abdominal pain, 86
Abilify (aripiprazole), 226
abortion, 219
AcipHex (rabeprazole), 206
acne, 36
acromegaly, 209–10
acupuncture, 58
adolescence, 22–24, 52, 176, 218
Advil (ibuprofen; Motrin), 34, 239
age, changing sleep needs by, 9–10, 18–28. See also older adults
agomelatine, 227–28
AIDS, 223
airline pilots, 6, 107, 109, 110, 117, 118
alcohol: abuse of, 241–42
heartburn linked to, 44
jet lag aggravated by, 99, 100
during pregnancy, 43
RBD linked to abuse of, 189
RLS linked to, 147
shift work and, 118
SIDS linked to parents’ use of, 87
sleep apnea aggravated by, 62, 159, 165
sleep disrupted by, 34, 234, 240–41, 262, 263
sleepwalking linked to, 84, 191, 192
snoring aggravated by, 80–81, 152–53, 160
teeth grinding linked to, 194
Alertec (modafinil; Provigil), 63, 117, 168, 178–79, 180, 201, 286, 287
alertness-promoting drugs, 286–87
Allegra (fexofenadine), 238
allergies, 127, 151, 153, 238, 280
alpha-2 agonists, 237
Alzheimer’s disease, 56, 75, 90, 198–99
Ambien (zolpidem; Intermezzo), 278, 279
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), 249, 250, 253
amphetamines, 179–80, 241, 242, 285, 286, 287
Anafranil (clomipramine), 232
anastrozole (Arimidex), 240
androgens (male sex hormones), 35–36, 37, 50, 64
andropause, 63–64
anemia, 43, 64, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147
angina, 202
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 237
angiotensin II receptor blockers, 237
ankles, swollen, 46
anterior tibialis muscle, 144
anticoagulants, 223
anticonvulsants, 226
antidepressants: for anxiety disorders, 230
for bipolar disorder, 225
for fibromyalgia, 211
for hot flashes, 58
for hypnagogic hallucinations, 188
improper prescribing of, 132, 177
for insomnia, 134
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 231–32
RBD linked to, 189
for seasonal affective disorder, 227
side effects of, 199, 217, 222–23, 232–33, 236, 243, 276, 279, 291
for sleep paralysis, 190
types of, 222–23
antihistamines, 152–53, 237–38, 280
anxiety, 35, 129, 198, 216, 217, 218, 229–32, 284. See also stress
aorta, 44
apnea. See sleep apnea
Arimidex (anastrozole), 240
aripiprazole (Abilify), 226
armodafinil (Nuvigil), 117, 168, 178–79, 212, 213, 286, 287
armpits, 210
Aromasin (exemestane), 240
aromatase, 52
aromatase inhibitors, 240
arousal, 7–8
hyper-, 124
arthritis, 61, 140, 141, 142, 146, 197, 210–11, 290
artificial light, 14, 95, 107, 111
Aserinsky, Eugene, 6
Ashurbanipal, 9
ASO3 (chemical enhancer), 174
ASV machines, 253
atherosclerosis, 204
atomoxetine (Strattera), 286
atorvastatin (Lipitor), 237
attention deficit disorder (ADD), 140, 172–73, 176
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 19, 140, 172–73, 176, 179, 285, 286
AutoBiPAP machines, 253
automatic behavior, 71
automatic thoughts, 264–65
AVAPS machines, 253
azatadine, 238
bacteria, 13
baldness, 36
Bandits (film), 181
barbiturates, 277
bariatric surgery, 166
bathroom trips. See urination
beans, 146
Beautiful Mind (film), 228
bed partners, 15, 52, 53, 78–85, 127, 289
nightmares and, 75, 84–85, 189
RBD and, 195
snoring by, 78–79, 80–82, 91, 151, 161, 167, 263, 280
teeth grinding and, 76, 83, 194
beds, 127–28
bedwetting (enuresis), 22, 193
Belsomra (suvorexant), 278
benzodiazepines, 147, 277–78, 279
Berger, Hans, 6
beta-amyloid, 198
Bilevel machines, 167
Biphetamine, 286
bipolar (manic depressive) disorder, 35, 197, 199, 217, 224–26
birth control, 32, 179, 223, 284
bladder, 193
bleeding, menstrual, 31, 32, 34, 51
blood donation, 142
blood oxygen, x, 21, 37, 48, 86, 158, 164–65, 169, 251, 255
blood pressure, 8, 12, 151, 158, 179, 180, 186, 223
high, x, 27, 36, 46, 56, 58, 109, 164, 169, 187, 204–5, 232, 237, 286
PTSD linked to, 187
Board of Registered Polysomnographic Technologists (BRPT), 250
body clock, 12–15, 30, 125, 226, 227, 282
of Alzheimer’s patients, 198
of bi polar patients, 224
of blind people, 283
of children, 23, 24, 76–77, 176, 218, 289
of older adults, 27
resetting of, 92–106, 199, 290
of shift workers, 109, 112, 115, 118. See also jet lag
body temperature, 32
bone cancer, 212
bone marrow, 144
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), 134
