image

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES

For years landscape gardeners have had ornamental grasses such as Pampas grass, blue fescue grass and a few native sedges for their use in developing the landscape. In the last dozen years a number of ornamental grasses have been found, hybridized, propagated, and sent into the landscape industry. They have many uses, as you will see when you investigate our following lists of grasses. While some ornamental grass nurseries list horsetail rush (Equisetum spp.) as an ornamental grass, we have purposely left it out of our lists because of its invasiveness and determination, especially in our coastal zone.

image

Arundo donax

GRASSES FOR SEASIDE GARDENS

Grasses in landscapes are not new, it is just that in some areas, particularly the western part of this region, there are so many native grasses that grow so rampantly that most gardeners spend a lot of time trying to get rid of them. In coastal areas, ornamental grasses must withstand the winds that come off the ocean, often in gusty masses, as well as the soil types that sometimes hold too much water and other times not enough to keep grasses happy. Here are some suggestions for this locale.

Name

Suggested use

Giant reed grass (Arundo donax)

Screen, background, cut flowers, specimen

Variegated giant reed (Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’)

Accent, specimen, cut flowers, perennial border

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass and groups, background, cut flowers

Palm sedge (Carex muskingumensis)

Groundcover, rock and water gardens, shade

Black sedge (Carex nigra)

Unique color seed head, specimen, container

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, cut flowers, natural setting

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

Specimen, screen, background, cut flowers

Pink pampas grass (C. selloana ‘Rosea’)

Specimen, screen, background, cut flowers

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa)

Mass planting, naturalizing, wetlands, groups

Golden hanging hairgrass (D. caespitosa ‘Goldgehange’)

Groundcover in mass, specimen, cut flowers, accent

Corkscrew rush (Juncus effusus ‘Spiralis’)

Pond, stream, bog garden, poor drainage

Findhorn lyme grass (Leymus arenarius ‘Findhorn’)

Metallic blue foliage, massing

Blue wild rye (Leymus racemosus ‘Glaucus’)

Group, massing groundcover, beach

Maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’)

Specimen, cut flowers, screen, water feature

Malepartus silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Malepartus’)

Specimen, groups, cut flowers, water feature

Variegated Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Variegatus’)

Specimen, cut flowers, screen, perennial border

Zebra grass (M. sinensis ‘Zebrinus’)

Specimen, screen, groups, cut flowers, background

Red switch grass (Panicum virgatum vars.)

Groups, water features, perennial border, cut flowers

Variegated common reed (Phragmites australis ‘Variegatus’)

Containers, wet soils, mixed border

Dwarf cattails (Typha minima)

Pond, bog, containers

GRASSES THAT CAN BE USED FOR SCREENING

Screens can be used to stop the eye, to block out objectionable views, or to simply provide a boundary to the landscape. There are also many shrubs that can be used for this purpose and you can check the shrub chapter for those. However, for a different texture, appearance, color variation, and general plant type, give some of these a try where you need screening. Also check the list of grasses that grow to giant size, for many of them could be used as screens.

image

Feather Reed Grass

Name

Can also be used for

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background, cut flowers

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

Specimen, background, cut flowers

Giant Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus floridulus)

Screen, background

Silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis and cultivars)

Groups, cut flowers, borders, containers

Moor grass (Molinia arundinacea and cultivars)

Specimen, groups

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)

Groups, mass, perennial border

Ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae [Erianthus])

Specimen, background, cut flowers

GRASSES FOR HIGH DESERT CONDITIONS

Their drought tolerance and ability to withstand cold, dry winters make this group of ornamental grasses especially valuable to the gardener in the high and dry region of the Pacific Northwest. Nurserymen are propagating and cultivating these grasses because the trend in gardening is away from the use of more water-dependent plants and more to those that can live through normal dry periods without extra watering.

