelassen Hast, Musst Du Ihn Suchen): p. 6
GERMAN COMMERCIAL CONTRACT LAW AS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL USERS OF CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES “AS GENERAL CONDITIONS OF TRADE” (AGB):
Bundesgerichtshof, September 26, 1989, WM 1989, 1713: a Judicial Illustration on Slight Negligence in the AGB for Banks: p. 466
General Conditions of Trade for Banks as a Crucial Source of Commercial Contract Law: p. 455
Standard Contract Forms the Purchase of Souvenirs from Oktoberfest as an Illustration: p. 458
GERMAN PANDECTISM, ANALYTICAL SYSTEM BUILDING AND A NARROW VERSION OF LEGAL SCIENCE:
Aristotelian Essences and the Definitions and Classifications of Pothier and Other French 18th Century Neo-Scholastics: p. 412
Bernhard Windscheid’s Influential Lehrbuch Des Pandektenrechts: p. 410
Legal Science as a Search for the Organizing Concepts and Principles of Roman Private Law: p. 409
Pandectists: pp. 411–13, 416, 417
Pandectists’ Disinterest in Contemporary Socio-Economic Facts: p. 412
Prokura or Abstract Agency: pp. 424, 428, 430, 432
Scientific Method of Physical and Social Sciences And Puchta’s Pandektenrecht (A Law Derived from Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis): pp. 410, 411
System Building: p. 410
Von Ihering’s Concept of Possession (Animus Possidendi): p. 412, 413
Von Mehren’s and Gordley’s Comments on Puchta’s Failed Concept of National Spirit of the German People: pp. 410, 413–19
Von Savigny’s Organizing Concept of Possession (Animus Rem Sibi Habendi or Animus Dominii): pp. 409, 411
German Prudent Businessman (Eines Ordentlicher Kaufmann): pp. 431, 438, 467, 468, 944, 961, 977, 1023
GERMANISTS AND ROMANISTS: P. 409
Opposing Views on National Codification: p. 409
Thibaut: a Germanic Private Law Based on Germanic Culture: p. 409
Von Savigny’s 1814 Pamphlet: On the Vocation of Our Times for Legislation and Legal Science: p. 409
Von Savigny’s Disciple Puchta’s Systematization of Roman law and Pandectism: p. 410–11
Von Savigny’s Historical School: p. 409
GERMANY’S GENERAL CONDITIONS OF TRADE:
See Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen (Ag) Germany’s General Conditions of Trade for Banks: p. 455
See Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Für Die Banken (AGB) p. 455
GERMANY’S SOCIO ECONOMIC AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS THAT SPURRED ITS NINETEENTH CENTURY’S ECONOMIC GROWTH:
Abandonment of the Medieval (and still nine-teenth century’s French) characterization of the Bill of Exchange as a Contract for the Exchange of Currency (Cambium) (to evade the prohibition of usury) to a Negotiable Firm Promise to Pay a Sum Certain to a named payee bearer or their endorsees: pp. 15, 82, 227, 228, 257, 265, 280, 283, 385, 421, 749, 870, 916, 948, 1075
Approval of Market Sensitive Interest Rates: p. 392
Availability of Inventory and Accounts Receivable as Collateral to finance commerce and industry: p. 384, 396
Blackburn on 1849–80 Major Economic Transformation: pp. 381–83, 392–94
Changes in Popular Consumption and the Falling Ratios of Customers to Traders: p. 382
Commercialization of Real Property and Agriculture: p. 392
Creation of Credit Unions: p. 382, 384
Decline of the Prosecution of Usury and the Distinction Between an assignment of Contractual Rights and the Negotiation of a Firm Promise and 1295Abstract Promise to Pay a Sum Certain: pp. 749, 777, 870, 879, 880, 896, 916
Ease of Commercial Filings and Licensing and Protection of Commercial Intellectual Property: pp. 427–29
Economic Freedoms Won by the Middle Class: pp. 381–82, 394
Enablement of Jews to Participate in Commerce and Banking: p. 383
Enforcement of Executory Contracts: p. 384
Greater Ease in the Transition from Craftsmen to Merchants: p. 381
Guild Members’ transition to Verlegers: p. 382
Itinerant Traders and Hawkers transition to Shopkeepers: p. 382
Gift Giving and Reciprocity in Contract Formation: pp. 87, 881
Gilmore, Grant: pp. 83–84, 799–800, 898
Glass Steagall Act: p. 42
Glossators and Commentators: pp. 139, 148, 249, 874–75, 1177–78
Goitein, S.D. and Medieval-Mediterranean Commercial Brotherhood: p. 153
Goldman, Emma: p. 572
GOLDSCHMIDT, LEVIN: PP. 4, 12, 168, 297, 304, 437, 441, 443–47, 458, 490, 631, 944
Influence on A Bottom up Custom and Usage Inspired Commercial Law: p. 496
Influence on Llewellyn’s Belief in an Archetypal Commercial Behavior derived from a “Nature of Things Commercial”: pp. 447–49
GOOD FAITH IN CODIFIED, ROMAN, DECISIONAL AND DOCTRINAL LAW: PP. 21, 41, 57–59, 66, 92, 98, 104, 120–22, 129, 131–35, 163, 189, 251–53, 274
Contractual Diligence and Absence Of Fault Measured by Good Father of Family Standard in Code Civil: pp. 42, 45, 948, 951, 955–56, 958–59, 981
Demogue, Rene and the Obligation to Produce an Agreed Upon Result or to Employ Specified or Ordinary Diligence: p. 958
Exceptio Doli: in Roman law: p. 104, 921, 947, 953–54, 958, 961–62, 1007, 1021, 1064
Exceptio Doli: A Contemporary Illustration of it when one party and the court rely on the “Literal Meaning” of a contract stipulation disregarding the actual and sectoral intent, see Teofila Astorga Case: p. 1014
Honesty and Truth Telling as good faith in Lord Mansfield Decisions: pp. 948, 967, 970, 972
Uberrima Fides (Highest or Fiduciary Good Faith In Cardozo’s Meinhard v. Salmon): pp. 951, 996, 1008, 1013
Unconscionability and bad faith as assessed or not by United States and German Court Decisions: p. 1027
Usage of Trade as a Corrector of Mutual Mistake in the German Haakjöringsköd Case: p. 1020
Viteri’s Case and a Bad Faith Reliance on Formalistic Strict Law Arguments: p. 1001
Zekoll, J. and Reimann, M.—Opinion that Good Faith Applies Equally to Commercial and Civil Transactions under the BGB and HGB: p. 438
GOOD FAITH IN LAW AND ECONOMICS WRITINGS: A JUDICIAL ILLUSTRATION: P. 988
Good Faith as a Subjective, State of Mind Determination That Requires a Search for Dishonest Behavior: p. 990
Sectoral (Usage of Trade) Version of Good Faith in the Commercial Leasing Business: p. 995
Summer, Robert: Negative Excluder: p. 993
Trade Usage and Archetypal Good Faith Behavior In Compilations of Standard and Best Practices, and in Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 960, 966, 974
