1. Meridel Le Sueur, “Women Are Hungry,” Ripening: Selected Work, 1927–1980 (Old Westbury, N.Y.: The Feminist Press, 1982), pp. 140–41.
2. Eighteen years ago, Sheila Tobias, then a provost at Wesleyan University, identified and named math anxiety as a problem largely but not only of female students. (See “Why Is a Smart Girl Like You Counting on Your Fingers?,” Ms., September 1976.) She developed clinics and other remedial methods that are now used on many campuses or in classrooms, as well as by individuals. See her books Overcoming Math Anxiety (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978; rev. 1994); and Succeed with Math: Every Student’s Guide to Conquering Math Anxiety (The College Board, 1987).
3. Robert L. Heilbroner, “The Heresies of John Maynard Keynes,” The Worldly Philosophers (New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 287.
4. John Kenneth Galbraith, “The Higher Economic Purpose of Women,” Annals of an Abiding Liberal, ed. Andrea D. Williams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), pp. 38–9, 41. Interview with John Kenneth Galbraith by Gloria Steinem, “The Economics of Housework,” Ms., April 1983, pp. 27–31.
5. For a discussion of the Superwoman and the two-job burden, see Arlie Hochschild with Ann Machung, The Second Shift (New York: Avon Books, 1989).
6. Shelley Coverman, “Women’s Work Is Never Done: The Division of Domestic Labor,” in Women: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Jo Freeman (Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Publishing, 1989), pp. 356–68.
7. Noam Chomsky, “ ‘Mandate for Change’ or Business as Usual,” Z magazine, February 1993, p. 40.
8. Caroline Bird, What Women Want: The National Women’s Conference (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979). For the agenda and the official report, see The Spirit of Houston: The First National Women’s Conference (Washington, D.C.: National Commission on the Observance of International Women’s Year, 1978); for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock Number 052-003-00505-1.
9. For information on such groups, many of which are still active, write to the National Women’s Conference Committee, P.O. Box 455, Beaver Dam, WI 53916.
10. Jimmy Carter’s own book on the White House years, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam, 1982), leaves out this incident, as well as most women’s constituency concerns. As an exemplary ex-President, he has organized technical assistance for elections in newly democratic countries, helped to create low-income housing through Habitat for Humanity, and coordinated antipoverty groups through the Atlanta Project. The point is not one man’s shortcomings but the need for women of all races to be decisionmakers.
11. Bella Abzug, with Mim Kelber, Gender Gap: Bella Abzug’s Guide to Political Power for American Women (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), p. 74.
12. Getting It Done: From Commitment to Action on Funding for Women and Girls, April 1992, third in a series of Far From Done Reports, Women and Foundations/Corporate Philanthropy, 322 Eighth Avenue, Room 702, New York, N.Y. 10001.
For information on a women’s fund near you, or on starting your own, write to: National Network of Women’s Funds, 1821 University Avenue, Suite 409 North, St. Paul, MN 55104; 612-641-0742, fax 612-647-1401.
13. Cathy N. Davidson, 36 Views of Mount Fuji (New York: Dutton, 1993), pp. 75–76.
14. For general information on “women’s work” by country, see: Joni Seager and Ann Olson, Women in the World: An International Atlas (New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books, 1986). Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women’s Movement Anthology (New York: Doubleday/Anchor Press, 1984).
15. Julie Johnson, “Prospect of Racial Parity Called Bleak,” New York Times, August 8, 1989.
16. Barbara F. Reskin, “Bringing the Men Back In: Sex Differentiation and the Devaluation of Women’s Work,” in Feminist Frontiers III, ed. Laurel Richardson and Verta Taylor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pp. 205–6.
17. Paula Ries and Anne J. Stone, The American Woman 1992–93: A Status Report (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), p. 341.
18. Ronnie J. Steinberg, “Radical Changes in a Liberal World: The Mixed Successes of Comparable Worth,” Gender & Society 1 (1987), pp. 466–75.
19. Patricia A. Rees, “Women in the Composing Room: Technology and Organization as the Determinants of Social Change,” paper presented at 1986 meeting of the American Sociological Association. Cited in Reskin, “Bringing the Men Back In,” Feminist Frontiers III, p. 205.
20. Evelyn Nakano Glenn and Roslyn L. Feldberg, “Clerical Work: The Female Occupation,” in Women: A Feminist Perspective, pp. 300–301.
21. “The Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession,” Academe: Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors, March/April 1993.
22. Gary Rhodes, “Playboy Bunny on the Move, but Miami Students Hopping Mad,” Cincinnati Post, October 1, 1991. Private communication from Andrea Dworkin, February 5, 1994.
23. For information about how to support, join, or organize locals of this union organized by and for clerical workers—or to stay informed on issues of this part of the labor force via its Working Woman Education Fund—contact: 9to5, 238 West Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 806, Milwaukee, WI 53203-2308, 414-272-7795, fax 414-272-2870. (Projects include worker-safety measures for the use of word processors, sexual harassment hot lines, and legislative alerts.)
