Index
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
AAI. see Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
A1 allele of D2 dopamine receptor, 140–41
alcohol abuse related to, 141
impulsive behaviors related to, 141
absorption, 209–10
abuse
inflammation due to, 65
substance, 76–78
ACC. see anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
accelerated aging
shortening of telomeres and, 87
acceptance and commitment therapy, xxx, 265–66
for anxiety disorders, 266
ACEs. see adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
ACE study. see Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study
acetyl
function of, 72
acetylation, 72
gene suppression through, xxiii
acetylcholine
receptors for, 165–66
acid(s)
amino, 123
docosahexaenoic, 122
eicosapentaenoic, 122
fatty see fatty acids
acquired characteristics
theory of inheritance of, 68
ACTH. see adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
acting “as if,” 189
action-oriented empathy, 254–55
active listening
in motivational interviewing, 57
activity
coactivation of mental operating systems effects on, 260
synchronized, 264
acute inflammation
chronic inflammation vs., 102
acute stress
case example, 172–75
depression and, 199
progressive effects of, 172–75
acute stress disorders
PTSD from, 134
acute stressor(s)
immune responses in, 168
adaptation
early patterns of, 42
sickness behavior in, 225
addiction(s), 139–61
in ACC activation, 157
accessing reward circuits in working with, 160
anxiety and, xxvi
building of strengths related to, 156–57
dopamine in, 142–43, 144f
drug delivery methods effects on, 154–55
drugs and, 154–55
gambling and, 142–45, 144f
habits becoming, xxvi
motivation and, 154–59, 158f
motivation–pleasure circuit and, 141–46
nondrug, 155
predilection for, 156
repeated use and, 155
ADH. see alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
adrenaline, 172
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 80, 166
release of, 179
adult attachment
variations in, 47–49
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), 48
adult attachment styles
assessment of, 48
advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
adverse effects of, 118–19
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
anxiety related to, 79
case examples, 195
categories of, 62
depression related to, 79, 219–20, 223
destructive habits associated with, 63–64
DMN effects of, 14
dopamine and cortisol levels related to, 141
epigenetic factors enhancing effects of nurturance or exacerbating effects of, 75
genetic vulnerability and, 74
health consequences of, 61–64
poor self-care associated with, 63–64
public burden of, 64
short version of serotonin transporter gene and, 74–75
suicide related to, 79
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questions
in health surveys, 64
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study
described, 62–64
health and mental health ramifications of, xxii–xxiii
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study scores, 62–63
autoimmune disorders later in adult life related to, 65
correlations with adverse outcomes, 63–64
depression and suicide related to, 79
aerobic exercise
benefits of, xxv
affective systems, 3
affect regulatory problems
prefrontal deficits related to, 147
affect stability
early deprivation impact on, xxii
AGEs. see advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
aging
accelerated, 87
inflammation related to, 126
Akkermansia
BMI related to, 111
in lean people, 111
alcohol
as reward and relief from stress, 154
sleep suppressed by, 136–37
alcohol abuse
A1 allele of D2 dopamine receptor and, 141
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
enzyme activity associated with, 77–78
Alcoholics Anonymous, 148, 151, 257
alcoholism
case example, 154
cues in, 154
reward-seeking responses in, 154
alcohol use
cannabis smoking vs., 77–78
case example, 77–78
alkalosis
hypocapnic, 187
allostasis, xxvi–xvii, 168–72
defined, 169
described, 170
mediators of, 169–70
allostatic load, xxvi–xvii, 168–72
adverse effects of, 171–72
case example, 172–75
cumulative effects of, 173
described, xxvii, 171
Alzheimer’s disease
as “diabetes type 3,” 102
exercise in lowering risk of, 124
isoprostanes and, 119
LPS in, 111
obesity and, 101
ambiguity
intolerance to, 183–84
learning to tolerate, 184
amino acids
as building blocks for neurotransmitters, 123
amygdala, 160
cortisol effects on, 174
excessive activity of, 229–30
in exposure to stress-provoking stimuli, 179
fast and slow track to, 188–89
functions of, 197
in guiding choices in ambiguous and unpredictable situations, 9
hyperactivation of, xxix
in motivational system, 147, 148
in PTSD, 16
as relevance detector, 22
slowing down fast track to, xxvii
still face impact on, 36
in threat detection, 176
tracks to activate, 22–25, 23f
Analyze This, 1, 12
anger, 3
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 8f, 9, 16
addiction effects on activating, 157
in conflict resolution, 22
depression and, 221–22, 232–33
in detecting social and physical pain, 231–32
empathy and, 32, 254
pain and, 32
anterior insula, 7–8, 16
empathy and, 32
pain and, 32
antianxiolytic(s)
exercise as, 126
antibiotics
dysbiosis related to, 109
antidepressant(s)
exercise as, xxv, 126
anti-inflammatory cytokines, 96
anxiety, 3. see also anxiety disorders
ACEs impact on, 79
addiction related to, xxvi, 156
causes of, 122
depression and, 228
exercise in reducing, 129
focalized, 186–88
generalized, 181–83 see also generalized anxiety
insecure attachment and, 48
organized, 175
stress and, xxvii
telomere length and, 87–88
unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and, xxiv
anxiety disorders
acceptance and commitment therapy for, 266
amygdala effects of, xxix
anxiety organized in, 175
as autostress disorders, 175–89
emotional chaos self-organizing into, 181
exposure exercises for, 5
focalized vs. generalized, 181
formation of, xxvii
generalized, 181–83 see also generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety sensitivity, 129
benzodiazepines and, 186–87
anxiolytic(s)
aerobic exercise as, xxv
anxious memories, 229–30
apoptosis
defined, 172
appendix, 107
appetite
cortisol and, 171
sleep loss effects on, 133
appetite cycle
reward system and, 125
approach
avoidance vs, 234–37
Arden, J.B., ix–xi, xix, 82–84
arginine vasopressin, 80, 166
Aristotle, 139, 152
“as if”
acting, 189
astrocyte(s)
in immune system, 98
PICs released from, 98
astrology
genetic, 66
atherosclerosis
increase in, 126
atrial natriuretic peptide, 129
attachment
adult, 47–49
avoidant patterns of, 56
disorganized vs. secure, 44–49
endogenous opioids in, 43
implicit memory of, 41
insecure, 48
mental operating networks and, 49–51
neurochemistry of, 42–43
overlapping terms for, 42
oxytocin in, 43
in predicting adult capacity for intimacy and conflict resolution, 48
secure see secure attachment
self-soothing and, 79
variations in, 47–49
attachment research
interpersonal neurobiology and, xix
attachment styles
assessment of, 48
in coping with stress, 42
ethnic, 55–56
social self and, 41–44
attention
contemplative, 256–67 see also contemplative attention
excessive, 39
reorienting of, 214
shift in, 214
attentional disorders
underdevelopment and underactivity in executive network and, 10
attentional flexibility
meditation in improving, 258
attention deficit disorder
case example, 51
attention synchronization, 264
attitude(s)
case example, 249–53
emotional outcomes related to, 250
positive, 250–51
positive psychology and, 249–50
attractor
defined, 246
autoimmune disorders
ACE study scores impacting likelihood of, 65
as bidirectional causal interactions with psychological disorders, 102–3
chronic inflammation and, 97
development of, 95
feedforward loops and, 199
prevalence of, xxiv
psychological disorders related to, 94, 102–3
types of, 97
unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and, xxiv
automatic thoughts, 189
autonomic-inflammatory reflex
stress-induced, 198
autostress, 163–89. see also stress
case example, 163–89
stress and, 163–89
autostress disorders, xxvi–xvii, 175–89. see also specific disorders, e.g., generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorders as, 175–89
balancing executive and salience networks in, 188–89
case example, 163–89
development of, 176
exposure vs. avoidance in, 177–80
focalized anxiety, 186–88
GAD, 181–83
generalized anxiety, 181–83 see also generalized anxiety; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
sensitization/priming for, 176–77
slow and fast track related to, 188–89
stress response systems effects of, xxvii
stress transitioning into, 177
top-down, bottom-up, and side-to-side integration in, 180–81
worry as cognitive avoidance in, 183–85
avoidance
approach vs., 234–37
cognitive, 183–85
exposure vs., 177–80
in GAD, 183
hypervigilance vs., 205, 205f
trauma-related, 209–14
avoidant behaviors
depression and, 234–37
avoidant children
as dismissive adults, 48–49
avoidant patterns of attachment, 56
awakening
mid-sleep cycle, 136–37
awareness
emotional, 4
meta-, 257
bacterial pathogens
norepinephrine in growth of, 113
bacterium
in gut lining, 111
Bacteroidetes, xxv, 108
“bad genes”
case example, 60–61
bad habits
case example, 157–58
changing, 157–58
bad health
psychological stressors related to, 163–64
balance
energy, 100, 101
basal ganglia
PICs effects on, 225–26
BDNF. see brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
behavior(s)
avoidant, 234–37
in changing biology, 70
defensive, 193–94
emotional, 43
gambling, 142–45, 144f
health-related see behavioral health
impact on genetic processes, xxiii
impulsive, 141
lifestyle, xxiii, xxiv
passive-aggressive, 39
positive, 250–51
prosocial, 43
telomere length impact on, xxiii
withdrawal, 234–37
behavioral activation technique
within cognitive behavioral therapy, 236
behavioral health, 64–66, 92–93
case example, 91–92
CDC on, 92–93
continuum of, 149–50
physical and mental health comprising, 93
psychotherapy as, 92
behavior–gene interactions, xxii–xxiv, 59–90
behavioral health and, 64–66
case examples, 59–90
demise of genetic astrology, 66–89
developmental genomics in, 78–82, 81f
epigenetics in, 69–73
health consequences of ACEs, 61–64