Name

Suggested use

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

Groups, massing, water gardens

Big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii)

Specimen, groups, mass, cut, screening

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, specimen, cut, mass

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background, cut flowers

Leather leaf sedge (Carex buchananii)

Perennial borders, group, mass, accent, rockery

Golden variegated Japanese sedge (Carex morrowii ‘Aureovariegata’)

Edging, groups, mass, specimen, rockery

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut flowers

Large blue fescue (Festuca amethystina)

Groundcover, rock gardens, accent, specimen

Blue fescue (F. glauca ‘Elijah Blue’)

Dry areas, groundcover, edging

Sea blue (F. glauca ‘Meerblau’)

Mass, rock gardens, hanging baskets, edging

Idaho fescue (F. idahohensis)

Edging, accent, mass, rockery, native garden

Blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

Specimen, groups, mass, perennial borders

Prairie junegrass (Koeleria pyramidalis)

Groups, rock gardens, groundcover

Large blue hairgrass (Koeleris glauca)

Groups, mass, rock garden

Greater woodrush (Luzula sylvatica)

Evergreen perennial, woodland groundcover

Giant Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus floridulus)

Specimen, screen, background

Maiden grass (M. sinensis ‘Gracillimus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, potted, water feature

Early maiden grass (M. sinensis ‘Graziella’)

Specimen, screen, accent, groups

Sarabande miscanthus (M. sinensis ‘Sarabande’)

Groups, mass, water gardens, cut, accent

Silver feather Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Silberfeder’)

Specimen, cut, background, screen

Porcupine grass (M. sinensis ‘Strictus’)

Specimen, screen, cut, water feature

Variegated Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Variegatus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Zebra grass (M. sinensis ‘Zebrinus’)

Specimen, screen, groups, cut, background

Autumn red zebra grass (M. sinensis purpurescens)

Cut, perennial border, specimen, group, accent

Red switch grass (Panicum virgatum ‘Rehbraun’)

Groups, mass, perennial border, cut, water feature

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)

Groups, mass, specimen, perennial border

image

“In the high desert list are some sedges. Keep in mind that sedges are water plants and even though they will survive the dry, sunny climate of the high desert region, they will need water frequently if they are expected to thrive. To maintain their beauty and to enjoy them for a long time, provide a microclimate in your landscape that is condusive to their growth, put a water feature in your landscape, or set up a drip system to provide them with moisture.”—Steve Schmidt, owner, American Perennials, Eagle Creek, Oregon

GRASSES THAT GROW TO GIANT SIZE

Giant grasses can be sited with other bold-textured, large-leafed perennials to create a garden of mystery, or to create an enticing landscape out of an otherwise flat rectangle of land. Large plant materials alter our perceptions of space by blurring boundaries, suggesting endless garden adventures by increasing the illusion of garden depth and providing sound and movement. Concealment, at least partially, also entices the imagination in the garden, and what better concealment than that provided by giant grasses? Here are a few to consider.

Name

Normal height in feet

Giant reed grass (Arundo donax)

7-15

Variegated reed grass (Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’)

5-7

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

5-7

Toe toe grass (Cortaderia richardii)

5-8

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

8-15

Giant Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus floridulus)

8-12

Cabaret silver grass (M.sinensis ‘Cabaret’)

6-8

Cosmopolitan silver grass (M.sinensis ‘Cosmopolitan’)

6-8

Golden feather silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Goldfeder’)

5-6

Maiden grass (M. sinensis ‘Gracillimus’)

5-7

Early maiden grass (M. sinensis ‘Graziella’)

5-6

Dwarf zebra grass (M.sinensis ‘Kirk Alexander’)

5

Malepartus silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Malepartus’)

5-6

Silver feather Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Silberfeder’)

6-9

Porcupine grass (M. sinensis ‘Strictus’)

5-7

Variegated Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Variegatus’)

5-7

Zebra grass (M. sinensis ‘Zebrinus’)

6-8

Skyracer moor grass (Molinia arundinacea ‘Skyracer’)

7-8

Ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae [Erianthus is former genus name])

9-12

Variegated cord grass (Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’)

5-6

Common cattail (Typha latifolia)

6-8

GRASSES THAT WILL REMAIN SMALL (DWARFS)

These grasses can be used in the garden to create interest, attract attention, provide contrast, and sometimes to define an area or zone. They can be worked into the landscape with companions of medium-sized shrubs and other herbaceous perennials, or can stand alone. Here are some that remain under three feet at maturity.

