Notes

[1] Christopher A. Taylor et al., “Deaths from Alzheimer’s Disease —United States, 1999–2014,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 20 (May 26, 2017), https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/pdfs/mm6620a1.pdf.

[2] R. Brookmeyer et al., “Forecasting the Global Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Alzheimer’s Dementia 3, no. 3 (July 2007): 186–91.

[3] Kevin McSpadden, “You Now Have a Shorter Attention Span Than a Goldfish,” Time, May 14, 2015, http://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/.

[4] Cleusa P. Ferri et al., “Global Prevalence of Dementia: A Delphi Consensus Study,” Lancet 366, no. 9503 (December 17, 2005): 2112–17, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0.

[5] “Who Has the Better Memory, Men or Women?” ScienceDaily, November 9, 2016, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161109112447.htm.

[6] Miia Kivipelto and Krister Håkansson, “A Rare Success against Alzheimer’s,” Scientific American, April 2017, 32–34.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Brian Krans, “Dementia Drugs Ineffective at Slowing Mental Decline,” Healthline News, September 17, 2013, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/mental-cognitive-enhancement-medications-dont-slow-mental-decline-091713#1.

[9] Eric Rieman et al., “Brain Imaging and Fluid Biomarker Analysis in Young Adults at Genetic Risk for Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease in the Presenilin 1 E280A Kindred: A Case-Control Study,” Lancet Neurology 11, no. 12 (December 2012): 1048–56; Yakeel T. Quiroz et al., “Brain Imaging and Blood Biomarker Abnormalities in Children with Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study,” JAMA Neurology 72, no. 8 (August 2015): 912–19, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1099; Camilla Ferrari et al., “Imaging and Cognitive Reserve Studies Predict Dementia in Presymptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease Subjects,” Neurodegenerative Diseases 13 (August 2014): 157–59, doi: 10.1159/000353690; Victor L. Villemagne et al., “Amyloid β Deposition, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Lancet Neurology 12, no. 4 (April 2013): 357–67, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70044-9.

[10] S. Gauthier et al., “Mild Cognitive Impairment,” Lancet 367, no. 9518 (April 15, 2006): 1262–70; F. Jessen et al., “AD Dementia Risk in Late MCI, in Early MCI, and in Subjective Memory Impairment,” Alzheimers & Dementia 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 76–83; A. J. Mitchell et al., “Risk of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older People with Subjective Memory Complaints: Meta-Analysis,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 130, no. 6 (December 2014): 439–51.

[11] Yasser Iturria-Medina et al., “Early Role of Vascular Dysregulation on Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Multifactorial Data-Driven Analysis,” Nature Communications 7 (June 21, 2016), article number 11934, doi: 10.1038/ncomms11934.

[12] Frederico A. Azevedo et al., “Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-Up Primate Brain,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (April 10, 2009): 532–41, doi: 10.1002/cne.21974.

[13] Elizabeth D. Kirby et al., “Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Regulate the Neurogenic Niche by Secreting VEGF,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 13 (March 31, 2015), 4128–33, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1422448112; C. Rolando and V. Taylor, “Neural Stem Cell of the Hippocampus: Development, Physiology Regulation, and Dysfunction in Disease,” Current Topics in Developmental Biology 107 (2014): 183–206, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416022-4.00007-X.

[14] Majid Fotuhi, “Can You Grow Your Hippocampus? Yes. Here’s How, and Why It Matters,” SharpBrains.com, November 4, 2015, http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2015/11/04/can-you-grow-your-hippocampus-yes-heres-how-and-why-it-matters/.

[15] Cyndy B. Cordell et al., “Alzheimer’s Association Recommendations for Operationalizing the Detection of Cognitive Impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a Primary Care Setting,” Alzheimers & Dementia 9, no. 2 (2013): 141–50; Soo Borson et al., “Improving Identification of Cognitive Impairment in Primary Care,” Internal Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 21, no. 4 (2006): 349–55.

[16] American Academy of Neurology, “Low Scores on Memory and Thinking Tests May Signal Alzheimer’s 18 Years Prior to Disease,” ScienceDaily, June 25, 2015, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150625143929.htm.

[17] Tara Bahrampour, “PET Scans Show Many Alzheimer’s Patients May Not Actually Have the Disease,” Washington Post, July 19, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/brain-scans-show-many-alzheimers-patients-may-not-actually-have-the-disease/2017/07/18/52013620-6bf2-11e7-9c15-177740635e83_story.html?utm_term=.9f465231f5e5.

[18] Sebastian Köhler et al., “Depression, Vascular Factors, and Risk of Dementia in Primary Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63, no. 4 (April 2015): 692–98, doi: 10.1111/jgs.13357.

[19] B. N. Justin, M. Turek, and A. M. Hakim, “Heart Disease as a Risk Factor for Dementia,” Clinical Epidemiology 5 (April 26, 2013): 135–45, doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S30621.

[20] Köhler et al., “Depression, Vascular Factors, and Risk of Dementia,” 692–98; Emanuelle Duron and Olivier Hanon, “Vascular Risk Factors, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia,” Vascular Health and Risk Management 4, no. 2 (2008): 363–81.

[21] Sean P. Kennelly, Brian A. Lawlor, and Rose A. Kenny, “Blood Pressure and the Risk for Dementia: A Double Edged Sword,” Ageing Research Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 2009): 61–70, doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.11.001.

[22] Chun-Ming Yang et al., “Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Population-Based, Propensity Score-Matched, Longitudinal Follow-Up Study,” Medicine (Baltimore) 94, no. 24 (June 2015): e990.

[23] Jenni Kulmala et al., “Association between Mid- to Late Life Physical Fitness and Dementia: Evidence from the CAIDE Study,” Journal of Internal Medicine 276, no. 3 (September 2014): 296–307; Kay Deckers et al., “Target Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention: A Systematic Review and Delphi Consensus Study on the Evidence from Observational Studies,” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (November 2014): 234–46, doi: 10.1002/gps.4245; Robert P. Friedland et al., “Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Have Reduced Activities in Midlife Compared with Healthy Control-Group Members,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, no. 6 (March 13, 2001): 3440–45, doi: 10.1073/pnas.061002998.

[24] “Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease: What Do We Know?,” National Institute on Aging, last updated February 1, 2016, https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/preventing-alzheimers-disease/risk-factors-alzheimers-disease; Alzheimer’s Association, “2014 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 10, no. 2 (March 2014): 347–92; L. E. Hebert et al., “Change in Risk of Alzheimer Disease over Time,” Neurology 75, no. 9 (August 31, 2010): 736–91, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f0754f.

[25] John Gever, “Link Seen in Age at Retirement and Risk of Alzheimer’s,” MedPage Today, July 15, 2013, http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAIC/40474; Heather A. Lindstrom et al., “The Relationships between Television Viewing in Midlife and the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease in a Case-Control Study,” Brain and Cognition 58, no. 2 (July 2005): 157–65.

[26] Dennis Thompson, “These Kinds of Jobs May Help Protect Your Brain from Alzheimer’s,” HealthDay, July 25, 2016, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jobs-protect-brain-dementia-alzheimers.

[27] “Loneliness and Alzheimer’s,” Rush University Medical Center, https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/loneliness-and-alzheimers.

[28] José Antonio Gil-Montoya et al., “Oral Hygiene in the Elderly with Different Degrees of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, no. 3 (March 2017): 642–47, doi: 10.1111/jgs.14697/full.

[29] Deckers et al., “Target Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention,” 234–46.

[30] Antonio Cherubini et al., “Low Plasma N-3 Fatty Acids and Dementia in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI Study,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 2007): 1120–26.

[31] Robert C. Green et al., “Risk of Dementia among White and African American Relatives of Patients with Alzheimer Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 3 (2002): 329–36, doi: 10.1001/jama.287.3.329; Richard Mayeux et al., “Risk of Dementia in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders,” Archives of Neurology 48, no. 3 (March 1991): 269–73, doi: 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530150037014.

[32] Lindsay A. Farrer et al., “Effects of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity on the Association between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 16 (October 1997): 1349–56, doi: 10.1001/jama.278.16.1349.

[33] Tanya C. Lye and Edwin A. Shores, “Traumatic Brain Injury as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review,” Neuropsychology Review 10, no. 2 (July 2000): 115–29, doi: 10.1023/A:1009068804787; Brenda L. Plassman et al., “Documented Head Injury in Early Adulthood and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias,” Neurology 55, no. 8 (October 24, 2000): 1158–66, doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.8.1158; Raquel C. Gardner and Kristine Yaffe, “Traumatic Brain Injury May Increase Risk of Young Onset Dementia,” Annals of Neurology 75, no. 3 (March 2014): 339–41, doi: 10.1002/ana.24121.

[34] Douglas H. Smith, Victoria E. Johnson, and William Stewart, “Chronic Neuropathologies of Single and Repetitive TBI: Substrates of Dementia?,” Nature Reviews: Neurology 9, no. 4 (April 2013): 211–21; K. M. Guskiewicz, “Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players,” Neurosurgery 57, no. 4 (October 2005): 719–26.

[35] Rosebud O. Roberts et al., “Association between Olfactory Dysfunction and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease Dementia,” Journal of the American Medical Association Neurology 73, no. 1 (January 2016): 93–101, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2952.

[36] Deckers et al., “Target Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention,” 234–46; Guochao Zhong, “Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies with Investigation of Potential Effect Modifiers,” PLOS One 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2015): e0118333, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126169.

[37] Suzanne L. Tyes, “Alcohol Use and the Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease,” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-4/299-306.htm; Juan Deng, “A 2-Year Follow-Up Study of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia,” Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 108 (2006): 378–83.

[38] Jin-Hua Chen et al., “Dementia Risk in Irradiated Patients with Head and Neck Cancer,” Medicine (Baltimore) 94, no. 45 (November 2015): e1983, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001983.

[39] Jeanne S. Mandelblatt et al., “Long-Term Trajectories of Self-Reported Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Older Survivors of Breast Cancer: CALGB 369901 (Alliance),” Cancer 122, no. 22 (July 22, 2016): doi: 10.1002/cncr.30208.

[40] Xianglin L. Du, Yi Cai, and Elaine Symanski, “Association between Chemotherapy and Cognitive Impairments in a Large Cohort of Patients with Colorectal Cancer,” International Journal of Oncology 42, no. 6 (June 2013): 2123–33, doi: 10.3892/ijo.2013.

[41] Anushruti Ashok et al., “Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-Mixture Induces Aβ, Amyloidogenic APP Processing and Cognitive Impairments via Oxidative Stress-Dependent Neuroinflammation in Young Rats,” Toxicological Sciences 143, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–80.

[42] L. D. Empting, “Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Features of Mold and Mycotoxin Exposure,” Toxicology and Industrial Health 25, nos. 9–10 (October 23, 2009): 577–81, doi: 10.1177/0748233709348393.

[43] Deckers et al., “Target Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention,” 234–46.

[44] TsungYang Wang et al., “Risk for Developing Dementia among Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 205 (November 15, 2016): 306–10, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.013.

[45] Osvaldo P. Almeida et al., “Risk of Dementia and Death in Community-Dwelling Older Men with Bipolar Disorder,” British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 2 (August 2016): 121–26, doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180059; M. H. Chen et al., “Risk of Subsequent Dementia among Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Major Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study in Taiwan,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 504–8.

[46] Renate R. Zilkens et al., “Severe Psychiatric Disorders in Mid-Life and Risk of Dementia in Late-Life (Age 65–84 Years): A Population Based Case-Control Study,” Current Alzheimer Research 11, no. 7 (2014): 681–93, doi: 10.2174/1567205011666140812115004.

[47] Yang et al., “Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Population-Based, Propensity Score-Matched, Longitudinal Follow-Up Study,” e990.

[48] Shireen Sindi et al., “Midlife Work-Related Stress Increases Dementia Risk in Later Life: The CAIDE 30-Year Study,” Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences (April 8, 2016): gbw043, doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1408; Antonio Terracciano et al., “Personality and Resilience to Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathology: A Prospective Autopsy Study,” Neurobiology of Aging 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 1045–50, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.008; Lena Johansson et al., “Midlife Psychological Distress Associated with Late-Life Brain Atrophy and White Matter Lesions: A 32-Year Population Study of Women,” Psychosomatic Medicine 74, no. 2 (February–March 2012): 120–25, doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318246eb10.

