Index

• administrative rationality, 4, 49
• Afghanistan, 97, 111
• Africa, 24, 51, 54, 79, 85, 98,
• age, 1, 58, 64, 81–2, 90, 97, 139n
• aliens, 66, 115–16
• American Declaration of Independence, 34–6
• American Indians see indigenous groups
• ancient Greece see Greece
• Arendt, Hannah, 45, 70, 112–14
• Argentina, 87
• Aristotle, 29–32, 72–3
• ascriptivism, 50, 55
  • see also Smith, Rogers
• assimilation, 61, 71, 90–1
• asylum, 7, 54, 70, 94–100, 104–6, 111–12, 115
• Athenian citizenship see citizenship, Greek
• Athens see Greece
• Australia 7, 47, 77, 79, 85–7, 90–1, 102
• Austria 90, 93–4

• Bauböck, Rainer, 70, 81, 118
• Bahrain, 84
• Bangladesh, 107–10
• Belgium, 68, 79
• Bellamy, Richard, 27, 46
• Benhabib, Seyla, 70, 113–15
• Bentham, Jeremy, 73
  • see also utilitarianism
• Berlin, Isaiah, 21
• Betts, Alexander, 104, 111
• birthright lottery see Shachar, Ayelet; citizenship
• black Americans, 20–1, 50
• Bosnia-Herzegovina, 68
• Brazil, 77
• Britain see United Kingdom
• Brown, Wendy, 66
• Brubaker, Rogers, 79

• Calais see European Union
• California, 69, 117
• Canada, 7, 68, 77, 79, 85–6, 89–95, 102, 110
• capacity see competence
• Carens, Joseph, 115–18
• Cayman Islands, 84
• Central America, 54, 103, 107
• children see citizenship
• Chile, 88
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 50
• citizenship,
  • animal, 6, 42, 73–5
  • assignment of, 19–25
  • birthright, 2–3, 6, 17–18, 50, 53–4, 76, 80
  • of children, 3, 5, 13, 18–19, 51, 62–5
  • cosmopolitan, 65, 69–75; see also cosmopolitanism
  • de jure, 20
  • definition of, 10–12, 15–16, 23
  • determinants of, 6–7, 76–81
  • differentiated, 54–5, 61
  • dual, 6, 67
  • ecological, 5, 71–2
  • environmental, 5–6, 71–2
  • feminist, 5, 59–62
  • Greek, 24, 27–32, 40, 60, 78, 85–6, 88
  • green, 71
  • by investment, 77, 80, 88–9, 93–4
  • modern, 32–8, 40
  • multicultural, 5, 57
  • multiple, 5–6, 58, 67
  • non-anthropocentric, 5, 47, 49–50, 71–5
  • polyarchic, 44
  • post-national, 5, 66
  • premodern, 45
  • quasi, 5–6, 69
  • regional, 1, 5, 69
  • Roman, 27, 31–2
  • semi-citizenship, 3, 57–8, 62, 64, 78, 97
  • sexual, 61–2
  • stakeholder, 81, 118
  • structural, 23, 54
  • subnational, 5, 68–9
  • supranational, 68
  • transnational, 66–70
• civil commitment, 63
• clandestine migration, 51
• class, 10, 22–3, 25, 43, 55–6, 61, 104
• color blindness see neutrality
• communitarianism, 45–6, 59, 115–16
• competence, 18, 40, 42, 58, 63–4, 73, 90
  • see also age; children; mentally ill
• compulsory voting, 87–8
• concept,
  • binary, 3
  • essentially contested, 4, 10–12, 48
  • concept-clarification, 4, 9
  • conceptual ambiguities, 7
• consent, 15, 18–19
  • see also voluntariness
• Constant, Benjamin, 56
• constitutions, 53, 82, 113
  • Indian Constitution, 47, 82
  • United States Constitution, 35–6, 63, 82–4
  • written constitutions, 32
• contributions, of immigrants, 80, 88–90, 93–4
• Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961), 105
• Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), 97–8, 110, 113
• Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954), 105
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), 65
• cosmopolitanism, 6, 70–1, 113, 115
  • see also citizenship
• coverture, 59–60
• Cyprus, 93