Name

Normal height in inches

Variegated sweet flag (Acorus calamus ‘Variegatus’)

24-36

Variegated Japanese sweet flag (A. gramineus ‘Argenteostriatus’)

6-12

Gold variegated Japanese sweet flag (A. gramineus ‘Ogon’)

10

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

12

Variegated bulbous oat grass (Arrhenatherum bulbosum ‘Variegatum’)

12

Quaking grass (Briza media)

18-24

Leather leaf sedge (Carex buchananii)

12-24

New Zealand hair sedge (Carex comans)

12-24

Bronze hair sedge (C. comans ‘Bronze Form’)

12-24

Golden fountain sedge (C. dolichostachya ‘Gold Fountains’)

12-24

Bowles’s golden tufted sedge (C. elata ‘Aurea’)

24

Blue sedge (C. flacca)

6-18

Star sedge (C. grayi)

18-24

Golden variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Aureovariegata’)

24

Silver variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Variegata’)

18

Black sedge (C. nigra)

12

Variegated black sedge (C. nigra ‘Variegata’)

12

Variegated bird’s foot sedge (C. ornithopoda ‘Variegata’)

6

Petrie’s sedge (C. petriei)

12-18

Brick sedge (C. testacea)

12-24

Golden hair grass (Deschampsia flexuosa ‘Tatra Gold’)

6

Blue fescue (Festuca glauca vars.)

6-10

Variegated velvet grass (Holcus mollis ‘Albovariegatus’)

6-12

Japanese blood grass (Imperata ‘Red Baron’)

12-18

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Hameln’)

18-24

Miniature fountain grass (P. alopecuroides ‘Little Bunny’)

12

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

12-24

Blue wheat grass (Elymus magellanicus)

8-12

GRASSES THAT ARE VARIEGATED

Variegation in decorative plants makes them good candidates for lightening a dark area, or for bringing perceived light into a landscape where darker greens are predominant. Plants with variegations of white or light yellow are Nature’s flashlights among the darker plants. Here are two dozen ornamental grasses that might brighten your landscape.

Name

Suggested use

Variegated sweet flag (Acorus spp.)

Perennial border, bog garden, container plant

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

Groups, massing, water gardens

Variegated bulbous oat grass (Arrhenatherum bulbosum ‘Variegatum’)

Border, edging, specimen, rock gardens

Variegated giant reed grass (Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’)

Accent, specimen, cut, perennial border

Variegated feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Overdam’)

Groups and massing

Golden fountain sedge (Carex dolichostachya ‘Gold Fountains’)

Rock gardens, wet areas, perennial border

Bowles’s golden tufted sedge (C. elata ‘Aurea’)

Specimens, water gardens

Golden variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Aureovariegata’)

Edging, groups, mass, specimen, rockery

Silver variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Variegata’)

Group, mass, rock gardens, border

Variegated black sedge (C. nigra ‘Variegata’)

Specimen, containers, accent

Variegated birds foot sedge (C. ornithopoda ‘Variegata’)

Rock gardens, groups, edging, containers

Variegated manna grass (Glyceria maxima ‘Variegata’)

Ponds, streams, marshy areas, naturalizing

Variegated Japanese forest grass (Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’)

Groups, groundcover, accent

Cabaret silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Cabaret’)

Specimen, groups, screen

Cosmopolitan silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Cosmopolitan’)

Specimen, screen, groups

Golden feather silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Goldfeder’)

Specimen, screen, groups

Little dot silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Punktchen’)

Border, groups, mass

Porcupine grass (M. sinensis ‘Strictus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Variegated Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Variegatus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Zebra grass (M. sinensis ‘Zebrinus’)

Specimen, screen, groups, cut, background

Variegated purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea ‘Variegata’)

Specimen, mass, groups

Feesey’s ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’)

Groundcover

Variegated common reed (Phragmites australis ‘Variegatus’)

Containers, wet soils, borders

Variegated cord grass (Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’)

Groups, mass, perennial border, accent

A variegated grass that was left off this list is golden brome (Bromus inermis ‘Skinners Gold’). One of its attributes is that it is a groundcover for difficult sites. According to nurseryman Steve Schmidt, “This will spread in the valley and coastal areas and could become a noxious weed. If I were going to use this grass it would preferably be in the dry areas of the Pacific Northwest where it would be less likely to spread.” A word from the wise.