[49] Richard C. Chou et al., “Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Nested Case-Control Analysis,” CNS Drugs 30, no. 11 (November 2016): 1111–20, doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0374-z.

[50] Yu-Ru Lin et al., “Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study,” Arthritis Care & Research 68, no. 12 (December 2016): 1774–79, doi: 10.1002/acr.22914.

[51] Dennis Thompson, “Immune Disorders Such as MS, Psoriasis May Be Tied to Dementia Risk,” HealthDay, March 1, 2017, https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/immune-disorder-news-404/immune-disorders-such-as-ms-psoriasis-may-be-tied-to-dementia-risk-720235.html.

[52] Katrina Abuabara et al., “Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients with Severe Psoriasis: A Population-Based Cohort Study in the U.K.,” British Journal of Dermatology 163, no. 3 (September 2010): 586–92, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09941.x.

[53] Yi-Hao Peng et al., “Adult Asthma Increases Dementia Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69, no. 2 (February 2015): 123–28, doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204445; M. Rusanen et al., “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Population Based CAIDE Study,” Current Alzheimer Research 10, no. 5 (June 2013): 549–55.

[54] Frederic Blanc et al., “Lyme Neuroborreliosis and Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 41, no. 4 (April 2014): 1087–93, doi: 10.3233/JAD-130446; Judith Miklossy et al., “Borrelia Burgdorferi Persists in the Brain in Chronic Lyme Neuroborreliosis and May Be Associated with Alzheimer Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 6, no. 6 (December 2004): 639–49.

[55] Timo E. Strandberg et al., “Impact of Viral and Bacterial Burden on Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Persons with Cardiovascular Diseases,” Stroke 34, no. 9 (September 2003): 2126–31, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000086754.32238.DA.

[56] Anthony T. Dugbartey, “Neurocognitive Aspects of Hypothyroidism,” Archives of Internal Medicine 158, no. 13 (July 13, 1998): 1413–18, doi:10.1001/archinte.158.13.1413.

[57] Stephen C. Waring et al., “Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Risk of AD: A Population-Based Study,” Neurology 52, no. 5 (March 1999): 965–70, doi: 10.1212/WNL.52.5.965.

[58] Leung-Wing Chu et al., “Bioavailable Testosterone Predicts a Lower Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Older Men,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 21, no. 4 (September 10, 2010): 1335–45, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100027.

[59] American Academy of Neurology, “Removing Ovaries before Menopause Can Lead to Memory and Movement Problems,” ScienceDaily, August 30, 2007, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070829162824.htm.

[60] Kevin T. Nead et al., “Association between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Risk of Dementia,” Journal of the American Medical Association Oncology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 49–55, doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3662.

[61] Duron and Hanon, “Vascular Risk Factors, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia,” 363–81.

[62] Rachel A. Whitmer, “The Epidemiology of Adiposity and Dementia,” Current Alzheimer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2007): 117–22; Duron and Hanon, “Vascular Risk Factors, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia,” 363–81.

[63] José A. Luchsinger et al., “Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons,” Archives of Neurology 64, no. 3 (March 2007): 392–98.

[64] Pin-Liang Chen et al., “Risk of Dementia in Patients with Insomnia and Long-Term Use of Hypnotics: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study,” PLOS One 7, no. 11 (2012): e49113, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049113.

[65] Kristine Yaffe et al., “Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Hypoxia, and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women,” Journal of the American Medical Association 306, no. 6 (August 10, 2011): 613–19, doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1115; W. P. Chang et al., “Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based 5-Year Follow-Up Study in Taiwan,” PLOS One 8, no. 10 (October 24, 2013): e78655, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078655.

[66] Miia Kivipelto et al., “Risk Score for the Prediction of Dementia Risk in 20 Years among Middle Aged People: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study,” Lancet Neurology 5, no. 9 (September 2006): 735–41.

[67] Mark Hyman, The UltraMind Solution: Fix Your Broken Brain by Healing Your Body First (New York: Scribner, 2009), 114.

[68] Daniel G. Amen et al., “Reversing Brain Damage in Former NFL Players: Implications for Traumatic Brain Injury and Substance Abuse Rehabilitation,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43, no. 1 (January–March 2011): 1–5; Daniel G. Amen et al., “Effects of Brain-Directed Nutrients on Cerebral Blood Flow and Neuropsychological Testing: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial,” Advances in Mind-Body Medicine 27, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 24–33.

[69] Antoine Pariente et al., “The Benzodiazepine-Dementia Disorders Link: Current State of Knowledge,” CNS Drugs 30, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–7, doi: 10.1007/s40263-015-0305-4; Heidi Taipale et al., “Use of Benzodiazepines and Related Drugs Is Associated with a Risk of Stroke among Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease,” International Clinical Psychopharmacology 32, no. 3 (May 2017): 135–41, doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000161.

[70] Y. Iturria-Medina et al., “Early Role of Vascular Dysregulation on Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Multifactorial Data-Driven Analysis,” Nature Communications 7 (June 21, 2016): 11934; Marije R. Benedictus et al., “Lower Cerebral Blood Flow Is Associated with Faster Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease,” European Radiology 27, no. 3 (March 2017): 1169–75.

[71] K. A. Tsvetanov et al., “The Effect of Ageing on fMRI: Correction for the Confounding Effects of Vascular Reactivity Evaluated by Joint fMRI and MEG in 335 Adults,” Human Brain Mapping 36, no. 6 (June 2015): 2248–69.

[72] H. A. Feldman et al., “Impotence and Its Medical and Psychosocial Correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study,” Journal of Urology 151, no. 1 (January 1994): 54–61.

[73] David Perlmutter, Brain Maker: The Power of Gut Microbes to Heal and Protect Your Brain —for Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2015).

[74] V. Berislav et al., “Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in the Aging Human Hippocampus,” Neuron 85, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 296–302.

[75] O. Kosunen et al., “Relation of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Apolipoprotein E Genotypes in Alzheimer Patients,” Stroke 26, no. 5 (May 1995): 743–48.

[76] F. C. Goldstein et al., “The Relationship between Cognitive Functioning and the JNC-8 Guidelines for Hypertension in Older Adults,” Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 72, no. 1 (January 2017): 121–26.

[77] “High Blood Pressure,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.

[78] F. van Kooten et al., “The Dutch Vascular Factors in Dementia Study: Rationale and Design,” Journal of Neurology 245, no. 1 (January 1998): 32–39.

[79] Joshua O. Cerasuolo et al., “Population-Based Stroke and Dementia Incidence Trends: Age and Sex Variations,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia (March 28, 2017): doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.010.

[80] Shai Efrati et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Induces Late Neuroplasticity in Post Stroke Patients —Randomized, Prospective Trial,” PLOS One 8, no. 1 (2013): e53716.

[81] D. Laurin et al., “Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons,” Archives of Neurology 58, no. 3 (March 2001): 498–504.

[82] Stephanie Studenski et al., “Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults,” Journal of the American Medical Association 305, no. 1 (January 5, 2011): 50–58.

[83] M. L. Callisaya et al., “Longitudinal Relationships between Cognitive Decline and Gait Slowing: The Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait,” Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 70, no. 10 (October 2015): 1226–32; L. H. Kuller et al., “Risk of Dementia and Death in the Long-Term Follow-Up of the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 12, no. 2 (February 2016): 170–83.

[84] C. W. Cotman and N. C. Berchtold, “Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity,” Trends in Neurosciences 25, no. 6 (June 2002): 295–301; William D. S. Killgore, Elizabeth A. Olson, and Mareen Weber, “Physical Exercise Habits Correlate with Gray Matter Volume of the Hippocampus in Healthy Adult Humans,” Scientific Reports 3 (December 12, 2013): 3457.

[85] K. M. Gerecke et al., “Exercise Protects against Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Cortex and Hippocampus,” Brain Research 1509 (May 6, 2013): 66–78.

[86] V. R. Varma et al., “Low-Intensity Daily Walking Activity Is Associated with Hippocampal Volume in Older Adults,” Hippocampus 25, no. 5 (May 2015): 605–15.

[87] L. F. ten Brinke et al., “Aerobic Exercise Increases Hippocampal Volume in Older Women with Probable Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 6-Month Randomised Controlled Trial,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 4 (February 2015): 248–54; C. Rosano et al., “Hippocampal Response to a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention in Sedentary Older Adults,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (March 2017): 209–17; M. M. Kleemeyer et al., “Changes in Fitness Are Associated with Changes in Hippocampal Microstructure and Hippocampal Volume among Older Adults,” NeuroImage 131 (May 1, 2016): 155–61; F. G. Pajonk et al., “Hippocampal Plasticity in Response to Exercise in Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 133–43.

[88] P. A. Adlard et al., “Voluntary Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 17 (April 27, 2005): 4217–21.

[89] “Physical Activity May Leave the Brain More Open to Change,” ScienceDaily, December 7, 2015, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151207131508.htm; Giles Sheldrick, “Exercise Keeps Dementia at Bay: Running and Walking ‘Significantly’ Boosts Brain Power,” Sunday Express, May 24, 2017, http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/795908/Dementia-running-walking-support-health-medical-lifestyle-swimming-tennis; Laird Harrison, “Aerobic Exercise Reverses Alzheimer’s Symptoms,” Medscape, June 2, 2017, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881057.

[90] C. Lenfant et al., “Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the Hypertension Sails,” Hypertension 41, no. 6 (June 2001): 1178–79.

[91] P. K. Elias et al., “Serum Cholesterol and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 1 (January–February 2005): 24–30.

[92] M. M. Mielke et al., “High Total Cholesterol Levels in Late Life Associated with a Reduced Risk of Dementia,” Neurology 64, no. 10 (May 24, 2005): 1689–95; A. W. Weverling-Rijnsburger et al., “Total Cholesterol and Risk of Mortality in the Oldest Old,” Lancet 350, no. 9085 (October 18, 1997): 1119–23.

[93] M. Leandri et al., “Balance Features in Alzheimer’s Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 16, no. 1 (2009): 113–20; O. Beauchet et al., “Poor Gait Performance and Prediction of Dementia: Results from a Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 482–90.

[94] G. Faraco et al., “Water Deprivation Induces Neurovascular and Cognitive Dysfunction through Vasopressin-Induced Oxidative Stress,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (May 2014): 852–60.

[95] A. Newberg et al., “Cerebral Blood Flow during Meditative Prayer: Preliminary Findings and Methodological Issues,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 2 (October 2003): 625–30.

[96] M. Lehmann et al., “Vitamin B12-B6-Folate Treatment Improves Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Patients with Hyperhomocysteinaemia and Mild Cognitive Impairment,” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 16, no. 3 (2003): 145–50.

[97] S. Won et al., “Vitamin D Prevents Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via Vitamin D Receptor-Mediated NF-kB Signaling Pathways,” PLOS One 10, no. 3 (March 27, 2015): e0122821.

[98] B. N. Ames and J. Liu, “Delaying the Mitochondrial Decay of Aging with Acetylcarnitine,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1033 (November 2004): 108–16.

[99] G. Schreibelt et al., “Lipoic Acid Affects Cellular Migration into the Central Nervous System and Stabilizes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity,” Journal of Immunology 177, no. 4 (August 15, 2006): 2630–37.

[100] S. K. Tayebati, F. Amenta, and D. Tomassoni, “Cerebrovascular and Blood-Brain Barrier Morphology in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Treatment with Choline Alphoscerate,” CNS and Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 14, no. 3 (2015): 421–29.

[101] Y. F. Wang et al., “Curcumin Ameliorates the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Hypoxia by Upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells,” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 41, no. 2 (October 2013): 344–51.

[102] H. Wei et al., “Resveratrol Attenuates the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction by Regulation of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 Balance after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats,” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 55, no. 4 (April 2015): 872–79.

[103] K. L. Russell et al., “Fish Oil Improves Motor Function, Limits Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, and Reduces Mmp9 Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury,” Prostaglandins, Leukotreines, and Essential Fatty Acids 90, no. 1 (January 2014): 5–11.

[104] J. E. James, “Critical Review of Dietary Caffeine and Blood Pressure: A Relationship That Should Be Taken More Seriously,” Psychosomatic Medicine 66, no. 1 (January–February 2004): 63–71.

[105] C. Borghi and A. F. Cicero, “Nutraceuticals with a Clinically Detectable Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect: A Review of Available Randomized Clinical Trials and Their Meta-analyses,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 83, no. 1 (January 2017): 163–71.

[106] Matthew H. Robinson et al., “Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans,” Cell Metabolism 25, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 581–92.