in identical twins, 59–90
introduction, 59–61
“no blank slate,” 73–76
resilience and, 84–87 see also resilience
substance abuse and, 76–78
telomeres, health, and longevity, 87–89
transgenerational trauma and, 82–84
being present in the moment, xxi
belief(s)
in alleviating suffering, 244
core, 189
in “higher power,” 257
in interdependence, 257–58
mental health and, 248
placebo–nocebo, 246–48
placebos and, 244–53
power of, 244–53
psychotherapy-related, 247–48
belly fat
dementia related to, 101
benzodiazepine(s)
anxiety sensitivity associated with, 186–87
depression related to, 129
beta-amyloid, 131–32
beta-endorphin(s)
functions of, 166
release of, 179
Bettelheim, B., 56
Bifidobacterium infantis, 124
bilateral-reprocessing therapies, 212
biofeedback instruments
in attaining deeper states of relaxation, 264
biological factors
placebo effects interacting with, 248
biological feedback loops
environmental impact on, 71
biology
factors in changing, 70
“blank slate,” 73–76
blood glucose levels
case example, 91–92
blood pressure
exercise effects on, 129
blood sugar drop
symptoms following, 117
BMI. see body mass index (BMI)
Bodhisattva peace training, 261–62
bodily feelings
as emotions, 4
body(ies)
carbohydrates effects on, 117
emotion and, 3–4
body mass index (BMI)
Akkermansia level and, 111
in obesity, 100–1
body sensations
panic disorder and, 5
therapy emphasizing, 211–14
body temperature
regulation of, 136–37
borderline personality disorder
dialectical behavior therapy for, 266
“boring the worry circuit,” 184
bottom-up patterns, 3
in autostress disorders, 180–81
emotions-related, 4–5
kindling motivation through, 159–61
in mind–brain–gene interactions, 112
right/left balancing with, 197–98
unbalances in, 176
bottom-up sensations, xxix
emotions constructed from, 7–8, 8f
Bowlby, J., 41
brain
activation of inflammatory pathways in, 98–100, 99f
CEO of see executive network
chronic illnesses effects on, 155–56
emotionality as intrinsic function of, 4
exercise in enhancement and repair of, 130–31
gaps between mind and, xix
gene expression in, 73
gene expression pathways in, 76
generosity-associated areas of, 253
genes expressed in, 67
gut and, 105–6, 111
in helping essential fatty acids facilitate second-messenger system, 123
immune system interactions with, 94, 98–100, 99f
inhibiting neurotransmitters in, 76
opioid receptor activity in, 79
placebo effects in, xxix, 244–53 see also placebo effect(s)
pleasure centers of, 9
“second,” 105–6
sleep in maintenance of, 132
social, xxii, 30–31
“story” see default-mode network (DMN)
underactive areas of, 242
brain–body feedback loops, 7–8, 8f
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 43, 75
in brain enhancement and repair, 130
as “brain fertilizer,” 84
depression and, 220
in energy balance, 101
functions of, 122, 220
LPS effects on, 110–11
in neural plasticity, neurogenesis, memory, energy balance, and mood, 100
obesity effects on, 101
omega-3s and, 122
simple carbohydrates impact on, 119
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression, 84
“brain fertilizer”
BDNF as, 84
brain functions
omega-3 essential fatty acids in, 121–22
brain growth
insulin-like growth-factor and, 85
brain health
exercise and, 130–31
factors enhancing, 88
brain maturation
insulin-like growth-factor and, 85
brain networks. see social brain networks; specific types, e.g., default-mode network (DMN)
“brand names”
transcending, xxviii
breathing
sleep-disordered, 135
“brown-out,” 100
calming effect
oxytocin and, 43–44
Canadian Community Health Survey, 65
cancer(s)
diet high in saturated fat and, 120
increase in, 126
WHO on, 120
cannabinoid circuitry
in enjoying, 142
cannabis
case example, 76–77
psychotic symptoms after smoking, 76–77
cannabis smoking
alcohol use vs., 77–78
Cannon, W., 4
carbohydrate(s)
BDNF effects of, 119
bodily effects of, 117
care, 3
caregiver(s)
telomere length in, 87
catecholamine(s), 173
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein, 77
causation
vulnerability vs., 74
CDC. see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
cecum, 107
cell(s). see also specific types, e.g., spindle cells
dendritic, 106
dopamine-containing, 125
fat, 100–2
of gut, 106, 107
immune, 107
impact on genes, 71
natural killer, 168
responding to internal and external conditions, 71
“cells that fire out of sync loss their link,” 207
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
on childhood adversity effects on adult health, 61–62
on health behaviors, 92–93
on obesity, 100–1
on suicide, 224
on usefulness of ACE questions in health survey, 64
central adiposity
dementia related to, 101
central executive. see executive network
central nervous system (CNS)
chronic inflammation effects on, 225–26
CEO of brain. see executive network
CERs. see conditioned emotional responses (CERs)
Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche, H.E., 261
change(s)
in gene expression, 71
genetic, 69–73
intention as predictor of actual, 159–60
lifestyle, 105
motivation to, 160
psychotherapy-related, x–xi
change talk, 160–61
chaos
emotional see emotional chaos
mind–body, 164–75
Charcot, J-M, 61, 211
check-and-balance system, 197
“checked out,” 209
chemical dependency
DSM on, xxvi
childhood maltreatment
elevated levels of inflammation related to, 65
childhood psychological stress
adult health problems related to, 61–62, 64
“child of a rageaholic,” 189
child–parent dyad
as self-organizing system, 41
stories in, 53
Child Protective Services
on leaving child unattended, 56
children
avoidant, 48–49
co-constructing narratives with, 54–55
excessive attention and coddling effects on, 39
inflammation in, 97
leaving unattended, 56
maternal separation effects on, 45
narcissistic, 39
secure attachment in, 47
spoiled, 39
choice(s)
amygdala in guiding, 9
cholesterol, 172
cholesterol levels
case example, 91–92
Christian contemplation, 261
Christian Meditation, 256
chromatin, 72
chromosome(s), 72
chronic illnesses
brain changes related to, 155–56
immune system effects of, 94
obesity and, 100
physical inactivity and, 126
chronic inflammation, 96–97. see also inflammation
acute inflammation vs., 102
adverse effects of, 98, 102
anxiety, depression, and cognitive defects related to, xxiv
autoimmune disorders and, 97
causes of, 223–24
CNS effects of, 225–26
dementia related to, xxiv
health and mental health problems related to, xxiv
leaky gut and, 118
neurodegenerative diseases and, 97
PICs and, 96–97
short-term inflammation vs., 96
sickness behavior related to, 224–27
chronic insomnia
shorter telomeres and, 132
chronic pain
MBSR for, 266
chronic stress
case example, 103–4
depression and, 199
hypoactivation of HPA axis related to, 173
immune system effects of, 94
impact of, 85
pathogens’ growth related to, 113
poor health related to, 174–75
telomere length and, 87–88
circadian rhythm
for cortisol, 136
healthy, 136–37
resetting, 135–37
closed systems
open systems vs., xxix
close relationships
longevity related to, xxii
CNS. see central nervous system (CNS)
cocaine
as “rock,” 154
co-constructive narratives, 54–55
coddling
excessive, 39
cognition(s)
chronic inflammation effects on, xxiv
sleep impact on, xxv
top-down, 7–8, 8f
cognitive avoidance
worry as, 183–85
cognitive behavioral therapy, 181
behavioral activation technique within, 236
to metacognitive models, 185
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 266
variant of, 184
cognitive deficits
causes of, 99
cognitive development
maternal depression impact on, 37–38
cognitive distortions
types of, 181
cognitive reappraisal, 160
“comfort cocoon,” 139
comfort foods, 124
communication patterns
implicit, 51–52
compassion
contemplative, 260–62
cultivation of, 257–58
empathy and, 254
expressing, 254
importance of, 260
mental health effects of, xxx
self-, 254–55, 262
compassionate engagement, 261
competence
cultural, 57
social, 33
complex adaptive systems
feedback loops in, 268
complex decision making, xxi
complexity theory, xix–xxi
complex trauma
adverse effects of, 198
computer games
mental health effects of, xxvi
COMT gene
psychoses related to, 77
COMT protein. see catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein
conditioned emotional responses (CERs), 208
neutralizing, 208
traumatic, 208–9
conflict
internal, 232–33
conflict resolution
ACC in, 22
attachment in predicting adult capacity for, 48
conscious emotion
fear as, 176
conscious reasoning
in PFC, 145
contemplation, 256, 262
Christian, 261
effect of, 261
contemplative attention, 256–67
mental operating systems and, 258–60, 259f
contemplative compassion, 260–62
contemplative meditation
calming factors in, 257–58
history of, 256–57
self-compassion in, 262
contemplative prayer, 256
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device
for sleep apnea, 135
conversion disorder, 61
coping
stress-related, 42
core beliefs, 189
“core sleep,” 132
cortex
anterior cingulate see anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
in emotional awareness, 4
in exposure to stress-provoking stimuli, 180
fear and, 5
posterior parietal, 11, 11f
prefrontal see prefrontal cortex (PFC)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 80, 166, 167, 173
in agitated depression, xxix
hypersecretion of, 228
cortisol, 168, 170–74
ACEs effects on, 141
amygdala effects of excessive, 174
appetite and, 171
circadian rhythm for, 136
functions of, 170–71
high levels of, 130
impact on hippocampus and frontal lobes, xxv
type 2 diabetes related to, 174–75
cortisol receptors
factors impacting gene regulation of, xxiii
counterchange talk, 160
Cozolino, L., xi, xix
CPAP device. see continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device
crack houses, 154
C-reactive protein (CRP) levels
case example, 91–92
inflammation related to, 118
measurement of, 97
sleep dysregulation effects on, 135
CRH. see corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
critical incidence debriefing
adverse effects of, 195
cross-sensitization
in autostress disorders development, 176–77
CRP. see C-reactive protein (CRP)
Crystal, B., 1
cue(s)
in alcoholism, 154
emotions as, 208–9
in flashbacks, 204
gambling behaviors and, 142–45, 144f
cultural competence
in psychotherapy training, 57