GRASSES THAT WILL NOT TAKE OVER

Some grasses could become a problem in the landscape when they seed and begin to spread themselves throughout the garden. This is more often the case with native and pasture-type grasses. Here are thirty varieties (one of them an annual type) that shouldn’t become weed problems in the landscape by overseeding themselves.

Image

Carex

Name

Suggested use

Variegated Japanese sweet flag (Acorus gramineus ‘Argenteostriatus’)

Water garden, perennial border, containers, indoor

Big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii)

Specimen, mass, cut, screening

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, specimen, cut, mass

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, background, cut, combinations

Bronze hair sedge (Carex comans ‘Bronze Form’)

Rock gardens, mass, perennial border, accent

Golden fountain sedge (C. dolichostachya ‘Gold Fountains’)

Rock gardens, wet areas, border, perennial garden

Golden variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Aureovariegata’)

Edging, mass, specimen, rock gardens

Palm sedge (C. muskingumensis)

Groundcover, beneath trees, rock gardens

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

Specimen, screen, background, cut

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa)

Mass, wet lands, naturalizing, groups

Blue fescue (Festuca glauca vars.)

Edging, accent, mass, groups, dry areas

Idaho fescue (Festuca idahohensis)

Edging, accent, rock gardens, naturalizing

Blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

Specimen, mass, groups, perennial borders

Maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis vars.)

Specimen, cut, screen, containers

Small fountain silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Kleine Fontane’)

Borders, groups, mass, specimen

Nippon silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Nippon’)

Containers, compact, bronzy-red

Sarabande miscanthus (M. sinensis ‘Sarabande’)

Mass, groups, water gardens, cut, specimen

Silver feather Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Silberfeder’)

Specimen, mass, cut, background, screen

Porcupine grass (M. sinensis ‘Strictus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Variegated Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Variegatus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Zebra grass (M. sinensis ‘Zebrinus’)

Specimen, screen, cut, background

Autumn red Japanese grass (M. sinensis purpurescens)

Cut, perennial border, specimen, accent, group

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)

Mass, specimen, perennial border, group

Late blooming fountain grass (P. alopecuroides ‘Moudry’)

Group, mass, specimen, border

Ruby grass (Rychelytrum neriglume) (annual)

Accent, group, mass, cut, containers

Ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae)

Specimen, background, screen, cut

Little blue stem (Schizachyrium scoparium)

Mass, group, cut, naturalizing

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

Mass, groundcover, foreground, border

Giant feather grass (Stipa gigantea)

Specimen, group, perennial border, cut flowers

“Deschampsia and Festuca will reseed themselves, and over time could develop a lot of seedlings. But if a gardener is doing the normal bit of maintenance, these seedlings will be easily taken care of and present no threat to the landscape.”—Steve Schmidt, owner, American Perennials Nursery, Eagle Creek, Oregon

GRASSES THAT GROW TO BECOME HANDSOME SPECIMENS

Specimen plants provide focus, draw interest, sometimes provide an anchoring feature, and sometimes are the dominant feature that draws you into the garden. Pampas grass has been used as a hardy specimen in landscapes for years, often in dry valley and high desert regions, sharing specimen status with few other plants that have features through the winter. Here are a few specimens to consider in your own yard.

Name

Can also be used for

Giant reed grass (Arundo donax)

Screen, background, cut, near water

Variegated giant reed grass (A. donax ‘Versicolor’ [‘Variegata’])

Accent, cut flowers, perennial border

Bowles’s golden tufted sedge (Carex elata ‘Aurea’ [‘Bowles’s Golden’])

Drifts at water’s edge, accent

Golden variegated Japanese sedge (C. morrowii ‘Aureovariegata’)

Edging, groups, mass, rock garden

Weeping sedge (C. pendula)

Mass, groundcover

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

Screen, background, cut flowers

Variegated Japanese forest grass (Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’)

Groups, groundcover, accent

Silver grass (Miscanthus species and cultivars)

Screen, cut, perennial border, accent

Ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae [Erianthus])

Background, screen, cut flowers

Giant feather grass (Stipa gigantea)

Groups, perennial border, cut flowers

Provide grass with the proper microclimate and place it in the soil for which it is adapted, along with a complete fertilizer (organic or chemical), then get out of the way, for it will grow and thrive. Grass growth can be regulated by the richness of its soil or by your addition of nitrogen and other elements.