[107] Callisaya et al., “Longitudinal Relationships between Cognitive Decline and Gait Slowing: The Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait,” 1226–32.

[108] J. C. Davis et al., “An Economic Evaluation of Resistance Training and Aerobic Training versus Balance and Toning Exercises in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment,” PLOS One 8, no. 5 (May 14, 2013): e63031.

[109] Y. Mavros et al., “Mediation of Cognitive Function Improvements by Strength Gains after Resistance Training in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Outcomes of the Study of Mental and Resistance Training,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, no. 3 (March 2017): 550–59.

[110] Pekka Oja et al., “Associations of Specific Types of Sports and Exercise with All-Cause and Cardiovascular-Disease Mortality: A Cohort Study of 80 306 British Adults,” British Journal of Sports Medicine (November 28, 2016), doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096822.

[111] Bog Ja Jeoung, “Relationships of Exercise with Frailty, Depression, and Cognitive Function in Older Women,” Journal of Exercise and Rehabilitation 10, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 291–94.

[112] A. E. Den Heijer et al., “Sweat It Out? The Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognition and Behavior in Children and Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review,” Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna) 124, suppl. 1 (February 2017): 3–26.

[113] R. F. Santos et al., “Cognitive Performance, SPECT, and Blood Viscosity in Elderly Non-demented People Using Ginkgo Biloba,” Pharmacopsychiatry 36, no. 4 (July 2003): 127–33; J. A. Mix and W. D. Crews Jr., “A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGb 761 in a Sample of Cognitively Intact Older Adults: Neuropsychological Findings,” Human Psychopharmacology 17, no. 6 (August 2002): 267–77; A. Mashayekh et al., “Effects of Ginkgo Biloba on Cerebral Blood Flow Assessed by Quantitative MR Perfusion Imaging: A Pilot Study,” Neuroradiology 3, no. 3 (March 2011): 185–91; F. Eckmann, “Cerebral Insufficiency —Treatment with Ginkgo-Biloba Extract. Time of Onset of Effect in a Double-Blind Study with 60 Inpatients,” Fortschritte der Medizin 108, no. 29 (October 10, 1990): 557–60; H. Herrschaft et al., “Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGb 761® in Dementia with Neuropsychiatric Features: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Confirm the Efficacy and Safety of a Daily Dose of 240 mg,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 46, no. 6 (June 2012): 716–23.

[114] D. J. Lamport et al., “The Effect of Flavanol-Rich Cocoa on Cerebral Perfusion in Healthy Older Adults during Conscious Resting State: A Placebo Controlled, Crossover, Acute Trial,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 232, no. 14 (September 2015): 3227–34; D. T. Field, C. M. Williams, and L. T. Butler, “Consumption of Cocoa Flavanols Results in an Acute Improvement in Visual and Cognitive Functions,” Physiology and Behavior 103, nos. 3–4 (June 1, 2011): 255–60; S. T. Francis et al., “The Effect of Flavanol-Rich Cocoa on the fMRI Response to a Cognitive Task in Healthy Young People,” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 47, suppl. 2 (2006): S215–20; F. A. Sorond et al., “Neurovascular Coupling, Cerebral White Matter Integrity, and Response to Cocoa in Older People,” Neurology 81, no. 10 (September 3, 2013): 904–9.

[115] K. Ried et al., “Effect of Cocoa on Blood Pressure,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 8 (August 15, 2012): CD008893; Karin Ried et al., “Does Chocolate Reduce Blood Pressure? A Meta-analysis,” BMC Medicine 8, no. 39 (June 28, 2010).

[116] G. Desideri et al., “Benefits in Cognitive Function, Blood Pressure, and Insulin Resistance through Cocoa Flavanol Consumption in Elderly Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study,” Hypertension 60, no. 3 (September 2012): 794–801; Daniela Mastroiacovo et al., “Cocoa Flavanol Consumption Improves Cognitive Function, Blood Pressure Control, and Metabolic Profile in Elderly Subjects: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study —A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 3 (March 2015): 538–48.

[117] D. Grassi et al., “Flavanol-Rich Chocolate Acutely Improves Arterial Function and Working Memory Performance Counteracting the Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Individuals,” Journal of Hypertension 34, no. 7 (July 2016): 1298–308.

[118] Mandy Oaklander, “5 Surprising Ways to Help Your Memory,” Time (June 10, 2015), http://time.com/3915030/boost-memory-exercise/; P. A. Jackson et al., “DHA-Rich Oil Modulates the Cerebral Haemodynamic Response to Cognitive Tasks in Healthy Young Adults: A Near IR Spectroscopy Pilot Study,” British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 8 (April 2012): 1093–98; T. J. Song et al., “Low Levels of Plasma Omega 3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Associated with Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients,” Nutrition Research 35, no. 5 (May 2015): 368–74; Daniel G. Amen et al., “Quantitative Erythrocyte Omega-3 EPA Plus DHA Levels Are Related to Higher Regional Cerebral Blood Flow on Brain SPECT,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 58, no. 4 (May 2017): 1189–99, doi: 10.3233/JAD-17028.

[119] F. Jernerén et al., “Brain Atrophy in Cognitively Impaired Elderly: The Importance of Long-Chain ω-3 Fatty Acids and B Vitamin Status in a Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 1 (July 2015): 215–21.

[120] E. L. Boespflug et al., “Fish Oil Supplementation Increases Event-Related Posterior Cingulate Activation in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Impairment,” Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging 20, no. 2 (February 2016): 161–69.

[121] A. V. Witte et al., “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Brain Function and Structure in Older Adults,” Cerebral Cortex 24, no. 11 (November 2014): 3059–68.

[122] N. Hamazaki-Fujita et al., “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Blood Circulation in the Forebrain during a Mental Arithmetic Task,” Brain Research 1397 (June 23, 2011): 38–45.

[123] “Omega-3 Fatty Acids,” website of the University of Maryland Medical Center, http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-acids.

[124] E. L. Wightman et al., “Epigallocatechin Gallate, Cerebral Blood Flow Parameters, Cognitive Performance and Mood in Healthy Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Investigation,” Human Psychopharmacology 27, no. 2 (March 2012): 177–86.

[125] X. Peng et al., “Effect of Green Tea Consumption on Blood Pressure: A Meta-analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials,” Scientific Reports 4 (September 2014): 6251.

[126] Li Shen et al., “Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies,” Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B 13, no. 8 (August 2012): 652–62.

[127] X. X. Zheng et al., “Green Tea Intake Lowers Fasting Serum Total and LDL Cholesterol in Adults: A Meta-analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 2 (August 2011): 601–10.

[128] X. X. Zheng et al., “Effects of Green Tea Catechins with or without Caffeine on Glycemic Control in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 4 (April 2013): 750–62.

[129] Q. Zhang et al., “Effect of Green Tea on Reward Learning in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study,” Nutrition Journal 12 (June 18, 2013): 84.

[130] Q. P. Ma et al., “Meta-Analysis of the Association between Tea Intake and the Risk of Cognitive Disorders,” PLOS One 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2016): e0165861; L. Feng et al., “Tea Consumption Reduces the Incidence of Neurocognitive Disorders: Findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study,” Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 20, no. 10 (2016): 1002, doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0687-0.

[131] S. Iravani and B. Zolfaghari, “Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Effects of Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract,” Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–11.

[132] R. Luzzi et al., “Pycnogenol Supplementation Improves Cognitive Function, Attention, and Mental Performance in Students,” Panminerva Medica, 53, no. 3, suppl. 1 (September 2011): 75–82; J. Ryan et al., “An Examination of the Effects of the Antioxidant Pycnogenol on Cognitive Performance, Serum Lipid Profile, Endocrinological and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in an Elderly Population,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, no. 5 (July 2008): 553–62.

[133] D. C. Kennedy et al., “Effects of Resveratrol on Cerebral Blood Flow Variables and Cognitive Performance in Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Investigation,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 6 (June 2010): 1590–97; R. H. Wong, D. Raederstorff, and P. R. Howe, “Acute Resveratrol Consumption Improves Neurovascular Coupling Capacity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Nutrients 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2016): pii: E425.

[134] R. M. Thushara et al., “Cardiovascular Benefits of Probiotics: A Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies,” Food and Function 7, no. 2 (February 2016): 632–42.

[135] Heike Wersching, Hannah Gardener, and Ralph L. Sacco, “Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially-Sweetened Beverages in Relation to Stroke and Dementia,” Stroke 48 (2017): 1129–31, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017198.

[136] Matthew P. Pase et al., “Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and the Risks of Incident Stroke and Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Stroke (April 20, 2017): [Epub ahead of print].

[137] Mustafa Chopan and Benjamin Littenberg, “The Association of Hot Red Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study” PLOS One 12, no. 1 (2017): e0169876.

[138] L. C. Tapsell et al., “Health Benefits of Herbs and Spices: The Past, the Present, the Future,” Medical Journal of Australia 185, suppl. 4 (August 21, 2006): S4–24.

[139] S. Rastogi, M. M. Pandey, and A. Rawat, “Spices: Therapeutic Potential in Cardiovascular Health,” Current Pharmaceutical Design (October 21, 2016): [Epub ahead of print].

[140] Ibid.

[141] Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao and Siew Hua Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2014): article ID 642942.

[142] T. D. Presley et al., “Acute Effect of a High Nitrate Diet on Brain Perfusion in Older Adults,” Nitric Oxide 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 34–42; E. L. Wightman et al., “Dietary Nitrate Modulates Cerebral Blood Flow Parameters and Cognitive Performance in Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Investigation,” Physiology and Behavior 149 (October 1, 2015): 149–58; Diego dos Santos Baião et al., “Beetroot Juice Increase Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Both Men and Women Regardless of Body Mass,” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 67, no. 1 (2016): 40–46.

[143] A. Aleixandre and M. Miguel, “Dietary Fiber and Blood Pressure Control,” Food and Function 7, no. 4 (April 2016): 1864–71.

[144] P. Surampudi et al., “Lipid Lowering with Soluble Dietary Fiber,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 18, no. 12 (December 2016): 75.

[145] L. Stojanovska et al., “Maca Reduces Blood Pressure and Depression, in a Pilot Study in Postmenopausal Women,” Climacteric 18, no. 1 (February 2015): 69–78.

[146] Note: Items in bold may be the most effective way to begin addressing a particular risk factor.

[147] Maureen Salamon, “Delaying Retirement May Help Stave Off Alzheimer’s,” WebMD (July 15, 2013), http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20130715/putting-off-retirement-may-help-stave-off-alzheimers#1.

[148] Dave Asprey, Head Strong: The Bulletproof Plan to Activate Untapped Brain Energy to Work Smarter and Think Faster —in Just Two Weeks (New York: Harper Wave, 2017), 19.

[149] C. Porter et al., “Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Coupling Control Decline with Age in Human Skeletal Muscle,” American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): E224–32.

[150] Dominic J. Hare et al., “Is Early-Life Iron Exposure Critical in Neurodegeneration?” Nature Reviews Neurology 11, no. 9 (September 2015): 536–44; A. C. Leskovjan et al., “Increased Brain Iron Coincides with Early Plaque Formation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” NeuroImage 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 32–38.

[151] R. M. Cawthon et al., “Association between Telomere Length in Blood and Mortality in People Aged 60 Years or Older,” Lancet 361, no. 9355 (February 1, 2003): 393–95.

[152] J. Zhang et al., “Ageing and the Telomere Connection: An Intimate Relationship with Inflammation,” Ageing Research Reviews 25 (January 2016): 55–69.

[153] C. C. Meltzer et al., “Serotonin in Aging, Late-Life Depression, and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Emerging Role of Functional Imaging,” Neuropsychopharmacology 18, no. 6 (June 1998): 407–30.

[154] Scott E. Hemby, John Q. Trojanowski, and Stephen D. Ginsberg, “Neuron-Specific Age-Related Decreases in Dopamine Receptor Subtype mRNAs,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 465, no. 2 (February 3, 2003): 176–83; Jean-Claude Dreher et al., “Age-Related Changes in Midbrain Dopaminergic Regulation of the Human Reward System,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 39 (September 30, 2008): 15106–11.

[155] Thomas H. McNeill and Michael Jakowec, “Neurotransmitters —Gaba and Glutamate,” http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1225/Neurotransmitters-GABA-glutamate.html.

[156] J. L. Muir, “Acetylcholine, Aging, and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 56, no. 4 (April 1997): 687–96.