culture
impact on social self, 55–57
culture-specific “display rules”
emotions-related, 3
cytokine(s)
anti-inflammatory, 96
described, 96
pro-inflammatory see pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs)
Darwin, C., 3, 27, 68, 69
theory of natural selection of, 68–69
Dawkins, R., 68
daydreaming, xxi
non-sleep-time, 12
D2 dopamine receptor
A1 allele of, 140–41
death march, 82–83
debriefing
critical incidence, 195
de Chardin, P.T., 269
decision making
complex, xxi
mental operating networks in, 21
declarative memory, 17
recalled through executive network and DMN, 20
declarative memory system
as explicit memory system, 17
“deer-in-the-headlights” mode, 194, 209
default-mode network (DMN), xxi, 6, 12–15, 13f
abnormal “resting state” activity associated with, 133
ACEs impact on, 14
case example, 50
depression and, 14–15
described, 13–15
development of, 14, 50
diet effects on, 117
exercise in decreasing and normalizing, 127
explicit memories recalled through, 20
fantasies generated in, 14–15
function of, 14–16
hyperconnectivity of, 237–38
long-term memory systems in, 21
in meditation, 258–60, 259f
PICs effects on, 227
in PTSD, 16
salience network with, 50, 238–39
sleep deprivation effects on connectivity of, 133
defense(s)
stages of, 193
defensive behaviors
traumatic events and, 193–94
dementia(s)
central adiposity and, 101
chronic inflammation and, xxiv
exercise in lowering risk of, 124
obesity and, 101
demyelination
causes of, 221
dendritic cells, 106
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
described, 71
depression, 217–42
abnormal DMN activity related to, 127
ACC and, 221–22, 232–33
ACEs impact on, 79, 219–20
ACE study score and, 79
acute stress and, 199
addiction related to, 156
amygdala activity and, 229–30
amygdala effects of, xxix
anxiety and, 228
approach vs. avoidance related to, 234–37
avoidant behaviors and, 234–37
BDNF and, 220
as being stuck in psychological rigidity, xxix
benzodiazepines and, 129
biological links with inflammation and ACEs, 223
broad approach to, 241–42
causes of, 122, 222
chronic stress and, 199
cognitive and affect regulatory deficits with, 232–33
conditions related to, xxviii
described, 227–28
DLPFC and, 221–22
DMN and, 14–15
dopamine and, 228–29
effort to reestablish pleasurable activities in management of, 236
epigenetics and, 221
exacerbation of, 222
exercise in lowering risk of, 124, 127
between extremes, 239–41
in families, 223
fibroblast growth factor and, 220
GDNF and, 220
gene–environment interactions in, 219–20
genetics and, 221
hostility and, 224
5-HTTLRR in vulnerability to, 75–76
hypocorticolism and, 173–74
illnesses related to, xxviii
in infants, 36–38
inflammation and, 222–24
LPS and, 110
maternal see maternal depression
mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy for, 266
neurotrophic factors and, 220–22
NGF and, 220
parental, 35–38
PICs effects on, 226–27
postpartum, 35–38
prevalence of, 218
pseudo-, 10
revolving internal conflict and, 232–33
risk factors for, 222–23
sickness behavior related to, 224–27 see also sickness behavior
social stress and, 230–32
stress and, 219, 228–32
stress–depression synergy, 227–30, 229f
suicide related to, 224
telomere length and, xxiii, 87–88
transcending rigidity in management of, 217–42
treatment of, 240–42
type 2 diabetes and, 102, 224
types of, 218–37
unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and, xxiv
withdrawal behaviors and, 234–37
in women vs. men, 218
“depression gene,” 74–75
depression switch, 233
deprivation
CRH levels and, 228
depression related to, 223
early, xxii
maternal, 228
pathophysiological syndromes resulting from, 112–13
Desert Fathers, 256
Deshimaru, T., 91, 113
destructive habits
ACEs and, 63–64
detachment
in dissociation, 209–10
extreme, 209–10
levels of, 209–10
mild, 209–10
moderate, 209–10
trauma-related, 209–14
development
cognitive, 37–38
of DMN, 50
healthy, 39
left hemisphere during, 28–29, 29f
right hemisphere during, 28–29, 29f
developmental genomics, 78–82, 81f
diabetes mellitus
memory effects of, 119
diabetes mellitus type 2. see type 2 diabetes
“diabetes type 3”
Alzheimer’s disease as, 102
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 66
on chemical dependency, xxvi
dialectical behavior therapy, xxx, 265–66
for borderline personality disorder, 266
diet
of ancestors, 116–17
DMN effects of, 117
executive network effects of, 117
high in saturated fat, 120
immune system effects of, 105
inflammation and, 124–25
mainstream, 116–25
Mediterranean, 123–24
mental health effects of, xxv
Okinawan, 124, 125
Paleolithic, 117
perils of mainstream, 116–25
“plants plus,” 124
in self-maintenance, 115–25
stress tolerance related to, 116, 124
Western, 116–25
WHO on, 120
direct pathway
in response to dopamine, 148–51
discomfort
intestinal, 105, 107, 109–10
dismissive adults
avoidant children as, 48–49
dismissive attachment style, 48–49
case example, 49, 50
disorganized attachment
dissociative problems related to, 47
dissociation
detachment in, 209–10
trauma-related, 209–14
dissociative problems
disorganized attachment and, 47
distortion(s)
cognitive, 181
DLPFC. see dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
DMN. see default-mode network (DMN)
DNA. see deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DNA methylation
levels of, 79
docosahexaenoic acid
brain function effects of, 122
dopamine, 123
ACEs effects on, 141
in addiction, 142–43
circuits responding to, 148
depression and, 228–29
described, 142
medium spiny neurons responding to, 148
motivation and, 142
dopamine activation
addiction resulting from, 144f
dopamine activity
changes in, 152
dopamine circuits
in wanting, 142
dopamine-containing cells, 125
dopamine firing
case examples, 152–54
intensity and rate of, 152–53
dopamine neurons, 146
firing of, 142–45, 144f
function of, 152
dopamine receptor(s)
D2, 140–41
dopamine receptor gene (DRD4), 75
dopamine release, 125
reward circuit in, 146
dopamine reward system
enthusiasm and, 253
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 10–11, 11f
depression and, 221–22
double helix, 72
DRD4. see dopamine receptor gene (DRD4)
drug(s)
addiction related to, 154–55
methods of taking, 154–55
repeated use of, 155
DSM. see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 65, 74, 77
durability
resiliency as, 170
Dutch Hunger Winter, 69–70
dysbiosis, 109–11, 125
antibiotics use and, 109
early deprivation
impact on affect stability, xxii
early-life trauma
depression related to, 223
early nurturance
stress tolerance effects of, 59
early psychological adversity
physical health problems related to, 61
early stress
effects of, 112–13
pathophysiological syndromes resulting from, 112–13
effort-driven reward circuit, 236
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
brain function effects of, 122
Ekman, P., 3
EMDR. see Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR)
emotion(s)
arising from limbic system, 3
bodily feelings as, 3–4
from bottom-up sensations and top-down cognitions, 4–5, 7–8, 8f
common set of, 3
conscious, 176
construction of, 4
as cues, 208–9
culture-specific “display rules” related to, 3
emergence of, xxi, 7–9, 8f
expressions of, 3–4
feelings as, 4
generation of, 4
intensity of, 200
interaction between explicit and implicit systems influenced by, 200
secondary, 203–4
“self”-organization and, 3–5
thoughts and, 3–4
top-down interactions, 4–5
emotional awareness
cortex in, 4
emotional behaviors
oxytocin as regulator of, 43
emotional blunting
hypervigilance vs., 205, 205f
emotional chaos
patterns of, 175
self-organizing into anxiety disorders, 181
stress and, 164–75
“emotional conflict adaptation effect,” 21
Emotional Freedom Therapy, xxviii, 212
emotional implicit memory, xxvi
as immediate, 22
emotionality
as intrinsic function of brain, 4
emotional memory
sleep deprivation and, 134
as subsystem of implicit memory system, 18–20
emotional neglect
case example, 41–42, 60–61
in “self”-organization, 42
emotional nourishment
in healthy development, 39
emotional nurturance
lack of, 36
emotional outcomes
attitudes and, 250
emotional regulation
implicit forms of, 21
emotional states
positive, 252
emotion/cognition interface
in stress-related learning and memory, 76
empathy
ACC and, 32, 254
action-oriented, 254–55
anterior insula and, 32
compassion from, 254
cultivating, 31–33
endogenous opioids
in attachment, 43
endorphin(s)
exercise effects on, 129
energy
“storing” of, 117
energy balance
BDNF in, 100, 101
energy expenditure
obesity impact on dysregulation of, 101
energy intake
obesity impact on dysregulation of, 101
engagement
compassionate, 261
enhancer(s), 67
enjoying
opioid and cannabinoid circuitry related to, 142
“enough is never enough,” 251
ENS. see enteric nervous system (ENS)
enteric nervous system (ENS), 105–13, 124
described, 106
enthusiasm
dopamine reward system and, 253
environment
impact on biological and psychological feedback loops, 71
environment–gene interactions, 72
psychotherapy in influencing, 59
EPA. see eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
epigenesis
described, 70
epigenetic effects
occurrences of, 73
social factors related to, 78
epigenetics, 69–73
for better or worse, 75
defined, 70
depression and, 221
described, xxiii
developmental genomics impact on, 78–82, 81f
on effects of quality of care early in life, 59
in enhancing effects of nurturance or exacerbating effects of ACEs, 75
of exercise, 128
health problems related to, 59
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 58f
neurohormonal effects of, 86
in revolutionizing biological science, health care, and psychotherapy, 70, 71
substance abuse and, 76–78
epinephrine, 168
release of, 165
episodic memory(ies), 20–21
secondary emotions associated with, 203–4
Ericksonian hypnosis, 247
essential fat(s), 120–22
essential fatty acids, 119–20
benefits of, 122–23
in helping brain facilitate second-messenger system, 123
omega-3 see omega-3 essential fatty acids
essential neurochemical cornucopia, 123–24
estrogen
epigenetic changes to, 86
ethnic attachment styles, 55–56
“everything but the kitchen sink gene,” 74
evolution
in understanding mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 68
evolutionary theory