brain: amphetamines’ effect on, 180
circulation in, 158
plaques in, 198
sex hormones and, 30
brain centers, 12
bran flakes, 146
breast cancer, 50, 51–52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 212
shift work linked to, 108, 109
breastfeeding, 43, 45, 48, 87, 182
Breathe Right (snoring aid), 153 breathing, 8, 14, 15, 251
congested, 42, 88, 150, 238, 280
hypothyroidic disruptions of, 208
paced, 269–70
stopped, 82–83, 86, 89, 149, 150, 151, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161–62, 165, 168, 216, 252, 254, 255. See also shortness of breath
breathing machines, 90
bronchodilators, 239
buproprion (Wellbutrin), 222
caffeine, 12, 110, 117, 220, 241, 263, 283–85, 287
children’s use of, 23
as headache remedy, 199
insomnia aggravated by, 129, 130–31, 259
jet lag and, 104
medications related to, 239
premenstrual use of, 34
risks of, 284
RLS aggravated by, 147
calcium, 44
calcium antagonists, 237
cancer, 27, 197, 211, 287, 290
breast, 50, 51–52, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 108, 109, 212
endometrial, 57
night sweats linked to, 194
postmenopausal risk of, 56, 61
skin, 57
uterine, 54
captopril, 237
carbon dioxide, 156, 158, 199, 269
car crashes, 4
cardiac arrhythmia, 64, 204, 237, 255, 285
cardiovascular disease, 160, 197, 202–5, 242
drugs used to treat, 236–37
estrogen loss linked to, 54, 62
hormone replacement therapy and, 56, 60, 64
low blood sugar linked to, 36
moth-er’s sleep apnea linked to, 47
obesity linked to, 161
shift work linked to, 108, 109, 113
sleep loss during pregnancy linked to, 40. See also heart disease; heart failure
cardiovascular system, x, 8, 48, 158, 159, 179
cataplexy, 172, 173–74, 175, 178, 179, 190
Caton, Richard, 6
cats, 263
CBT. See cognitive behavioral therapy
celecoxib (Celebrex), 146, 239
cetirizine (Reactine; Zyrtec), 238
chamomile tea, 281
chasteberry, 59
chest pain, 15
chickpeas, 146
childbirth, 31
Chinese medicine, 58
Christmas Carol (Dickens), 9
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 143, 211
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema), 201, 202
cimetidine, 206
circadian clock. See body clock
circadian desynchrony, 227
Claritin (loratadine), 238
claustrophobia, 232
Clinical Behavior Therapy (Goldfried and Davison), 268
Clinton, Bill, 16
clomipramine (Anafranil), 232
clonazepam, 147, 189, 190, 192, 195
club drugs, 242
Cobalt Therapeutics, 260
coffee. See caffeine
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 212, 223, 230, 232, 259–60
colic, 85–86
colitis, 142
college students, 24
coma, 27
comorbid insomnia, 124
Concerta (methylphenidate), 286
congestion, 42, 88, 150, 238, 280
congestive heart failure (CHF), 158, 164, 197, 203–4, 210, 213, 257, 290
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, 37, 38, 47, 49, 62, 83, 166–67, 168, 169, 216, 233, 248, 253, 254, 255–56
contraceptives, 32, 179, 223, 284
coping thoughts, 264–65
coughing, 147, 202, 206, 207, 237
cramps, 221
Crestor (rosuvastatin), 237
Crohn’s disease, 142
Cylert (Pemoline), 286
Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride), 211, 222
dairy products, 146
Dalmane (flurazepam), 277, 278
Davison, Gerald C., 268
decaf coffee, 284
deep (slow wave) sleep, 7
deep muscle relaxation, 268–69
delusions, 228
Dement, William C., 249
dementia, 24
dental appliances, 83, 153, 165, 167, 194
Depakote (divalproex), 226
depressants, 242–43
alcohol’s worsening of, 241
in breast cancer patients, 63
false diagnoses of, x, 69, 70, 132, 143, 150, 154, 160, 164, 173, 176, 216, 218–19, 290
hormonal changes linked to, 30–31
insomnia as symptom of, 133, 197
in men, 220
RLS linked to, 141
symptoms of, 221
treatment of, 221–22. See also antidepressants
desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), 193
Desoxyn, 286
Deuce Bigalow (film), 181
deviated septum, 152
Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), 180, 286
dextroamphetamines (Dexedrine; Dextro-Stat;, 285, 286
DextroStat (dextroamphetamine), 286
DHEA supplements, 282
acromegaly linked to, 210
circadian abnormalities and, 93
incidence of, 207
incontinence linked to, 193