[157] T. J. Holwerda et al., “Feelings of Loneliness, but Not Social Isolation, Predict Dementia Onset: Results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL),” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 85, no. 2 (February 2014), doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302755.

[158] Bryan D. James et al., “Late-Life Social Activity and Cognitive Decline in Old Age,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 6 (November 2011): 998–1005, doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000531.

[159] “Loneliness on the Rise: One in Eight People Have No Close Friends to Turn To,” Express (March 1, 2017), http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/773002/One-in-eight-people-faced-with-loneliness.

[160] P. Sebastiani et al., “Biomarker Signatures of Aging,” Aging Cell 16, no. 2 (Epub January 6, 2017): doi: 10.1111/acel.12557.

[161] Joseph Mercola, “Iron: This Life-Saving Mineral Found to Actually Increase Senility in Many,” Mercola, July 19, 2012, http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/07/19/excess-iron-leads-to-alzheimers.aspx#_edn1.

[162] “Telomere Testing,” SpectraCell Laboratories, https://www.spectracell.com/clinicians/products/telomere-testing/.

[163] “The Tall Tail of Telomeres,” Mark’s Daily Apple, May 30, 2012, http://www.marksdailyapple.com/the-tall-tail-of-telomeres/; Yasumichi Arai et al., “Inflammation, but Not Telomere Length, Predicts Successful Ageing at Extreme Old Age: A Longitudinal Study of Semi-Supercentenarians,” EBioMedicine 2, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 1549–58.

[164] S. Kamhieh-Milz et al., “Regular Blood Donation May Help in the Management of Hypertension: An Observational Study on 292 Blood Donors,” Transfusion 56, no. 3 (March 2016): 637–44.

[165] S. Samman et al., “Green Tea or Rosemary Extract Added to Foods Reduces Nonheme-Iron Absorption,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, no. 3 (March 2001): 607–12.

[166] Y. Jiao et al., “Iron Chelation in the Biological Activity of Curcumin,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 40, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 1152–60.

[167] Lindsay Lyon, “How 5 Longevity Researchers Stave Off Aging,” U.S. News & World Report, December 23, 2009, http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/slideshows/how-5-longevity-researchers-stave-off-aging.

[168] Alan Mozes, “DNA ‘Telomere’ Length Tied to Aging, Death Risk,” HealthDay, November 8, 2012, https://consumer.healthday.com/senior-citizen-information-31/misc-aging-news-10/dna-telomere-length-tied-to-aging-death-risk-670426.html.

[169] Ibid.

[170] N. Shivappa et al., “Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Telomere Length and C-Reactive Protein from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey —1999–2002,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 61, no. 4 (April 2016); J. Y. Wong et al., “The Relationship between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Telomere Length in an Occupational Prospective Cohort Study,” PLOS One 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2014): e87348.

[171] J. B. Richards et al., “Homocysteine Levels and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Atherosclerosis 200, no. 2 (October 2008): 271–77; see comment in PubMed Commons below G. Rane et al., “Association between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Plasma Homocysteine in a Singapore Chinese Population,” Rejuvenation Research 18, no. 3 (June 2015): 203–10.

[172] M. A. Babizhayev, K. S. Vishnyakova, and Y. E. Yegorov, “Oxidative Damage Impact on Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Drug Targeting of Telomere Attrition and Dynamic Telomerase Activity Flirting with Imidazole-Containing Dipeptides,” Recent Patents on Drug Delivery and Formulation 8, no. 3 ( 2014): 163–92.

[173] J. Shen et al., “Telomere Length, Oxidative Damage, Antioxidants and Breast Cancer Risk,” International Journal of Cancer 124, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 1637–43.

[174] Aric A. Prather et al., “Tired Telomeres: Poor Global Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, and Telomere Length in Immune Cell Subsets in Obese Men and Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 47 (July 2015): 155–62.

[175] Ibid; Stacy Lu, “How Chronic Stress Is Harming Our DNA,” Monitor on Psychology 45, no. 9 (October 2014): 18, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/10/chronic-stress.aspx.

[176] Q. Shen et al., “Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length with Type 2 Diabetes in Mainland Chinese Populations,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, no. 4 (April 2012): 1371–74.

[177] L. Rode et al., “Increased Body Mass Index, Elevated C-Reactive Protein, and Short Telomere Length,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99, no. 4 (September 2014): E1671–75.

[178] J. H. Kim et al., “Habitual Physical Exercise Has Beneficial Effects on Telomere Length in Postmenopausal Women,” Menopause 19, no. 10 (October 2012): 1109–15; Per Sjögren et al., “Stand Up for Health —Avoiding Sedentary Behaviour Might Lengthen Your Telomeres: Secondary Outcomes from a Physical Activity RCT in Older People,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 48 (September 3, 2014): 1407–9.

[179] D. Ornish et al., “Increased Telomerase Activity and Comprehensive Lifestyle Changes: A Pilot Study,” Lancet Oncology 9, no. 11 (November 2008): 1048–57.

[180] N. Adler et al., “Educational Attainment and Late Life Telomere Length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunology 47, no. 1 (January 2013): 15–21.

[181] Linda E. Carlson et al., “Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-Expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors,” Cancer 121, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 476–84.

[182] J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Leukocyte Telomere Length: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunology 28 (February 2013): 16–24; A. Barden et al., “n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease,” Nutrients 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2016): 175.

[183] L. Salvador et al., “A Natural Product Telomerase Activator Lengthens Telomeres in Humans: A Randomized, Double Blind, and Placebo Controlled Study,” Rejuvenation Research 19, no. 6 (December 2016): 478–84.

[184] J. B. Richards et al., “Higher Serum Vitamin D Concentrations Are Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, no. 5 (November 2007): 1420–25; Mohsen Mazidi, Erin D. Michos, and Maciej Banach, “The Association of Telomere Length and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in US Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,” Archives of Medical Science 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 61–65.

[185] Ornish et al., “Increased Telomerase Activity,” 1048–57.

[186] Q. Xu et al., “Multivitamin Use and Telomere Length in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 6 (June 2009): 1857–63.

[187] Sonja Hilbrand et al., “Caregiving within and beyond the Family Is Associated with Lower Mortality for the Caregiver: A Prospective Study,” Evolution and Human Behavior 39, no. 3 (2016): doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.010.

[188] Hayley Wright, Rebecca A. Jenks, and Nele Demeyere, “Frequent Sexual Activity Predicts Specific Cognitive Abilities in Older Adults,” The Journals of Gerontology: Series B (June 21, 2017): doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx065.

[189] F. Amenta et al., “The ASCOMALVA (Association between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in Alzheimer’s Disease) Trial: Interim Results after Two Years of Treatment,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 42, suppl. 3 (2014): S281–88; A. Carotenuto et al., “The Effect of the Association between Donepezil and Choline Alphoscerate on Behavioral Disturbances in Alzheimer’s Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 56, no. 2 (2017): 805–15; R. Rea et al., “Apathy Treatment in Alzheimer’s Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 48, no. 2 (2015): 377–83; T. Kawamura et al., “Glycerophosphocholine Enhances Growth Hormone Secretion and Fat Oxidation in Young Adults,” Nutrition 28, nos. 11–12 (November–December 2012): 1122–26; G. Strifler et al., “Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction with L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine,” PLOS One 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2016): e0166682.

[190] Parris M. Kidd, “Phosphatidylserine, Membrane Nutrient for Memory: A Clinical and Mechanistic Assessment,” Alternative Medicine Review 1, no. 2 (1996): 70–84.

[191] T. H. Crook et al., “Effects of Phosphatidylserine in Age-Associated Memory Impairment,” Neurology 41 (1991): 644–49.

[192] Adriana Cristofano et al., “Serum Levels of Acyl-Carnitines along the Continuum from Normal to Alzheimer’s Dementia,” PLOS One 11, no. 5 (2016): e0155694.

[193] S. A. Montgomery, L. J. Thal, and R. Amrein, “Meta-Analysis of Double Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials of Acetyl-L-carnitine versus Placebo in the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease,” International Clinical Psychopharmacology 18, no. 2 (March 2003): 61–71.

[194] S. Kasperczyk et al., “The Administration of N-acetylcysteine Reduces Oxidative Stress and Regulates Glutathione Metabolism in the Blood Cells of Workers Exposed to Lead,” Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia) 51, no. 6 (July 2013): 480–86.

[195] G. S. Kelly, “Clinical Applications of N-acetylcysteine,” Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic 3, no. 2 (April 1998): 114–27.

[196] Olive Dean, Frank Giorlando, and Michael Berk, “N-acetylcysteine in Psychiatry: Current Therapeutic Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Action,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 36, no. 2 (March 2011): 78–86.

[197] J. C. Adair, J. E. Knoefel, and N. Morgan, “Controlled Trial of N-acetylcysteine for Patients with Probable Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurology 57, no. 8 (October 23, 2001): 1515–17; W. R. Shankle et al., “CerefolinNAC Therapy of Hyperhomocysteinemia Delays Cortical and White Matter Atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 54, no. 3 (October 4, 2016): 1073–84.

[198] Y. Ashani, J. O. Peggins, and B. P. Doctor, “Mechanism of Inhibition of Cholinesterases by Huperzine A,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 18, no. 2 (April 30, 1992): 719–26.

[199] B. S. Wang et al., “Efficacy and Safety of Natural Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Huperzine A in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-analysis,” Journal of Neural Transmission 116, no. 4 (April 2009): 457–65.

[200] H. S. Ved et al., “Huperzine A, a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Dementia, Reduces Neuronal Cell Death Caused by Glutamate,” Neuroreport 8, no. 4 (March 3, 1997): 963–68; A. A. Skolnick, “Old Chinese Herbal Medicine Used for Fever Yields Possible New Alzheimer Disease Therapy,” Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 10 (March 12, 1997): 776.

[201] Seyedeh Zeinab Mousavi and Seyedeh Zahra Bathale, “Historical Uses of Saffron: Identifying Potential New Avenues for Modern Research,” Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 1, no. 2 (September 2011): 57–66.

[202] H. A. Hausenblas et al., “Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) and Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials,” Journal of Integrative Medicine 11, no. 6 (November 2013): 377–83.

[203] M. Agha-Hosseini et al., “Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomised and Placebo-Controlled Trial,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 115, no. 4 (March 2008): 515–19.

[204] L. Kashani et al., “Saffron for Treatment of Fluoxetine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Women: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study,” Human Psychopharmacology 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 54–60; A. Modabbernia et al., “Effect of Saffron on Fluoxetine-Induced Sexual Impairment in Men: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 223, no. 4 (October 2012): 381–88.

[205] M. A. Papandreou et al., “Inhibitory Activity on Amyloid-beta Aggregation and Antioxidant Properties of Crocus Sativus Stigmas Extract and Its Crocin Constituents,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, no. 23 (November 15, 2006): 8762–68.

[206] S. Soeda et al., “Neuroprotective Activities of Saffron and Crocin,” Advances in Neurobiology 12 (2016): 275–92.

[207] M. Tsolaki et al., “Efficacy and Safety of Crocus Sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single-Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical Trial,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 54, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 129–33.

[208] S. Akhondzadeh et al., “A 22-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Crocus Sativus in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 207, no. 4 (January 2010): 637–43; S. Akhondzadeh et al., “Saffron in the Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A 16-Week, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 35, no. 5 (October 2010): 581–88.

[209] M. Farokhnia et al., “Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Crocus Sativus L. with Memantine in Patients with Moderate to Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial,” Human Psychopharmacology 29, no. 4 (July 2014): 351–59.

[210] Esmaeal Tamaddonfard et al., “Crocin Improved Learning and Memory Impairments in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats,” Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 2013): 91–100.

[211] G. D. Geromichalos et al., “Saffron as a Source of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and In Vitro Enzymatic Studies,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 24 (June 20, 2012): 6131–38.

[212] Sabrina Morelli et al., “Neuronal Membrane Bioreactor as a Tool for Testing Crocin Neuroprotective Effect in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Chemical Engineering Journal 305 (January 2016): doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.01.035.

[213] M. Rashedinia et al., “Protective Effect of Crocin on Acrolein-Induced Tau Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain,” Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 75, no. 2 (2015): 208–19.

[214] Steven Roodenrys et al., “Chronic Effects of Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri) on Human Memory,” Neuropsychopharmacology 27, no. 2 (2002): 279–81, doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5; C. Stough et al., “Examining the Cognitive Effects of a Special Extract of Bacopa Monniera: A Review of Ten Years of Research at Swinburne University,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 16, no. 2 (2013): 254–58.