gene-related, 68
excessive fat cells
mental health consequences of, 100–2
excitement
“rush” of, 143–45
executive network, xxi, 9–12, 11f, 100
central, 6
diet effects on, 117
explicit memories recalled through, 20
function of, 15–16
long-term memory systems in, 21
in meditation, 258–60, 259f
salience network integration with, 146–47, 188–89
underdevelopment and underactivity in, 10
exercise(s), 125–31
aerobic, xxv
as antidepressant, xxv, 126
anxiety reduction related to, 126, 129
benefits of, xxv, 126, 127
blood pressure effects of, 129
brain health related to, 130–31
for depression, 127
endorphins effects of, 129
epigenetics of, 128
exposure, 5
GABA effects of, 129
gene activation after, 128
immune system effects of, 105
in lowering risk of dementias, 124
mental health effects of, 126
neurohormones effects of, 129
neuropeptides effects of, 129
neurotransmitters effects of, 129
in normalizing gene expression, 128
in pain modulation, 166
relaxation, 182–83, 257–58
serotonin levels effects of, 129
somatic, 182–83
studies of, 127
expectancy, 3
“expectancy set,” 247
expectation(s)
managing of, 152–53
moderating, 152–53
outcome of health care treatments related to, 244
explicit memory(ies)
durability of, 19
hippocampus in, 21
mental networks and, 18f
modified over time, 200
procedural memory providing clues for, 20
recalled through executive network and DMN, 20
semantic, 20–21
explicit memory system, 199
declarative memory system as, 17
implicit memory system interacting with, 200
implicit memory system vs., 18, 22
exposure
avoidance vs., 177–80
exposure exercises
for anxiety disorders, 5
expression
gene see gene expression
extreme detachment, 209–10
extrinsic motivation
secondary reinforcers in, 161
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), xxviii, 212
face-to-face play, 56–57
Facial Action Coding System (FACS), 3
FACS. see Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
failure to thrive
lack of emotional nurturance and, 36
family(ies)
depression in, 223
famine
genetic effects of, 70
fantasy, xxi
DMN and, 14–15
fast track
to amygdala, 22–25, 23f
slowing down, 188–89
fat
belly, 101
fat(s)
essential, 120–22
saturated, 120
fat cells
excessive, 100–2
fatty acids
essential, 119–20
short-chain, 125
trans-, 120–21
fear, 3
as CER, 208
as conscious emotion, 176
cortex and, 5
panic disorder and, 5
feedback loop(s)
brain–body, 7–8, 8f
causes of, xx
in complex adaptive systems, 268
described, xx
functions of, xx
between homeostatic system and stress systems, 164
of immune system, 94–95, 95f
within mind–brain–gene continuum, xviii, 269
negative, xx
positive, xx
in promoting growth and maintaining homeostasis, xx
psychological, 71
underlying stress and immune responses to threat, 167f
feedforward loop(s)
autoimmune disorders and, 199
trauma symptoms–related, 196–97
feeling(s)
in awareness of time and self, 267
bodily, 4
gut, 32, 105–13
implicit, 53
intrusive trauma-related, 199
intuitive, 32
“nervous gut,” 107
salience network in promoting, 32
“feeling network.” see salience network
Felitti, V., 61, 64
female hysteria, 61
fibroblast growth factor
depression and, 220
fight-or-flight response, 165, 166, 193
norepinephrine related to, 168
Finley, J., 256–57
Firmicutes, xxv, 108, 110, 118
flashback(s)
CERs triggering, 209
cued by implicit memories, 204
emotional intensity associated with, 201
focalized anxiety, 186–88
case example, 186–88
interoceptive exposure techniques for, 187–88
food(s)
comfort, 124
forgiveness
mental health effects of, xxx
fragmented sleep
trauma and, 134
frame of reference
side-to-side, 177–78
Framingham Heart Study, 65
Francis of Assisi, 217
Frank, J., 247
Frankl, V., 215
Freud, S., 61
frontal lobes
cortisol impact on, xxv
fructose
adverse effects of, 118
fruit drinks
in Western diet, 119
GABA. see gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
GAD. see generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
gambling
addiction and, 142–45, 144f
behaviors related to, 142–45, 144f
mental health effects of, xxvi
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 123
exercise effects of, 129
functions of, 76
gamma waves, 264
gastrointestinal system
as “second brain,” 105–6
GDNF. see glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
GDNF gene. see glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene
gene(s). see also specific types
ACEs related to, 74
activation after exercise, 128
“bad,” 60–61
cells impact on, 71
composition of, 71–72
COMT, 77
defined, 67
“depression,” 74–75, 221
evolutionary theory involving, 68
factors impacting, xxiii
famine effects on, 70
GDNF, 85
how we think about, 60–61
in human genome, 67
interacting with environment, 72
junk, 67
long-term modification of, 70
“metabolic/mitochondrial enzyme,” 128
“metabolic-priority,” 128
NGF, 85–86
protein-coding, 67
serotonin-transporter see serotonin-transporter gene (5-HTTLRR)
“stress-response,” 128
stress tolerance effects of, xxiii
“vulnerability,” 75
gene–behavior interactions, 59–90. see also behavior–gene interactions
gene–environment interactions
depression related to, 219–20
gene expression or suppression related to, xxiii
psychotherapy in influencing, 59
gene expression, 67
BDNF, 84
in brain, 73
changes in, 71
daily exercise in normalizing, 128
described, 69
developmental factors in, 78
gene–environment interactions and, xxiii
methylation in, xxiii
psychological experiences effects on, 61
psychotherapy effects on, xix, 59, 78
self-maintenance system in, 115
social factors and, 78, 82
types of, 72–73
gene functioning
stressful events impact on, 76
generalized anxiety, 181–83. see also generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
case example, 181
formation of, xxvii
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 181–83. see also generalized anxiety
avoidance associated with, 183
described, 181–82
5-HTTLRR in vulnerability to, 75–76
hypervigilance in, 183–84
intolerance to ambiguity in, 183–84
relaxation methods for, 182–83
somatic exercises for, 182–83
generosity
brain areas associated with, 253
gene suppression, 59, 67
acetylation in, xxiii
gene–environment interactions and, xxiii
mode of, 72–73
genetic astrology
demise of, 66–89
described, 66
genetic change, 69–73
rapid, 70
genetic disorders
causes of, 72
genetic effects
complexity of, 67
genetic processes
behaviors impact on, xxiii
genetic reductionism
embracing of, 67–68
limitations of, 66–67
to mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 89
genome
defined, 71
genomics
developmental, 78–82, 81f
social, 78
ghrelin, 133
“giving is receiving,” 252
GL. see glycemic load (GL)
glial cell(s), 98, 131
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
decreased methylation related to, 85
glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
in brain enhancement and repair, 130
depression and, 220
functions of, 220–21
global happiness reports, 250
glucose levels
balancing of, 118
GL in measuring, 119–20
glutamine, 123
glycemic load (GL), 119–20
glucose levels measured by, 119–20
glycogen, 117
glymphatic system, 131
“good-enough” parenting, 38–41
benefits of, 39
case example, 38–39
“go somewhere else,” 209
gratification
deferring of immediate, 147
gratitude
benefits of, 251–53
mental health benefits of, xxx, 252–53
positive emotional states and, 252
practicing, 250
greater gain
medium spiny neurons and, 147–52
grief/panic, 3
group child-rearing practices
on kibbutz, 56
growth
feedback loops in promoting, xx
growth-factors
insulin-like, 85
gut
immune cells of, 107
immune system of, 106–7
leaky, 109–10, 118
microorganisms in, 107–9
PICs effects on, 107, 110
as “second brain,” 105–6
site of, 106
size of, 106
gut–brain interactions, 106, 111, 124
gut feelings, 105–13
described, 111
salience network in promoting, 32
“gut feelings”
nervous, 107
gut hormones, 124–25
gut lining
bacterium relationship to, 111
supporting of, 111
gut microbes
in norepinephrine modification, 113
gut microbiota, 108–9
habit(s), 139–61
bad, 157–58
becoming addictions, xxvi
case example, 139–40
changing, 157–58
destructive, 63–64
establishing new, 19–20
forming, 158–59, 158f
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 138f
modifying, 158–59, 158f
motivation effects of, xxv–xxvi
neuroscience underlying, xxvi
PFC in forming and modifying, 156–59, 158f
procedural memory and, 19
habit circuits
changing, 157–59, 158f
happiness
paradox of, 250
“stumbling on,” 250
happiness reports
global, 250
health
ACEs impact on, 61–64
ACE study ramifications on, xxii–xxiii
bad, 163–64
behavioral see behavioral health
body–mind and, 91–114
brain, 130–31
chronic inflammation effects on, xxiv
factors in addressing overall, xviii
mental see mental health
microbiota and, 108
poor see poor health
positive relationships impact on, xxii
self-care practices in undermining, xxiv–xxv
health behaviors. see behavioral health
health care
decompartmentalized, 64–65
epigenetics in revolutionizing, 70, 71
integrated approach to, 64
psychotherapy interdependence with, xviii–xix
health problems
childhood psychological stress and, 64
early psychological adversity and, 61
epigenetic effects and, 59
health surveys
ACE–related questions in, 64
healthy development
emotional nourishment critical for, 39
“higher power”
belief in, 257
high-sensitivity reparations, 40
“highway hypnosis,” 12
hippocampal-frontal memory system, 200
hippocampus, 146, 174
in comparing knowledge, 22
cortisol impact on, xxv
in explicit memory, 21
in exposure to stress-provoking stimuli, 180
GABA effects on, 76
in memory, 130
PICs effects on, 226–27
histone(s), 72
“hitting the wall,” 179
Holocaust
offspring of mothers who suffered PTSD associated with, 84
homeostasis
described, 164
factors affecting, 164
feedback loops in maintaining, xx
homeostatic system
feedback loops between stress systems and, 164
hormone(s). see specific types
horror
as CER, 208
hostility
depression related to, 224
hot spots
described, 201
HPA axis. see hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
5-HTTLRR. see serotonin-transporter gene (5-HTTLRR)
Human Genome Project, 67, 108
hyperarousal zone, 205f
hypervigilance
avoidance and emotional blunting vs., 205, 205f
GAD and, 183–84
hypnosis