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES THAT CAN BE USED AS GROUNDCOVERS IN PARTIAL SHADE

Few of the lawn-type grasses that are adapted to the Pacific Northwest will grow in shade. However, here is a listing of ornamental grasses that are rated as being tolerant of shade conditions. The amount of shade and the quality of light received (filtered, direct for several hours) will largely determine the success of the planting. Give them a try and rate them in your own garden.

Name

Comments

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

Groups, mass, water gardens

Variegated bulbous oat grass (Arrhenatherum bulbosum ‘Variegatum’)

Edging, specimen, rock gardens

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, cut flowers

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Groups, background, cut flowers

Sedges (Carex spp.)

Perennial borders, accent, edging

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut, near water

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Groups, wet lands, naturalizing

Japanese forest grass (Hakonechloa macra and cultivars)

Groups, accent

Variegated velvet grass (Holcus mollis ‘Albovariegatus’)

Borders

Prairie junegrass (Koeleria pyramidata [cristata])

Groups, rock gardens

Wood rush (Luzula spp.)

Woodland settings, groups

Golden wood millet (Millium effusum ‘Aureum’)

Dwarf

Purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea and cultivars)

Specimen, groups

Oriental fountain grass (Pennisetum orientale)

Dwarf, specimen, group, combination

Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’ and ‘Picta’)

Can take wet soils

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

Groups, border, rockery, woodsy

Korean reed grass (Stipa brachytricha [Calamagrostis])

Small groups

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES THAT ARE DROUGHT TOLERANT

As water becomes ever more a part of the endangered resource list, gardeners everywhere are on the lookout for plants that can survive and possibly thrive on a minimum of water. When water rationing becomes a reality, here are some ornamental grasses that will be the survivors. Give them a place in your garden.

Name

Suggested use

Big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii)

Specimen, mass for naturalizing, cut, screen, highway planting

Variegated bulbous oat grass (Arrhenatherum bulbosum ‘Variegatum’)

Dwarf, border, edging, specimen, rock gardens, containers

Sideoats gramma (Bouteloua spp.)

Use with wild flowers, heather garden

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background, cut flowers

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, native setting, cut flowers

Large blue fescue (Festuca amethystina)

Groundcover, rock gardens, accent, specimen plant

Blue fescue (F. glauca and all cultivars)

Groundcover, edging, massing, rock gardens, hanging baskets, accent

Blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

Specimen, group, mass, perennial borders

Large blue hair grass (Koeleria glauca)

Groups, mass, rock gardens

Prairie junegrass (K. pyramidata [cristata])

Groups, rock gardens, groundcover

Blue wild rye (Leymus racemosus ‘Glaucus’)

Group, mass, groundcover

Maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’)

Specimen, cut, screen, perennial border

Early maiden grass (M. sinensis ‘Graziella’)

Specimen, screen, accent, groups

Switch grass (Panicum virgatum vars.)

Group, mass, perennial borders, naturalizing, cut flowers

Feesey’s ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’)

Groundcover

Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’)

Groundcover

Little blue stem (Schizachyrium scoparium)

Mass, groups, naturalizing, cut, groundcover

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

Mass, foreground, border, rock gardens, forest setting

Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans [avenaceum])

Cut, mass, group, specimen, perennial border

Take care of ornamental grasses just as you do other herbaceous perennials. They love a mulch that covers their crowns. They generally tolerate drought but will respond to any water you care to give them during the dry summer. They don’t need regular transplanting or dividing if you have carefully planned your planting. Put them where they can grow to their normal size without crowding or interference from other plants.

GRASSES THAT ARE SHADE TOLERANT

Especially in the western part of the Pacific Northwest region, finding grasses that will stay alive in the shade of native trees and large shrubs is a challenge. Luckily in this group of ornamental grasses, there exists a rather large number of selections. Give some of them a try in places where your lawn grasses gave up long ago.

Name

Suggested use

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

Groups, mass, water gardens

Variegated bulbous oat grass (Arrhenatherum bulbosum ‘Variegatum’)

Border, edging, specimen, containers

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, mass, cut, specimen

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background, cut flowers

Sedges (Carex spp.)