• Dahl, Robert, 18–19, 44, 64
• Dahrendorf, Ralf, 52–4
• Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), 36
• de-differentiation, 55–7
• denationalization, 7, 67, 96, 105–7
• denaturalization, 7, 51, 96, 105–7
• denizens, 53–4, 69, 71, 75, 78, 87
• Denmark, 79
• deservingness, 5, 16, 18
• differentiation, 55–7
• disability, 5, 19, 22, 42, 62–5, 74
• discrimination, 5, 20, 49, 58, 107, 121
• displaced persons see internally displaced persons
• Dobson, Andrew, 72–3
• Dominican Republic, 107
• due process, 39, 63, 84
• duties, 81–8

• economic migrants, 100–1, 111
• education, 30, 42–3, 46, 50, 79, 82, 90, 119
• England see United Kingdom
• Enlightenment, 25, 30, 33, 39
• equality of opportunity, 11, 113
• Eritrea, 85, 106
• ethics, 12, 72–3, 94–5
• ethnicity, 24, 30, 50, 57, 106–9, 119
  • see also polyethnicity
• European Union, 67, 93, 111
  • Calais, 102
  • Dublin Regulation, 111–12
  • EU migration crisis, 8, 110–12
  • European Court of Human Rights, 112
  • Frontex, 51
• extraordinary ability, 80, 90

• Failer, Judith Lynn, 63
• family, 59, 62, 100, 101, 103, 109
  • ties, 7, 77, 80, 88, 91–3
  • family reunification, 88–9, 91–3
• felons, 2
• femicide, 103
• feminism, 5, 59–62
  • see also citizenship; women
• feudalism, 17–18, 43, 79, 115
• Fourteenth Amendment, 50, 83
• France, 25, 32–3, 36, 51, 53, 56, 79, 90, 102, 106
• Frontex see European Union

• Gallie, W. B. see concept, essentially contested
• gays and lesbians
  • citizens, 61–2, 66
  • LGBT+, 61
  • see also citizenship
• gender, 23, 30, 50, 56–62
  • see also citizenship; feminism; gays and lesbians; women
• Germany, 51, 53, 79–80, 90, 111
• gradience, 3, 48, 58
  • see also citizenship, semi-
• Greece, 86, 111–12
  • see also citizenship
• green card, 85, 90
  • see also permanent
    residence
• guest workers, 53–4, 82–3, 87

• Haiti, 107
• health care, 42–3, 53, 63, 109
• high-net-worth migrants, 93
• Hobbes, Thomas, 32, 34, 36
• human trafficking, 103, 105, 110, 112

• illegal immigration see unauthorized migrants
• India, 47, 69, 82, 108–9
• indigenous groups, 24–5, 68
  • see also multinationalism
• Indonesia, 107, 110
• internally displaced persons, 7, 95–8, 100, 108, 110, 112
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 119
• Ireland, 79
• irregular migration see unauthorized migrants
• Islam see Muslims
• Israel, 87
  • see also Jews
• Italy, 111–12

• Jews, 26, 51
  • see also Israel
• Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 50
• Jordan, 102, 110
• jury duty, 1, 82–6
  • see also duties
• jus nexi, 81, 89, 118
• jus sanguinis, 6, 17, 53, 76–81, 106
• jus soli, 17, 78–81, 95, 106
• jus matrimonii, 80
  • see also marriage

• Kant, Immanuel, 70, 112–14
• Kenya, 102
• Kuwait, 84, 107
• Korematsu v. United States (1944), 51
• Kymlicka, Will, 5, 41, 57, 73–4

