NOTES

INTRODUCTION

and the spending of $1.2 trillion: For a detailed accounting of spending since the 9/11 attacks, see Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11, Congressional Research Service, March 29, 2011, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.

in political life: See Pew Research Center, Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Public Life, July 10, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/.

ways of doing business: See Pew Research Center, Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Policies Faulted, June 13, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/13/chapter-2-attitudes-toward-american-culture-and-ideas/.

more than 100 million jobs will need to be created in the region by 2020: See Sara Hamdan, “Jobs and Age Reign in Risk Factors for Mideast Uprisings,” New York Times, February 2, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/world/middleeast/03iht-m03job.html?pagewanted=all.

95 percent: See Belasco.

At the peak: See Commission on Wartime Contracting, Transforming Wartime Contracting: Controlling Costs, Reducing Risks: Final Report to Congress, August 2011, 30–31, http://www.wartimecontracting.gov/docs/CWC_FinalReport-lowres.pdf.

was sometimes more costly: Ibid., 39–40.

waste, fraud, and abuse: Ibid., 2, 5.

CHAPTER 1: LITTLE AMERICA

wean Afghans from Soviet influence: See Cynthia Clapp-Wincek, The Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan, USAID, December 1983, 1–3. The full report is a detailed history and assessment of the Helmand project.

“Little America”: For elegant descriptions of cold war Lashkar Gah, see Arnold Toynbee, Between Oxus and Jumna (1961), and Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide to Afghanistan (1977). For an exhaustive collection of the USAID-commissioned studies of the projects during the cold war, see Richard Scott, “Scott’s Helmand Valley Archives,” at www.scottshelmandvalleyarchives.org.

loftier, long-term goals: Louis Dupree is very critical of the project, particularly in its early phases; see Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (1970), 482–85, 497, 499–507, 634–35. Nick Cullather also criticizes the project; see Nick Cullather, “Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State,” Journal of American History 89, no. 2 (September 2002): 512–37. For USAID descriptions of the project, see Lloyd Baron, Sector Analysis: Helmand-Arghandab Valley Region, USAID, February 1973, 2, 7–9; and Mildred Caudill, Helmand-Arghandab Valley: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, USAID, 1969, 31. Residents of Helmand and former USAID officials generally praised the project in interviews conducted in Afghanistan between 2004 and 2008 and in the United States between 2004 and 2012.

Karakul fur: See Cullather, 512–17.

“We felt that we were free now”: See David Rohde, “An Afghan Symbol for Change, Then Failure,” New York Times, September 5, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/05/world/asia/05afghan.html.

$130,000 a year: Interviews with Grader and USAID officials in Afghanistan.

Rory Donohoe: See David Rohde, “Taliban Raise Poppy Production to a Record Again,” New York Times, August 26, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26heroin.html?pagewanted=all.

In 2010, a series of studies: See Afghanistan Mortality Survey: 2010 Health Study Shows Significant Gains in Afghan Maternal and Child Health, USAID, January 30, 2012, http://transition.usaid.gov/locations/afghanistanpakistan/countries/afghanistan/ams2010.html.

National Solidarity Program: See Afghanistan’s National Solidarity Program Has Reached Thousands of Afghan Communities, but Faces Challenges That Could Limit Outcomes, Office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, March 22, 2011, www.sigar.mil/pdf/audits/2011-03-22audit-11-08.pdf.

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology: See Javid Hamdard, The State of Telecommunications and Internet in Afghanistan: Six Years Later (2006–2012), Internews, April 19, 2012, http://www.internews.org/research-publications/state-telecommunications-and-internet-afghanistan-six-years-later-2006-2012.

spent nearly $1.3 billion: See Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Cost of War in Afghanistan Will Be Major Factor in Troop-Reduction Talks,” Washington Post, May 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cost-of-war-in-afghanistan-will-be-major-factor-in-troop-reduction-talks/2011/05/27/AGR8z2EH_print.html.

shot dead an Afghan colleague: See Abdul Malek, “South African Contractor Held for Killing Afghan Guard,” Reuters, October 3, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/10/03/us-afghanistan-contractor-sb-idUSTRE5921HJ20091003.

