Notes
Introduction
1 Adapted from Drew Pinsky et al., When Painkillers Become Dangerous (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2004), 25–26.
Opium: History’s First Wonder Drug
1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008 World Drug Report (United Nations Publication), 213, www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR_2008_eng_web.pdf.
2 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2012 (United Nations, June 2012), 36, www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf.
3 Marvin D. Seppala, M.D., Prescription Painkillers: History, Pharmacology, and Treatment (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2010), 21. Ibid., 27.
4 Ibid., 27.
The Family of Opioids and How They Work
1 What’s This Agonist/Antagonist Stuff? National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment, www.naabt.org/faq_answers.cfm?ID=5; Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 138–41.
2 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Mind Over Matter: The Brain’s Response to Opiates, NIH Publication no. 09-3856 (Revised 2009).
3 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 83.
4 “Morphine,” The Partnership at Drugfree.Org, www.drugfree.org/drug-guide/morphine.
5 Ibid.
6 Gus Burns, “The intoxicating codeine-soda mix known by its slang name, purple drank, has made its way to Tuscola County,” Michigan Live, last updated February 2, 2011, www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2011/02/the_intoxicating_codeine-soda.html.
7 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 144.
8 Ibid., 147.
9 Ibid., 145.
10“Drug Facts: Heroin,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin.
11 Heroin, National Institute on Drug Abuse, www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/heroin.
12 Theodore J. Cicero, Matthew S. Ellis, and Hilary L. Surratt, “Effect of Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of OxyContin,” New England Journal of Medicine, July 12, 2012, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1204141#t=article.
13 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 146.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., 147.
16 Bethany Winkel, “The History of OxyContin,” Treatment Solutions, www.treatmentsolutions.com/the-history-of-oxycontin.
17 Ibid.
18 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 148.
19 Winkel, “The History of OxyContin.”
20 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry: Abuse Deterrent Opioids—Evaluation and Labeling (Silver Spring, MD: January 2013), 2–3.
21 Cicero, Ellis, and Surratt, “Effect of Abuse-Deterrent.”
22 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 136.
23 Ibid., 150.
24 Ibid., 150–52.
25 “Fentanyl,” Drugs.com, www.drugs.com/cdi/fentanyl.html; Seppala, 154–55.
26 Ibid., 156.
27 Ibid., 156–57.
28 Treato Blog, http://treato.com/Lomotil,Abuse/?a=s; “Opiates & Opioids,” Drugs-Forum: www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=40776.
29 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 157–61.
From Miracle Pain Relief to Epidemic of Abuse
1 Minnesota Department of Health, Minnesota Controlled Substance Diversion Prevention Coalition Final Report (March 2012), 3, www.health.state.mn.us/patientsafety/drugdiversion/divreport041812.pdf.
2 B. D. Darnall, M. E. Schatman, C. E. Argoff, and J. C. Ballantyne, “Understanding Opioids: Part 1,” Medscape (January 9, 2013), www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777126.
3 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 169–81.
4 Art Van Zee, “The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy,” American Journal of Public Health, 99:2 (February 2009), 221–27.
5 Seppala, Prescription Painkillers, 172.
6 Van Zee, “The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin.”
7 “Drug Diversion: Theft of Drugs and Controlled Substances,” Premier, www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/drug_diversion/index.jsp.
8 Abby Simons and Paul Walsh, “Abbott Northwestern Patient Left ‘Writhing in Pain’ Sues,” (Minneapolis, MN) Star Tribune, October 19, 2011, www.startribune.com/local/minneapolis/132140228.html?refer=y.
9 Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, Prescription for Peril (Washington, DC: Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, December 2007), 4–5, www.insurancefraud.org/downloads/drugDiversion.pdf.
10 Ibid., 19.
11 Ibid., 26.
12 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings (Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2010), http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9Results.htm.
13 L. D. Johnston, P.M. O’Malley, J. G. Bachman, and J. E. Schulenberg, Monitoring the Future National Results on Drug Use: 2012 Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use (Ann Arbor:, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 2013), http://monitoringthefuture.org//pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2012.pdf.
Use, Abuse, and Addiction
1 “AAPM Facts and Figures on Pain,” American Academy of Pain Medicine, www.painmed.org/patientcenter/facts_on_pain.aspx#keyfindings.
2 Howard L. Fields, “The Doctor’s Dilemma: Opiate Analgesics and Chronic Pain,” National Institutes of Health, February 24, 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073133/.
3 H. W. Clark and A. Bizzell, “A Federal Perspective on the Abuse of Prescription Stimulants,” Psychiatric Annals 35:3 (2005), 254–56.
4 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Prescription Medications: Misuse, Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction,” Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory 5:2 (May 2006).
5 “Addiction, Tolerance, and Dependence—An Interview with Dr. Jennifer Schneider,” National Pain Foundation, April 2005, www.jenniferschneider.com/articles/addiction-tolerance-dependence.html; Thomas R. Kosten and Tony P. George, “The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence: Implications for Treatment,” Science and Practice Perspectives, National Institute on Drug Abuse, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851054/.
6 Adapted from Pinsky et al., When Painkillers Become Dangerous (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2004), 8.
7 Ibid., 10.
8 Ibid., 11–16.
9 Marvin D. Seppala, M.D., “How Addiction Treatment Works,” in Pinsky et al., When Painkillers Become Dangerous, 32.
10 Ibid., 34.
Prevention Practices
1 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Make a Difference: Talk to Your Child about Alcohol (Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Publications Distribution Center, Revised 2009).
2 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Talking to Your Kids about Prescription Drug Abuse, (SAMHSA, 2012).
3 Adapted from Pinsky et al., 26–27.
4 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide, 2nd ed. (Bethesda, MD: NIDA, 2003).
5 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Talking to Your Kids about Prescription Drug Abuse.
6 S. T. Ennett, N. S. Tobler, C. L. Ringwalt, and R. L. Flewelling, “How Effective is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? A Meta-Analysis of Project DARE Outcome Evaluations,” American Journal of Public Health 84: 9 (1994).
7 Butler Center for Research, Preventing Adolescent Substance Abuse (Center City, MN: Hazelden, June 2010).
8 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Make a Difference: Talk to Your Child about Alcohol.
9 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Talking to Your Kids about Prescription Drug Abuse.