calming factors in, 257–58
Ericksonian, 247
“highway,” 12
hypoarousal zone, 205f
hypocapnic alkalosis, 187
hypocorticolism, 173–74
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 80, 130, 166, 170, 172
disruptions in, 228
hypoactivation of, 173
hypothalamus
PICs effects on, 226–27
hysteria
female, 61
identical twins
behavior–gene interactions in, 59–90
ill health. see poor health
illness(es)
dysregulating spiral with, 104–5
physical, 93
PICs effects of, 105
telomere length and, 88
immediate gratification
deferring of, 147
immobilization, 193
immune cells
of gut, 107
immune responses, 105–13
to acute stressors, 168
stress responses in modifying, 164
to threat, 167f
immune system, 93–105
astrocytes in, 98
of brain, 98–100, 99f
brain communication with, 94
chronic conditions effects on, 94
components of, 94, 95f
damaging effects on, 94
dysregulation of, xxiv, 93
feedback loops of, 94–95, 95f
functioning of, 115
functions of, 94
of gut, 106–7
interactions with brain, 98–100, 99f
lifestyle changes impact on, 105
MBSR effects on, 265
parasympathetic nervous system relationship with, 165
sleep loss and disturbances effects on, 134
stress disrupting, 103, 166–68, 167f
implicit communication patterns, 51–52
implicit memory(ies)
of attachment, 41
durability of, 19
emotional, xxvi, 18–22
factors associated with, 20
flashbacks cued by, 204
forming fabric of “self”-organization, 20
mental networks and, 18f
nondeclarative, 21
recalled through salience network, 20
resistant to change and passage of time, 200
implicit memory system, 18–20, 18f, 199–200
explicit memory system interacting with, 200
explicit memory system vs., 18, 22
motivation and, 141
nondeclarative memory as, 17
procedural and emotional subsystems of, 18–20
implicit-nonconscious procedural memory system, 211
impulse control problems
prefrontal deficits related to, 147
impulsive behaviors
A1 allele of D2 dopamine receptor and, 141
inactivity
chronic illnesses related to, 126
indirect pathway
in response to dopamine, 148–51
individuality
evolving experiences of, 2
infant(s)
of depressed mothers, 37
depression in, 36–38
parental depression effects on, 35–38
infant–mother dyad, 41
infant–parent dyad
quality of reciprocity within, 39
Infant Strange Situation paradigm, 40, 48, 55–56
infection(s). see specific types
inflammation. see also chronic inflammation
acute vs. chronic, 102
aging effects on, 126
BDNF effects of, 122
causes of, xxiv
in children, 65, 97
chronic see chronic inflammation
conditions impacting, 102
CRP elevation and, 118
depression and, 222–24
described, 96
diet and, 124–25
obesity and, 100
PICs and, xxiv
psychological disorders and, 97
short-term vs. chronic, 96
sickness behavior related to, 224–27 see also sickness behavior
sleep dysregulations and, 135
stress and, 103–5
inflammation–stress connection, 103–5
inflammatory bowel disease
PICs and, 107
inflammatory pathways
brain in activation of, 98–100, 99f
“inflammatory reflex,” 165
inheritance of acquired characteristics
theory of, 68
inhibiting neurotransmitters
in brain, 76
insecure attachment
anxiety and mood disorders associated with, 48
insomnia
adverse effects of, 134–35
chronic, 132
shorter telomeres and, 132
“sleep maintenance,” 136–37
insula, 7–9, 8f
anterior see anterior insula
insulin
role of, 174–75
insulin-like growth factor
brain effects of, 85
play and, 85
insulin resistance
reduced physical activity and, 128
integrated psychotherapy
mental health effects of, xxvi
integration
memory, 200–2
intention to change
as predictor of actual change, 159–60
interdependence
belief in, 257–58
interleukin(s), 96
disorders associated with, 102
IL-1, 98
IL-6, 102, 168, 223
internal conflict
revolving, 232–33
interoceptive exposure techniques
for focalized anxiety, 187–88
interpersonal neurobiology
attachment research and, xix
interpersonal relatedness
overlapping concepts of, 52
interpersonal stress
coping with, 42
interviewing
motivational see motivational interviewing
intestinal discomfort
case example, 105, 107, 109–10
intimacy
attachment in predicting adult capacity for, 48
intrinsic motivation
activating, 161
building on, 161
intrusive trauma-related thoughts and feelings, 199
intuitive feelings
salience network in promoting, 32
isoprostanes, 119
Alzheimer’s disease related to, 119
James, W., 1, 2, 4
Janet, P., 211, 213
Jesus, 243
joy
social, 3
junk DNA
described, 67
functions of, 67
Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers, 61
mind–body class at, 264–65
Kandel, E., 59
Keller, H., 191
kibbutz
group child-rearing practices on, 56
knowledge
PFC and hippocampus in comparing, 22
Kundalini meditation, 258–59
Lamarck, J-B, 68–69
theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics of, 68–69
“latent schizophrenia,” 77
leaky gut, 109–10
chronic inflammation related to, 118
contributors of, 109–10
lean people
Akkermansia in, 111
learning
stress-related, 76
left hemisphere
during development, 28–29, 29f
Leghorn, L., 261
leptin, 118, 133
leptin resistance
obesity and, 100
life satisfaction
fleeting and unexpected moments of, 250
lifestyle behaviors
immune system dysregulation due to, xxiv
telomere length and, xxiii
unhealthy, xxiv
lifestyle changes
immune system effects of, 105
life-threatening situations
responses to, 191
liking
opioid and cannabinoid circuitry related to, 142
limbic system
emotions arising from, 3
Lincoln, A., 239
Lincoln, M.T., 239–40
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 110, 118
Alzheimer’s disease related to, 111
BDNF effects of, 110–11
depression related to, 110
listening
active, 57
Locke, J., 73, 149
longevity
close relationships and, xxii
Mediterranean diet and, 124
long-term dysregulations
PTSD–related, 198–99
trauma and, 198–99
long-term memory
mental networks and, 18f
organization of, 17
long-term memory systems, xxi–xxii
list of, 18
neuroplasticity for, 17
in “self”-organization, 17–22, 18f
loss
social self and, 44–47
“lost their sense of purpose,” 213
loving-kindness meditation, 262
low-sensitivity reparations, 40
LPS. see lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lust (sexual excitement), 3
macrophage(s), 95–96
Main, M., 48
malondialdehyde, 120
maltreatment
elevated levels of inflammation due to, 65
Mandela, N., 168, 216, 249
Man’s Search for Meaning, 215
marshmallow test, 146–47
matching
moderate vs. perfect, 38
“material me,” 6, 7
maternal depression
case example, 35–36
effects of, 35–38
impact on infants, 35–38
maternal deprivation
CRH levels and, 228
maternal separation
effects on child, 45
MBSR. see mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
McGill University, 79
Meaney, M., 79
meaning
development of, 214–16
meaning-making process
mind as, xx–xxi
“meaning response”
placebo response as, 247
medical centers
mind–body medicine in, 264–65
Medieval Christian mystics, 256
meditation
contemplative, 256–58, 262
for depression, 240–41
described, 258
DMN in, 258–60, 259f
effectiveness of, 265
executive network in, 258–60, 259f
health effects of, xxx
in improving attentional flexibility, 258
Kundalini, 258–59
loving-kindness, 262
mental operating networks and, 258–60, 259f
metta, 262
neural correlates of, 263–64
salience network in, 258–60, 259f
styles of, 258–59
Tibetan, 258–59
Vipassana, 259
Zen, 259
meditation-augmented therapy, 263–67
Mediterranean diet, 123–24
longevity related to, 124
in telomere maintenance, 124
medium spiny neurons
greater gain related to, 147–52
melatonin, 135
memory(ies)
anxious, 229–30
BDNF in, 100
declarative, 17, 20
depressed, 229–30
diabetes effects on, 119
emotional, 134
emotion/cognition interface in, 76
episodic, 20–21, 203–4
explicit see explicit memory(ies)
hippocampus in, 130
implicit see implicit memory(ies)
long-term, 17, 18f
nondeclarative, 17, 20
procedural see procedural memory
short-term vs. working, 10
sleep effects on, 134
state-based, 21, 230
threat-based, 200
working, xxi, 10, 142
memory evolution
from memory reconsolidation to, 133–34
memory integration, 199–202
steps in, 200–2
memory reconsolidation
to memory evolution, 133–34
memory systems. see also specific types
hippocampal-frontal, 200
long-term see long-term memory systems
mental operating networks and, 17
therapeutic reconsolidation of, 199
mental health
ACE study ramifications on, xxii–xxiii
beliefs and, 248
chronic inflammation effects on, xxiv
computer games effects on, xxvi
constructing solution-oriented stories in, 15
diet impact on, xxv
excessive fat cells effects on, 100–2
exercise in improving, 126
forgiveness, compassion, and gratitude impact on, xxx
gambling effects on, xxvi
gratitude effects on, xxx, 252–53
in health behaviors, 93
integrated approach to, 64
integrated psychotherapy impact on, xxvi
nurturing impact on, xxii
placebo effects and, 245–46
psychoneuroimmunology in identifying dysregulations of, 93
self-care practices in undermining, xxiv–xxv
telomere length impact on, 115
mental operating networks, xxi–xxii, 5–15. see also specific types, e.g., salience network
activity related to, 260
attachment and, 49–51
balancing of, 15–17
case examples, 6–7, 9, 11–12, 14–15
central executive network, 6
components of, 2
contemplative attention and, 258–60, 259f
in decision making, 21
DMN, 6, 12–15, 13f
executive network see executive network
imbalance of, 60–61
long-term memory and, 18f
meditation and, 258–60, 259f
memory systems and, 17
rebalancing of, 237–42
salience network see salience network
in “self”-organizing, 267
in sense of self, 2
sleep deprivation effects on, 133
switching between, 15–16, 50–51
therapy related to, 16
working together, 15–16
Merton, T., 256
“messiness”
reparation for, 41
meta-awareness, 257
“metabolic/mitochondrial enzyme genes,” 128
“metabolic-priority genes,” 128
metabolic stress, 128
metabolic syndrome
case example, 92
characteristics of, 102
hypocorticolism and, 173–74
prevalence of, xxiv, 102
metabolic toxemia, 110
metacognitive models
from cognitive behavioral therapy to, 185
methylation, 73
DNA, 79
GDNF gene effects on, 85
gene expression through, xxiii
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) expression, 43
Met/Met genotype, 221
metta meditation, 262
microbe(s)
diversity of, 109
function of, 109
in norepinephrine modification, 113