GOOD FAITH, REASONABLENESS AND SECTORAL ARCHETYPES: P. 943
CISG Art. 8(2): p. 977
In Adversarial v. Cooperative and Fiduciary Transactions: p. 966
In Standard and Best Practices: p. 966
Llewellyn’s Archetypal Merchant and His German (Ordentlicher Kaufmann) Antecedent: p. 967
Sectoral Meaning of Reasonableness: Placing Oneself in the Position of a Sectoral Archetypal Other: p. 976
U.C.C. Art. 5 and its Mistaken Exclusion of Reasonableness: p. 978
U.C.C. Arts. 1 and 2 and in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202: p. 972
U.C.C. § 1–205 Course of Performance, Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade: pp. 973–74
GOODE, SIR ROY: PP. 44, 916, 965–66, 975–76, 1048, 1221–22, 1226
Foreword: p. vii
Gomez Jiménez, Maria Trinidad: Mexican decision on the Unenforceability of Options and Promises to sell Real Estate as Promises to “To do”: pp. 911, 938, 940–41
González Poveda, D. Pedro: p. 931
GORDLEY, JAMES: PP. 88, 90–91, 94–95, 104, 149, 254–55, 266–67, 274–76, 289–90, 377, 409–10, 413–15, 417–18, 420, 422, 879, 920, 958, 1117–19, 1154
And Roman law Recognition of the Informal Sale Agreement: p. 104
Gorla, Gino: pp. 104, 119, 121–24, 126, 141–42, 251–52, 276, 872–74
Government Bonds, English and German: pp. 36, 264, 341, 389, 667, 780, 813, 818, 877
Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA): pp. 325, 465, 472, 1033
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: p. 42
Greenspan, Alan: pp. 41–42
GROTIUS, HUGO: PP. 81–82, 178, 249–53, 256–58, 267, 275, 281, 528, 640, 898, 909–10, 954
A Natural and Immanent Roman law: p. 251
Consent Principle (Solus Consensus Obligat): p. 252, 257
Pollicitation: pp. 82, 251, 257–58, 265, 281–82, 289–91, 387, 435, 749, 910
Pothier’s and Code Civil’s Adoption of Grotius’ Consent or Assent Principle: p. 251
Reasonable Causa: pp. 251–52
Right Reason: p. 249
Grundbuch (Germany): pp. 724, 726–30, 735
Guanxi: pp. 84, 90–91, 475, 662, 695, 699, 707, 710, 712; see also Glossary
GUATEMALA: PP. 66, 71, 175, 183, 185–87, 478, 522, 525–26, 936, 1174–75, 1211
Commercial Code, Article 280: p. 185
Decree 51–2007: p. 1211
Guevara, Che: pp. 87, 582, 584–85, 595, 605, 736
GUILDS: PP. 17, 137, 191, 216, 268, 362
And Fixed Prices (or Tariffs), Standards of Workmanship and Hierarchy: p. 195
And Monopolies: p. 194
And Their Emphasis on Sustenance Rather than As Associations of Artisans and Craftsmen: p. 193
Generating Profits (Nahrungsprinzip): p. 196
Smith and Causes of the Demise of Guilds: p. 198
Status to Contract, Sir Henry Maine: p. 199
Weber’s Version of Just Price (Nahrugsprinzip): p. 196
Haakjöringsköd Mistake in Fact decision: p. 1020
Hammer, Armand: p. 572
Han Dynasty: p. 646
HANDELSGESETZBUCH OF 1897 (HGB): PP. 377, 401, 409, 413
Court Decisions: p. 998
Hansen, Valerie: pp. 644, 648, 673, 675–76, 680–83, 735
Harmful Agency to the Head of the Family as Principal: pp. 94
Hazard, John N.: pp. 552–53, 579, 590–93, 596–98, 601, 610–13
Heck, Philipp: pp. 51, 417, 524, 920
Hegel, George Friedrich: p. 562
Henderson, Dan F.: p. 28
Henry VIII Statute of Usury: p. 156
Heraclites: pp. 868, 921, 927, 934
Herzog, Peter E.: pp. 173, 307
Heter Iska Jewish Partnerships: pp. 156, 168
Heward, Edmund: pp. 760, 763–65, 773, 970–71
HGB, DRAFTING OF: ADHGB OF 1871: PP. 413, 422, 981
See also Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch: pp. 413, 422, 981
HANDELSGESETZBUCH
(HGB) IN GENERAL: PP. 377, 404, 409, 413
Einert’s Influential Monograph on Negotiable Instruments: p. 390
Merchant Drafting: Greater Clarity than the BGB but Lack of Precision especially when using Different Terms for Same Concepts: p. 422
Not A Product of the Pandektenrecht but of the Customary and Market Sensitive Doctrinal Law: The Bills of Exchange Law of 1849. (Wechselgesetz): p. 421
HGB’S SCOPE AND MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS:
A Commercial Register (or Registry): Public Notice of Doing Business and of Valuable Commercial Rights: pp. 427–29, 436
An Archetypal Honest and Decent Merchant (Ordentlichen Kaufmann): pp. 438, 515, 638
An abstract (non-causal) commercial agency (Prokura): pp. 50 n.57, 179, 183, 395, 424, 428, 430, 432
Reliance on equitable doctrines and archetypal behavior such as Good Faith, Honest and Decent Commercial Behavior and to Usage of Trade: pp. 437–38
Hidalgo: p. 144
High Commerce: pp. 111, 145, 207, 209, 335, 391, 396, 406–07, 493–94, 800
Hillel the Elder, Rabbi Joseph: p. 11
Hindu Law Doctrine of Necessity: pp. 92, 670
HOEBEL, E. ADAMSON: PP. 44–45, 75, 96–101, 148, 442, 595, 999
And Legal Anthropology: p. 45
Imperative Selection Principle: p. 100
Holmes Jr., Justice Oliver Wendell: pp. 4, 41, 268, 298, 587–88, 693, 898–99, 902, 993–95, 998, 1027, 1131, 1175, 1194, 1195, 1213, 1238, see also Bad Man of Contracts: pp. 4, 1195
Holt, Chief Justice: pp. 764, 772, 778–80
Hombres De Bien: pp. 494, 505, 513–15, 519
Homo Economicus in Judge Posner’s Economic Analysis of Law: pp. 87, 1236
HONDURAS:
Commercial Code: pp. 135, 446, 1134
Law on Secured Transactions: pp. 66 n.120, 526, 1174–75, 1212
Houizhou: pp. 660
House of Lords (England): pp. 7, 781, 872, 1156
Huang, Mitzi: pp. 700–01
Huang, Philip C.: p. 694
Hukou: pp. 718–19
Hume, David: p. 247
Huvelin, Paul: pp. 297, 300–07, 437
Hyperinflation: pp. 147, 960, 962, 1139, 1148–49, 1151
Hypotheca: pp. 69, 123, 1041, 1043–45, 1048
IMPERIAL CHINA: MONOPOLIES (CORRUPTION) AND DISTRUST: PP. 646–47, 657, 666
Absence of Verleggers and other Capitalist
China’s Failure to Observe the Legal Principles of National and International Commercial Viability: pp. 652–56, 663
Confucius’ low opinion and ranking of merchants: pp. 633, 635
Exclusive Dealings and the Guanxi: p. 662
Familism and Business Associations: p. 661
Imperial China’s Failure to Become a Leading Capitalist Nation: pp. 652–56
Imperial China, Free Tenancy and Commercialized Rights in Land: pp. 665–67
Intermediaries: p. 659
Rulers and Bureaucrats’ Association with Monopolies and Limited Commercial Risk Taking: pp. 656–57
The Confucian, Familistic Superior Man and His Disregard of Third Party Rights: pp. 638–40
The Houizhou Clan: An Archetypal Commercial Clan and its Familistic Practices: Sharp Dealing, Bribery and Simulation: p. 660.