The Washington Post reported: See Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “U.S. Pursues a New Way to Rebuild in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, June 19, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/18/AR2009061804135.html.

systematic overbilling: See Marisa Taylor and Warren P. Strobel, “U.S. Contractor Accused of Fraud Still Winning Big Afghan Projects,” McClatchy, September 19, 2010, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/09/19/100690/us-contractor-accused-of-fraud.html.

pleaded guilty: See “Husband and Wife Co-owners of Subcontracting Company Plead Guilty to Contract Fraud Related to Afghanistan Rebuilding,” Office of Public Affairs, Department of Justice, September 9, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/September/09=crm=943.html.

CHAPTER 2: LAW AND DISORDER IN IRAQ

Jay Garner: See Michael Moss and David Rohde, “Law and Disorder: Misjudgments Marred U.S. Plans for Iraqi Police,” New York Times, May 21, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/world/middleeast/21security.html?pagewanted=all; and Michael Moss, “Law and Disorder: How Iraq Police Reform Became a Casualty of War,” New York Times, May 22, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/world/middleeast/22security.html?pagewanted=all.

would be left to the Iraqi police: Ibid.

U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert Waltemeyer: See David Rohde, “Deadly Unrest Leaves a Town Bitter at U.S.,” New York Times, April 20, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/world/a-nation-at-war-mosul-deadly-unrest-leaves-a-town-bitter-at-us.html.

Rumsfeld said: See Moss and Rohde.

he recalled: Ibid.

“The police are working”: Ibid.

release in October 2013: See Clem Richardson, “Bernie Kerik Copes with Prison Life,” New York Daily News, June 13, 2012, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-06-13/news/32199756_1_bernie-kerik-hala-matli-bernard-kerik.

in the next thirty days: See Moss and Rohde (2006) and Moss (2006).

“Some were just sitting”: Ibid.

“qualified personnel”: Ibid.

$1 billion: See Business Wire, “DynCorp International Inc. to Be Acquired by Cerberus Capital Management, L.P.,” April 12, 2010, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100412006033/en/DynCorp-International-Acquired-Cerberus-Capital-Management-L.P.

sale of DynCorp: Ibid.; and see Greg Roumeliotis, “McKeon, Founder of PE Firm Veritas, Committed Suicide,” Reuters, September 14, 2012; http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/14/us-veritas-death-idUSBRE88D1CS20120914.

CHAPTER 3: A CIVILIAN SURGE

shuttering Guantánamo: See Peter Finn, “Obama’s Plan to Shutter Guantanamo Faces Hurdles,” Washington Post, January 22, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/21/AR2009012101036.html.

a robust civilian surge: See David Rohde, “The Last Mission,” in The Unquiet American: Richard Holbrooke in the World, ed. Derek Chollet and Samantha Power (2011), 282–83.

and spanned five presidencies: Ibid.; and see James Mann, The Obamians (2012), 229–40.

he hired him as well: See George Packer, “The Last Mission: Richard Holbrooke’s Plan to Avoid the Mistakes of Vietnam in Afghanistan,” New Yorker, September 28, 2009, http://m.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/28/090928fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all.

AED, meanwhile, rode the: See Dana Hedgpeth and Josh Boak, “USAID Suspends District-Based Nonprofit AED from Contracts amid Investigation,” Washington Post, December 8, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/08/AR2010120807665.html.

pay back the government: See “Washington, D.C.–Based Academy for Educational Development Pays More Than $5 Million to Settle False Claims Act Allegations,” Office of Public Affairs, Department of Justice, June 30, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/usao/dc/news/2011/jun/11-278.pdf.

was paid $879,530: See Ken Dilanian, “Review: High Salaries for Aid Group CEOs,” USA Today, September 1, 2009, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-08-31-us-aid-groups_N.htm#chart.

“This dinner is over”: See Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Little America (2012), 89.

could be cathartic: Based on interviews with several former aides to Holbrooke and administration officials who agreed to speak with me only on condition that their names not be made public.

would speak to Karzai: Ibid.

were plotting against him: Ibid.