[215] N. R. Tildesley et al., “Salvia Lavandulaefolia (Spanish Sage) Enhances Memory in Healthy, Young Volunteers,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 75, no. 3 (June 2003): 669–74; A. B. Scholey et al., “An Extract of Salvia (Sage) with Anticholinesterase Properties Improves Memory and Attention in Healthy Older Volunteers,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 198, no. 1 (May 2008): 127–39; D. O. Kennedy et al., “Monoterpenoid Extract of Sage (Salvia Lavandulaefolia) with Cholinesterase Inhibiting Properties Improves Cognitive Performance and Mood in Healthy Adults,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 8 (August 2011): 1088–100.

[216] Rao and Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” article ID 642942, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942; Anjali Ganjre et al., “Anti-carcinogenic and Anti-bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” Clinical Nutrition Research 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 209–15.

[217] C. Poly et al., “The Relation of Dietary Choline to Cognitive Performance and White-Matter Hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 6 (December 2011): 1584–91.

[218] M. Herdener et al., “Musical Training Induces Functional Plasticity in Human Hippocampus,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (January 27, 2010): 1377–84; B. R. Zendel, K. A. Willoughby, and J. F. Rovet, “Neuroplastic Effects of Music Lessons on Hippocampal Volume in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism,” Neuroreport 24, no. 17 (December 4, 2013): 947–50; M. S. Oechslin et al., “Hippocampal Volume Predicts Fluid Intelligence in Musically Trained People,” Hippocampus 23, no. 7 (July 2013): 552–58.

[219] A. C. Logan and M. Katzman, “Major Depressive Disorder: Probiotics May Be an Adjuvant Therapy,” Medical Hypotheses 64, no. 3 (2005): 533–38, doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.019.

[220] Y. Wang et al., “Effects of Alcohol on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Permeability and Expression of Tight Junction–Associated Proteins,” Molecular Medicine Reports 9, no. 6 (2014): 2352–56.

[221] L. Möhle et al., “Ly6C(hi) Monocytes Provide a Link between Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis,” Cell Reports 15, no. 9 (May 31, 2016): 1945–56, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.074.

[222] “Smoking, High Blood Pressure and Being Overweight Top Three Preventable Causes of Death in the U.S.,” Harvard School of Public Health website, April 27, 2009, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/smoking-high-blood-pressure-overweight-preventable-causes-death-us/.

[223] T. A. Mori and L. J. Beilin, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammation,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 6, no. 6 (November 2004): 461–67; D. Moertl et al., “Dose-Dependent Effects of Omega-3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Systolic Left Ventricular Function, Endothelial Function, and Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Heart Failure of Nonischemic Origin: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm Study,” American Heart Journal 161, no. 5 (May 2011): 915.e1–9, doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.02.011; J. G. Devassy et al., “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease,” Advances in Nutrition 7, no. 5 (September 15, 2016): 905–16, doi: 10.3945/an.116.012187.

[224] C. von Schacky, “The Omega-3 Index as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases,” Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 96, nos. 1–4 (November 2011): 94–98, doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.008; S. P. Whelton et al., “Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies on Fish Intake and Coronary Heart Disease,” American Journal of Cardiology 93, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 1119–23, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.038.

[225] E. Messamore et al., “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Recurrent Mood Disorders: Phenomenology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application,” Progress in Lipid Research 66 (April 2017): 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.001; J. Sarris, D. Mischoulon, and J. Schweitzer, “Omega-3 for Bipolar Disorder: Meta-Analyses of Use in Mania and Bipolar Depression,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 2012): 81–86, doi: 10.4088/JCP.10r06710; R. J. Mocking et al., “Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for Major Depressive Disorder,” Translational Psychiatry 6 (March 15, 2016): e756, doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.2.

[226] J. R. Hibbeln and R. V. Gow, “The Potential for Military Diets to Reduce Depression, Suicide, and Impulsive Aggression: A Review of Current Evidence for Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids,” Military Medicine 179, suppl. 11 (November 2014): 117–28, doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00153; M. Huan et al., “Suicide Attempt and n-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Red Blood Cells: A Case Control Study in China,” Biological Psychiatry 56, no. 7 (October 1, 2004): 490–96, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.028; M. E. Sublette et al., “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Essential Fatty Acid Status as a Predictor of Future Suicide Risk,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (June 2006): 1100–1102, doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1100; M. D. Lewis et al., “Suicide Deaths of Active-Duty US Military and omega-3 Fatty-Acid Status: A Case-Control Comparison,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, no. 12 (December 2011): 1585–90, doi: 10.4088/JCP.11m06879.

[227] C. M. Milte et al., “Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated with Improved Attention and Behavior in Children with ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial,” Journal of Attention Disorders 19, no. 11 (November 2015): 954–64, doi: 10.1177/1087054713510562; M. H. Bloch and A. Qawasmi, “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomatology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 50, no. 10 (October 2011): 991–1000, doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008.

[228] Y. Zhang et al., “Intakes of Fish and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mild-to-Severe Cognitive Impairment Risks: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 21 Cohort Studies,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 2 (February 2016): 330–40, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124081; T. A. D’Ascoli et al., “Association between Serum Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cognitive Performance in Elderly Men and Women: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 8 (August 2016): 970–75, doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.59.

[229] C. Couet et al., “Effect of Dietary Fish Oil on Body Fat Mass and Basal Fat Oxidation in Healthy Adults,” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21, no. 8 (August 1997): 637–43; J. D. Buckley and P. R. Howe, “Anti-Obesity Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,” Obesity Reviews 10, no. 6 (November 2009): 648–59, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00584.x.

[230] K. Lukaschek et al., “Cognitive Impairment Is Associated with a Low Omega-3 Index in the Elderly: Results from the KORA-Age Study,” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, nos. 3–4 (2016): 236–45, doi: 10.1159/000448805.

[231] A. D. Smith et al., “Homocysteine-Lowering by B Vitamins Slows the Rate of Accelerated Brain Atrophy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” PLOS One 5, no. 9 (September 8, 2010): e12244, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012244.

[232] G. Douaud et al., “Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Gray Matter Atrophy by B-Vitamin Treatment,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 23 (June 4, 2013): 9523–28, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301816110.

[233] Mandy Oaklander, “5 Surprising Ways to Help Your Memory,” Time, June 10, 2015, http://time.com/3915030/boost-memory-exercise/; P. A. Jackson et al., “DHA-Rich Oil Modulates the Cerebral Haemodynamic Response to Cognitive Tasks in Healthy Young Adults: A Near IR Spectroscopy Pilot Study,” British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 8 (April 2012): 1093–98, doi: 10.1017/S0007114511004041; T. J. Song et al., “Low Levels of Plasma Omega 3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Associated with Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients,” Nutrition Research 35, no. 5 (May 2015): 368–74, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.008.

[234] F. Jernerén et al., “Brain Atrophy in Cognitively Impaired Elderly: The Importance of Long-Chain ω-3 Fatty Acids and B Vitamin Status in a Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 1 (July 2015): 215–21, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103283.

[235] E. L. Boespflug et al., “Fish Oil Supplementation Increases Event-Related Posterior Cingulate Activation in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Impairment,” Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 20, no. 2 (February 2016): 161–69, doi: 10.1007/s12603-015-0609-6.

[236] A. V. Witte et al., “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Brain Function and Structure in Older Adults,” Cerebral Cortex 24, no. 11 (November 2014): 3059–68, doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht163.

[237] Marta K. Zamroziewicz et al., “Determinants of Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Aging: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Frontoparietal Cortex Structure,” Nutritional Neuroscience 11 (published online May 11, 2017): 1–10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1324357; N. Hamazaki-Fujita et al., “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Blood Circulation in the Forebrain during a Mental Arithmetic Task,” Brain Research 1397 (June 23, 2011): 38–45, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.044.

[238] “Omega-3 Fatty Acids,” University of Maryland Medical Center website, accessed June 2, 2017, http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-acids.

[239] J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Omega-3 Supplementation Lowers Inflammation and Anxiety in Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 25, no. 8 (November 2011): 1725–34, doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229.

[240] J. A. Gil-Montoya et al., “Is Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia? A Case-Control Study,” Journal of Periodontology 86, no. 2 (February 2015): 244–53, doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.140340; J. Luo et al., “Association between Tooth Loss and Cognitive Function among 3063 Chinese Older Adults: A Community-Based Study,” PLOS One 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2015): e0120986, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120986.

[241] S. Ghosh, S. Banerjee, and P. C. Sil, “The Beneficial Role of Curcumin on Inflammation, Diabetes and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Recent Update,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 83 (September 2015): 111–24, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.022.

[242] Z. Asemi et al., “Effects of Daily Consumption of Probiotic Yoghurt on Inflammatory Factors in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2011): 476–82; L. Valentini et al., “Impact of Personalized Diet and Probiotic Supplementation on Inflammation, Nutritional Parameters and Intestinal Microbiota - The ‘RISTOMED Project’: Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Older People,” Clinical Nutrition 34, no. 4 (August 2015): 593–602, doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.023; S. K. Hegazy and M. M. El-Bedewy, “Effect of Probiotics on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and NF-kappaB Activation in Ulcerative Colitis,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 33 (September 7, 2010): 4145–51; E. J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., “Pro- and Synbiotics to Control Inflammation and Infection in Patients with Multiple Injuries,” Journal of Trauma 67, no. 4 (October 2009): 815–21, doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31819d979e; D. Viramontes-Hörner et al., “Effect of a Symbiotic Gel (Lactobacillus Acidophilus + Bifidobacterium Lactis + Inulin) on Presence and Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Hemodialysis Patients,” Journal of Renal Nutrition 25, no. 3 (May 2015): 284–91, doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2014.09.008; J. Villar-García et al., “Effect of Probiotics (Saccharomyces Boulardii) on Microbial Translocation and Inflammation in HIV-Treated Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 256–63, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000468; A. Toiviainen et al., “Impact of Orally Administered Lozenges with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis BB-12 on the Number of Salivary Mutans Streptococci, Amount of Plaque, Gingival Inflammation and the Oral Microbiome in Healthy Adults,” Clinical Oral Investigations 19, no. 1 (January 2015): 77–83, doi: 10.1007/s00784-014-1221-6; S. J. Spaiser et al., “Lactobacillus Gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium Bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium Longum MM-2 Ingestion Induces a Less Inflammatory Cytokine Profile and a Potentially Beneficial Shift in Gut Microbiota in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, no. 6 (2015): 459–69, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.983249; A. K. Szkaradkiewicz et al., “Effect of Oral Administration Involving a Probiotic Strain of Lactobacillus Reuteri on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis,” Archivum Immunologiae Therapiae Experimentalis 62, no. 6 (December 2014): 495–500, doi: 10.1007/s00005-014-0277-y; Z. H. Liu et al., “The Effects of Perioperative Probiotic Treatment on Serum Zonulin Concentration and Subsequent Postoperative Infectious Complications after Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Double-Center and Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 117–26, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040949.

[243] H. Rajkumar et al., “Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus Salivarius UBL S22 and Prebiotic Fructo-Oligosaccharide on Serum Lipids, Inflammatory Markers, Insulin Sensitivity, and Gut Bacteria in Healthy Young Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Pilot Study,” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20, no. 3 (May 2015): 289–98, doi: 10.1177/1074248414555004.

[244] T. P. Ng et al., “Curry Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Elderly,” American Journal of Epidemiology 164, no. 9 (November 1, 2006): 898–906, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj267; A. Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” Clinical Nutrition Research 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 209–15, doi: 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.4.209.

[245] Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.

[246] Rao and Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” article ID 642942.

[247] Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.

[248] H. R. Schumacher et al., “Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study of the Efficacy of a Tart Cherry Juice Blend in Treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee,” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 21, no. 8 (August 2013): 1035–41, doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.009; G. Howatson et al., “Influence of Tart Cherry Juice on Indices of Recovery Following Marathon Running,” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 20, no. 6 (December 2010): 843–52, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x.

[249] J. Jankovic, “Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 79, no. 4 (April 2008): 368–76, doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045; N. Caballol, M. J. Marti, and E. Tolosa, “Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia in Parkinson Disease,” Movement Disorders 22, suppl. 17 (September 2007): S358–66, doi: 10.1002/mds.21677.