microbiome(s), 108
microbiota
gut, 108–9
health and, 108
microglia, 98
PICs released from, 98
microorganisms
in gut, 107–9
mid-insula, 7, 9
mid-sleep cycle awakening, 136–37
mild detachment, 209–10
mind
beliefs effects on, 244–53
composition of, 5–15 see also mental operating networks
gaps between brain and, xix
as meaning-making process, xx–xxi
operating networks of see mental operative networks
placebos effects on, 244–53
“self”-organizing, 267–69
mind–body, xxiii–xxiv
health and, 91–114 see also health
placebo response as shift in, 246–47
mind–body chaos, 164–75
mind–body class
at Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers, 264–65
mind–body medicine
in medical centers, 264–65
mind–brain–gene feedback loops, xviii, 68, 269
epigenetics in, 58f
from genetic reductionism to, 89
habit and motivation in, 138f
psychoneuroimmunology in, 90f
self-organization in, xxxiif
self-regulation in, 114f
social self in, 26f
stress effects on, 105
mind–brain–gene interactions, 111–13
determinants of, 67
stress effects on, 112
top-down and bottom-up pathways in, 112
mindfulness
for depression, 241
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 265–66
mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), xxx, 263–64
for chronic pain, 266
effectiveness of, 264–65
immune system effects of, 265
indications for, 264, 266
in moderating stress response systems, 264
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 266
mindfulness practices. see also specific types
health effects of, xxx
mind in time, xxix–xxx, 243–69
“mind reading”
oxytocin in, 43–44
mind’s operating networks. see mental operating networks
mirror neurons, 31
moderate detachment, 209–10
moderate matching
perfect matching vs., 38
moment(s)
being present in, xxi
present, 12
monastic orders, 256
mood
BDNF in, 100
chronic inflammation effects on, xxiv
sleep impact on, xxv
mood disorders
insecure attachment and, 48
mother(s)
infants of depressed, 37
mother–infant dyad, 41
motivation, 139–61
addiction and, 154–59, 158f
amygdala in, 147, 148
building on, 161
to change, 160
dopamine in, 142
extrinsic, 161
habits effect on, xxv–xxvi
implicit memory system and, 141
intrinsic, 161
kindling through bottom-up and top-down approaches, 159–61
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 138f
nucleus accumbens in, 147, 148
optimizing, 152
reward-seeking system and, 140–41
searching for, 140–53, 144f
motivational interviewing, 160–61
active listening in, 57
elements in, 161
motivational system
amygdala in, 147, 148
nucleus accumbens in, 147, 148
structures in, 235
motivation circuit, 236
motivation–pleasure circuit, 141–46, 144f
case examples, 141–46
movement
in self-maintenance, 125–31 see also exercise(s)
striatum-driven, 236
mucus layer
health of, 111
mucus production
regulation of, 111
muscle tension
stress and, 129
mystic(s)
Medieval Christian, 256
narcissistic children
causes of, 39
Narcotics Anonymous, 148, 151, 257
narration(s)
therapeutic, 53–55
narrative(s)
co-constructive, 54–55, 202
“somatic,” 212
natural killer cells, 168
natural selection
Darwin’s theory of, 68–69
Navajo Reservation
relationship building on, 57
negative feedback loops
function of, xx
negativity
“uprooting,” 261
neglect
emotional, 42, 60–61
nerve growth factor (NGF), 85
depression and, 220
“nervous gut feelings,” 107
“nervous stomach,” 111
neural circuit, 236
neural plasticity
BDNF in, 100
neurobiology
interpersonal, xix
neurodegenerative diseases
chronic inflammation and, 97
PICs and, 110
types of, 97
neuroendocrine system, 79–80
dysregulation of, 166
neurofeedback instruments
in attaining deeper states of relaxation, 264
neurogenesis
BDNF in, 100
blocking of, 110–11
neurohormone(s)
epigenetic changes to, 86
exercise effects on, 129
neuron(s)
dopamine, 142–46, 144f, 152
medium spiny, 147–52
mirror, 31
neuropeptide(s)
exercise effects on, 129
neuroplasticity
for long-term memory systems, 17
neuroscience
psychotherapy with, xix
neurotransmitter(s), 108, 123
altering levels of, xxiv
amino acids as building blocks for, 123
exercise effects on, 129
inhibiting, 76
neurotrophic factors
in brain enhancement and repair, 130
depression related to, 220–22
described, 220
glial cell–derived, 130
types of, 220
neutrophil(s), 96
NGF. see nerve growth factor (NGF)
NGF gene
alteration of, 85–86
Niebuhr, R., 254
NMDA expression. see N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) expression
nocebo effects, 244–53
defined, 246
described, 246–47
nocebo–placebo, 246–48
nocebo response
described, 246–47
nondeclarative memory, 17, 21
recalled through salience network, 20
nondrug addictions, 155
non-sleep-time daydreaming
time spent in, 12
norepinephrine, 123, 131, 167, 168, 171, 172
bacterial pathogens growth related to, 113
in fight-or-flight response, 168
gut microbes in modification of, 113
release of, 165
trauma and, 134
not engaging
time spent, 12
nourishment
emotional, 39
nucleus accumbens, 125, 141, 143, 235, 236
function of, 9
in motivational system, 147, 148
nurturance, 3
lack of emotional, 36
mental health effects of, xxii
stress tolerance effects of, 59
nurtured nature
social self and, 28–29, 29f
obese people
chronic inflammation in, 102
IL-6 in, 102
PICs in, 102
obesity. see also overweight
Alzheimer’s disease and, 101
BDNF effects of, 101
BMI in, 100–1
CDC on, 100–1
as chronic subclinical inflammatory condition, 100–2
defined, 100
dementia related to, 101
described, 111
impact on dysregulation of energy intake and expenditure, 101
increase in, 126
inflammation related to, 100
leptin resistance related to, 100
prevalence of, xxiv, 100
telomeres shortened by, 100
type 2 diabetes related to, 101
obsessive-compulsive disorder
mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy for, 266
obstructive sleep apnea, 135
CPAP device for, 135
offspring of mothers who suffered PTSD
Holocaust-related, 84
O’Keefe, G., 261
Okinawan diet, 124, 125
oligofructose, 111
omega-3 essential fatty acids
BDNF and, 122
benefits of, 122
brain functions and, 121–22
excessive doses of, 122
omega-3 fish oil supplementation
effects of, 121
open systems
closed systems vs., xxix
operating networks of mind. see mental operating networks
opioid(s)
in attachment, 43
endogenous, 43
opioid circuitry
in enjoying, 142
opportunity(ies)
managing, 204–9, 205f
optimism
neuroscience of, 255
orientation response
shift in attention involving, 214
overeating
case example, 145–46
overweight. see also obesity
case examples, 91–94, 97, 98, 100–4, 111–12
prevalence of, xxiv, 100, 126
sleep-disordered breathing and, 135
WHO on, 100
oxidative stress
BDNF effects of, 122
oxytocin
in attachment, 43
calming effect related to, 43–44
epigenetic changes to, 86
function of, 86
in “mind reading,” 43–44
receptors for, 165–66
as regulator of emotional and prosocial behaviors, 43
in stress reduction, 43
oxytocin receptors
in activating parasympathetic nervous system, 43
pain
ACC and, 32
anterior insula and, 32
chronic, 266
exercise in modulating, 166
physical, 32, 231–32
reduction of, 245
social, 32, 231–32
Paleolithic diet, 117
panic
formation of, xxvii
panic attack(s), 186–88
panic disorder, 186
body sensations accompanying, 5
panic/grief, 3
Panksepp, J., 3
parasympathetic nervous system, 165
immune system relationship with, 165
oxytocin receptors in activating, 43
vagus nerve system of, 33, 34f
paraventricular nucleus, 198
parent(s)
“good-enough,” 38–41
parental depression
impact on infants, 35–38
parent–child dyad
as self-organizing system, 41
stories in, 53
parent–infant dyad
quality of reciprocity within, 39
parenting
“good-enough,” 38–41
passive-aggressive behaviors, 39
pathophysiological syndromes
early stress and deprivation resulting in, 112–13
Pavlov, 212–13
perceived stress
telomere length and, 87
perfect matching
moderate matching vs., 38
personal relevance, 147
pessimist(s)
causes of, 39
Peyer’s patches, 106–7
PFC. see prefrontal cortex (PFC)
phenylalanine, 123
phobia(s), 186
formation of, xxvii
physical activity
prevalence of, 126
reduced, 128
physical health
in health behaviors, 93
psychoneuroimmunology in identifying dysregulations of, 93
physical illnesses
prevalence of, 93
physical inactivity
chronic illnesses related to, 126
physical pain
ACC in detecting, 231–32
social pain overlapping with, 32
PICs. see pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs)
pineal gland, 135
placebo(s)
beliefs and, 244–53
defined, 244
described, 244
negative effects from, 246
in pain reduction, 245
placebo effect(s), 244–53
in brain, xxix
case example, 243–53
described, 248
factors increasing, 245
illustrating how beliefs can alleviate suffering and change biology, 244
interactions with social and biological factors, 248
as “in the head,” 246
shift in mental health treatment related to, 245–46
theoretical support for, 244
treatments with benefits of, 244
placebo–nocebo
beliefs and, 246–48
placebo response
case example, 246
incidence of, 245
as “meaning response,” 247
as shift in mind–body, 246–47
“plants plus” diet, 124
play, 3
face-to-face, 56–57
insulin-like growth-factor and, 85
playfulness
therapy enhanced by, 85
“playing possum,” 209
pleasure
subjective experience of, 9
polyvagal system, 33
poor health
chronic stress and, 174–75
synergistic depressive effects of, 229f
undetermined stress tolerance related to, 174–75
poor self-care
synergistic depressive effects of, 229f
positive attitudes, 250–51
positive behaviors, 250–51
positive emotional states
gratitude and, 252
positive feedback loops, xx
positive psychology
attitudes and, 249–50
theoretical roots of, 250–53
positive relationships
health related to, xxii
posterior parietal cortex (PPC), 11, 11f
postpartum depression
case example, 35–36
described, 36–37
impact on infants, 35–38
posttraumatic growth
therapy and, 214–16
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
acute stress disorders becoming, 134
case example, 191–216
causes of, xxviii
disorders related to, 65
DMN and right amygdala in symptoms of, 16
Holocaust-related, 84
long-term dysregulations associated with, 198–99
neuroimaging findings related to, 196
prevalence of, 195–202
prevention of, 195–202
risk factors for, 192
stabilization of, 195–202
Power of Persuasion, 247