“vital national security interests”: See Laurence Arnold, “Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Diplomat from Vietnam to Afghanistan, Dies Aged 69,” Bloomberg, December 14, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-14/richard-holbrooke-u-s-diplomat-from-vietnam-to-afghanistan-dies-aged-69.html.

“opposition from others”: See Chollet and Power, 287.

became a sign of progress: See Chandrasekaran, 197–99.

“If that money could have been spread out”: Interviews and e-mail exchanges with Dempsey in 2011 and 2012.

Holbrooke’s insatiable ego: Interviews with former administration officials and Holbrooke’s aides.

when Holbrooke was out of town: See Chandrasekaran, 197–99.

meeting between Karzai and Obama: Ibid.

that Holbrooke be included: Ibid.

CHAPTER 4: THE RISE OF THE DRONE

felt toward the United States: See Chollet and Power, 291–93.

calling the conditions “humiliating”: See Omar Waraich, “How a U.S. Aid Package Could Threaten Zardari,” Time, October 8, 2009, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929306,00.html.

“reasonable period for the latter”: See Laura Rozen, “Dissent Memo: USAID Official Charges Holbrooke Pakistan Aid Plan Flawed,” Politico, October 12, 2009, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/1009/Dissent_Memo_USAID_official_charges_Holbrooke_Pakistan_aid_plan_flawed.html.

respond to their requests quickly: See Chollet and Power, 291–93.

military ID cards, and a camera: See Declan Walsh, “A CIA Spy, a Hail of Bullets, Three Killed and a US-Pakistan Diplomatic Row,” Guardian, February 20, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/20/cia-agent-lahore-civilian-deaths; and Asif Chaudhry, “US Official Guns Down Two Motorcyclists in Lahore,” Dawn, January 28, 2011, http://dawn.com/2011/01/28/us-official-guns-down-two-motorcyclists-in-lahore/.

Pakistani officials flatly disagreed: See Greg Miller and Karen DeYoung, “U.S., Pakistani Officials at Diplomatic Odds in Fatal Shooting,” Washington Post, February 10, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/09/AR2011020906436.html.

working as a contractor for the CIA: See Declan Walsh and Ewan MacAskill, “American Who Sparked Diplomatic Crisis over Lahore Shooting Was CIA Spy,” Guardian, February 20, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/20/us-raymond-davis-lahore-cia; and Mark Mazzetti, Ashley Parker, Jane Perlez, and Eric Schmitt, “American Held in Pakistan Worked with CIA,” New York Times, February 21, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/world/asia/22pakistan.html?pagewanted=all.

American intelligence agencies were contractors: See Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, “A Hidden World, Growing Beyond Control,” Washington Post, July 19, 2010, http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/.

scale up the size of the organization: Ibid.

rapidly increase its workforce: Ibid.

eight years in prison: See Agence France-Presse, “Court Upholds CIA Contractor’s Detainee Abuse Conviction,” August 11, 2009, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gSo6iRtgbNNlDhDyO_VcZEmT45MQ.

“fuel our cars and run our factories”: See Macon Phillips, “President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address,” The White House, January 21, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address.

created instability, not stability: See David Rohde, “The Obama Doctrine: How the President’s Drone War Is Backfiring,” Foreign Policy, March/April 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/27/the_obama_doctrine?page=full.

thirty-three drone strikes in total: Ibid.

The CIA quickly killed the plan: Ibid.; interviews with former administration officials; and see Dennis C. Blair, “Drones Alone Are Not the Answer,” New York Times, August 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/15/opinion/drones-alone-are-not-the-answer.html.

ignored Munter’s protests: See Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, and Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Tightens Drone Rules,” Wall Street Journal, November 4, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204621904577013982672973836.html.

Davis was released on March 16: See BBC, “Pakistan Anger over Release of CIA Killer Raymond Davis,” March 17, 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12769714.

over a bagel shop parking spot: See Lee Ferran, “Raymond Davis, CIA Contractor, Charged with Felony in Parking Lot Skirmish,” ABC News, October 4, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/raymond-davis-cia-contractor-charged-parking-lot-fight/story?id=14663216.

an unusual public statement: See Sebastian Abbot, “Pakistan Army Chief Condemns US Drone Attack,” Associated Press, March 17, 2011, http://o.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014522314_apaspakistan.html.