[250] Allison Abbott and Elie Dolgin, “Failed Alzheimer’s Trial Does Not Kill Leading Theory of Disease,” Nature 540, no. 7631 (November 23, 2016), http://www.nature.com/news/failed-alzheimer-s-trial-does-not-kill-leading-theory-of-disease-1.21045.

[251] R. M. Corbo and R. Scacchi, “Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Allele Distribution in the World. Is APOE*4 a ‘Thrifty’ Allele?,” Annals of Human Genetics 63, part 4 (July 1999): 301–10.

[252] I. Lonskaya et al., “Tau Deletion Impairs Intracellular β-amyloid-42 Clearance and Leads to More Extracellular Plaque Deposition in Gene Transfer Models,” Molecular Neurodegeneration 9 (November 10, 2014): 46, doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-46.

[253] A. C. McKee et al., “The Spectrum of Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” Brain 136, part 1 (January 2013): 43–64, doi: 10.1093/brain/aws307.

[254] J. R. Prasanthi et al., “Deferiprone Reduces Amyloid-β and Tau Phosphorylation Levels but Not Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Hippocampus of Rabbits Fed a Cholesterol-Enriched Diet,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 30, no. 1 (2012): 167–82, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-111346.

[255] D. J. Selkoe, “Alzheimer’s Disease: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Treatment,” Science 275, no. 5300 (1997): 630–31.

[256] D. M. Michaelson, “APOE Ɛ4: The Most Prevalent Yet Understudied Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 10, no. 6 (November 2014): 861–68, doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.015; S. Schilling et al., “APOE Genotype and MRI Markers of Cerebrovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Neurology 81, no. 3 (July 2013): 292–300, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829bfda4.

[257] M. Thambisertty et al., “APOE Epsilon4 Genotype and Longitudinal Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow in Normal Aging,” Archives of Neurology 67, no. 1 (January 2010): 93–98, doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.913.

[258] T. D. Bird, “Clinical Genetics of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease,” in Alzheimer Disease, ed. R. D. Terry et al. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999), 57–67.

[259] M. E. Pembrey et al., “Sex-Specific, Male-Line Transgenerational Responses in Humans,” European Journal of Human Genetics 14, no. 2 (February 2006): 159–66, doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201538.

[260] D. Zhou and Y. X. Pan, “Pathophysiological Basis for Compromised Health beyond Generations: Role of Maternal High-Fat Diet and Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–8, doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.011.

[261] S. Karsli-Ceppioglu et al., “Epigenetic Mechanisms of Breast Cancer: An Update of the Current Knowledge,” Epigenomics 6, no. 6 (2014): 651–64, doi: 10.2217/epi.14.59; M. Ngollo et al., “Epigenetic Modifications in Prostate Cancer,” Epigenomics 6, no. 4 (2014): 415–26, doi: 10.2217/epi.14.34; M. J. Dauncey, “Nutrition, the Brain and Cognitive Decline: Insights from Epigenetics,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 11 (November 2014): 1179–85, doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.173; M. Devall, J. Mill, and K. Lunnon, “The Mitochondrial Epigenome: A Role in Alzheimer’s Disease?,” Epigenomics 6, no. 6 (2014): 665–75, doi: 10.2217/epi.14.50; O. Babenko, I. Kovalchuk, and G. A. Metz, “Stress-Induced Perinatal and Transgenerational Epigenetic Programming of Brain Development and Mental Health,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 48 (January 2015): 70–91, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.013; M. Debnath, G. Venkatasubramanian, and M. Berk, “Fetal Programming of Schizophrenia: Select Mechanisms,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 49 (February 2015): 90–104, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.003; C. Lesseur, A. G. Paquette, and C. J. Marsit, “Epigenetic Regulation of Infant Neurobehavioral Outcomes,” Medical Epigenetics 2, no. 2 (May 2014): 71–79, doi: 10.1159.000361026; M. A. Reddy, E. Zhang, and R. Natarajan, “Epigenetic Mechanisms in Diabetic Complications and Metabolic Memory,” Diabetologia 58, no. 3 (March 2015): 443–55, doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3462-y; W. Yuan et al., “An Integrated Epigenomic Analysis for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Loci in Monozygotic Twins,” Nature Communications 5 (December 12, 2014): 5719, doi: 10.1038/ncomms6719.

[262] T. A. Ahles et al., “The Relationship of APOE Genotype to Neuropsychological Performance in Long-Term Cancer Survivors Treated with Standard Dose Chemotherapy,” Psycho-oncology 12, no. 6 (September 2003): 612–19, doi: 10.1002/pon.742; D. W. Lawrence et al., “The Role of Apolipoprotein E Episilon (ε)-4 Allele on Outcome Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review,” Brain Injury 29, no. 9 (2015): 1018–31, doi: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1005131.

[263] Emilie Reas, “Exercise Counteracts Genetic Risk for Alzheimer’s,” Scientific American, November 1, 2014, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/exercise-counteracts-genetic-risk-for-alzheimer-s/.

[264] C. Liu et al., “Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer Disease: Risk, Mechanisms, and Therapy,” Nature Reviews Neurology 9 (February 2013): 106–18, doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263.

[265] J. A. Joseph et al., “Blueberry Supplementation Enhances Signaling and Prevents Behavioral Deficits in an Alzheimer Disease Model,” Nutritional Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (June 2003): 153–62, doi: 10.1080/1028415031000111282; Y. Zhu et al., “Blueberry Opposes Beta-Amyloid Peptide-Induced Microglial Activation via Inhibition of p44/42 Mitogen-Activation Protein Kinase,” Rejuvenation Research 11, no. 5 (October 2008): 891–901, doi: 10.1089/rej.2008.0757.

[266] T. C. Huang et al., “Resveratrol Protects Rats from Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity by the Reduction of iNOS Expression and Lipid Peroxidation,” PLOS One 6, no. 12 (2011): e29102, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029102; H. Capiralla et al., “Resveratrol Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide- and Aβ-Mediated Microglial Inflammation by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-kappaB/STAT Signaling Cascade,” Journal of Neurochemistry 120, no. 3 (February 2012): 461–72, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07594.x.

[267] S. Sinha et al., “Comparison of Three Amyloid Assembly Inhibitors: The Sugar Scyllo-Inositol, the Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate, and the Molecular Tweezer CLR01,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 3, no. 6 (June 20, 2012): 451–58, doi: 10.1021/cn200133x; J. M. Lopez del Amo et al., “Structural Properties of EGCG-Induced, Nontoxic Alzheimer’s Disease Aβ Oligomers,” Journal of Molecular Biology 421, nos. 4–5 (August 24, 2012): 517–24, doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.013.

[268] H. M. Abdul et al., “Acetyl-L-Carnitine-Induced Up-Regulation of Heat Shock Proteins Protects Cortical Neurons against Amyloid-Beta Peptide 1-42-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Neuroscience Research 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2006): 398–408, doi: 10.1002/jnr.20877; G. Traina, G. Federighi, and M. Brunelli, “Up-Regulation of Kinesin Light-Chain 1 Gene Expression by Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Therapeutic Possibility in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurochemistry International 53, nos. 6–8 (December 2008): 244–47, doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.08.001; P. Zhou et al., “Acetyl-L-Carnitine Attenuates Homocysteine-Induced Alzheimer-Like Histopathological and Behavioral Abnormalities,” Rejuvenation Research 14, no. 6 (December 2011): 669–79, doi: 10.1089/rej.2011.1195.

[269] S. Mishra and K. Palanivelu, “The Effect of Curcumin (Turmeric) on Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview,” Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 11, no. 1 (January–March 2008): 13–19, doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.40220; L. N. Zhao et al., “The Effect of Curcumin on the Stability of Amyloid Beta Dimers,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 116, no. 25 (June 28, 2012): 7428–35, doi: 10.1021/jp3034209; R. A. DiSilvestro et al., “Diverse Effects of a Low Dose Supplement of Lipidated Curcumin in Healthy Middle Aged People,” Nutrition Journal 11 (September 26, 2012): 79, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-79.

[270] S. R. Rainey-Smith et al., “Curcumin and Cognition: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Community-Dwelling Older Adults,” The British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 12 (June 2016): 2106–13, doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001203.

[271] B. Jayaprakasam, K. Pradmanabhan, and M. G. Nair, “Withanamides in Withania Somnifera Fruit Protect PC-12 Cells from Beta-Amyloid Responsible for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Phytotherapy Research 24, no. 6 (June 2010): 859–63, doi: 10.1002/ptr.3033; K. R. Kurapati et al., “β-Amyloid1-42, HIV-1Ba-L (Clade B) Infection and Drugs of Abuse Induced Degeneration in Human Neuronal Cells and Protective Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Its Constituent Withanolide A,” PLOS One 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2014): e112818, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112818.

[272] L. Yang et al., “Ginsenoside Rg3 Promotes Beta-Amyloid Peptide Degradation by Enhancing Gene Expression of Neprilysin,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61, no. 3 (March 2009): 375–80, doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.03.0013; L. M. Chen et al., “Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates β-Amyloid Generation via Suppressing PPARʏ-Regulated BACE1 Activity in N2a-APP695 Cells,” European Journal of Pharmacology 675, nos. 1–3 (January 30, 2012): 15–21, doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.039.

[273] Y. H. Hsiao et al., “Amelioration of Social Isolation-Triggered Onset of Early Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Cognitive Deficit by N-Acetylcysteine in a Transgenic Mouse Model,” Neurobiology of Disease 45, no. 3 (March 2012): 1111–20, doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.031.

[274] J. C. Adair, J. E. Knoefel, and N. Morgan, “Controlled Trial of N-Acetylcysteine for Patients with Probable Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurology 57, no. 8 (October 23, 2001): 1515–17.

[275] X. Yang et al., “Coenzyme Q10 Reduces Beta-Amyloid Plaque in an APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 41, no. 1 (May 2010): 110–13, doi: 10.1007/s12031-009-9297-1; M. Dumont et al., “Coenzyme Q10 Decreases Amyloid Pathology and Improves Behavior in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 27, no. 1 (2011): 211–23, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110209.

[276] J. Yu et al., “Magnesium Modulates Amyloid-Beta Protein Precursor Trafficking and Processing,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20, no. 4 (2010): 1091–106, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091444.

[277] L. Flicker et al., “B-Vitamins Reduce Plasma Levels of Beta Amyloid,” Neurobiology of Aging 29, no. 2 (February 2008): 303–5, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.007.

[278] M. T. Mizwicki et al., “Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling Induced by 1α,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 Promotes the Recovery of Amyloid-β Phagocytosis by Alzheimer’s Disease Macrophages,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 29, no. 1 (2012): 51–62, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-110560; A. Masoumi et al., “1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Interacts with Curcuminoids to Stimulate Amyloid-Beta Clearance by Macrophages of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 17, no. 3 (2009): 703–17, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1080.

[279] C. Annweiler et al., “Vitamin D Insufficiency and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cross-Sectional Association,” European Journal of Neurology 19, no. 7 (July 2012): 1023–29, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03675.x.

[280] H. Yassine et al., “Association of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation with Alzheimer Disease Stage in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers: A Review,” JAMA Neurology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 339–47, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4899.

[281] Y. Kashiwaya et al., “A Ketone Ester Diet Exhibits Anxiolytic and Cognition-Sparing Properties, and Lessens Amyloid and Tau Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurobiology of Aging 4, no. 6 (June 2013): 1530–39, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.023.

[282] K. Dams-O’Connor et al., “Risk for Late-Life Re-Injury, Dementia and Death among Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-Based Study,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 84, no. 2 (February 2013): 177–82, doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303938.

[283] B. D. Jordan et al., “Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4 Associated with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Boxing,” JAMA 278, no. 2 (July 9, 1997): 136–40; K. C. Kutner et al., “Lower Cognitive Performance of Older Football Players Possessing Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4,” Neurosurgery 47, no. 3 (September 2000): 651–57.

[284] Visit this link to watch a video of a newly autopsied brain, so you can see how soft it really is: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jHxyP-nUhUY. The video features Suzanne Stensaas, PhD, professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the University of Utah, and is produced by the University of Utah Neuroscience Initiative.

[285] “DoD Worldwide Numbers for TBI,” Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center website, accessed May 19, 2017, http://dvbic.dcoe.mil/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi.

[286] “Fighting in Ice Hockey,” Wikipedia, last modified May 3, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_in_ice_hockey.