Impresa (Enterprise) as a defining concept for the scope of the Italian Civil Code and of some Latin American Commercial Codes: pp. 336–37, 445–46, 517, 618
Independence of Promises: pp. 7 n.16, 29–30, 31, 32, 72, 157, 178–79, 186, 300, 314, 387, 594, 667–69, 777–78, 916, 1022, 1025, 1051, 1066, 1071, 1075–76, 1187
Infanzones: p. 142
Innes, Stephen and Puritan Moral Capitalism: p. 790
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): pp. 325, 437, 421, 945, 1033, 1054, 1058, 1060, 1074, 1131, 1145, 1169
International Chamber of Commerce’s International Commercial Terms for International Sale of Goods (Incoterms): pp. 437, 465, 945–47, 949, 1033, 1070
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), Principles on International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT Principles): pp. 347, 449, 872, 880–81, 973, 995, 1124–25, 1127, 1145, 1164–67, 1169, 1206, 1208
International Swaps and Derivatives Association (I.S.D.A.): pp. 325, 405
Inveterate Custom: pp. 439, 597, 976, 1009, 1014
Irrevocable Promises: pp. 82, 435
Isabella, Queen of Spain: pp. 482, 487, 491, 530
ITALY: PP. 145, 148, 149, 168, 172, 179, 193, 204, 205, 207, 297, 299, 301–06, 336, 382, 384, 386, 441–45, 616, 750, 777, 987, 1040, 1101, 1102, 1120, 1134, 1135, 1142, 1143, 1145, 1154, 1155, 1204
Unified (Civil and Commercial) Code of 1942: pp. 426, 443, 525, 1135
ITALY AND LATIN AMERICA, ACTS OF COMMERCE, LAW AND DOCTRINE:
Argentina: Carlos Malagarriga’s Definitions and Classifications of Acts of Commerce: pp. 336–38
Ascarelli, Tullio: Criticism of the Exclusion of Agri-Business from Acts of Commerce: p. 337
Fascist Concept of Enterprise (Impresa); see Impresa
Iudex: pp. 116, 119–20, 129, 134, 171–72, 771, 953, 1176–77
Ius Civile Quiritium: p. 105
Ius Distrahendi: pp. 108–09, 411
Ius Gentium: pp. 106, 121, 250
Ius Peregrinum: p. 106
Jaffe, Yachiel: p. 1188
James Sommersett Case: p. 763
Japanese Corporate Culture: p. 28
Jefferson, Thomas: pp. 247, 840–41
Jeito and the picaresque In Brazil: pp. 90, 509–10; see also Rosenn Keith
Jencken, Henry Diedrich’s Important Comparative Study of Negotiable Instruments Law in 19th Century England, France and Germany: pp. 386–91, 421–22
Joint Ventures in or with British Colonial America: pp. 757–58
Jordan, David K.: Chinese Familial, Clan and Tribal Organization 627–31, 632
JUST PRICE:
Puritan-American Version: p. 789; see also Saint Thomas Aquinas and Henry Langenstein
Jural Postulates, Cultural Values and the Drafting of Legal Principles: pp. 101–02
Justice as “Prayed for” (Justicia Rogada): a common feature of civil and commercial pleading in many European and Latin American countries that limits the remedies only to those prayed for or requested in the pleadings: pp. 1084–87
JUSTINIAN, EMPEROR AND COMPILER OF AMONG OTHER BOOKS OF THE CORPUS IURIS (JURIS) CIVILIS: PP. 4, 105, 109–10, 114, 128, 135, 148, 249, 410, 412, 522, 874, 1045, 1176, 1178
Code: pp. 1041, 1045, 1048
Digest: 108, 114–15, 120, 128, 131, 171–72, 250, 444, 872, 956, 1038, 1041–44, 1047–48
Kelsen, Hans: pp. 98–99, 553, 753
Kessler, Amalia D.: pp. 308, 310–17, 320, 331, 385, 808, 965, 1117–18, 1122
Khozraschet: p. 581(Accountability of Soviet State Enterprises as suggested by Evsey Liberman’s: p. 582
Kötz, Heinrich: pp. 37–38, 1181, 1183
Kozolchyk, Boris (author’s cousin): pp. 990, 999
Kozolchyk Raphael (author’s son): p. 857
Kucherov, Samuel: p. 547, 552–53, 589, 600–02, 605, 607, 609
Kulak: pp. 42, 550, 553, 576–77, 593, 607, 609
Landes, William and Posner, Richard Judge: p. 10
Landgericht Stuttgart (Germany): pp. 463, 467, 470, 1023–24
Laesio Enormis: pp. 274, 393, 420
Land Registry: pp. 695, 706, 713, 715–16, 723, 727–35
Langenstein, Henry’s Just Price Theory: pp. 196, 560
LATIN AMERICA AND SPAIN, ORDINARY OR DECLARATIVE JUDICIAL PROCEDURES: P. 1082
Justice as Prayed For (Justicia Rogada): p. 60 Utra Petita: p. 1084 (Excessive claim) and Remedial Finality: p. 1084
Pleadings: pp. 1084–85
Trial Practice and Sources of Law: p. 1082–84
Typical Complaint: p. 1086
LATIN AMERICA’S BURDEN OF A COLONIAL PAST: A RESTRICTIVE COMMERCIAL AND TRADE LAW: P. 493
Illustrations of Colonial Anti commercial and International Trade laws: p. 494
Law No. 3 of Charles I and Philip II, Oct. 6, 1552: p. 448
Law No. 4 of Philip IV February 10, 1623: p. 489
Law No. 17 of King Philip V, December 2, 1737: p. 490
Leyes De Indias, Novisima Recopilacion: pp. 482, 484–88, 490, 502, 529
LATIN AMERICA’S FAMILIES OF CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL CODES: P. 518
Bello and the Chilean Civil Code of 1855: p. 518
Freita’s Rejected Draft of the Civil Code: p. 52
Mirow Comments on Latin American codes: pp. 525–26
Sársfield and the Argentinean Civil Code of 1871: p. 522
Twentieth Century Commercial Codes of Honduras, Costa Rica and Colombia: p. 525
LATIN AMERICA’S POST-COLONIAL FAMILISTIC ATTITUDES: P. 528
A Natural Right to Smuggle: p. 538
A Literal Reading (Letrismo) of laws, and conracts as the Safest Personal Method of Interpretation: p. 540
Cervantes Ahumada and Influential Living Law Institutions in Mexican Law: pp. 532–33
The All Powerful, Almost Magic Powers of the Executive Branch: p. 591
LATIN NOTARIAL FUNCTIONS: P. 219
Attestation and Authentication of Facts Seen, Heard or Perceived by Senses, Attestation of Expressed Intent in Contracts: pp. 220, 228
Authentication as a Notarial Function: p. 219
Authentication and Prima Facie Evidence: p. 222
Conferral of Public Faith (Publica Fides, Fe Pública) on Notarial deeds: p. 221
Definition of Latin Notary by Conseil Supériur du Notariat: pp. 215, 223
Eduardo Estrella and Joaquin Picado’s descriptions of Notarial Functions in provincial Mexico and San Jose Costa Rica: pp. 229, 234
Evidentiary Weight of Attestation: p. 221
Geographical Reach of Latin Notariat: p. 219
Germany Notaries as Most Attuned to Market Transactions: p. 226
Guild-like Features: p. 217
Limits of Latin Notary’s Factual Authentication: p. 222
Malavet, Pedro thorough analysis of functions: pp. 215, 221
McCormick on Evidence: pp. 224–25
New Breed of Commercial Notaries: p. 228
Notarial Documents, Deeds (Acte Authentiques, Escrituras Públicas): pp. 40, 55, 217–19, 221, 223, 259, 867, 871, 985
Notarial Drafting Style: pp. 216–21, 223
Notaries as Legal Advisor to Both Parties: pp. 216, 220
Open Ended and Strictly Structured: p. 217
Presumption of Truth and Solemnity: pp. 218, 231
Self-Executory Enforcement of Notarial Documents and Deeds: p. 219
Support of Notarial Documents by French Doctrine of Contractual Justice (Justice Contractuelle): p. 223
United States Notary, Definition: pp. 240–41
Law of Primitive Man: pp. 96, 595
Law of the Twelve Tables: pp. 105–06, 110, 113, 116
Lawson, F.H.: pp. 119, 268, 416
Lazarillo de Tormes and the Spanish Picaresque: p. 144
League of Nations: pp. 781, 1103
Legalism: pp. 475–76, 481, 568, 590, 623–25, 633–45, 647, 651
Legal Alphabet: pp. 19, 103–09, 135
Legal Anthropology: pp. 45, 148
Familism, Confucianism; and Legalism (China): p. 623
Legal Invertebration: pp. 589, 620–21, 630, 663, 684, 707, 718, 744, 1044, 1046–47, 1077–78
Legal Maxims (Regulae Iuris): pp. 50, 108–09, 246, 248, 253, 255, 639
Legal Scholasticism: p. 47–63, 337
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: p. 248