“not a charity car wash”: Ibid.

more than twenty people: Interviews with former administration officials; and see Dawn, “Rare Condemnation by PM, Army Chief: 40 Killed in Drone Attack,” March 18, 2011, http://dawn.com/2011/03/18/rare-condemnation-by-pm-army-chief-40-killed-in-drone-attack/; and Entous, Gorman, and Barnes.

over the signature strikes: See Entous, Gorman, and Barnes.

during the same period in 2010: See Counterterrorism Strategy Initiative, The Year of the Drone: An Analysis of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan, 2004–2012, New American Foundation, August 24, 2012, http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones.

to review the attacks: See Dianne Feinstein, “Letters: Sen. Feinstein on Drone Attacks,” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/17/opinion/la-le-0517-thursday-feinstein-drones-20120517.

a 14-percentage-point rise from 2008: See Pew Global Attitudes Project, Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S. (Overview), Pew Research Center, June 27, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/27/pakistani-public-opinion-ever-more-critical-of-u-s/; and Pew Global Attitudes Project, Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S. (Chapter 1: Views of the U.S. And American Foreign Policy), Pew Research Center, June 27, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/27/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-american-foreign-policy-5/.

the challenges entrepreneurs face: See Elmira Bayrasli, “Entrepreneurs Save the World,” World Policy Journal, Summer 2012, http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/summer2012/entrepreneurs-save-the-world.

CHAPTER 5: WHERE ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY MEET, UNEASILY

the country’s disenfranchised Shiite majority: “Arab Spring, Fall, and After,” New York Times, February 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/Arab-Spring-and-Fall.html.

Milliyet wrote: See Tim Arango and Hwaida Saad, “Turkey’s Parliament Backs Military Measures on Syria,” New York Times, October 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/world/middleeast/syria.html?pagewanted=all.

40-million-strong middle class: See World Factbook, Country Comparison: GDP—Real Growth Rate 2012, Central Intelligence Agency (accessedAugust 29, 2012), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html?countryName=Turkey&countryCode=tu&regionCode=mde&rank=15#tu.

to silence dissent: See Dexter Filkins, “The Deep State,” New Yorker, March 12, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/03/12/120312fa_fact_filkins.

political repression: See David Rohde, “Where Islam and Democracy Meet, Uneasily,” Reuters, October 21, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/21/idUS209035153320111021.

was frequent: See David Rohde, “The Islamic World’s Culture War, Played Out on TV Soap Operas,” Atlantic, March 9, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-islamic-worlds-culture-war-played-out-on-tv-soap-operas/254247/.

“a negative light”: See Ece Toksabay and Ibon Villelabeitia, “Sultan’s TV Drama Opens Turkish Divide on Religion,” Reuters, February 8, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-turkey-ottoman-drama-idUSTRE7173GA20110208.

toned down: See Rohde, “The Islamic World’s Culture War, Played Out on TV Soap Operas.”

a phenomenal hit: See Robert F. Worth, “Arab TV Tests Societies’ Limits with Depictions of Sex and Equality,” New York Times, September 26, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/27/world/middleeast/27beirut.html.

85 million viewers: See AMEinfo.com, “Beirut Hosts the 2nd New Arab Woman Forum (NAWF),” September 11, 2008, http://www.ameinfo.com/168434.html.

and groundbreaking: See Worth.

divorces occurred in several countries: See Al Arabiya News, “Turkish Soap Star Sparks Divorces in Arab World,” June 29, 2008, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/06/29/52291.html.

Islamic clerics denounced Noor: See Andy Sambidge, “MBC Expands Soap Opera Shows Despite Mufti Fury,” Arabian Business, October 21, 2008, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/mbc-expands-soap-opera-shows-despite-mufti-fury-84564.html; and Worth.

received glowing coverage: See Nadia Bilbassy-Charters, “Leave It to Turkish Soap Operas to Conquer Hearts and Minds,” Foreign Policy, April 15, 2010, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/04/15/leave_it_to_turkish_soap_operas_to_conquer_hearts_and_minds; and Owen Matthews, “The Arab World’s ‘Dallas,’” Newsweek, September 5, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/09/04/turkish-soap-operas-are-sweeping-the-middle-east.html.

the Coen brothers of Turkey: See Rohde, “The Islamic World’s Culture War, Played Out on TV Soap Operas.”

victory tour of the region: See Rohde, “Where Islam and Democracy Meet, Uneasily.”