[287] Z. M. Weil, J. D. Corrigan, and K. Karelina, “Alcohol Abuse after Traumatic Brain Injury: Experimental and Clinical Evidence,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 62 (March 2016): 89–99, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.005; M. R. Hibbard et al., “Axis I Psychopathology in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury,” Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 13, no. 4 (August 1998): 24–39; A. L. Zaninotto et al., “Updates and Current Perspectives of Psychiatric Assessments after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 7 (June 14, 2016): 95, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00095; J. E. Max, “Neuropsychiatry of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 37, no. 1 (March 2014): 125–40, doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.003; J. R. Sullivan and C. A. Riccio, “Language Functioning and Deficits Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury,” Applied Neuropsychology 17, no. 2 (April 2010): 93–98, doi: 10.1080/09084281003708852; Vanessa X. Barrat et al., “School Mobility, Dropout, and Graduation Rates across Student Disability Categories in Utah,” National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, November 2014, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED548546.pdf; S. Fazel et al., “Risk of Violent Crime in Individuals with Epilepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury: A 35-Year Swedish Population Study,” PLOS Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 2011): e1001150, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001150; M. A. Nowrangi, K. B. Kortte, and V. A. Rao, “A Perspectives Approach to Suicide after Traumatic Brain Injury: Case and Review,” Psychosomatics 55, no. 5 (September–October 2014): 430–37, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.11.006; J. P. Cuthbert et al., “Unemployment in the United States after Traumatic Brain Injury for Working-Age Individuals: Prevalence and Associated Factors 2 Years Postinjury,” Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 30, no. 3 (May–June 2015): 160–74, doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000090; K. E. McIsaac et al., “Association between Traumatic Brain Injury and Incarceration: A Population-Based Cohort Study,” CMAJ Open 4, no. 4 (December 6, 2016): E746–E753, doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20160072; J. Topolovec-Vranic et al., “Traumatic Brain Injury among People Who Are Homeless: A Systematic Review,” BMC Public Health 12 (December 8, 2012): 1059, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1059.

[288] S. W. Hwang et al., “The Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Health of Homeless People,” CMAJ 178, no. 8 (October 7, 2008): 779–84, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080341.

[289] D. G. Amen et al., “Impact of Playing American Professional Football on Long-Term Brain Function,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 23, no. 1 (Winter 2011), doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.1.98.

[290] Nate Scott, “Researchers Find Evidence of CTE in 96% of Deceased NFL Players They Tested,” For the Win (USA Today Sports website), September 18, 2015, http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/09/researchers-find-evidence-of-cte-in-96-of-deceased-nfl-players-they-tested; Kevin Punsky, “Evidence Suggests Amateur Contact Sports Increase Risk of Degenerative Disorder,” Mayo Clinic News Network, December 2, 2015, http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-cte-fl-release/.

[291] D. R. Weir, J. S. Jackson, and A. Sonnega, “National Football League Player Care Foundation: Study of Retired NFL Players,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 10, 2009, http://www.ns.umich.edu/Releases/2009/Sep09/FinalReport.pdf.

[292] Eric Sondheiemer, “High School Football Coaches See Fear of Injuries Draining Talent Pool,” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/la-sp-freshman-football-sondheimer-20150925-column.html.

[293] John Breech, “Players Make September First Arrest-Free Month in Six Years,” CBS Sports, October 2, 2015, http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/25325024/nfl-rarity-players-make-september-first-arrest-free-month-in-six-years.

[294] D. G. Amen et al., “Reversing Brain Damage in Former NFL Players: Implications for Traumatic Brain Injury and Substance Abuse Rehabilitation,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43, no. 1 (January–March 2011): 1–5, doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566489.

[295] Steven Reinberg, “Failing Sense of Smell Might Be Alzheimer’s Warning,” WebMD Archives, November 16, 2015, http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20151116/failing-sense-of-smell-might-be-alzheimers-warning; M. Quarmley et al., “Odor Identification Screening Improves Diagnostic Classification in Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 55, no. 4 (November 18, 2016): 1497–507, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160842; M. H. Tabert et al., “A 10-Item Smell Identification Scale Related to Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Annals of Neurology 58, no. 1 (July 2005): 155–60, doi: 10.1002/ana.20533.

[296] A. Wu, Z. Ying, and F. Gomez-Pinilla, “Exercise Facilitates the Action of Dietary DHA on Functional Recovery after Brain Trauma,” Neuroscience 248 (September 17, 2013): 655–63, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.041; A. Wu, Z. Ying, and F. Gomez-Pinilla, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Restores Mechanisms That Maintain Brain Homeostasis in Traumatic Brain Injury,” Journal of Neurotrauma 24, no. 10 (October 2007): 1587–95, doi: 10.1089/neu.2007.0313.

[297] R. Agrawal et al., “Dietary Fructose Aggravates the Pathobiology of Traumatic Brain Injury by Influencing Energy Homeostasis and Plasticity,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 36, no. 5 (May 2016): 941–53.

[298] H. L. Ling et al., “Mixed Pathologies Including Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Account for Dementia in Retired Association Football (Soccer) Players,” Acta Neuropathologica 133, no. 3 (March 2017): 337–52, doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1680-3.

[299] I. Konstantinidis, E. Tsakiropoulous, and J. Constantinidis, “Long Term Effects of Olfactory Training in Patients with Post-Infectious Olfactory Loss,” Rhinology 54, no. 2 (June 2016): 170–75, doi: 10.4193/Rhin15.264.

[300] Sharon Amos, “Smell Training for Anosmia,” Saga, October 22, 2013, http://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/health-wellbeing/treatments/smell-training-for-anosmia.

[301] F. Samini et al., “Curcumin Pretreatment Attenuates Brain Lesion Size and Improves Neurological Function Following Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 110 (September 2013): 238–44, doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.019; T. E. Sullivan et al., “Effects of Olfactory Stimulation on the Vigilance Performance of Individuals with Brain Injury,” Journal of Clinical and Experiential Neuropsychology 20, no. 2 (April 1998): 227–36, doi: 10.1076/jcen.20.2.227.1175.

[302] T. Parrón et al., “Association between Environmental Exposure to Pesticides and Neurodegenerative Diseases,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 256, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 379–85, doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.006.

[303] “Advice about Eating Fish: What Pregnant Women and Parents Should Know,” Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/UCM536321.pdf.

[304] C. Gasnier et al., “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Are Toxic and Endocrine Disruptors in Human Cell Lines,” Toxicology 262, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 184–91, doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.006.

[305] Ki-Su Kim et al., “Associations between Organochlorine Pesticides and Cognition in U.S. Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002,” Environment International 75 (February 2015): 87–92, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.003.

[306] C. T. DellaValle et al., “Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study,” International Journal of Cancer 134, no. 12 (June 15, 2014): 2917–26, 10.1002/ijc.28612; Suzanne M. de la Monte et al., “Epidemiological Trends Strongly Suggest Exposures as Etiologic Agents in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 519–29, doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1070.

[307] “The Health Costs of Beauty: EDCs in Personal Care Products and the HERMOSA Study,” Collaborative on Health and the Environment website, March 22, 2016, accessed May 5, 2017, http://www.healthandenvironment.org/partnership_calls/18271.

[308] H. Chen et al., “Living Near Major Roads and the Incidence of Dementia, Parkinson’s Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study,” Lancet 389, no. 10070 (February 18, 2017): 718–26, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6.

[309] Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, “Low Levels of Manganese in Welding Fumes Cause Neurological Problems,” ScienceDaily, December 28, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161228171126.htm.

[310] Charlotte Bergkvist et al., “Dietary Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study,” International Journal of Cardiology 183 (March 15, 2015): 242–48.

[311] José R. Suárez-Lopez et al., “Persistent Organic Pollutants in Young Adults and Changes in Glucose Related Metabolism over a 23-Year Follow-Up,” Environmental Research 137 (February 2015): 485–94.

[312] Joseph Pizzorno enumerates a number of these negative effects in his book The Toxin Solution (New York: Harper Collins, 2017), 23–25.

[313] “The Health Costs of Beauty,” http://www.healthandenvironment.org/partnership_calls/18271.

[314] Stacy Malkan, “Johnson & Johnson Is Just the Tip of the Toxic Iceberg,” Time, March 2, 2016, http://time.com/4239561/johnson-and-johnson-toxic-ingredients/.

[315] G. L. LoSasso, L. J. Rapport, and B. N. Axelrod, “Neuropsychological Symptoms Associated with Low-Level Exposure to Solvents and (Meth)Acrylates among Nail Technicians,” Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 14, no. 3 (July–September 2001): 183–89.

[316] M. Kawahara and M. Kato-Negishi, “Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses,” International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2011 (March 8, 2011): 276393, doi: 10.4061/2011/276393; S. Davenward et al., “Silicon-Rich Mineral Water as a Non-Invasive Test of the ‘Aluminum Hypothesis’ in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 33, no. 2 (2013): 423–30; S. Maya et al., “Multifaceted Effects of Aluminium in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 83 (October 2016): 746–54, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.035; T. P. Flaten, “Aluminium as a Risk Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease, with Emphasis on Drinking Water,” Brain Research Bulletin 55, no. 2 (May 15, 2001): 187–96.

[317] M. Fenech, A. Nersesyan, and S. Knasmueller, “A Systematic Review of the Association Between Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde and Effects on Chromosomal DNA Damage Measured Using the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay in Lymphocytes,” Mutation Research 770, part A (October–December 2016): 46–57, doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.005.

[318] A. Pontén and M. Bruze, “Formaldehyde,” Dermatitis 26, no. 1 (January–February 2015): 3–6, doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000075.

[319] P. D. Darbre and P. W. Harvey, “Parabens Can Enable Hallmarks and Characteristics of Cancer in Human Breast Epithelial Cells: A Review of the Literature with Reference to New Exposure Data and Regulatory Status,” Journal of Applied Toxicology 34, no. 9 (September 2014): 925–38, doi: 10.1002/jat.3027.

[320] P. Erkekoglu and B. Kocer-Gumusel, “Genotoxicity of Phthalates,” Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 24, no. 9 (December 2014): 616–26, doi: 10.3109/15376516.2014.960987.

[321] P. Factor-Litvak et al., “Persistent Associations between Maternal Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates on Child IQ at Age 7 Years,” PLOS One 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e114003, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114003.

[322] C. A. Smith and M. R. Holahan, “Reduced Hippocampal Dendritic Spine Density and BDNF Expression Following Acute Postnatal Exposure to Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Male Long Evans Rats,” PLOS One 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2014): e109522, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109522.

[323] “Ethylene Glycol,” The Carcinogenic Potency Project, last updated October 3, 2007, accessed May 26, 2017, https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cpdb/chempages/ETHYLENE%20GLYCOL.html.

[324] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, “Propylene Glycol,” Organic Natural Health website, September 1997, accessed May 5, 2017, http://www.health-report.co.uk/ethylene_glycol_propylene_glycol.html.

[325] US Food and Drug Administration, “5 Things to Know about Triclosan,” US Food and Drug Administration website, last updated September 2, 2016, http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm205999.htm; M. Axelstad et al., “Triclosan Exposure Reduces Thyroxine Levels in Pregnant and Lactating Rat Dams and in Directly Exposed Offspring,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (September 2013): 534–40, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050.

[326] A. L. Yee and J. A. Gilbert, “Is Triclosan Harming Your Microbiome?” Science 353, no. 6297 (July 22, 2016), 348–49, doi: 10.1126/science.aag2698.

[327] Kang-sheng Liu et al., “Neurotoxicity and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review,” Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 28, no. 3 (September 2013): 178–88, doi: 10.1016/S1001-9294(13)60045-0.

[328] “Don’t Pucker Up: Lead in Lipstick,” Campaign for Safe Cosmetics website, accessed May 5, 2017, http://www.safecosmetics.org/about-us/media/news-coverage/dont-pucker-up-lead-in-lipstick/.

[329] Sa Liu, S. Katharine Hammond, and Ann Rojas-Cheatham, “Concentrations and Potential Health Risks of Metals in Lip Products,” Environmental Health Perspectives 121, no. 6 (June 2013): 701–10, doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205518.

[330] A. Ott et al., “Smoking and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in a Population-Based Cohort Study: The Rotterdam Study,” Lancet 351, no. 9119 (June 20, 1998): 1840–43, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07541-7.

[331] “Tobacco and Dementia,” World Health Organization, June 2014, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/128041/1/WHO_NMH_PND_CIC_TKS_14.1_eng.pdf.