LENIN, VLADIMIR ILYICH: PP. 545–45, 549–50, 552, 559, 562, 565
See Leninism: pp. 554, 566–67
April Theses: p. 567
Article 12 of the Soviet Constitution of 1936: p. 545
Berman: p. 38
Charismatic Authoritarian Leadership: p. 566
Codes and Codification: p. 592
Hazard Butler and Maggs: pp. 591, 593, 596, 597, 610
Law Making and Authoritarian Legalism: pp. 475–76, 481, 568
Legal Nihilism: pp. 589–90, 596–97, 605
Lenin and Authoritarian Legalism: “A
Good Communist is also a Good Chekist”: p. 569
Obedience through Didactics and Terror: p. 569
October Revolution of 1917: p. 567
Pashukanis, Evgeny: pp. 593–97, 617
Positivistic Soviet Law: p. 553
Service Robert, Lenin Biographer: pp. 549, 566–67
Sources of Lenin’s Law: p. 568
Weber and Charismatic Authority: p. 566
Wu, Austin, Kelsen, and Bogdanov: pp. 553, 565
Zasulich: p. 565
(Literality) Letrismo in Mexican Judicial Adjudication: p. 540
LETTERS OF CREDIT (LOC) LAW AND PRACTICE: PP. 815, 978, 1049
Attainment of Uniform Universal Usage in Less than One Century of Practice (Mid-19th–Mid-20th Century) Why?: pp. 1051–69
Archetypal Bankers: Bad Faith, Honest But Selfish and Reasonable: The Reasonable Document Checker: p. 1074
Birth of a Nuclear Letter of Credit Practice: p. 1051
ICC and Its Compilation of Uniform Customs And Practices (UCP 1933, 1951, 1962, 1974 and 1983 Revisions), see Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP)
Limited Role of Judicial Statutory or Codified LOC Law: pp. 1055–57
Macro and Micro Economic Forces and Letter of Credit Practices in the United States: pp. 1053–55
Reasonableness and Interchangeability of Correspondent Banks’ Functions: p. 1051
Standard and Best Practices in the Examination of Documents: p. 1051
LIVING LAW PRINCIPLES OF UNITED STATES’ CONTRACT LAW INTERPRETATION: PP. 829–34
Contracts Must Be Performed in Good Faith: p. 832
Equal Protection of Equals and the Need for Greater Inclusion of Equals: p. 834
Freedom of Contract as “What the Law Does Not Expressly Forbid, It Allows”: p. 831
Private Property is Preferable to Communal Property: p. 832
Protection of Third Parties as Actual or Potential Market Participants: p. 836
Recognition of “Sweat Equity”: Those whose work contributes significant value to assets have an equitable entitlement to a fair share of it: p. 831
Matsushita Decision and a Misunderstood Legal Culture: pp. 22–25, 26, 28, 33
Mauss, Marcel and the Importance of Gifts and Giving in Commercial Contract Law: pp. 44, 87–88, 885, 893
Maxims: pp. 6–7, 50; see also Legal Maxims: pp. 108, 951, 1179
Medieval Commercial Brotherhood: pp. 153–55, 167, 169–70
Medieval Practices as Incubators of Important Commercial Practices: p. 139
Medieval Versions of Justice Price of Goods and Commodities: pp. 191, 196–97
Mercado, Fray Tomas del and Spanish Colonial-Religious Commercial Law: p. 528
MERCANTILISM AND MONOPOLY: P. 198
And One-Sided Terms of Sale: p. 201
Method of Reasoning: p. 149
MEXICO:
Breach of Commercial Contract Complaint: pp. 1096–98
Case Law: pp. 938–41, 1000–08, 1014–15
Commercial Code: pp. 373–76, 439, 452
Extrajudicial Resolution: p. 1204
Federal Code of Civil Procedure: pp. 286, 345, 508–09, 520, 523–24
Living Law: pp. 515–16, 532–37
Preparatory Contracts and Public Deeds: pp. 938–41
Microfinance and James Greenberg: pp. 42, 46
Ming Dynasty: pp. 625, 650–51, 654–55, 659–60, 666
Mirow, M.: pp. 491, 522, 525–26
Mlodinow, Leonard: p. 245
Molloy, Judge John: pp. 385, 387, 389, 1049, 1103–06
Mommsen, Theodore: pp. 105, 110–13, 1039–41, 1047
MONOPOLIES: PP. 17, 111, 170, 193, 194, 199, 239, 271, 396, 491, 646–47, 657, 662, 755
State Monopolies: pp. 17, 199, 647
Royal Monopolies: p. 491
MORAL CAPITALISM AND THE COLONIAL PURITANS: PP. 785–86
Decline of Puritan Moral Capitalism: p. 788
Morales, Omar: p. 175
Moscow Wool Outlet Case: p. 613
Moveable or Personal Property Security Interests: pp. 739–44
Müller-Freienfels, Wolfram and the Comparative Law of Agency: p. 175
Multilateralism: p. 755
Nachfrist: pp. 1139, 1167–68, 1206–10
NAFTA: pp. 73, 303, 436, 1245, 1246
Nahrungsprinzip: pp. 196
see also Guilds pp. 17, 137, 191–212, 216, 268–69, 271–72, 299, 300, 308, 362, 549, 561, 649–50, 657–58, 662, 751, 861, 967
National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Law (NCCUSL) presently UNIFORM LAW COMMISSION (ULC): pp. 422, 847–49, 973, 1079
National Congress of the Communist Party of China (NCCPC): p. 700
National Law Center for Inter-American Free Trade (NLCIFT): pp. 66, 70–71, 73, 77–78, 83, 102, 133, 174, 225, 235, 238, 322, 346, 349, 354–55, 358–59, 373, 477, 516, 521, 527, 739, 783, 834, 842, 1038, 1073, 1077–79, 1082, 1117, 1163, 1223
Natural Law: pp. 3, 103, 126, 246, 247–53, 255–58, 262, 266–268, 271, 275, 409–10, 412, 444, 447, 553, 640, 934, 944, 954
Negative Excluder as a definer of Good Faith: p. 993
Negotiable Instruments: pp. 6, 30, 36, 38, 56–57, 65, 147, 206, 238, 240, 280, 299, 308, 328, 332, 337, 339, 343, 355, 357, 363–64, 386, 389–92, 397, 404, 421–22, 434, 439, 454, 526., 533, 535, 542–43, 668, 764, 776–80, 784–85, 836–37, 844–45, 847, 851, 899, 908, 916, 978, 1055, 1062, 1081, 1090, 1093, 1097–1100, 1102, 1105, 1238
Negotiorum Gestio and Unjust Enrichment: pp. 186–87
Nelson, Benjamin and the Transformation of the Prohibition of Usury: pp. 156, 532
Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet (No one can give what he does not have): pp. 778, 807
Nemo Potest Praecise Cogi Ad Factum (“Nobody can be forced to perform a specific act.)”: pp. 1177–80
Neo Confucian Merchants: p. 656
Neo Confucianism: pp. 633, 643–44
Nepmen as an initial permissible Soviet version of merchants: pp. 573–77, 580
New Payment Code (Proposed) of the U.C.C. and the influence of Economic Analysis of Law: p. 1238
New Socialist Man (NSM): pp. 582–85, 605, 687–88
Newton, Isaac: p. 1237
Nicaragua, Field Research: p. 38
NLCIFT Twelve Principles of Secured Transactions Laws in the Americas: pp. 70, 83, 102, 133, 358–59, 739, 783, 1038
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): pp. 73, 199, 305, 438
Novellae Iustiniani: pp. 114–15
Novisima Recopilacion: pp. 482, 484–90, 502, 529
Novoa, Lic. Rodrigo: pp. 1117, 1124
NUCLEAR ELEMENTS OF A VIABLE COMMERCIAL PRACTICE: P. 1034
Altruism: pp. 1034–36
Cost Effectiveness: pp. 1034, 1076
Honesty: pp. 1034–36, 1047, 1053, 1076–77, 107
Fairness: pp. 1034–36, 1047–48, 1051, 1053, 1069, 1076, 1078
Reasonableness: pp. 1034–36, 1047–48, 1053, 1062, 1067, 1069, 1072–73, 1076–79
Selfishness: pp. 1034–35, 1037, 1041
NUDA PACTA: PP. 20, 122, 216, 251, 281, 289, 435, 861
And Executory Promises: pp. 20, 37, 95, 140–41, 156–57, 164, 167, 205, 263–64, 272, 280, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757–58, 775–76, 787, 861, 889, 895, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221
OATHS: P. 171
Civil Law Oath: p. 171
Common Law Oath: p. 171
Decisory Oaths: pp. 155, 159–62, 172–74
Hebrew Partner’s Oath (Shavuot Shutaphim): p. 45
OBSTACLES TO A MARKET-BASED CASE LAW IN THE FRENCH COMMERCIAL COURT: ILLUSTRATIVE DECISIONS: P. 310
Judge Bedos’ Decision in Red Ink Case: p. 312
Parrish Priests as Arbiters and Judges of Commercial Customs: Charity And Just Price: p. 316
Selfishness, Charity for Its Own Sake and Normative Charity: p. 317.