“can run a state very successfully”: See Cecile Feuillatre, “Buoyant Erdogan Sells Turkish Model to Arab Spring,” Agence France-Presse, September 14, 2012, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYbCJEmBCnS-3bEXWY9mkdKHxSwA.

drafted after a 1980 military coup: See Rohde, “Where Islam and Democracy Meet, Uneasily.”

in emerging market countries: See Bayrasli.

wireless routers designed for American drywall: Ibid.

a source of stability for Turkey: See Rohde, “Where Islam and Democracy Meet, Uneasily.”

Syrian refugees accepted by Turkey: See Stephanie Nebehay, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey Could Top 200,000: U.N.,” Reuters, August 28, 2012, http://news.yahoo.com/syrians-fleeing-jordan-could-herald-much-larger-influx-093714760.html; and Arango and Saad, October 4, 2012.

Europe followed a clear set of policies: See Bartlomiej Kaminski and Francis Ng, Turkey’s Evolving Trade Integration into Pan-European Markets: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3908, World Bank, May 2006.

CHAPTER 6: THE SILICON VALLEY OF THE ARAB WORLD?

“Muslim communities around the world”: See “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning,” Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, June 4, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.

officials thought the uprisings: See David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power (2012), 283–88.

for training and mentoring: See David Rohde, “Can Tunisia Become the Silicon Valley of the Arab World?,” Atlantic, March 30, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.

A 2012 survey found that: See Pew Global Attitudes Project, Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life.

growth it enjoyed between 1997 and 2007: See Daniel Loehr, “IMF Recommends a Control on Public Expenditures,” Tunisia Live, August 6, 2012, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/08/06/imf-recommends-a-control-on-public-expenditures/.

that unnerved Tunisian moderates: See Ahmed Ellali, “Several Thousand Salafists Demonstrate for Islamic Law, Attack Dramatists in Tunis,” Tunisia Live, March 25, 2012, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/03/25/several-thousand-salafists-demonstrate-for-islamic-law-attack-dramatists-in-tunis/; and Tarek Amara and Lin Noueihed, “Tunisian Salafi Islamists Riot over ‘Insulting’ Art,” Reuters, June 12, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/12/us-tunisia-salafis-clash-idUSBRE85B0XW20120612; and Pesha Magid, “Union of Journalists Condemns Proposed Limits on Freedom of Press,” Tunisia Live, August 8, 2012, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/08/08/union-of-journalists-condemns-proposed-limits-on-freedom-of-the-press/; and Paul Schemm, “Tunisian Democracy Threatened by Weak Opposition,” Associated Press, July 4, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/tunisian-democracy-threatened-weak-opposition.

in the style of Afghan Taliban: See Bouazza Ben Bouazza and Paul Schemm, “Tunisian Radicals Travel to Syria,” Associated Press, June 21, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/tunisian-radicals-travel-syria.

the 2011 G8 summit in Deauville: See Patrick Wintour, “G8 Summit to Pledge £12bn for Arab Spring States,” Guardian, May 27, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/27/g8-summit-pledge-arab-spring.

CHAPTER 7: MURDER IN BENGHAZI

wrote stories about him: See David Corn and Siddhartha Mahanta, “From Libya with Love,” Mother Jones, March 3, 2011, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/libya-qaddafi-monitor-group; and Ed Pilkington, “The Monitor Group: Gaddafi’s PR Firm Used Academics,” Guardian, March 4, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/04/the-monitor-group-gadaffi-pr.

Qaddafi’s son’s, Saif: See Chris Cook, “Davis Blamed over Gaddafi’s Gift to LSE,” Financial Times, December 1, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4971e882-1b63-11e1-85f8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz250YSEoCM.