Groundcover, accent, edging

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Mass, groups, wet lands, specimen, cut

Japanese forest grass (Hakonechloa macra and cultivars)

Groups, groundcover, accent

Variegated velvet grass (Holcus mollis ‘Albovariegatus’)

Borders, groundcover

Prairie junegrass (Koeleria pyramidata (cristata))

Group, rock gardens, groundcover

Wood rushes (Luzula spp.)

Groundcover, groups, woodland sites

Golden wood millet (Millium effusum ‘Aureum’)

Dwarf, groundcover

Purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea and cultivars)

Specimen, groups, mass

Oriental fountain grass (Pennisetum orientale)

Specimen, groups, perennial beds

Feesey’s ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’)

Groundcover

Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’)

Groundcover

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

Group, mass, groundcover, rockery

Korean reed grass (Stipa brachytricha)

Small groups

No grasses are completely tolerant of shade. If you plant an ornamental clumping grass and a young shade tree within arms length of each other, the grass will outgrow the tree in the early years, but its days are numbered. Once the tree reaches maturity and becomes dense, the grass will become leggy and weak and will eventually give up because of the lack of light. Plan accordingly and put your grasses where they can receive sufficient light for life.

GRASSES THAT ARE TOLERANT OF WET AREAS

The classic growing conditions for grasses across the region are full sun, well-drained soils, and often soils that are likely to be dry much of the year. But it is true that some will grow in, or at least tolerate, wet soils. Here are some suggested types and varieties that have performed well in damp sites.

Name

Suggested use

Japanese sweet flag (Acorus gramineus and cultivars)

Perennial border, containers, bog garden

Golden foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis ‘Aureovariegatus’)

Groups, massing, water gardens

Giant reed grass (Arundo donax and cultivars)

Screen, background, cut, specimen

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, cut flowers

Sedges (Carex spp.)

Groundcover, rockery, under trees, perennial borders, accent

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Mass, groups, specimen, cut, perennial border, accent, groundcover

Variegated manna grass (Glyceria maxima ‘Variegata’)

Ponds, streams, marshy areas, bogs

Rushes (Juncus spp.)

Ponds, streams, marshy areas, bogs

Wood rushes (Luzula spp.)

Dwarf grasses

Giant Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus floridulus)

Specimen, screen, background

Maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis and cultivars)

Specimen, screen, perennial border, accent, groups, cut flowers

Moor grass (Molinia caerulea and cultivars)

Specimen, mass, groups

Tall moor grass (Molinia arundinacea and cultivars)

Specimen, groups

Switch grass (Panicum virgatum and cultivars)

Groups, mass, perennial border, containers, cut flowers

Feesey’s ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’)

Groundcover

Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’)

Groundcover

Variegated common reed (Phragmites australis ‘Variegatus’)

Border, containers, wet soils

Variegated cord grass (Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’)

Groups, mass, perennial border, accent

Common cattail (Typha latifolia)

Groups, mass, cut

You will notice as you scan through the lists of ornamental grasses that Karl Foerster’s name is used as a variety name of feather reed grass. The German plantsman, collector, and hybridizer Karl Foerster was one of the first to discover the unique ability of grasses to lend form and grace to the landscape. He is quoted as calling grass “the hair of Mother Earth.”

GRASSES FOR SPRING AND SUMMER FLOWERS AND FALL COLOR

Annual and perennial flowers are not the only plants that add color to the landscape. Grasses provide interesting spring and summer flowers as well as a palette of fall color. Here are some suggestions for adding a bit of interest during certain seasons with grasses.

Name

Comments

For spring flowers

 

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, specimen, cut, mass

Star sedge (Carex greyi)

Dwarf, mace-like flower

Weeping sedge (Carex pendula)

Mass, groundcover, small groups

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Mass, groups, wet lands, naturalizing

Fescues (Festuca spp.)