napping linked to, 26
postmenopausal, 61
shift work linked to, 108, 109, 113
television viewing linked to, 152
Diclegis, 41
dinosaurs, 14
Dionysius of Heraclea, 157
diphenhydramine, 238
diuretics, 34
divalproex (Depakote), 226
divorce, 219–20
DNA, 142
dolphins, 191
dong quai, 59
dopamine, 141, 146–47, 200, 239, 285
Doral (quazepam), 278
doxylamine succinate, 41
dreams, 6–7, 8–9, 40, 75, 173, 174, 186, 187, 190, 229. See also nightmares
driving, 4, 48, 71, 113–14, 159, 161, 164, 168–69, 239, 279
with narcolepsy, 181, 182, 188
drug abuse, 241–43
dry mouth, 58
duloxetine hydrochloride (Cymbalta), 211, 222
dysthymia, 218
ear infections, 88
early risers, 96–97
earplugs, 81, 83, 99, 119, 127
eating disorders, 218
eclampsia, 46
Ecstasy (MDMA), 242
Edison, Thomas, 111
Effexor (Pristiq; venlafaxine), 58, 222
eggs, 146
electrification, 111
electrocardiogram (EKG), 251, 255
electroconvulsive therapy, 223–24
electroencephelogram (EEG), 6, 164, 165, 255, 257
electrolytes, 205
electronic devices, 94, 95, 118, 127, 130, 147
emphysema (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COPD), 201, 202
endocrine disorders, 207–10
endometrial cancer, 57
energy drinks, 284
enuresis (bedwetting), 22, 193
epilepsy, 147, 168, 175, 195, 199, 226, 240
epinephrine, 239
Epworth Sleepiness Score, 71, 72
escitalopram (Lexapro), 222
esomeprazole (Nexium), 206, 238
estrogen, 32, 51–52, 53, 56–57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 178–79
breast cancer treatment and, 63, 240
perimenopausal drop in, 65
estrogen-receptor downregulators (ERDs), 240
Estulic (guanfacine; Intuniv; Tenex), 286
eszopliclone (Lunesta), 278
Evista (raloxifene), 240
exemestane (Aromasin), 240
for chronic fatigue syndrome, 211
for hypertension, 204
for incontinence, 194
for insomnia, 130
for sleep apnea, 166
facial hair, 36
fainting, 209
famotidine, 206
Fareston (toremifene), 240
Faslodex (fulvestrant), 240
fatal familial insomnia, 134
fatigue, 30
in cancer patients, 41, 43, 63, 212, 240
in depressive patients, 221
after heart attack, 203
in insomnia patients, 126, 133, 271
sleepiness vs., 70
thyroid deficiency linked to, 208
fear of sleeping, 184–95, 204, 259
Femara (letrozole), 240
Ferber, Richard, 88–89
fever, 88
fexofenadine (Allegra), 238
flax seed, 59
flunarizine, 199
flunitrazepam (rohypnol), 242
fluoxetine (Prozac; Sarafem), 34, 58, 222, 232
flurazepam (Dalmane), 277, 278
folic acid, 45, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 182, 289
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 56
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
U.S., 34, 52, 60, 117, 133, 211, 223, 276, 279, 282–83
Ford, Henry, 112
Franco, Francisco, 98
Franklin, Benjamin, 96
Freud, Sigmund, 9
fruit juice, 44
Full Catastrophe Living (Kabat-Zinn), 272
fulvestrant (Faslodex), 240
gabapentin (Horizant; Neurontin), 58, 147, 226
gall bladder, 57
gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB; sodium oxybate; Xyrem), 179, 242–43, 287
gastroesophageal reflux (GER), 205–6
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 206
gastrointestinal disease, 197, 205
General Electric, 111
generalized anxiety disorder, 230, 231
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate; sodium oxybate; Xyrem), 179, 242–43, 287
ghrelin, 227
gigantism, 209–10
goiter, 208
Goldfried, Marvin R., 268
insomnia and, 125
growth hormone, 10
guanfacine (Estulic; Intuniv; Tenex), 286
H1N1 virus (swine flu), 174
hallucinations: in Alzheimer’s patients, 198
hypnagogic, 74, 172, 173, 175, 178, 187–88
hypnopompic, 187
in migraine headaches, 200
in narcolepsy patients, 74, 173, 175, 178, 187, 188
in PTSD patients, 291
in RBD patients, 201
in schizophrenia patients, 228, 229
Harrison, Benjamin, 111
headaches, 15, 37–38, 58, 221, 224, 261
drugs used to treat, 240
in preeclampsia patients, 46
premen-strual, 33
in sleep apnea patients, 158, 160, 199
types of, 199–200
health insurance, 249, 251–52, 260, 279
heart attacks, 56, 164, 168, 203, 242, 257
heartburn, 15, 41, 44, 160, 205, 206
heart disease, x, 4, 26, 27, 36, 140, 158
postmenopausal risk of, 56, 289