PPC. see posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
prayer(s)
calming factors in, 257–58
contemplative, 256
prefrontal cortex (PFC), xxvii
in changing bad habits into good ones, 156–57
in comparing knowledge, 22
conscious reasoning in, 145
development of, 147
dorsolateral, 10–11, 11f
executive functions of, 10–12, 11f
in forming and modifying habits, 158–59, 158f
schizophrenia impact on, 77
shoring up after trauma, 197–98
size of, 9
prefrontal deficits
impulse control problems and affect regulatory problems associated with, 147
pregnancy
stress hormones during, 84
pregnant women
at time of World Trade Center attacks, 84
preoccupied pattern
case example, 48
present moment
time spent in, 12
priming
for autostress disorders, 176–77
procedural memory, xxvi
described, 18–19
habits and, 19
providing clues for explicit memory, 20
as subsystem of implicit memory system, 18–20
procedural memory system
implicit-nonconscious, 211
programmed cell death, 172
pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), 96–97, 117
abnormal levels of, 223, 224
astrocytes releasing, 98
basal ganglia effects of, 225–26
depression and, 226–27
DMN and salience network effects of, 227
in gut, 107, 110
hippocampus effects of, 226–27
hypothalamus effects of, 226–27
illness effects on, 105
inflammation related to, xxiv
microglia releasing, 98
neurodegenerative disorders related to, 110
in obese people, 102
overactivation of, 121
overexpressed, 99
stress in activation of, 103
promoter(s), 67
prosocial behaviors
oxytocin as regulator of, 43
protein(s)
COMT, 77
described, 72
protein-coding genes
numbers of, 67
protein transcription factors, 72
Proteobacteria, 110
psychology
positive, 249–53
“pseudo-depression,” 10
psychoimmunology
focus on interactions among mind, brain, and immune system in, xix
psychological adversity
physical health problems related to, 61
psychological disorders
autoimmune disorders as bidirectional causal interactions with, 94, 102–3
inflammation and, 97
obesity and, 100
telomere length and, 88
vulnerability to, 73–74
psychological experiences
gene expression effects of, 61
psychological factors
bidirectional causal relationships with, 65
psychological feedback loops
environmental impact on, 71
psychological rigidity
depression as being stuck in, xxix
psychological stress
in children, 64
psychological stressors
bad health related to, 163–64
psychoneuroimmunology
components of, 93
in identifying interrelated mental and physical dysregulations, 93
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 90f
of social support, 34–35
psychosis(es)
COMT gene and, 77
psychotherapy
as behavioral health, 92
beliefs about, 247–48
for depression, 240–41
described, x
directional changes in, x–xi
epigenetics in revolutionizing, 70, 71
gene expression effects of, xix, 59
health care interdependence with, xviii–xix
in influencing gene–environment interactions, 59
integrated, xxvi
mental health effects of, xxvi
neurophysiological changes resulting from, 207
neuroscience with, xix
psychotherapy training
cultural competence in, 57
PTSD. see posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
quality of care early in life
epigenetics on effects of, 59
quigong
effectiveness of, 265
rage, 3
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 134
reappraisal
cognitive, 160
reasoning
conscious, 145
in PFC, 145
reciprocal self-awareness, 51–53
reciprocity
in infant–parent dyad, 39
reconsolidation
memory, 133–34
reductionism
genetic see genetic reductionism
reflection(s)
self-referential, 13
reflex(es)
“inflammatory,” 165
stress-induced autonomic-inflammatory, 198
refugee(s)
prevalence of, 191
relatedness
interpersonal, 52
relationship(s)
close, xxii
internal working model of, 41
positive, xxii
shared implicit, 41
transference, 52
relationship building
on Navajo Reservation, 57
relaxation exercises
calming factors in, 257–58
for GAD, 182–83
relevance
amygdala as detector of, 22
assessing of, 9
personal, 147
REM sleep. see rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
reparation(s)
high-sensitivity, 40
low-sensitivity, 40
for “messiness,” 41
resilience
enhanced nurturing promoting, 86–87
factors promoting, 84–87
neurochemistry of, 84–87
stress, 168–69
resiliency
described, 170
as durability, 170
“resting state” activity
abnormal, 133
reward(s)
alcohol as, 154
reward circuit(s), 140–41
in addiction-related work, 160
in dopamine release, 146
effort-driven, 236
salience network and, 141
reward-seeking system
in alcoholism, 154
motivation and, 140–41
reward system
appetite cycle and, 125
refined subcortical, 148
rhythm(s)
ultradian, 12
right hemisphere
during development, 28–29, 29f
right/left balancing
bottom-up approaches and, 197–98
rigidity
psychological, xxix
transcending, xxviii–xxix, 217–42 see also transcending rigidity
Risky Situation (RS), 40–41
“rock”
cocaine in form of, 154
Rohr, R., Friar, 261
Rossi, E., xix, 78
Rough-and-Tumble Play (RTP) paradigm, 41
RS. see Risky Situation (RS)
RTP paradigm. see Rough-and-Tumble Play (RTP) paradigm
rumination, xxi
time spent in, 12
runner’s high, 129, 166
“rush” of excitement, 143–45
sadness, 3
as CER, 208
Saint Augustine, 256
salience network, xxi, 6–9, 8f
components of, 7–8, 8f
DMN with, 50, 238–39
executive network with, 146–47, 188–89
function of, 15–16
implicit memories recalled through, 20
long-term memory systems in, 21
in meditation, 258–60, 259f
PICs effects on, 227
in promoting gut or intuitive feelings, 32
reward circuit and, 141
sleep deprivation effects on, 133
saturated fat
diet high in, 120
“scheduling worrying time,” 184–85
schizophrenia
“latent,” 77
PFC effects of, 77
secondary emotions
tormenting nature of, 203
trauma-related, 203–4
secondary reinforcers
in extrinsic motivation, 161
“second brain”
gut as, 105–6
second-messenger system
essential fatty acids in helping brain facilitate, 123
secure attachment
as buffer to effects of trauma, 81f, 83–84
in childhood, 47
cycle of epigenetic development of stress tolerance by, 81f
sensitivity in, 39
SEEDS (social, exercise, education, diet, and sleep factors)
in self-maintenance, 137
seeking (expectancy), 3
self
components of subjective organization of, 2
feedback loops as self-organizing systems within, xx
feelings in awareness of, 267
memory systems in background fabric of, 17
sense of see sense of self
“sentient,” 6
social see social self
somatic sense of, 2
self-agency, 15
self-awareness
reciprocal, 51–53
self-care
ACEs impact on, 63–64
poor, 229f
self-care practices
in undermining health and mental health, xxiv–xxv
self-compassion, 254–55
benefits of, 255
in contemplative meditation, 262
self-criticism, 254
self-kindness, 254
self-maintenance, xxiv–xxv, 115–38
case example, 115–20
diet in, 115–25
movement in, 125–31
SEEDS in, 137
self-maintenance system(s), 115
“self”-organization, xxi–xxii, 1–26
balancing network in, 15–17
benefits of, 267–69
body in, 3–4
described, xx
emotional neglect shaping pattern of, 42
emotions in, 3–5
factors contributing to, 38
implicit memories forming fabric of, 20
long-term memory systems in, 17–22, 18f
mental operating networks in, 5–15 see also specific types and mental operating networks
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, xxxiif
posttraumatic, 215
progression of, 39
thoughts and, 3–4
top-down and bottom-up interactions in, 4–5
“self”-organizing mind, 267–69
mental operating networks in, 267
“self”-organizing networks, 2
“self”-organizing process, xx
mind as, 268–69
self-organizing system
parent–child dyad as, 41
self-preservation, 195
self-referential information systems, xxi–xxii
defined, 13
self-referential reflections, 13
self-referential thought, xxi
self-regulation
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 114f
social self and, 41–44
self-soothing
attachment and, 79
Selye, H., 163, 169
semantic memory
described, 20–21
explicit, 20–21
sensation(s)
body, 211–14
bottom-up, xxix
as side effects, 248
somatic, xxi, 7–9, 8f
sense of self
mental networks in, 2
somatic, 2
underdeveloped, 27–33
sense of spirituality, 251–52
sensitivity
anxiety, 129, 186–87
in secure attachment, 39
sensitization
for autostress disorders, 176–77
Sensorimotor Integration, xxviii, 212
“sentient self,” 6
separation
social self and, 44–47
Serenity Prayer, 254
serotonin, 123, 124
good nurturing stimulates release of, 78
serotonin levels
exercise effects on, 129
serotonin-transporter gene (5-HTTLRR), 75
short version of, 74–75, 219
in vulnerability to depression or GAD, 75–76
sexual excitement, 3
sexual repression theory, 61
shared implicit relationship, 41
Shenpen, L., 261–62
shift in attention
orientation response in, 214
Shore, A., xix
short-chain fatty acids, 125
short-term inflammation
chronic inflammation vs., 96
short-term memory
working memory vs., 10
short-term stress, 103
short version of serotonin transporter gene
ACEs and, 74–75
Shto takoe?, 213
shutting down, 193
sickness behavior, 224–27
in adaptation, 225
characteristics of, 224–27
chronic inflammation and, 224–27
symptoms of, 224–26
side effects
sensations as, 248
side-to-side approaches
in autostress disorders, 180–81
side-to-side frame of reference, 177–78
Siegel, D.J., xix
“silencing,” 72–73
simple carbohydrates
BDNF effects of, 119
sinus infections
case example, 105, 107
sleep, 131–35
alcohol in suppression of, 136–37
in brain maintenance, 132
cognitive effects of, xxv
“core,” 132
deprivation of, 132–33
factors associated with impaired, xxv
fragmented, 134
functions of, 132
immune system effects of, 105
memory effects of, 134
mood effects of, xxv
need for, 131–35
optimal amount of, 132
percentage of life in, 131
quality of, 131–35
REM, 134
slow-wave, 134, 136–37
toxins released during, 131–32
trauma effects on, 134
sleep apnea
CPAP device for, 135
obstructive, 135
sleep deprivation, 134
adverse effects of, 131–35
appetite effects of, 133
disorders and conditions related to, 132–33
DMN connectivity effects of, 133
emotional memories and, 134
immune system effects of, 134
memory effects of, 134
mental operating networks effects of, 133
sleep-disordered breathing, 135
sleep disturbances, 134
CRP effects of, 135
inflammation and, 135
sleep hygiene techniques, 131