Mass, specimen, perennial border

Blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

Specimen, groups, mass, border

Large blue hair grass (Koeleria glauca)

Groups, mass, rock gardens

Wood rush (Luzula species and cultivars)

Groundcover, groups, beneath trees

Giant feather grass (Stipa gigantea)

Specimen, groups, perennial borders, cut

For summer flowers

 

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background, cut flowers

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, cut flowers

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana and cultivars)

Specimen, screen, background, cut

Love grass (Eragrostis trichoides)

Specimen, background, containers

Arabesque silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Arabesque’)

Compact grower

Silver feather Japanese silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Silberfeder’)

Specimen, mass, cut, background

Yaku Jima silver grass (M. sinensis ‘Yaku Jima’)

Groups, mass, combination

Purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea and cultivars)

Specimen, mass, groups

Moor grass (M. arundinacea and cultivars)

Specimen, groups

Red switch grass (Panicum virgatum vars.)

Groups, mass, perennial border, cut

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides and cultivars)

Groups, mass, specimen, perennial border

Oriental fountain grass (Pennisetum orientale)

Dwarf specimen, edging, border, accent

Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans (avenaceum))

Cut, mass, groups, specimen, border

Frost grass (Spodiopogon sibiricus)

Groups, specimen

Feather grass (Stipa capillata)

Groups, cut flowers

For fall colors

 

Big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii)

Silver flowers; orange, purple, and red foliage

Gramma grasses (Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis)

Purple

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Purplish foliage

Variegated Japanese forest grass (Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’)

Green, pink, and red

Japanese blood grass (Imperata ‘Red Baron’)

Intense red

Purple wood rush (Luzula purpurea)

Reddish purple with green

Maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’)

Purple stem, yellow foliage

Flame grass (M. sinensis purpurescens)

Red, purple, yellow, and orange foliage

Purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea and cultivars)

Orange red

Malepartus silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis ‘Malepartus’)

Orange foliage

Red switch grass (Panicum virgatum vars.)

Intense red with yellow

Heavy Metal switch grass (P. virgatum ‘Heavy Metal’)

Bright yellow foliage

Feesey’s ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’)

Blush pink with green and white

Ribbon grass (P. arundinacea ‘Picta’)

Blush pink

Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans (avenaceum))

Yellow and orange

Korean reed grass (Stipa brachytricha)

Bright yellow

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES THAT MAKE GOOD GROUNDCOVERS IN FULL SUN

Check the lists for desert and for seaside to see which of these will fit into your particular climate or microclimate. Provide these grasses with reasonably good soil (well-drained for most of them), remove native grasses as they try to fill the gaps, and fertilize as they show a need. Add to the list as you try others.

Name

Can also be used for

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, specimen, cut

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Groups, wet lands, naturalizing

Fescue grass (Festuca spp.)

Edging, accent, rockery

Blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sempervirens)

Specimen, groups, perennial borders

Variegated velvet grass (Holcus mollis ‘Albovariegatus’)

Borders

Blue wild rye (Leymus racemosus ‘Glauca’)

Group, beach and seashore

Silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis and cultivars)

Specimen, groups, cut, perennial border

Fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides and cultivars)

Groups, specimen, perennial border

Autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis)

Group, foreground, borders, rockery

GRASSES AND WILDFLOWER MEADOW MIXTURES

Christy Hopkins of Hobbs & Hopkins Protime Lawn Seed, provided seed lists of their wildflower mixtures that are used throughout the Pacific Northwest. Christy and husband Keith emphasize the importance of eradicating weeds, especially those that tend to dominate others, before planting. Once the weeds are taken care of, lightly disc or till shallowly so there is ample soil and seed contact. After planting, keep the area dampened until seeds have germinated and if Mother Nature does not provide enough water, provide moisture via irrigation until the plants are established. The fact that these plant selections are wild types does not mean that they can thrive without care from you. They are simply those flowering plants that are adapted to this region, that will, if given time and a modicum of care, provide you with color and interest.

Low profile wildflowers: all Pacific Northwest zones Less than 24 inches tall in most plantings

Spurred snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)

Bachelor button (Centaurea cyanus)

Clarkia (Clarkia pulchella)

Chinese houses (Collinsia heterophylla)

Coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora)

Pinks (Dianthus spp.)

Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus)

African daisy (Dimorphotheca spp.)

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica)

Wallflower (Erysimum spp.)

Baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata)

Candytuft (Iberis spp.)

Blue flax (Linum perenne)

Alyssum (Lobularia spp.)