Suspension of Payments and Its Charitable Aftermath: p. 315
October Revolution of 1917: p. 567
Oktoberfest: p. 458
Olavarria, Julio: p. 525
Olegario, Rowena: pp. 792, 797
Opposite Characterizations of Acts of Commerce by Local Customs and Foreign Legal Doctrine: Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Diaz: p. 341
Options and Promises to Purchase or Sell: Maria Trinidad Gomez Case: pp. 53, 285, 374, 911, 938, 940–41
Ordentlicher Kauffmann: pp. 431, 438, 467–68, 944, 961, 977, 1023
see also Honest and Decent Merchant
see also HGB
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) MODEL INTER-AMERICAN LAW ON SECURED TRANSACTIONS: PP. 70, 71, 73, 75, 102, 143–44, 171, 250, 346–47, 356, 359, 438, 452, 526–27, 619, 743, 819, 1073, 1077, 1173, 1175, 1211, 1232, 1234
Organization of American States Convention on Choice of Law in Contractual Disputes: p. 346
Pactum Commissorium: pp. 70, 419, 741, 1049, 1167, 1170–72, 1175, 1205
Pandectism: pp. 413, 522
Pandektenrecht: pp. 390, 410–11, 420, 445
PARAGUAY: PP. 478, 522, 525, 877
Civil Code: p. 877
Pardessus, Jean Marie: pp. 330, 334, 387
Parlements: pp. 270–72, 1178 see also Socio-Economic Context
Parmenides and the Static and Ceremonial Contract: p. 866
PARTNERSHIPS: PP. 112, 118, 123, 139, 168, 187, 201, 299, 353–54, 366, 425, 432–33, 438, 442, 462, 503, 530, 546, 649, 652, 661, 758, 867, 873–74, 1132
And Commendas: p. 168
General: p. 432
Limited: p. 433
Silent: p. 433
Pashukanis, Evgeny and Soviet Legal Nihilism: pp. 589, 593–97
Past of Promise by E. Allan Farnsworth, A Classic: pp. 118, 164, 893
Peopled Nature of Commercial Law: p. 3
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC): PP. 13–14, 18, 93, 415, 623, 625, 631, 638, 646, 650, 654–56, 663, 665, 680–81, 686–88, 695–96, 698–709, 712, 720, 723–24, 728–32, 734–36, 739–40, 742–46, 786, 791
Personal Property Security Act (PPSA) (Canada): pp. 71, 73, 171
Picado Guerrero v. Rojas Dias: pp. 341, 44
Picado, Joaquin: pp. 234–35
PICARESQUE: P. 143–45
Contemporary Versions: p. 146
Merchants Aristotelian Essences: p. 150
Pignus, of the contract of pledge with the debtor’s dispossession of the collateral: pp. 108, 119, 123, 309, 872, 1038, 1041–45
Pirenne, Henry: pp. 143–44
Plato’s Dialectics: p. 50
Pledge of Accounts Receivable: p. 742
Plucknett, Theodore T.T.: p. 164, 166, 766–68, 771–74
Poetic License of Tradesmen: p. 753
Polanyi, Karl: p. 85
Pontiffs (Roman): p. 105
Portalis, Jean Etienne-Marie: pp. 254, 267, 275–76, 955
Posner, Judge Richard A: pp. 10, 753, 948, 988–98, 1213, 1232–40, 1243–44
Post Guilds’ Commercial Typology: p. 202
Pothier, Robert: pp. 82, 251, 255–67, 272, 276, 281, 289, 291, 335, 337, 387, 394, 412, 862–63, 901, 909–10, 954, 956, 1132–33, 1179–80
Pound, Roscoe: pp. 45, 55, 83, 101, 174, 846, 865
Practices (Commercial and Financial): pp. 4–7, 12, 17, 22, 39, 56, 66, 122, 179, 210, 307, 323, 345, 494, 527, 588, 653–54, 663, 746, 753, 775, 783, 786, 803–04, 826, 833, 839, 944, 976, 980, 984, 987, 1018, 1033–80, 1245
Praetors: pp. 35, 49, 106–07, 113–16, 119–21, 171–72, 249, 411, 418, 771–72, 921, 930, 947–48, 953–54, 958, 998, 1007, 1041–43, 1045, 1064, 1176
Praetor’s Edict: pp. 107, 115, 121, 249, 411, 1043
Praetor Peregrinus: p. 121
Pre-Commercial Society Dense Transactions: pp. 84, 90
Presupposizione as Excuses for Non Performance: p. 1143
Price as an Essential Element of a Sale: p. 130
Prigent, Stephane: p. 282
Principle of the Peace of the Market in some Medieval Fairs: p. 304
Principles of European Contract Law (EPCL): pp. 22, 872, 880–81, 912
Prokurist: pp. 179, 394–95, 407, 428, 436, 981, see
also German Prokura
PROMISES:
Abstract: pp. 16, 30, 420, 424, 435, 524, 667–68, 777, 879–80
As Offers and Acceptances: pp. 81, 106, 126, 186, 203, 219, 280, 287, 288, 402, 418, 428, 820, 823, 906, 908, 909, 910
As Options: pp. 15, 164, 256, 371, 747, 909, 939, 976, 997, 1158, 1227
Electronic Offers, Acceptances, Acknowledgements of Conclusion of Contracts and Receipt of Goods in French Law: 286, 288, 289, 358
Executory: pp. 20, 37, 95, 140–41, 156–57, 164, 167, 205, 263–64, 272, 280, 404, 416, 420, 435, 442, 749, 757–58, 775–76, 787, 861, 889, 895, 909–11, 914, 1146, 1221
In United States and International Commercial and Banking law:
Master Agreements: pp. 806–07
S.W.I.F.T (Banking) messages: p. 901
U.C.C. Revised §§ 2–103, 2–201: p. 922
PROMISES, FIRM OR IRREVOCABLE:
Formal and Informal: pp. 45, 121, 141, 142, 142, 428, see also Stipulatio
Illusory: p. 97
In German and Mexican Law: pp. 225, 226, 263, 433, 522
In International LOC law: pp. 32, 1004, 1046, 1061, 1062, 1072
In United States Law: pp. 289, 912, 923, 924
Promissory Notes: pp. 36, 57, 147, 211, 233, 264, 321, 328, 339, 355, 364, 385–86, 388–90, 397, 399, 421, 439, 774, 776–81, 793–95, 890, 937, 1054, 1098, 1100–01, 1103
Property Rights Law of 2007 (PRL) of the PRC: pp. 703, 744
Prosterman, Roy: pp. 687, 703, 705–06, 713, 734
Puchta, George G.: pp. 410–11, 414, 418
PUFENDORF, SAMUEL: PP. 249–50, 252–53, 256, 267
A Code Shaped by Axioms Inspired by Natural Law: p. 252
Combination of Deduction, Induction, Axioms, Analysis and Synthesis: p. 253
General Part of a Code: pp. 414–18
Juristic Acts: pp. 219, 368, 370–72, 524, 877
Wieacker: pp. 248, 250–53, 409, 413, 418–20, 951–53, 967, 987, 991
PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL AND STATUTE OF FRAUDS:
See Glossary for Promissory Estoppel: and Preclusion: see also: pp. 925–27 and Warder and Lee Elevator case: p. 927
PURITANS’ COMMERCIAL VALUES, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES:
Diligence and Hard Work: Work as the Source of all Wealth: pp. 786–87
Freedom of Contract as the Means to Market One’s Property at Just and Reasonable Prices: p. 791
Honesty, especially in Weights and Measures: p. 832
Link between the Labor that Transforms Property or Adds Value to it and a Measure of Entitlement: p. 833
Locke’s Second Treatise on Government and Ascetic Puritanism: p. 833
Moral Capitalism: Reward for the Elect, Industrious and Striving: pp. 785, 858
Networks of Credit, especially among extended families: Preference for Private over Communal Property: pp. 790–91
Punishments for Idleness and Neglecting Family: p. 787
Trustworthiness and Credit Networks within Extended Families: p. 787
Prussia: pp. 178, 378–81, 387, 392, 402–03, 405, 414, 418, 554–55, 726, 1181
Punctilio the Most Honorable: pp. 17, 46, 996
Publica Fides, Fe Pública: p. 221
Purchase and Sale by Samples or Standard Description: p. 208
Purposive Nature of Legal Institutions: p. 36
Qin Dynasty: pp. 646–47
Qing Code: pp. 669, 671
Qing Dynasty: pp. 641, 660–61, 678, 684, 651, 660
Quasi-Money: pp. 147, 385, 810, 813–14, 818 1054
Quid Pro Quo: pp. 5, 120, 276, 769, 882, 889–93, 895–97, 909, 1053, 1221
Rabbinic Responsa by Maimonides: pp. 115, 140, 154–55, 157–62, 168, 530