heart failure, 158, 164, 197, 203–4, 210, 213, 257, 290
heart rate, 8, 14, 15, 144, 156
amphetamines and, 180
blood pressure linked to, 158
circadian pattern of, 12
of diabetics, 207
hyperthyroidic elevation of, 33, 209
during REM sleep, 186
sympathetic nervous system linked to, 179
Helicobacter pylori, 206
herbal remedies, 43, 58, 223, 276, 280–81, 291
heroin, 242
Hetlioz (tasimelteon), 282–83
high blood pressure. See hypertension
Horizant (gabapentin; Neurontin), 58, 147, 226
hormone production disorders, 207–10
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 56–58, 60, 63, 65
hot flashes, 125
in breast cancer patients, 63, 212, 240
drugs used to treat, 57, 58, 61
in men, 64
menopausal, 50, 52–53, 54, 55, 219, 289
premenstrual, 33. See also night sweats
hunger, 13
hyperarousal, 124
Hypericum perforatum (Saint John’s wort), 223
defined, 204
drugs used to treat, 58, 187, 205, 232, 237, 286
in PCOS patients, 36
postmenopausal risk of, 56
sleep apnea linked to, x, 46, 164, 169, 204–5
hyperventilation, 269
hypnagogic hallucination, 74, 172, 173, 175, 178, 187–88
hypnopompic hallucination, 187
hypnosis, 270–71
hypnotics (prescription drugs), 27, 55, 180, 182, 234, 235, 241, 276, 277–79, 291
hypoglycemia, 47
hysterectomy, 57
ibuprofen (Advil; Motrin; Nuprin), 34, 239
idiopathic hypersomnia, 178
imagery-induced relaxation, 270
impotence, 64
impulse control, 239
incontinence, 90, 193. See also enuresis
incontinence pads, 194
Inderal (propranolol), 237
indomethacin, 199
infertility, 36
inflammatory bowel disease, 142, 144
insects, 13
insomnia, 50–51, 64–65, 70, 73, 94, 108, 123–35, 235, 259
andropausal, 64
antidepressants linked to, 199
antipsychotic drugs linked to, 223
blood pressure drugs linked to, 237
in breast cancer patients, 63
caffeine linked to, 284
from chronic fatigue syndrome, 211
club drugs linked to, 242
comorbid, 124
defined, 124–25
depression linked to, 218, 220–21
environmental causes of, 127–28
fatal familial, 134
high blood pressure medicine linked to, 205
incidence of, ix, 4, 125–26, 216
incurable, 133–34
iron deficiency linked to, 24
learned, 128–30
in PMDD patients, 35
primary, 133–34
psychiatric drugs linked to, 215
psychophysiological, 128–30
restless legs syndrome and, 45
sleep apnea linked to, 203
social phobia linked to, 231
treatment of, 130–33, 258–74, 291
true, 133–34
insulin, 36, 37, 207, 227, 282
insurance, 249, 251–52, 260, 279
Intermezzo (Ambien; zolpidem), 278, 279
Intuniv (guanfacine; Estulic; Tenex), 286
iodine, 208
iron deficiency, 147
insomnia linked to, 24
in pregnant women, 42, 43, 45, 142, 146, 182, 289
RLS linked to, 77, 137, 141–42, 144, 145, 211, 238
irritability, 32, 33, 35, 133, 219, 221, 225
Istubal (Nolvadex; tamoxifen; Valodex), 51–52, 212, 240
Jacob (biblical figure), 9
Jakob-Creutzfeld disease, 134
jellyfish, 13
jet lag, 13, 98–105, 110, 282, 290
jiawei qing’e fang, 59
Joan of Arc, 9
Johns, Murray, 71
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 272
Kegel exercises, 194
keishibukuryogan, 59
ketamine, 242
circadian clocks in, 13
diabetes and, 207
functions of, 205
hypertension damage to, 204
preeclampsia damage to, 46
RLS linked to problems in, 141, 142
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 6
lamotrigine (Lamictal), 226
lansoprazole (Prevacid), 206
larks (early risers), 96–97
leg cramps, 40
letrozole (Femara), 240
Lexapro (escitalopram), 222
Lipitor (atorvastatin), 237
lisinopril, 237
loose stool, 59
loratadine (Claritin), 238
losartan, 237
Losec (omeprazole; Prilosec), 206, 238
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 242
lunar cycle, 15
Lunesta (eszopliclone), 278
luteinizing hormone (LH), 56
Lyrica (pregabalin), 211
MacNish, Robert, 6
Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius, 9
mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 134
Mairan, Jean-Jacques d’Ortous, 13–14
mammogram, 56
manic depressive (bipolar) disorder, 35, 197, 199, 217, 224–26
MAOIs. See monoamine oxidase inhibitors
marine animals, 191
mastectomy, 63
mattresses, 127–28
mazindol (Mazanor; Sanorex), 286
MDMA (Ecstasy), 242
meat, 146
medical workers, 6, 110, 113, 118