Obama can stay forever: See Mark Sappenfield and Tracey Samuelson, “Qaddafi UN Speech: Six Highlights—or Lowlights?” Christian Science Monitor, September 23, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2009/0923/qaddafi-un-speech-six-highlights-or-lowlights.

information provided by the Libyan government: See Rod Nordland and Scott Shane, “Libyan, Once a Detainee, Is Now a U.S. Ally of Sorts,” New York Times, April 24, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/world/guantanamo-files-libyan-detainee-now-us-ally-of-sorts.html.

blocked detainees from seeing judges: See Fred Abrahams, “Libya Slogs Toward Democracy,” Daily Beast, July 24, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/24/with-gaddafi-gone-libya-slogs-toward-democracy.html.

independent candidates: Ibid.

told the New York Times: See Eric Schmitt, David D. Kirkpatrick, and Suliman Ali Zway, “U.S. May Have Put Mistaken Faith in Libya Site’s Security,” New York Times, October 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/world/africa/mistaken-sense-of-security-cited-before-envoy-to-libya-died.html?pagewanted=all.

Islamic militants: Ibid.

armed Libyan fighters: Ibid.

American-made anti-Muslim video: David Rohde, “Honoring a Slain Ambassador,” Reuters, September 13, 2012, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/09/13/honoring-a-slain-ambassador/.

“would have wanted that”: Ibid.

“there’s the door!”: See Embassy of the United States, Tripoli, Libya, “Remarks by Ambassador Chris Stevens at the Reopening of the Consular Section,” August 26, 2012, http://libya.usembassy.gov/en_082612.html.

CHAPTER 8: POST-MUBARAK

Gallup poll: Dalia Mogahed, “Opinion Briefing: Egyptians Skeptical of U.S. Intentions,” Gallup World, September 21, 2012, http://www.gallup.com/poll/157592/opinion-briefing-egyptians-skeptical-intentions.aspx.

61 percent of Egyptians: See Pew Global Attitudes Project, Egyptians Remain Optimistic, Embrace Democracy and Religion in Political Life, Pew Research Center, May 8, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/05/08/chapter-5-views-of-the-united-states-and-israel/.

a healthy 5.1 percent before the uprising: See Michael Schuman, “Why the New Egyptian President’s Biggest Worry Could Be the Economy,” Time, June 27, 2012, http://business.time.com/2012/06/27/why-the-new-egyptian-presidents-biggest-worry-could-be-the-economy/.

Egypt’s foreign currency reserves: See David D. Kirkpatrick, “Struggling, Egypt Seeks Loan from IMF,” New York Times, January 16, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/world/middleeast/egypt-seeks-3-2-billion-loan-from-imf.html.

tourism revenue: See Ahmed Namatalla and Alaa Shahine, “Egypt Current Account Deficit Widens as Tourism, FDI Fall,” Bloomberg, June 10, 2012, www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-10/egypt-current-account-deficit-widens-as-tourism-fdi-fall-1-.html.

youth unemployment: Reporting by Lauren E. Bohn; and see Lauren E. Bohn and Tim Lister, “The Key to Liberating Egyptians? The Economy,” CNN, June 29, 2012, http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-29/middleeast/world_meast_egypt-economy_1_muslim-brotherhood-egyptians-khairat. And for a detailed description of Egypt’s revolution and the political dynamics at work in the country, see William J. Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve (2012), 187–23.

in August 2012: See BBC, “Egypt Leader Mursi Orders Army Chief Tantawi to Resign,” August 12, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19234763.