Reasonable Expectations of Regular Market Participants: pp. 4, 11, 43, 59, 885, 1007, 1034
Recasens, Siches, Luis and the Logic of the Reasonable: pp. 11, 19, 47, 55–56, 74
Rechtsgeschäft (Juristic Act): pp. 179, 253, 274, 416, 517, 524
Recognizances and Executory Promises: p. 164
Red Ink Case: pp. 298, 312, 328–29, 332, 388, 753, 784
Regulae Iuris: pp. 50, 108–09, 246, 248, 253, 255, 639
Regulation of Local v. International Commerce: p. 200
Reimann, Mathias: pp. 423, 438, 961
Reischauer, Edwin O.: p. 627
REMEDIAL LAW’S ROLE IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION: P. 891
Actions on Debt, Covenant and Assumpsit: Enforcement of Executory Promises and Slade’s Case: p. 893
J.H. Baker: pp. 891, 893, 895
John Dawson: pp. 12, 45, 93, 121, 256, 285, 877, 895, 898–900, 902, 962, 1150–53, 1176–77, 1179–85, 1191
Levi, Leone: p. 891
Lord Mansfield Seeming Breakthrough against the Formalism of Consideration in Pillans and Rose v. Van Mierop and Hopkins: p. 905
Regression to Formalism in Consideration by the House of Lords in Rann v. Hughes: p. 872
ROLE OF CONSIDERATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGREEMENTS OR PROMISES: PP. 89, 127, 881, 890–98, 901–05, 908, 910
Firm and Abstract Offers and Consideration: Ordinary Offers, Acceptances and Consideration: pp. 908–14
Master Agreements and Bargained-for Consideration: p. 903
Restatement (Second) and U.C.C. § 2–205: p. 914
Shortcomings of the Bargain Test: p. 898
Representative or Archetypal Behavior of Merchants: p. 66
Repression of Usury: pp. 150, 488
Res Vel Factum and Failure of Contractual Reciprocity: pp. 141, 276
RESALE OF GOODS BUYER FAILED TO PURCHASE AS A REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THE SALE AGREEMENT: PP. 1166, 1221
Actual: p. 1215
Hypothetical: p. 1218
RESTATEMENT:
(First) of Contracts: pp. 864, 897
(Second) of Contracts: pp. 127, 897, 929, 943, 959, 973–75, 994–95, 1122, 1157
(Third) of Agency: pp. 180–84
Rey, Judge Perrette: p. 323
Richman, Barak D.: pp. 168–69
Rights in Rem: pp. 52, 65, 69, 279, 284, 286, 411–13, 523, 600, 706, 708–09, 720, 724–27, 732–34, 1042, 1044
Ripert, Georges: pp. 125, 272–74, 331, 335–36, 338–41, 423, 878, 955, 957
Rivera, Lic. Ana Maria: pp. 1082, 1090
Rocco, Alfredo: pp. 4, 99, 335, 441, 443–47, 449
Roman Legal Alphabet: p. 107
ROOVER, RAYMOND DE: PP. 13, 151–52, 196, 207, 315, 320, 560
Banking and Economic Thought: p. 151
Rosenn, Keith: pp. 509–10, 522
ROTHSCHILD: PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKING: P. 397
Archetypal Behavior of a Trusted International Financier: p. 404
Connections in High Places: p. 401
Emergence of an International Bond Market: p. 403
Ferguson, Niall Insightful and Readable Account: p. 402
Humble Beginnings: p. 883
Integrity: p. 402
Origins: Mayer Amschel’s Ghetto Clothing, Coins, Medals and Antiques: p. 398
Trustworthiness and Fiduciary Duties: p. 402
Rousseau, Jean Jacques: pp. 247, 908
Russian Federation: pp. 576, 615–20
Civil Code of 1995: pp. 618–20
Sacks, David Harris: pp. 775–76, 891–93, 895
Sanborn, Fredric Rockwell: pp. 299, 300–01, 304, 307–08
Schama, Simon: pp. 760, 762
Schlesinger, Rudolf: pp. 307, 597–99, 963–64
Schmidt-Kessel, Dr. Martin: pp. 456, 463, 465–66
Scholasticism: pp. 47–63, 150, 256, 287, 337
Schulz, Fritz: p. 116
Sebek, Barbara: pp. 87–88, 884–86
SECURED LENDING IN IMPERIAL ROME: PP. 1039–49
Archetypal Roman Small Farmers, Landholders And Lenders in Imperial Rome: p. 1039
Creditors’ Sale of Collateral in the Justinian Digest and Code: p. 1044
Possessory Pledge (Pignus) and His Non-Possessory Pledge (Hypotheca): p. 1041
Roman Secured Transactions: Fiduciary Ownership (Fiducia): p. 1041
Unbriddled Selfish Practices and Legal Invertebration: p. 1046
Selfishness: pp. 7–13, 317–19, 641, 103
Serment Décisoire: p. 172
Service, Robert: pp. 549, 566, 567
Shavuot Shutaphim; see Oaths Shetar: pp. 45, 156–59
And Promissory Notes: p. 147
Shiue, Carol H.: pp. 665, 677
Sicherungsübereignung: pp. 1173, 1174
Slade’s Case: pp. 164, 766–68, 772, 775, 776, 779, 893, 895–97, 907, 909, 914
Slavery: pp. 111, 627, 756, 760–66, 820, 842, 843, 1178–80, 1191
SLAVERY AND ENGLAND’S WELFARE:
Effects of the Slave Trade on Availability of Consumer and Commercial Credit in 18th Century England: pp. 761, 763, 765
Inhuman Treatment of Slaves Reflected in the James Sommersett Case: p. 763
Robin Blackburn, Simon Schama, and Heward on Economic Importance of English Slave Trade and Production Practices: pp. 760–62
Simulation: pp. 12–14, 75, 386, 506–13, 523, 528, 530, 534, 535, 537, 575, 610, 611, 654, 940, 1046, 1049
Smith, Adam: pp. 8, 198, 318, 545, 548, 554, 585, 595, 642, 886, 887, 1034, 1037
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (S.W.I.F.T): p. 1066
SOCIAL ATTITUDES DURING FRANCE’S DRAFTING OF ITS CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL CODES:
Dislike of Merchants and Especially Shopkeepers, Money Changers and Lenders in contrast with the Bourgeois Landed Gentry: pp. 298, 299, 313, 327
The purchase of venal public offices, especially judgeships: p. 270
The discouragement of the use of commercial paper such as promissory notes and bills of exchange by non-merchants, as tricky instruments: p. 329
Prevailing Poverty Throughout Pre-Codified: France: p. 269
Socratic Method: p. 50
Song Dynasty: pp. 629, 643, 649, 650, 654, 680–22
SOVIET TRIALS OF EXPLOITATION OF SALARIED WORKERS:
Artisans and Merchants: p. 610
Fedaeev: a Seller of Wagon Wheels: p. 610
Glass Blowing Workshop or A Simulation: p. 610
Shorin: Worker or Joint Venturer: p. 610
Utekeshev: Factory Dispatcher, Nepman or Both: p. 611
SOVIET COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS IN OR PART OF:
Black Market and Dead Factories: pp. 546, 571, 573, 574
Central Planning and Basic Principles of Civil Law and Civil Procedure of 1961: p. 598
Civil Code of 1922 and the Civil Transaction: pp. 589, 591, 592, 601, 608
Civil Contracts: pp. 590, 592
Constitutions (1918, 1924, 1936, 1977): pp. 587, 589–92, 597, 600, 602, 608, 609
Corruption and Invertebration: p. 587
Federal Ownership Act of 1990: p. 599
Hierarchy of Sources: p. 591
Legal Nihilism and Evgeny Pashukanis: pp. 589, 593
Lenin’s Living Law: “Grab By the Neck Slogans”: p. 587
“Personal Property” Transactions, among the most important among private contracting parties: pp. 587, 589, 599
Sources of Private (Personal) Law: p. 589
SOVIET PERSONAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS, SPECIAL MEANING:
Administrative and Judicial Decisions and Criteria for the Allocation of Housing: p. 601
Assessments of Needs and Merits: p. 603
Archetypes of Non-Soviet Behavior: Private Hiring of Workers as leading to “Unearned Income,” “Speculators”, Kulaks, Loafers and “Behavior Unbecoming a Party Member”: pp. 606–08
Civil Code of 1964: p. 606