• laïcité, 56
  • see also neutrality
• Lebanon, 97, 102, 104, 110
• length of stay, 6, 76–7, 80, 88, 90–1, 101
• LGBT+ see gays and lesbians
• Lister, Ruth, 60–1
• Locke, John, 336

• Maas, Willem, 67–8
• Malaysia, 107, 109–10
• Malta, 93
• Mamdani, Mahmood, 24
• margizens, 54
• marriage, 2, 6, 7, 39, 50, 59, 68, 76, 80, 106
  • see also gays and lesbians; jus matrimonii
• Marshall, T. H., 28, 39–45, 52, 84
• matrimony see marriage
• maturity see competence
• Mediterranean Sea, the see Frontex
• mentally disabled see mentally ill
• mentally ill, 18, 58, 62–4, 74
• metic, 32, 78
• Middle East, 54, 84
• military service, 1, 2, 59, 78–9, 84, 86–7, 106
  • see also duties
• Miller, David, 111–12, 118–21
• Montesquieu, Baron de, 36
• moral extensionism, 72–3
• multinationalism, 57
• Muslims, 26, 108
• Myanmar, 8, 97, 102, 107–10,

• nationalism, 26, 61, 108, 119
• Nepal, 102
• neutrality, 20, 56
• New Zealand, 7, 77, 90, 92
• non-refoulement 100, 102
• North Africa, 51, 54, 85

• obligations see duties
• open borders, 8, 112–21

• Palestine, 66, 104, 107
• Panama, 88
• passport, 1, 13, 25–6, 58, 94, 105
• patriotism, 38
• permanent residence, 1, 7, 69, 77, 83, 87, 90–4, 100–1, 114, 118
• persecution, 7, 51, 96, 99–101, 104, 107–8
• Peru, 77, 87
• phronesis, 29
• points calculators, 7, 76–7, 88–90, 92
• polyarchy, 44
• polyethnicity, 57
• privileges, 22, 71, 81–2, 105, 115–16
  • see also duties

• race, 12, 17, 23–4, 50–1, 68, 99–100
• reentry, 1, 13
• resettlement, 100–4
• responsibilities, 21, 30, 65, 72, 82–3
  • see also duties
• Rohingya, 8, 107–10
• Roma, 58
• Rome,
  • Roman Empire, 24, 28, 31
  • see also citizenship, Roman
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 36–8
• Russia, 51–79

• Scotland, 64, 69
• Shachar, Ayelet, 81, 90, 94, 118
• Shklar, Judith, 48–9
• Singapore, 77, 87, 94
• Singer, Peter, 73
• Smith, Rogers, 5, 50, 55, 68
  • see also ascriptivism
• socioeconomic status see class
• Somalia, 97
• South Africa, 24, 79
• South Korea, 110, 119
• South Sudan, 97
• Soviet Union see Russia
• Spain, 79
• Sparta see Greece
• Spiro, Peter, 5–6, 67
• statelessness, 105–12
• subjecthood, 4, 10, 23–6, 33, 35
• survival migration, 104, 111
• Syrian Arab Republic, 97, 102, 110–11

• taxes, 1, 43, 83–5
• Temporary Protected Status, 94–6, 98, 100–1
• Turkey, 87–8, 97, 102, 110

• Uganda, 24
• umma see Muslims
• unauthorized migrants, 3, 52, 54, 68, 83, 87, 108, 117, 120
• undocumented migrants see unauthorized migrants
• UNHCR, 97–111
• United Kingdom, 59–60, 62, 79, 85–6, 90, 93, 102, 106
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 99, 113
• utilitarianism, 115–16
  • see also Bentham, Jeremy

• visas, 1–2, 87, 91–3
• voluntariness, 15
  • see also consent

• Wales, 64
• Walzer, Michael, 46, 115–17
• Weil, Patrick, 51, 79, 106
• women, 29–30, 40, 50, 58–62, 66–7, 78, 103, 106
  • see also feminism
• work permit see visas

• Young, Iris Marion, 23, 54–5, 57, 61