El Erian: See Ahmed Eleiba, “Brotherhood’s El-Erian Believes Rapprochement with Iran, Hamas in Egypt’s Interest,” Ahram Online, September 20, 2012, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/1/0/53411/Egypt/0/QA-Brotherhoods-ElErian-believes-rapprochement-wit.aspx.

cooperation between Egyptian and American scientists: The narrative on U.S. assistance to Egypt since Camp David comes from Jeremy M. Sharp, Egypt: Transition Under Military Rule, Congressional Research Service, June 21, 2012, 14–24, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/194799.pdf.

secretly fomented the antigovernment protests: See Robert Mackey, “Behind Jeers for Clinton in Egypt, a Conspiracy Theory with U.S. Roots, New York Times, July 16, 2012, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/egyptians-who-jeered-clinton-cite-american-conservatives-to-argue-u-s-secretly-supports-islamists/.

nonpartisan workshops on political organizing: See David D. Kirkpatrick and Steven Lee Meyers, “Scramble Is On to Find Deal for 16 Americans in Egypt,” New York Times, February 25, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/world/middleeast/us-seeks-deal-for-americans-facing-charges-in-egypt.html.

“The revolution gave people”: See Bohn and Lister, “The Key to Liberating Egyptians? The Economy.”

“‘I want to be an entrepreneur’”: Lisa Katayama, “How Anna Elliot’s Bamyan Media Used Reality TV to Help Entrepreneurs in Afghanistan,” Fast Company, October 13, 2010, http://www.fastcompany.com/1694476/how-anna-elliots-bamyan-media-used-reality-tv-help-entrepreneurs-afghanistan.

a source of instability: Louisa Loveluck, Education in Egypt: Key Challenges, Chatham House, March 2012, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf; and reporting by Lauren Bohn; and see Lauren Bohn, “Egypt, as Protests Rage, School Begins,” Daily Beast, September 15, 2012; http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/15/egypt-as-protests-rage-school-begins.html.

Sweeping economic inequality: Ibid.

challenge colonial rule: Ibid.

quality of higher education plummeted: Ibid.

widespread gender inequality: Ibid.

80 percent are literate: Ibid.; and World Factbook, Egypt, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html.

standardized tests, not critical thinking: Bohn and Loveluck.

in exchange for cash: Ibid.

said Osman: Osman was interviewed in Egypt by Lauren E. Bohn; see also Tarek Osman, Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to Mubarak (2011).

to be an engineer: See Lauren E. Bohn, “For Egypt’s Trapped and Teeming, Revolution Has Barely Begun,” CNN, June 7, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/07/world/africa/egypt-next-revolution/index.html.

and a potential bride: Ibid.

passage into adulthood: Ibid.

CHAPTER 9: LITTLE WASHINGTON

surprised, thrilled, and inspired: Interviews with Koltai, July and August 2012.

investor in the sector: Retrieved from Carlyle Group Web site, August 2012, http://carlyle.com/.

after the 9/11 attacks: Ibid.

as much as $2 billion each: Ibid.

$554 million in government contracts: See Washington Technology, “2012 Top 100 Rankings,” June 11, 2012, http://washingtontechnology.com/toplists/top-100-lists/2012.aspx.

chief innovation officer: Interview with O’Neill, August 2012.

long-term policies: Interview with Chaudhary, August 2012.

Micah Zenko: See Paul B. Stares, John Vessey, and Micah Zenko, Enhancing U.S. Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, October 2009, http://www.cfr.org/conflict-prevention/enhancing-us-preventive-action/p20378; and Paul B. Stares and Micah Zenko, Partners in Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, September 2011, http://www.cfr.org/international-organizations/partners-preventive-action/p25938?co=C009603.

the problem was leadership: See David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal (2012), 417–27.

CONCLUSION

executing members: See BBC, “Syria Conflict: Aleppo Shooting by Rebels Condemned,” August 1, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19084287.

he told Reuters: See Erika Solomon, “Insight: Syria Rebels See Future Fight with Foreign Radicals,” Reuters, August 8, 2012, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48564227/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/.

short-term energy needs: See Nancy Birdsall, Milan Vaishnav, and Daniel Cutherell, More Money, More Problems: A 2012 Assessment of the US Approach to Development in Pakistan, Center for Global Development, July 30, 2012, http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1426361/; and Milan Vaishnav, Washington’s Civilian Shortcomings in Pakistan, Carnegie Endowment, July 31, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/07/30/washington-s-civilian-shortcomings-in-pakistan/d34p; and Shuja Nawaz, “Stilling a Stormy Relationship,” Foreign Policy, July 12, 2012, http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/07/12/stilling_a_stormy_relationship.