Medicare, 251–52
meditation, 271–72
melanopsin, 227
cancer linked to reduction in, 109
electronic devices and, 22
as medicinal supplement, 96, 97, 100, 189, 199, 227, 237, 281–82
memory loss, 33, 99, 100, 133, 198, 211, 224
menarche, 124
menopause, 17, 27, 33, 49, 50, 139, 284
in cancer patients, 51–52, 63, 212, 240
effects of, 53–54, 194, 205, 289
insomnia during, 124
mood changes linked to, 219
sleep problems after, 61–62
sleep problems during, 54–55, 170
symptoms of, 52
treating sleep problems from, 55–61
menstrual cycle, 14–15, 17, 29–32, 50, 62, 108
mood changes during, 219
PCOS and, 36
phases of, 31
PMS and, 32–26
mental disorders, 215–33, 291. See also specific disorders
metabolic disorders, 36, 47, 109
metformin, 37
methadone, 239
methyldopa, 237
methylphenidate (Concerta; Ritalin), 176, 179, 242, 285–86
Middleton, Kate, duchess of Cambridge, 41
Midol, 34
migraines, 199–200
milnacipran HCl (Savella), 211
Mindell, Jodi, 85
mindfulness, 271–72
Mirapex (pramipexole), 141, 147
miso, 59
mitrazipine (Remeron), 222
modafinil (Alertec; Provigil), 63, 117, 168, 178–79, 180, 201, 212, 286, 287
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 222, 223
mood swings, 33, 35, 48, 54, 61, 225
morning sickness, 41
morphine, 239
mouth breathing, 151
mouth guards, 83, 153, 165, 167, 194
movement disorders, 23–24, 61, 75, 83, 201, 229, 257. See also restless legs syndrome
moxibustion, 58
mugwort, 58
multiple births, 42
multiple sclerosis, 286
multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), 177
muscle relaxants, 211
muscles: aches in, 33
lost mass in, 64
relaxing, 268–69
myalgic encephalomyelitis, 211
insomnia and, 130
by mothers of young children, 48
narcolepsy and, 175, 180, 182, 256
by older adults, 11, 26–27, 28
by pregnant women, 43–44
risks of, 26
shift work and, 116–17
sleep apnea and, 168
during workday, 110, 116–17, 168
narcolepsy, ix, x, 4, 108, 145, 171–83, 257, 291–92
drugs used to treat, 178–80, 213, 285, 286, 287
hallucinations as symptom of, 74, 173, 175, 178, 187, 188
napping and, 175, 180, 182, 256
onset of, 23, 24, 173, 176, 182, 289
vivid and waking dreams in, 187, 229
nasal congestion, 42, 88, 150, 238, 280
National Institutes of Health, ix
National Sleep Foundation, ix, 19, 30, 40, 110, 113, 285
natto, 59
natural killer (NK) cells, 109
natural remedies, 43, 58, 223, 276, 280–81, 291
nausea, 33, 41, 58, 199, 240, 280
nefazodone (Serzone), 222
nervous system, 31, 33, 158, 197–98, 237, 238, 239
sympathetic, 179, 180, 240, 285, 287
Neupro (rotigotine), 147
Neurontin (gabapentin; Horizant), 58, 147, 226
Nexium (esomeprazole), 206, 238
nicotine, 52, 55, 87, 130, 147, 194, 202, 263
nightmares, 74, 124, 134, 184, 205
bed partners and, 84, 188–89, 291
blood pressure drugs linked to, 237
causes of, 185–86
posttraumatic, 9, 75, 84, 131, 187, 189, 232
of pregnant women, 40
of schizophrenia patients, 228
night owls, 92–96, 105–6, 115, 226
night shifts, 108–20, 287; insomnia and, 125
night sweats, 15, 124, 192, 194
in cancer patients, 211, 212, 240
in diabetics, 207
in men, 64
menopausal, 50–55
posttraumatic, 187
in RLS patients, 140
treatment of, 60, 61, 65. See also hot flashes
night terror, 75, 84, 90, 186, 192–93, 259
nocturnal animals, 14
nocturnal wandering, 75
noise: environmental, 119, 127, 262
by sleepers, 76, 78–83. See also snoring
Nolvadex (Istubal; tamoxifen; Valodex), 51–52, 212, 240
non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder, 97
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 108
non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 186
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 34, 146, 206, 239
norepinephrine, 222
Nuprin (ibuprofen), 34
nursing homes, 27
Nuvigil (armodafinil), 117, 168, 178–79, 213, 286, 287
Obama, Barack, 16
obesity, 4
body clock abnormalities and, 93
hypothyroidism linked to, 208
life expectancy and, 115
PCOS linked to, 36
sleep apnea and, 62, 64, 153, 154, 157–58, 160–61, 165–66, 168
television viewing linked to, 152. See also overweight
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 197, 230, 231–32
off-label prescribing, 276, 279–80