Dwarf lupine (Lupinus spp.)

Forget-me-not (Myosotis spp.)

Portland wildflowers used by City of Portland

White yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Spurred snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)

Columbine (Aquilegia formosa)

Bachelor button (Centaurea cyanus)

Shasta daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum)

Clarkia (Clarkia pulchella)

Chinese houses (Colinsia heterophylla)

Coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora)

Pinks (Dianthus spp.)

Delphinium (D. grandiflorum)

Wallflower (Erysimum spp.)

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica)

Blanket flower (Gaillardia grandiflora)

Baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata)

Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis)

Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens)

Scarlet flax (Linum grandiflorum ‘Rubrum’)

Blue flax (Linum perenne)

Lobelia (Lobelia spp.)

Lupine (Lupinus spp.)

Baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii)

Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.)

Shirley poppy (Papaver rhoeas)

Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

Catchfly (Silene spp.)

 

image

“Early spring planting is best in the Pacific Northwest. Select a well-drained site and then figure out how to take care of weeds present or expected. Competition from weeds and grasses can be a challenge to a new wildflower planting.”—Keith Hopkins, Protime Lawn Seed Co., Portland

A mix for gardeners who do not want California poppy (“Rita’s Garden Mix”)

Aster, mixed (Aster spp.)

Bachelor buttons (Centauria cyanus)

Shasta daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum)

Godetia, dwarf and semi dwarf (Clarkia amoena)

Chinese houses (Colinsia heterophylla)

African daisy (Dimorphotheca spp.)

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)

Baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata)

Strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum)

Scarlet flax (Linum grandiflorum ‘Rubrum’)

Blue flax (Linum perenne)

Baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii)

Love in a mist (Nigella damascena)

Shirley poppy (Papaver rhoeas)

Catchfly (Silene spp.)

Zinnia (Zinnia spp.)

Annual cut flower mix, also good to use for the annual overseeding of the wildflower patch

Love lies bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus)

Crego aster mix (Aster spp.)

Calendula (Calendula spp.)

Bachelor button mix (Centauria cyanus)

Godetia (Clarkia amoena)

Clarkia (C. pulchella)

Coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora)

Cosmos (Cosmos spp.)

Chinese forget-me-not (Cynoglossum amabile)

Single baby’s breath (Gypsophila spp.)

Linaria (Linaria spp.)

Blue lupine (Lupinus spp.)

Shirley poppy (Papaver rhoeas)

Marigold (Tagetes spp.)

Zinnia (Zinnia spp.)

 

Perennial wildflower mix, for those long-lasting meadow and glade plantings

White yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Columbine (Aquilegia spp.)

Ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)

Coreopsis (C. grandiflora)

Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus)

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)

Wallflower (Erysimum spp.)

Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis)

Blue flax (Linum perenne)

Blue lupine (Lupinus spp.)

Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

“Remember, don’t plant too deep, ¼ to ½ inch at most. If nature doesn’t provide sufficient rainfall, irrigation is recommended to keep the seeds moist during the establishment period. Wildflowers will establish without supplemental irrigation, but to maximize results, consistent moisture is necessary until establishment.”—Christy Hopkins, Protime Lawn Seed Co., Portland

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES THAT PROVIDE CUT FLOWERS

The feathery plumes and golden spikes from some of these ornamental grasses give the flower arranger a resource that will be the envy of gardening friends. Most of them can be dried for saving, but the gardener who has some of these plants in the garden will never be lacking something for arrangement interest.

Name

Can also be used for

Quaking grass (Briza media)

Spring perennial border, specimen, mass

Feather reed grass (Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’)

Mass, groups, background

Northern sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)

Perennial border, specimen, near water

Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana)

Specimen, screen, background

Oregon tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa and cultivars)

Mass, specimen, groups, naturalizing

Silver grass (Miscanthus spp. and cultivars)

Specimen, borders, mass, screen

Switch grass (Panicum virgatum cultivars)

Groups, mass, specimen, containers

Fountain grass (Pennisetum spp. and cultivars)

Groups, mass, specimen, borders

Ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae [Erianthus])

Specimen, background, screen

Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans [avenaceum])

Mass, groups, specimen, perennial border

Feather grass (Stipa species)

Perennial border, mass, groups