Economic Significance of Soviet Commerce in Personal Property: p. 609
Lemdyanov’s Garden: p. 606
Making a Wife’s Life Impossible: p. 604
Scarcity and Unpredictability of Private Homes and Dachas: p. 605
Statutory and Case Law on Personal Property Transactions: p. 610
Virtuous Tenant: p. 604
Zamchenko: the Loafer: p. 603
Zykeyev’s Misappropriation of Construction Materials: p. 608
SOVIET PRIVATE TRADE DURING “WAR COMMUNISM” AND NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP):
Alan Ball: p. 570–76
Armand Hammer: p. 572
Bagmen and Entrepreneurial Factory Workers: p. 570
Emma Goldman: p. 572
Nepmen Contracts and Commercial and Economic Revival: p. 572
New Economic Policy: p. 571
SOVIET SPECULATORS, THEIR SALES AND PRICING SYSTEM:
Demise of the Nepmen and Kulaks: p. 576
Dispatchers of Factory Vehicles and their Joint Ventures with Factory Bosses and Employees: p. 546
Simulated and Illegal Transactions: p. 576
SPAIN: PP. 36, 48, 55, 95, 109, 134, 142–45, 151–53, 157, 172, 193, 195, 197, 209, 222, 226, 227, 248, 260, 263, 277, 297, 384, 396, 397, 423, 439, 440, 462, 479, 480–92, 499, 502–06, 517, 528, 529, 532, 750, 752, 755, 756, 882, 889, 916, 917, 930–34, 1081, 1082, 1090, 1101, 1102, 1134, 1202–04, 1227
Case Law: pp. 439, 930–34, 1202–04
Civil Code: pp. 69, 95, 125, 140, 172, 217, 218, 221, 223, 277, 517, 522, 863, 879, 930, 1136, 1201, 1203, 1227, 1228
Commercial Code: pp. 434, 439, 525, 1228
Foral Law: p. 142
Supreme Court: pp. 52, 153, 439, 930–34, 976, 1134, 1202–04
SPAIN’S COLONIAL MONOPOLISTIC AND CORRUPT POLICIES: COLONIAL TRADE: P. 142
Archetypal Picaresque Behavior, Exporters, Importers and Wholesalers (Flotistas, Almaceneros and Hacendados): pp. 143, 494, 496
Bribes, Negocios and Simulations: pp. 506–07
Bribery, Simulation and Violence: pp. 508–10
Business Ethics of Kinship, Real and Fictive Friendship (Compadrazgo): pp. 510–11, 513, 515, 662
Church Commercial and Trade Doctrines: pp. 528–32
Control of Agribusiness: Hacendados and Caudillos: p. 503
Control of Colonial Credit: p. 496
Control of the Supply of Goods: Taxation, Circumvention (Simulation) and Smuggling: p. 495
Discrimination and Bribery in Commercial Consulates: p. 507
Effect of Simulation on Mexico’s Economy: p. 511
Living Law of Colonial Commercial Contracts: p. 493
Mercado, Fray Tomas del’: “Manual of Bargains and Contracts” (Suma De Tratos y Contratos): p. 528
Spain’s Board of Trade and Official and Royal Monopolies: p. 491
Standards of Fairness in Colonial Trade: p. 499
Traveling Salesmen and Brotherly Customers: p. 499
Specific Performance: pp. 16, 37, 285, 287, 889, 931, 941, 989, 1065, 1106, 1126, 1135, 1136, 1159, 1162, 1166, 1175–92, 1203, 1204, 1217, 1218
Speidel, Richard: pp. 66, 864–66
Spinoza, Baruch: p. 247
Standard and Best Practices: pp. 4–6, 17, 39, 42–43, 56, 66, 70, 224, 325, 620 746, 850–51, 951, 966, 998, 1033, 1051, 1059, 1076, 1079
Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Letter of Credit Documents (SBPED): pp. 438, 1073
Standards of Fairness: pp. 17, 147, 319, 448, 458, 839
Statuta Mercatorum: pp. 300–01, see Fairs and Consular Courts: p. 299
Scope of Commercial Adjudication: p. 859
STATUTORY AND CODIFIED COMMERCIAL LAW IN THE UNITED STATES: PP. 844–57
American Law Institute and Its Restatements: p. 848
Casuistry in Statutory and Codified Law: p. 846
Disclosure as a Regulatory Tool: p. 857
Drafting of Article 5 of the U.C.C.: p. 849
Drafting of the U.C.C.: p. 849
Regulation of Abusive Contractual Practices Overreaching: p. 853
Tools to Combat Overreaching: p. 856
United States Legislative and Contract Drafting Style: p. 852
Strangers and their Treatment by Tribal and Market Societies: p. 92
Static and Dynamic Comparison of Civil and Commercial Contracts: p. 861
Status and Contract: pp. 82, 179
Stein, Gregory and his impressive work on PRC’s real property transactions: pp. 18, 703, 711, 721
Stein, Peter: p. 108
Stipulatio as a pioneering Roman formal and ritual conract: pp. 117–22, 157–58, 171, 216, 873, 954
Stone, Julius: pp. 45, 99, 101–02, 584
Storke, Samuel: pp. 756–58, 761, 776, 785–87, 798
Summa Theologica: pp. 149–50, 374
SUMMARY OR EXECUTIVE PROCEDURES: COLOMBIA, MEXICO AND SPAIN: P. 1090
Cautionary Measures: p. 1092
Colombian Complaint: p. 1094
Essential Elements: p. 1090
Landmark Spanish Summary Process Decision: p. 1098
Large and Small Claims: p. 1093
Mexican Complaint: p. 1096
Ana Maria Rivera’s Comments: pp. 1082, 1090
Summer, Robert S.: p. 993
Switzerland: pp. 4, 179, 220, 279, 377, 420, 567, 726, 877, 1027–28, 1153
Syllogism: pp. 50–51
Tang Dynasty: pp. 648–49, 665
Tappan, Lewis: pp. 820, 823
Tate Museum: p. 882
Teeven, Kevin: pp. 863, 865, 890, 892, 910–11
Teofila Astorga Vda. De Aceves: pp. 132, 602, 1001, 1014, 1162
Thatcher, Margaret: p. 548
The Customer is Always Right and the Demise of Caveat Emptor in U.S. Department Stores: p. 805
The Common Law and the English “Necessary Intelligence” in Ortega Gasset’s The Revolt of the Masses: p. 54
Theory of Unforseeability: p. 1149
Thibaut, Anton: p. 409
Third Parties and Their Protection or Lack Thereof: pp. 3–7, 12, 17–18, 30, 38, 43, 56–58, 65–66, 71–72, 91–92, 95, 123, 129, 167–70, 174–76, 178–81, 183, 197, 210, 221–22, 240, 270, 278–79, 287, 314, 356–57, 359, 370, 385, 387–88, 391, 395, 419, 421, 424, 428, 432, 435–36, 462, 469, 475–76, 482, 503, 513, 515–16, 598, 604, 633, 636, 640, 653, 662–63, 666–68, 670–72, 674–75, 678–79, 683–84, 688, 695–746, 773, 778, 783, 791, 800, 831, 836–39, 857, 871, 878, 880, 917, 931, 937, 967, 972, 988, 999, 1034, 1036–39, 1043–44, 1048, 1060–62, 1064–65, 1075–76, 1090, 1093, 1134, 1180, 1205, 1211, 1235, 1238–40, 1245
Thöl, Heinrich: pp. 4, 34, 40, 151, 192, 207, 250, 312, 317, 335, 441–46, 449
Torrens System: pp. 724–25, 727–28, 731, 734–35
Titre Authentique: p. 40
Topsoil: pp. 670, 672, 684, 690, 710
Tse-Tung, Mao: pp. 18, 569, 585, 685–93, 696
Trust, Seminal Role of: p. 44
TRUSTWORTHY AGENTS AND INTERMEDIARIES: P. 394
Prokurist and the Abstract and Binding of his Principal (§§ 48–50 of the HGB): p. 394
TURKEY: PP. 179, 220, 1091
Code of Civil Procedure: p. 1091
TYPOLOGY OF POST-GUILDS EUROPEAN MERCHANTS AND THEIR TRANSACTIONS: PP. 200–12
Ambulatory and Street Merchants, Peddlers and Shops: Hand to Hand and Eye to Eye Commerce: p. 208
Fairs as Markets and as Clearing and Settlement Places, Exchange Houses, Warehousemen, Wholesalers, Purchase and Sale by Samples or Standard Descriptions: pp. 205–07
High Commerce: pp. 111, 145, 207, 209, 335, 391, 396, 406–07, 493–94, 800
Inter Praesentes Transactions: pp. 203, 278, 388, 424, 862
Uberrima Fides: pp. 405, 775, 951, 996, 1013
Ulpian: pp. 7, 45, 56, 98, 130–35, 405, 872, 1021, 1042, 1044–47, 1176–78, 1244
Ultra Petita and Justice as Prayed for: pp. 60, 1006, 1084–85, 1087