older adults, 10, 11, 25–27, 28, 90–91
depression in, 220
sleep apnea in, 26
omeprazole (Losec; Prilosec), 206, 238
Online Program for Insomnia, 260
optic chiasm, 13
orgasms, 223
over-the-counter drugs, 34, 43, 182, 234, 238, 239, 276, 280, 291
overweight, ix, 36, 37, 40, 62, 80, 161, 162, 166, 206. See also obesity
oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), 226
paced breathing, 269–70
pacifiers, 87
abdominal, 86
from cancer, 212
in chest, 203
from chronic fatigue syndrome, 211
from fibromyalgia, 211
muscular, 224
neuropathic, 208
postmenopausal, 61
palpitations, 204
panic disorder, 195, 204, 217, 230–31, 232
Pap smear, 56
paralysis: narcoleptic, 74, 172, 173–74, 175, 178, 179, 190
during REM sleep, 8, 9, 158, 173, 186, 189, 255
parasomnia, 186
Parkinson’s disease, 140, 146–47, 189, 197, 200–201, 239, 284, 286–87
paroxetine (Paxil; Pexeva), 58, 222, 232
Pavlov, Ivan, 128–29
Paxil (paroxetine; Pexeva), 58, 222, 232
pelvic pressure, 40
Pemoline (Cylert), 286
peptic ulcer disease, 206, 290
periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 138, 144
pernicious anemia, 142
pets, 263
Pexeva (paroxetine; Paxil), 58
phenelzine (MAOI), 222
phenylpropanolamine, 238
Philosophy of Sleep (MacNish), 6
Pickwickian syndrome, 155–56
Pickwick Papers (Dickens), 155
pituitary gland, 31, 52, 193, 209–10
plants, 13–14
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 31, 35–37, 289
polysomnogram, 155
pons, 8
postpartum depression, 19–20, 48, 219
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 131–32, 134–35, 204, 217, 230, 291
nightmares as symptom of, 75, 84, 187, 232
RBD contrasted with, 189
potassium, 205
pramipexole (Mirapex), 141, 147
pravastatin (Pravachol), 237
preeclampsia, 39, 46, 47, 151, 169
pregabalin (Lyrica), 211
pregnancy, 17, 29, 37, 39–49, 124
anti-depressants and, 34
caffeine during, 285
gastroesophageal reflux linked to, 206
mood changes linked to, 219
with narcolepsy, 182
RLS during, 142, 146, 148, 182, 291
shift work and, 109
sleep disorders after, 43, 47–48
sleep disorders during, 40–47
prehistoric people, 14
Premarin, 59
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 31, 35, 219
premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 31, 32–35, 38, 124, 219
prescription drugs (hypnotics), 27, 55, 180, 182, 234, 235, 241, 276, 277–79, 291
Prevacid (lansoprazole), 206
Prilosec (Losec; omeprazole), 206, 238
primrose, 59
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (Kryger, Roth, and Dement), 249
prions, 134
Pristiq (Effexor; venlaxafine), 58
cardiovascular disease and, 62
as medicinal supplement, 56–57
during menopause, 54
mood changes and, 48
during and after pregnancy, 41, 43, 151
sleep apnea and, 152
propranolol (Inderal), 237
protein, 46
proton-pump inhibitors, 206, 238
Provent (sleep apnea device), 167
Provigil (modafinil), 63, 117, 168, 178–79, 180, 201, 286, 287
Prozac (fluoxetine; Sarafem), 34, 58, 222, 232
pseudoephedrine, 238
psychiatric disorders, 215–33, 291. See also individual disorders
puberty, 30
pubic hair, 210
puffers, 239
pulmonary system, 197
pyridoxine hydrochloride, 41
quazepam (Doral), 278
rabeprazole (AcipHex), 206
racing thoughts, 225
raloxifene (Evista), 240
ramapril, 237
ramelteon (Rozerem), 278, 282–83
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 6–7, 8, 53, 164, 186–90
cluster headaches during, 200
at different ages, 10
during menstruation, 32
narcoleptic disruption of, 173–75, 177
in newborns, 20
paralysis during, 9, 158, 173, 186, 189, 255
sleep apnea and, 158
testing for, 256
Reactine (cetirizine; Zyrtec), 238
reading, 265–66
Reagan, Ronald, 16
registered sleep technologists (RSTs), 250
relaxation, 34, 260, 268–69, 270
Remeron (mitrazipine), 222
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), 75, 84–85, 188–89, 195, 201
restless legs syndrome (RLS), 39, 40, 41, 44–45, 58, 64, 73–74, 125, 135, 136
alcohol linked to, 147
antidepressants linked to, 143, 146, 222, 243
anti-histamines linked to, 280
caffeine and, 147
causes of, 140–43
chemotherapy linked to, 212, 240
daytime symptoms of, 139
depression linked to, 141, 220