24. For a sample pledge covering full-time, part-time, and live-in workers, plus benefits, mutual obligations, etc., see “A Working Relationship—The Household Employer and Employee Pledge,” Ms., October 1979. (Previously published February 1973.)
25. Michael Hanlon, “Women’s ‘Unpaid’ Work Worth Billions, House Chores Full-time Job, Studies Show,” Toronto Star, May 9, 1993.
26. Sekai Holland, Zimbabwe Association of Women’s Clubs, as quoted in a press release, “Overcoming Global Hunger,” World Bank NGO Conference, Washington, D.C., November 30, 1993.
27. Hazel Henderson, “Redefining Wealth and Progress,” WorldPaper, March 1994.
28. Robin Morgan, Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women’s Movement Anthology (New York: Doubleday, 1984), p. 697.
29. Raj Krishna, Women and Development Planning: With Special Interest to Asia and the Pacific. Quoted in Marilyn Waring, If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics, introduction by Gloria Steinem (New York: Harper & Row, 1988; published in U.K. as Counting for Nothing), pp. 283–84.
30. Berit Ås, “A Five-Dimensional Model for Change: Contradictions and Feminist Consciousness.” Quoted in Marilyn Waring, If Women Counted, pp. 42–43.
31. Galbraith, “The Higher Economic Purpose of Women,” pp. 39–41.
32. Gail J. Koff, Esq., Love and the Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), p. 193.
33. Lenore Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1985), p. 323.
34. Ries and Stone, The American Woman, pp. 385–86.
35. Christine A. Littleton, “Restructuring Sexual Equality,” California Law Review 75 (1987), p. 228.
36. Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women and the International Division of Labour (London, England, and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1986), p. 45.
37. Jonathan Glover et al., Ethics of New Reproductive Technologies: The Glover Report to the European Commission (DeKalb, 111.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1989).
38. Waring, If Women Counted, p. 46.
39. Galbraith, “The Higher Economic Purpose of Women,” pp. 41–46.
40. Letter from Carol Lees to Commissioner Benoit Bouchard, March 8, 1991.
41. Telephone interviews, January–February 1994.
42. “Woman: Challenges to the Year 2000” (New York: United Nations, 1991), p. 39.
43. Waring, If Women Counted, pp. 142–43.
44. Telephone interviews, January 1994.
45. Muriel Rukeyser, “Kathe Kollwitz,” No More Masks (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), pp. 81–86.
46. Galbraith, “The Higher Economic Purpose of Women,” p. 38.
47. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 14.
48. Simon Kuznets, “Towards a Theory of Economic Growth,” in Economic Growth and Structure (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), p. 173.
49. Raul Solorzano et al., “Accounts Overdue: Natural Resource Depreciation in Costa Rica” (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, December 1991).
50. Hazel Henderson, “Needed: A Score Card on National Growth,” Christian Science Monitor, May 3, 1993.
51. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991), p. 18.
52. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966).
53. Olive Schreiner, Women and Labour (London: Virago, 1978).
54. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Man-Made World or Our Androcentric Culture (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1971), pp. 232–36.
55. Hazel Henderson, Paradigms in Progress: Life Beyond Economics (Indianapolis: Knowledge Systems, Inc., 1991), pp. 14–15.
56. For information, write WomenVenture, 2324 University Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55114.
57. For information on annual economic development institutes, and to subscribe to this three-times-yearly magazine of the women’s economic empowerment movement, write Equal Means, 2512 Ninth Street, Suite 3, Berkeley, CA 94710.
58. For information, write Women’s Self-Employment Project, 166 West Washington, Chicago, IL 60602.
59. For information about this national economic empowerment movement and groups in your area, write Sara Gould, Ms. Foundation for Women, 141 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
60. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). Myra and David Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America’s Schools Cheat Girls (New York: Scribner, 1994).
61. For information, write Ramah Navajo Weaving Association, P.O. Box 486, Pine Hill, NM 87357.
62. For information, write Cooperative Home Care Associates, 349 East 149th Street, Bronx, N.Y. 10451.
63. For information and catalogs of products (handicrafts also created or copied to order), write Watermark Association of Artisans, Inc., 150 US Highway 158 East, Camden, NC 27921 (fax 919-338-1444).
64. To become an adult member ($50), to sponsor or become a teen member ($20), and for other information about programs for schools and community groups, write An Income of Her Own, P.O. Box 8452, San Jose, CA 95155-8452 (1-800-350-2978).
65. For information, write First Nations Development Institute, 69 Kelley Road, Falmouth, VA 22401.
66. Alice Walker, “We Alone,” in Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful, Poems (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1984), p. 329.
Christine Delphy and Diana Leonard, Familiar Exploitation (Cambridge, England: Blackwell/Polity Press, 1992).
Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1986).
Joni Seager, Earth Follies (New York: Routledge, 1993).
Vandana Shiva, Staying Alive (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1989).
Marilyn Waring, If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).