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (U.C.C.): PP. 7, 21, 41, 58–59, 71, 73, 82, 93, 95, 99, 100, 133–35, 171, 355–56, 360–61, 390, 405, 425–26, 442, 446, 449, 453–54, 617, 674, 679, 739, 771, 783–84, 788, 802, 806–07, 825–26, 831–32, 838, 847–53, 857, 863, 865, 873, 908, 914–16, 924–27, 929, 931, 943–44, 950, 953, 961, 964, 967, 972–87, 993–98, 1018–20, 1123, 1026, 1131, 1035–36, 1038, 1046, 1050, 1053, 1055–56, 1066, 1102–03, 1156, 1167, 1170, 1175, 1185, 1189, 1193–99, 1201–02, 1208–09, 1211, 1215–16, 1219–20, 1222, 1224–29, 1238–39
See also Table of Statutes
UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS (UCP): P. 437
See also Table of Statutes:
UCP 400: pp. 1063–71, 1073, 1076
UCP 500: pp. 325, 437, 456, 458, 619, 770, 848, 851, 979, 1056–78, 1212–13
UCP 600: pp. 472, 619–20, 913, 1054, 1059, 1066
UCP 1933 Revision: pp. 1060–61
UCP 1951 Revision: p. 1061
UCP 1962 Revision: p. 1062
UCP 1974 Revision: p. 1062
Uniform Law Commission (ULC): pp. 848–50
Uniform Weights and Measures: p. 758
Unilaterally Commercial or Mixed Civil and Commercial Acts: p. 339
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): pp. 7, 29, 359, 466, 527, 838, 849, 872, 917, 977, 1077, 1106, 1109, 1112, 1125
United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG): pp. 449, 453, 456, 459–71, 616, 872, 917, 950, 953, 962, 977, 1102, 1117, 1125, 1160, 1165, 1194, 1206, 1208
UNITED STATES BANKS AND COMMERCIAL CREDIT:
Commercial Banking System: pp. 810–11
Federal Reserve System: pp. 810–12, 816, 818
Fixed Ratios of Bank Reserves for Demand Obligations: p. 814
Importation of the European Flexible Approach to the Federal Reserve Bank of the U.S.: p. 814
Readily Marketable Staples as Collateral in Commercial and Central Banking Lending: p. 816
Warburg and the Federal Reserve Act: p. 813
UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL TRIAL PRACTICE: PP. 1103–09
Complaint: p. 1106
Discovery, Complaint and Decision: p. 1103
Filing a Civil Action: p. 1105
From Forms of Action to Code Pleading: p. 1103
Importance of Pre-Trial Discovery and Illustration: p. 1109
Judge Molloy’s Comments: p. 1104
Pre-Trial Discovery: p. 1105
Summary Judgments: p. 1105
Unlimited Family Liability in Pre-Commercial transactions: pp. 94–95
Unzulassige Rechtsabüsung, or Rechtsmissbrauch (Abuse of Rights): p. 962
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION OF 1789: P. 842
Federal State Dualism: p. 842
Government of Limited Powers: p. 842
Marshall and the Long Shadow of Mansfield: p. 844
Swift v. Tyson: pp. 844–45, 908
The U.S., as England Profiting From Slavery: pp. 760, 842
Uniform Federal Commercial Law: p. 844
United States Novel Remedy for the Recovery of Loss Profits by the Loss Volume Seller: p. 1228
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT LAW: P. 783
Corporate Culture: p. 29
URUGUAY: PP. 478, 522, 525, 584, 871, 918–20, 1082, 1086–89, 1155, 1158, 1223
Civil Code: p. 918
Commercial Code: p. 918
Complaint: p. 1087
Supreme Court: p. 919
Unsecured Commercial Credit: p. 797
Uomo Medio (Average Man in Italian Contract and Tort Law adjudication): pp. 1142–43, 1147, 1149
U.S. Escrow Agreement: p. 1162
Usage of Trade: pp. 99, 134, 162, 224, 226, 262, 273, 465, 619, 754, 773, 831, 852, 869, 920, 930, 945, 950, 952–53, 967–68, 972–76, 986, 988, 995, 1001, 1005, 1016–20, 1036, 1052, 1056, 1063, 1219–20
Usufructs: pp. 699, 707, 710–11, 722–23, 726
Usury: pp. 36, 51, 70, 140, 145, 149–53, 155–56, 165, 265, 308, 311, 315, 318–320, 331, 383–85, 469, 488, 502, 528–29, 532, 655, 779, 781–82, 784, 794–95, 886, 1170
Utilitarianism: p. 1235
Valente, Fabian: p. 309
Values and Attitudes of Commercial Practices of United States Colonial (and Many of the Post-Colonials) Merchants: p. 783
Vélez Sársfield, Dalmacio: pp. 522–24, 542, 876–77
Verlager: pp. 198, 561; see also Verlagssystem Verlagssystem: pp. 191–209, 310
Villanos: pp. 142–43, 930
Viteri: pp. 1000–08, 1012–13
Heirs of Viteri: pp. 1001, 1004–05
Vivante, Cesare: pp. 4, 441–43, 445–46, 449
Volksgeist: p. 410
Von Bismarck, Otto: p. 380
Von Ihering, Rudolf: pp. 36–37, 43–45, 51, 55, 111, 179, 252, 281, 289, 347, 413, 417–18, 443, 594, 944, 1041
Von Mehren, Philip: pp. 53, 254–55, 278, 289–90, 377, 409–10, 413–15, 417–18, 420, 422, 879, 920, 1117–19, 1154
Von Mises, Ludwig: pp. 86, 559, 579–80
VON SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH CARL: 1814 PAMPHLET: ON THE VOCATION OF OUR TIMES FOR LEGISLATION AND LEGAL SCIENCE: P. 409
Historical School: pp. 409, 444
Informal Sale Agreements: p. 104
War Communism: pp. 570–71, 574
Warburg, Paul: pp. 813–16, 818–19, 858, 1053
Warehousemen: pp. 75, 207, 649, 800, 832
Warranties: pp. 7, 44, 459, 466, 807–09, 826, 836, 838, 851–52, 967, 969–70, 1033, 1215, 1219–27
Watson, Alan: pp. 108, 118, 120, 131, 634, 872, 874, 1038, 1041, 1044, 1047
Weber, Max: pp. 40, 53, 87, 168, 192, 196, 418, 442, 557, 566–67, 624, 627, 635, 638, 641, 652–53, 663, 999
Wechselrecht: p. 390
Wechselgesetz: pp. 421, 434
Wheble, Bernard: pp. 1062–64, 1074, 1076
Whiting, Susan: pp. 698, 701
Wholesalers: pp. 203, 207, 210, 213, 361, 400, 448, 49–95, 572, 574, 647, 649, 759, 784–85, 797–807, 814, 819, 825, 858
WHOLESALERS AS LENDERS AND JOINT VENTURERS: THE DAIRY INDUSTRY:
P. 800
An Investor’s Natural Right to Short Term Profits: p. 804
Fixed Prices and the Pursuit of Unregulated Freedom of Contract by Opposing Coalitions: p. 802
No Holds Barred Competition: p. 803
Production and Distribution of Fluid Milk in New York State: p. 801
United States Council for International Business (USCIB): pp. 1069, 1073
United States Negotiable Instruments Law: New York State: p. 847
Wieacker, Franz: pp. 248, 250–53, 409, 413, 418–20, 951–53, 967, 987, 991
Wildy and Sons: p. 883
Williston, Samuel: pp. 847, 864–65, 980, 983
Wilson, Edward O.: pp. 8, 162
Windelband, Wilhelm: pp. 48, 50
Windscheid, Bernhard: pp. 410, 414, 1150–51
Wise, Edward M.: p. 307
Woude, Ad Vande: p. 27
Wu, John C.: p. 553
XIAOPING, DENG’S “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY” AND COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS INVOLVING LAND RIGHTS: PP. 696–98
Decentralization of Land Use Regulation: p. 69
Lubman and the Dual and Triple Tracks of Land Use Rights: p. 697
Socialist Market Economy: pp. 621, 623, 681, 694, 696
Stein and the Importance of PRC’s Revenues from Land Transactions: pp. 736–37
Yntema, Hessel E.: pp. 3, 35, 103, 113–16, 274, 297, 441, 446, 846
And Practical Problems of Justice: p. 103, 113
Zasulich, Vera: p. 565
Zekoll, J.: pp. 423, 438, 961
Zelin, Madeline: pp. 628–29, 651–52, 660–61, 665, 673, 675–80, 683
Zhiping, Lian: pp. 629, 640
Zhou Dynasty: pp. 635, 645
Zollverein: pp. 379–81
Zulueta, Francis De.: pp. 92–93, 118–19
Zurndorfer, Harriet: pp. 649, 653, 659–60, 665–66, 681–83
Zweigert, Konrad: pp. 6, 37–38, 1181, 1183 1894
Sale Agreement (China): p. 673