“sleep maintenance” insomnia, 136–37
slow track
to amygdala, 22–25, 23f
speeding up, 188–89
slow-wave sleep, 134
alcohol in suppression of, 136–37
social brain
components of, 30–31
social brain circuits, 30–31
social brain networks, 30–31
kindling of, xxii
social competence
requirements for, 33
social engagement system, 33, 193–94
social factors
gene expression and, 78, 82
placebo effects interacting with, 248
social genomics
field of, 78
social joy, 3
socially avoidant coping methods
case example, 42
social pain
ACC in detecting, 231–32
physical pain overlapping with, 32
social self, xxii, 27–58
attachment and, 47–51
attachment styles and, 41–44
coevolving and, 55
cultivating empathy and, 31–33
cultural variations and, 55–57
“good-enough” parenting and, 38–41
maternal depression effects on, 35–38
mental operating networks and, 49–51
in mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 26f
nurtured nature and, 28–29, 29f
reciprocal self-awareness and, 51–53
self-regulation and, 41–44
separation, loss, and building trust related to, 44–47
social brain networks and, 30–31
still face paradigm impact on, 35–36
storytelling and, 53–55
therapeutic narrations and, 53–55
vagal brake and, 33–35, 34f
social stress
depression and, 230–32
social stressor(s), 193
social support
psychoneuroimmunology of, 34–35
stress reduction related to, 43
social withdrawal
chronic inflammation effects on, xxiv
synergistic depressive effects of, 229f
soft drinks
in Western diet, 119
Solomon, G.F., xix
solution-oriented stories
in mental health, 15
somatic exercises
for GAD, 182–83
Somatic Experiencing, xxviii, 212
somatic grounding, 238
somatic medicine, 61
“somatic narrative,” 212
somatic sensations, xxi, 7–9, 8f
somatic sense of self
evolving experiences of individuality emerge from, 2
somatic stimulation, 214
somatic therapies, 211–14
spindle cells, 9, 30–31
spiny neurons
greater gain related to, 147–52
spirituality
sense of, 251–52
spoiled children
causes of, 39
stability
affect, xxii
state-based memory, 21, 230
still face paradigm, 35–36
stimulation
somatic, 214
stomach
“nervous,” 111
story(ies)
benefits of, 53
in interaction between parents and child, 53
solution-centered, 15
“story brain.” see default-mode network (DMN)
storytelling, 53–55
benefits of, 53
functions of, 53
strength(s)
building of, 156–57
stress, 163–89. see also autostress
acute, 172–75 see also acute stress
acute and chronic vs. mild to moderate, 170
anxiety related to, xxvii
attachment styles in coping with, 42
auto-, 163–89 see also autostress disorders
autostress and, 163–89
bodily effects of, 198
case example, 163–89
chronic see chronic stress
CRH levels and, 228
depression and, 219, 228–29
early, 112–13
effects on mind–brain–gene feedback loops, 105
IL-6 and, 168
immune system disruptions and, 166–68, 167f
immune system effects of, 103
impact on extracellular and intracellular signaling and gene-expression pathways in brain, 76
impact on mind–brain–gene interactions, 112
inflammation and, 103
interpersonal, 42
limitations of term, 169
metabolic, 128
muscle tension related to, 129
oxidative, 122
perceived, 87
PICs activating, 103
psychological, 64
severe, 228
short-term, 103
social, 230–32
synergistic depressive effects of, 229f
telomere length and, xxiii
transgenerational effects of, 84
transitioning into autostress disorders, 177
traumatic, 173
stress–depression synergy, 227–30, 229f
stressful events
gene functioning effects of, 76
stress hormones
high levels during pregnancy, 84
stress-induced autonomic-inflammatory reflex, 198
stress–inflammation connection, 103–5
stressor(s)
acute, 168
bad health related to, 163–64
psychological, 163–64
social, 193
stress-provoking stimuli
structures in exposure to, 179–80
stress reduction
mindfulness-based see mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
oxytocin in, 43
social support in, 43
stress-related learning
emotion/cognition interface in, 76
stress relievers
alcohol as, 154
types of, 139
stress resilience, 168–69
stress response(s)
case example, 163–89
immune responses modified by, 164
to threat, 167f
stress-response genes, 128
stress response subsystems, 79–80
stress response systems
autostress disorders impact on, xxvii
breakdown of, 193–94
damping down, 180–81
MBSR in moderating, 264
stress system(s)
feedback loops between homeostatic system and, 164
stress systems
multidimensional, xxvi–xvii
stress tolerance
cycle of epigenetic development of, 81f
diet impact on, 116, 124
GDNF gene and, 85
genes impact on, xxiii
good early nurturance effects on, 59
underdevelopment in, 79–80
undetermined, 174–75
striatum, 235
striatum-driven movement, 236
“stumbling on happiness,” 250
subcortical reward system
refined, 148
subjectivity
emergence of, xxi–xxii
substance abuse
epigenetics and, 76–78
suicide
ACEs and, 79
ACE study score and, 79
CDC on, 224
depression and, 224
low opioid receptor activity in brain and, 79
Sylvian fissure, 7
synchronization
attention, 264
synchronized activity, 264
tai chi
effectiveness of, 265
talk
change, 160–61
counterchange, 160
tapping therapies, 212
telomerase, 87, 88
described, xxiii
telomere(s), 87–88
described, xxiii, 87
Mediterranean diet in maintenance of, 124
obesity effects on, 100
shortening of, xxiv, 87, 115
sleep effects of, 132
telomere length
as biomarker for health and longevity, 87
of caregivers, 87
chronic stress and, 87–88
depression related to, xxiii, 87–88
factors associated with, 87–88
lifestyle behaviors related to, xxiii
mental health effects of, 115
perceived stress and, 87
psychotherapy in promoting longer, 88
stress related to, xxiii
temperature
regulation of, 136–37
tension
muscle, 129
The Descent of Man, 27
“the eye of the heart,” 256
“the material me.” see salience network
theory(ies). see specific types
The Phenomenon of Man, 269
therapeutic narrations, 53–55
therapeutic window
neurobiological mechanisms of, 206–7
therapy. see also specific types
body sensations in, 211–14
exercise and, 130–31
implicit feeling of, 53
mental operating networks–related, 16
posttraumatic growth as goal of, 214–16
The Selfish Gene, 68
“the survival of the fittest,” 68
thought(s)
automatic, 189
emotions and, 3–4
intrusive trauma-related, 199
self-referential, xxi
worrisome, 185
thought diffusion, 185
threat(s)
amygdala in detection of, 176
feedback loops underlying stress and immune responses to, 167f
threat-based memory, 200
threat detection system, 188–89
Tibetan meditation, 258–59
time
feelings in awareness of, 267
mind in, xxix–xxx, 243–69
TNF. see tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
“too much stress on this bridge,” 169
top-down control–bottom-up changes, 147–48
top-down control–bottom-up circuits
maintaining and enhancing, 10
top-down patterns, xxix
in autostress disorders, 180–81
emotions constructed from, 7–8, 8f
emotions-related, 4–5
kindling motivation through, 159–61
in mind–brain–gene interactions, 112
unbalances in, 176
top-down willpower, 156
toxemia
metabolic, 110
toxin(s)
released during sleep, 131–32
transcending rigidity, 217–42
case example, 217–42
depression and, 218–37 see also depression
transcription factors
described, 72
protein, 72
transduction, 72
trans-fatty acids
destructive effects of, 120–21
transference relationship, 52
transgenerational trauma
behavior–gene interactions and, 82–84
trauma
complex, 198
depression related to, 223
developing meaning after, 214–16
early-life, 223
feedforward loop related to symptoms of, 196–97
fragmented sleep resulting from, 134
growth after, 214–16
impact on sleep, 134
long-term dysregulations associated with, 198–99
norepinephrine and, 134
secure attachment as buffer to effects of, 81f, 83–84
“self”-organization after, 215
serious illnesses and death among survivors of, 65
shoring up PFC after, 197–98
therapeutic phases applied to, 197
transgenerational, 82–84
trauma-induced responses, xxviii
trauma-related thoughts and feelings
intrusive, 199
trauma spectrum, xxviii, 191–216
avoidance, detachment, and dissociation, 209–14
breakdown of systems in, 193–95
case examples, 191–216
managing window of tolerance and opportunity, 204–9, 205f
secondary emotions in, 203–4
stabilizing and preventing PTSD, 195–202
traumatic event(s)
bodily effects of, 195
defensive behaviors related to, 193–94
traumatic stress
hypoactivation of HPA axis related to, 173
triglycerides, 121
triune brain theory, 3
Trump, D., Pres., 250
trust
building of, 44–47
social self and, 44–47
L-tryptophan, 123, 124
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
abnormal levels of, 223
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, 96
Twain, M., 234
twelve-step programs, 148, 151. see also specific programs
twin(s)
behavior–gene interactions in, 59–90
type 2 diabetes
case example, 92, 104
cortisol levels and, 174–75
depression related to, 102, 224
IL-6 and, 102
increase in, 126
memory effects of, 119
obesity and, 101
prevalence of, xxiv, 101
Tzu, C., 250
ultradian rhythms, 12
underdeveloped sense of self
case example, 27–33
underdevelopment
in stress tolerance, 79–80
“uprooting negativity”
methods for, 261
uricase, 117
US National Institute of Health, 108
vagal brake, 33–35, 34f
vagus nerve system, 165
of parasympathetic nervous system, 33, 34f
Val/Val genotype, 221
Vipassana meditation, 259
vulnerability
to ACEs, 74
causation vs., 74
to depression, 75–76
to GAD, 75–76
to psychological disorders, 73–74
“vulnerability gene,” 75
“walking on eggshells,” 192
wanting
dopamine circuits and working memory related to, 142
Western diet
composition of, 116–25
Whitehall Study, 132
WHO. see World Health Organization (WHO)
willpower
inadequacy of, 156–57
top-down, 156
window of tolerance
managing, 204–9, 205f
Winnocott, D., 38, 39
withdrawal behaviors
depression and, 234–37
Woman’s Worth, 261
working memory, xxi
short-term memory vs., 10
in wanting, 142
World Health Organization (WHO)
on cancer related to diet high in saturated fat, 120
on overweight, 100
on usefulness of ACE questions in health survey, 64
World Trade Center attacks
mothers pregnant at time of, 84
worrisome thoughts, 185
worry
as cognitive avoidance, 183–85
“worrying time”
scheduling, 184–85
yoga
effectiveness of, 265
Zen meditation, 259