diabetes linked to, 140, 141, 208
diagnosing, 143–45
in dialysis patients, 205
iron deficiency linked to, 77, 137, 141–42, 144, 145, 211, 238, 291
night sweats linked to, 194
nighttime symptoms of, 137–39
in Parkinson’s disease patients, 201
during pregnancy, 142, 146, 148, 182, 291
psychiatric drugs linked to, 215, 217
treating, 145–47
restore program, 260
Restoril (temazepam), 278
retina, 13
rheumatoid arthritis, 141, 142, 211
Ritalin (methylphenidate), 176, 179, 242, 285–86
rohypnol (flunitrazepam), 242
Romney, Mitt, 16
Rosenthal, Norman, 226
rosuvastatin (Crestor), 237
Roth, Thomas, 249
rotigotine (Neupro), 147
Rozerem (ramelteon), 278, 282–83
Rubens, Peter Paul, 14
Saint John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), 223
Sanorex (mazindol; Mazanor), 286
Sarafem (fluoxetine; Prozac), 34, 58, 222, 232
Savella (milnacipran), 211
schizophrenia, 188, 217, 226, 228–32
Schreiber, Leonard, 105
screenings, 251
seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 95–96, 226–28
seizures, 46, 156, 224, 240, 242, 257
selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), 240
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 222
self-hypnosis, 270–71
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 222
sertraline (Zoloft), 34, 222, 232
Serzone (nefazodone), 222
female, 38, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 60, 170
sexsomnia, 75
sexual activity, 14, 30, 53, 130, 159, 175, 221, 223
sexual dysfunction, 58
insomnia and, 125
shortness of breath, 15, 70, 202, 203, 212
Silenor (doxepin), 280
simvastatin (Zocor), 237
skim milk, 44
skin cancer, 57
sleep apnea, 8, 16, 21, 39, 76, 108, 145, 149–70, 287
acromegalic, 210
Alzheimer’s disease linked to, 198
causes of, 157–58
in children, 89, 149–50, 154, 157, 161–62, 289
in combat veterans, 232
complex, 239
in dogs, 154
false diagnoses of, 247–48
frequent urination linked to, 193, 205
goiters linked to, 208
headaches linked to, 158, 160, 199
heart failure linked to, 203
at high altitude, 16
high blood pressure linked to, 204–5
hypertension linked sleep apnea (continued) to, x, 46, 164, 169, 204–5
hypothyroidism linked to, 208
incidence of, ix–x, 4, 153, 289
jaw structure and, 89–90, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157–58, 162, 289
management of, 164–70
morphine and methadone linked to, 239
night sweats linked to, 194
obesity and, 62, 64, 153, 154, 157–58, 160–61, 165–66, 168, 289
obstructive, 36, 48, 64, 89, 153, 157, 159, 166, 169, 229, 237, 251, 255
in older adults, 26
onset of, 24
ovaries and, 29
in Parkinson’s patients, 201
during pregnancy, 40, 45, 46–47, 169
recognizing, 158–62
seasonal affective disorder and, 44, 52, 54, 161, 169, 217, 223
screening for, 251
sleeping position and, 81, 168, 169
snoring as symptom of, 21, 23, 150, 158, 159–60, 163, 290
surgical treatment of, 167–68
in teenagers, 23
testosterone replacement and, 64
weight gain and, 44, 52, 54, 161, 169, 217, 223
in women, 8, 153–54, 159, 161, 289, 290
sleep deprivation, 3–4, 16, 40, 72
in caregivers, 90–91
in children, 113
in medical workers, 6, 110, 113
sleep paralysis linked to, 190
sleepwalking aggravated by, 22, 84, 191, 192
symptoms of, 15
in transportation workers, 109–10
sleep drunkenness, 72
sleep eating, 279
sleep hygiene, 262–63
sleeping pills, 51, 102, 126, 133, 137
alternatives to, 258–74
for cancer patients, 212
depression in elderly linked to, 220
for depressive patients, 222
as insomnia treatment, 134, 214, 235
jet lag and, 99–100
psychological dependence on, 241
snoring aggravated by, 152–53
sleeping positions, 21, 42, 44, 47
to reduce risk of SIDS, 87
Sleeping Through the Night (Mindell), 85
Sleepio, 260
sleep paralysis, 74, 172, 173–74, 178, 190, 291
sleep restriction, 267–68
sleep terror, 75, 84, 90, 186, 192–93, 259
sleep tests, 177, 251–52, 253–57
sleepwalking, 22, 74–75, 83–84, 90, 186, 190–91, 241, 259, 279, 291
slow wave sleep, 7
smoking, 52, 55, 87, 130, 147, 194, 202, 263
snoring, ix, 29–30, 37, 76, 251, 289
alcohol use linked to, 241
by bed partners, 78–79, 80–82, 91, 151, 161, 167, 263, 280
in PCOS patients, 36
preeclampsia linked to, 46
during pregnancy, 40, 42, 45, 151
as sleep apnea symptom, 21, 23, 150, 158, 159–60, 163, 290
treatment of, 152–53
social media, 94
sodium, 205
sodium oxybate (gamma hydroxybutyrate; GHB; Xyrem), 179, 287
soft palate, 167
Solve Your Child’s Sleep Problems (Ferber), 88
somnambulism, 22, 74–75, 83–84, 186, 190–91, 241, 259, 279, 291
Sonata (zaleplon), 278
Spain, 97–98
spina bifida, 142
spinach, 146
steroids, 239
stimulus control, 265–66
Strattera (atomoxetine), 286
stress, 34, 131–32, 191, 192, 212, 219, 221, 269, 290. See also anxiety
stroke, x, 90, 168, 238, 242, 257, 289
hormone replacement therapy and, 56, 57
hypertension linked to, 204
sleep apnea linked to, 158, 164
stuffy nose, 42, 88, 150, 238, 280
subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder (SSAD), 227
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 85, 86–88
suicide, 35, 217, 218, 221, 226, 228
sunlight, 13, 27, 95, 100, 106, 118, 127, 227, 281–82
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 12, 13
suvorexant (Belsomra), 278
sweating. See night sweats swine flu (H1N1 virus), 174
swollen ankles, 46
sympathetic nervous system, 179, 180, 240, 285, 287
syphilis, 158–59
systemic exertion intolerance disease, 211
Taft, William Howard, 16–17, 157
tamoxifen (Istubal; Nolvadex; Valodex), 51–52, 212, 240
tasimelteon (Hetlioz), 282–83
teenagers: narcolepsy onset in, 23, 24, 173, 176, 182, 289
sleep apnea in, 23
sleep deprivation in, 22–23, 27–28
sleep needs of, 10–11, 18–19, 28
temazepam (Restoril), 277, 278
tempeh, 59
Tenex (guanfacine; Estulic; Intuniv), 286
theophylline, 239
Theravent (snoring aid), 153
thyroid function, 33, 56, 64, 108, 194, 208–9, 225
thyroid hormone, 282
time zones, 13, 98–105, 110, 282, 290
tobacco, 52, 55, 87, 130, 147, 194, 202, 263
toddlers, 10
tonsils, 21, 22, 89, 151, 154, 157, 162, 167, 170, 289, 290
Topamax (topiramate), 199, 226
toremifene (Fareston), 240
tossing and turning, 83, 137, 140, 144
transportation workers, 107–8, 109–10, 118, 119–20, 164, 168, 181, 275–76
tricyclics, 222
triglycerides, 56
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), 226
triprolidine, 238
tumors, 210
Tums, 44
ulcerative colitis, 142
University of Manitoba, 260
upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), 76, 154, 158
urethra, 205
urination, 13, 15, 104, 186, 204
diabetes and, 207
heart medications and, 203
during and after menopause, 55
during pregnancy, 40
sleep apnea linked to, 160, 205. See also enuresis
urine, 46
cancer of, 54
removal of, 57
uvula, 167
Valium, 242
Valodex (Istubal; Nolvadex; tamoxifen), 51–52, 212, 240
valproic acid, 226
valsartan, 237
vasodilation, 52
venlafaxine (Effexor; Pristiq), 58, 222
video games, 94
Vinci, Leonardo da, 97
vision, 210
visual cortex, 13
vitamin B12, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 238
Vyvanse (lisdexamphetemine), 180, 286
wakefulness, 6, 8, 11, 32, 186, 265, 266
wake gauge, 11–12
water, 104
weight gain: during andropause, 64
from antidepressants, 58
antipsychotic drugs linked to, 217, 223, 257
seasonal affective disorder linked to, 227
sleep apnea and, 44, 52, 54, 161, 169, 217, 223
snoring and, 151. See also obesity; overweight
weight loss, 51, 62, 152, 165–66, 286
Wellbutrin (buproprion), 222
wheezing, 202
women, 17
Alzheimer’s disease in, 198
anxiety disorders in, 230
arthritis in, 211
asthma in, 201
cardiovascular disease in, 202
as caregivers, 90, 112–13, 219, 289
depression in, 218, 219–20, 291
fibromyalgia in, 211
gastroesophageal reflux in, 206
heart failure in, 203
hyperthyroidic, 209
iron deficiency in, 141, 142, 146, 148, 291
nightmares reported by, 187
posttraumatic stress disorder in, 232
seasonal affective disorder in, 227
sleep apnea in, 44, 52, 54, 161, 169, 217, 223
sleep disorders in, ix–x, 289
in workforce, 112. See also menopause; menstrual cycle; pregnancy
Xyrem (gamma hydroxybutyrate; GHB; sodium oxybate), 179, 242–43, 287
yawning, 21
Yax, 34
yoga, 45
young adulthood, 24
zaleplon (Sonata), 278
Zocor (simvastatin), 237
Zoloft (sertraline), 34, 222, 232
zolpidem (Ambien; Intermezzo), 278, 279
Zyrtec (cetirizine; Reactine), 238