[332] K. J. Anstey, H. A. Mack, and N. Cherbuin, “Alcohol Consumption as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17, no. 7 (July 2009): 542–55, doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07; R. Peters et al., “Alcohol, Dementia and Cognitive Decline in the Elderly: A Systematic Review,” Age and Ageing 37, no. 5 (September 2008): 505–12, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn095; E. J. Neafsey and M. A. Collins, “Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Risk,” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7 (2011): 465–84, doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S23159.

[333] Anya Topiwala et al., “Moderate Alcohol Consumption as Risk Factor for Adverse Brain Outcomes and Cognitive Decline: Longitudinal Cohort Study,” BMJ 357 (June 6, 2017), doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j2353.

[334] E. P. Handing et al., “Midlife Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia over 43 Years of Follow-Up: A Population-Based Study from the Swedish Twin Registry,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 70, no. 10 (October 2015): 1248–54, doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv038.

[335] J. Ding et al., “Alcohol Intake and Cerebral Abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Community-Based Population of Middle-Aged Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,” Stroke 35, no. 1 (January 2004): 16–21, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000105929.88691.8E.

[336] J. Connor, “Alcohol Consumption as a Cause of Cancer,” Addiction 112, no. 2 (February 2017): 222–28, doi: 10.1111/add.13477.

[337] Daniel G. Amen et al., “Discriminative Properties of Hippocampal Hypoperfusion in Marijuana Users Compared to Healthy Controls: Implications for Marijuana Administration in Alzheimer’s Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 56, no. 1 (2017): 261–73, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160833.

[338] Edward A. Bittner, Yun Yue, and Zhongcong Xie, “Brief Review: Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in the Elderly, Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 58, no. 2 (February 2011): 216–23, doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9418-x; C. W. Chen et al., “Increased Risk of Dementia in People with Previous Exposure to General Anesthesia: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study,” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 10, no. 2 (March 2014): 196–204, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1766.

[339] Barynia Backeljauw et al., “Cognition and Brain Structure Following Early Childhood Surgery with Anesthesia,” Pediatrics 136, no. 1 (July 2015), doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3526.

[340] N. Efimova et al., “Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass,” Kardiologiia 55, no. 6 (2015): 40–46.

[341] I. H. Stanley, M. A. Hom, and T. E. Joiner, “A Systematic Review of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Police Officers, Firefighters, EMTs, and Paramedics,” Clinical Psychology Review 44 (March 2016): 25–44, doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002.

[342] University of Rochester Medical Center, “Chemotherapy’s Damage to the Brain Detailed,” ScienceDaily, April 22, 2008, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080422103947.htm.

[343] Philip J. Landrigan and Charles Benbrook, “GMOs, Herbicides, and Public Health,” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 8 (August 20, 2015): 693–95, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1505660.

[344] Dana Loomis et al., “Carcinogenicity of Lindane, DDT, and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid,” Lancet Oncology 16, no. 8 (June 23, 2015): 891–92, doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00081-9.

[345] L. A. Frassetto, R. C. Morris Jr., and A. Sebastian, “Effect of Age on Blood Acid-Base Composition in Adult Humans: Role of Age-Related Renal Functional Decline,” American Journal of Physiology 271, no. 6, part 2 (December 1996): F1114–22.

[346] Alena Hall, “What Happened after One Family Went Organic for Just Two Weeks,” Huffington Post, May 14, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/14/the-organic-effect_n_7244000.html; Jörgen Magnér et al., “Human Exposure to Pesticides from Food: A Pilot Study,” Coop Sverige AB (January 2015), https://www.coop.se/contentassets/dc9bd9f95773402997e4aca0c11b8274/coop-ekoeffekten_rapport_eng.pdf.

[347] Cynthia L. Curl, Richard A. Fenske, and Kai Elgethun, “Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure of Urban and Suburban Preschool Children with Organic and Conventional Diets,” Environmental Health Perspectives 111, no. 3 (March 2003): 377–82.

[348] W. Wulaningsih et al., “Investigating Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors as Determinants of Abdominal Obesity: An Environment-Wide Study,” International Journal of Obesity 41, no. 2 (February 2017): 340–47, doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.203; S. P. Fowler, “Low-Calorie Sweetener Use and Energy Balance: Results from Experimental Studies in Animals, and Large-Scale Prospective Studies in Humans,” Physiology and Behavior 164, part B (October 1, 2016): 517–23, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.047; M. Paolini et al., “Aspartame, a Bittersweet Pill,” Carcinogenesis (February 24, 2016), doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgw025; M. Soffritti et al., “The Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame: The Urgent Need for Regulatory Re-evaluation,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 57, no. 4 (April 2014): 383–97, doi: 10.1002/ajim.22296.

[349] Jodi E. Nettleton, Raylene A. Reimer, and Jane Shearer, “Reshaping the Gut Microbiota: Impact of Low Calorie Sweeteners and the Link to Insulin Resistance?” Physiology and Behavior 164, part B (October 1, 2016): 488–93, doi: 10.1002/ajim.22296; J. Suez et al., “Artificial Sweeteners Induce Glucose Intolerance by Altering the Gut Microbiota,” Nature 514, no. 7521 (October 9, 2014): 181–86, doi: 10.1038/nature13793.

[350] D. E. King, A. G. Mainous III, and C. A. Lambourne, “Trends in Dietary Fiber Intake in the United States, 1999–2008,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112, no. 5 (May 2012): 642–48, doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.019.

[351] Sarah Yang, “Teen Girls See Big Drop in Chemical Exposure with Switch in Cosmetics,” Berkeley News, March 7, 2016, http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/03/07/cosmetics-chemicals/.

[352] S. S. Zhou et al., “The Skin Function: A Factor of Anti-Metabolic Syndrome,” Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2012): 15, doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-15.

[353] Margaret E. Sears, Kathleen J. Kerr, and Riina I. Bray, “Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic Review,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): article ID 184745, doi: 10.1155/2012/184745; S. J. Genuis et al., “Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61, no. 2 (August 2011): 344–57, doi: 10.1007/s00244-010-9611-5.

[354] Margaret E. Sears and Stephen J. Genuis, “Environmental Determinants of Chronic Disease and Medical Approaches: Recognition, Avoidance, Supportive Therapy, and Detoxification,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): article ID 356798, doi: 10.1155/2012/356798; H. Lew and A. Quintanilha, “Effects of Endurance Training and Exercise on Tissue Antioxidative Capacity and Acetaminophen Detoxification,” European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 16, no. 1 (January–March 1991): 59–68, doi: 10.1007/BF03189876; C. K. Sen, “Glutathione Homeostasis in Response to Exercise Training and Nutritional Supplements,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 196, nos. 1–2 (June 1999): 31–42; M. O. Murphy et al., “Exercise Protects against PCB-Induced Inflammation and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 23, no. 3 (February 2016): 2201–11; S. J. Genuis et al., “Human Elimination of Phthalate Compounds: Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study,” Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): article ID 615068, doi: 10.1100/2012/615068; S. J. Genuis et al., “Human Excretion of Bisphenol A: Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): article ID 185731, doi: 10.1155/2012/185731.

[355] K. H. Kilburn, R. H. Warsaw, and M. G. Shields, “Neurobehavioral Dysfunction in Firemen Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Possible Improvement after Detoxification,” Archives of Environmental Health 44, no. 6 (November–December 1989): 345–50, doi: 10.1080/00039896.1989.9935904.

[356] T. Laukkanen et al., “Sauna Bathing Is Inversely Associated with Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in Middle-Aged Finnish Men,” Age and Ageing 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 245–49, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw212.

[357] T. Laukkanen et al., “Association between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events,” JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 4 (April 2015): 542–48, doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187.

[358] K. F. Koltyn et al., “Changes in Mood State Following Whole-Body Hyperthermia,” International Journal of Hyperthermia 8, no. 3 (May 1992): 305–7, doi: 10.3109/02656739209021785; K. Kukkonen-Harjula and K. Kauppinen, “How the Sauna Affects the Endocrine System,” Annals of Clinical Research 20, no. 4 (1988): 262–66; D. Jezová et al., “Rise in Plasma Beta-Endorphin and ACTH in Response to Hyperthermia in Sauna,” Hormone and Metabolic Research 17, no. 12 (December 1985): 693–94; K. Kukkonen-Harjula et al., “Haemodynamic and Hormonal Responses to Heat Exposure in a Finnish Sauna Bath,” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 58, no. 5 (1989): 543–50, doi: 10.1007/BF02330710; S. Kokura et al., “Whole Body Hyperthermia Improves Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Mice,” International Journal of Hyperthermia 23, no. 3 (May 2007): 259–65, doi: 10.1080/02656730601176824.

[359] T. Laukkanen et al., “Association between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events,” 542–48.

[360] R. J. Flanagan and T. J. Meredith, “Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Clinical Toxicology,” American Journal of Medicine 91, no. 3C (September 1991): 131S–139S.

[361] R. Kirchhoff et al., “Increase in Choleresis by Means of Artichoke Extract,” Phytomedicine 1, no. 2 (September 1994): 107–15, doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80027-9.

[362] S. M. Mansour et al., “Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) Normalizes Hypertension in 2K, 1C Hypertensive Rats: Role of Antioxidant Mechanisms, ACE Inhibiting Activity and Improvement of Endothelial Dysfunction,” Phytomedicine 18, nos. 8–9 (June 15, 2011): 641–47, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.014.

[363] K. Cavuşoğlu et al., “Protective Effect of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf Extract against Glyphosate Toxicity in Swiss Albino Mice,” Journal of Medicinal Food 14, no. 10 (October 2011): 1263–72, doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0202.

[364] X. Liu and K. Lv, “Cruciferous Vegetables Intake Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis,” Breast 22, no. 3 (June 2013): 309–13, doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2012.07.013.

[365] P. L. Crowell and M. N. Gould, “Chemoprevention and Therapy of Cancer by d-Limonene,” Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 5, no. 1 (1994): 1–22, doi: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.v5.i1.10.

[366] J. NM et al., “Beyond the Flavour: A De-Flavoured Polyphenol Rich Extract of Clove Buds (Syzygium Aromaticum L) as a Novel Dietary Antioxidant Ingredient,” Food & Function 6, no. 10 (October 2015): 3373–82, doi: 10.1039/c5fo00682a; E. A. Offord et al., “Mechanisms Involved in the Chemoprotective Effects of Rosemary Extract Studied in Human Liver and Bronchial Cells,” Cancer Letters 114, nos. 1–2 (March 19, 1997): 275–81; A. Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” Clinical Nutrition Research 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 209–15, doi: 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.4.209.

[367] W. Katon et al., “Effect of Depression and Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk for Dementia: A National Population-Based Cohort Study,” JAMA Psychiatry 72, no. 6 (June 2015): 612–19, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0082; J. da Silva et al., “Affective Disorders and Risk of Developing Dementia: Systematic Review,” British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 3 (March 2013): 177–86, doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931; Osvaldo P. Almeida et al., “Risk of Dementia and Death in Community-Dwelling Older Men with Bipolar Disorder,” British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 2 (August 2016): 121–26, doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180059; M. H. Chen et al., “Risk of Subsequent Dementia among Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Major Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study in Taiwan,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 504–8, doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.01.084; A. R. Ribe et al., “Long-Term Risk of Dementia in Persons with Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study,” JAMA Psychiatry 72, no. 11 (November 2015): 1095–101, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1546; K. Yaffe et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Dementia among US Veterans,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 6 (June 2010): 608–13, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.61; T. Y. Wang et al., “Risk for Developing Dementia among Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 205 (November 15, 2016): 306–10, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.013; A. Golimstok et al., “Previous Adult Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Risk of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Case-Control Study,” European Journal of Neurology 18, no. 1 (January 2011): 78–84, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x; L. Johansson et al., “Common Psychosocial Stressors in Middle-Aged Women Related to Longstanding Distress and Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A 38-Year Longitudinal Population Study,” BMJ Open 3, no. 9 (September 2013): e003142, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003142; L. Johansson et al., “Midlife Personality and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Distress: A 38-Year Follow-Up,” Neurology 83, no. 17 (October 21, 2014): 1538–44, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000907; Kate Kelland, “Study Finds How Stress Raises Heart Disease and Stroke Risk,” Reuters, January 11, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-heart-stress-idUSKBN14V2T3.

[368] Lizzie Parry, “Head Rules Your Heart: Depression Is ‘AS Dangerous as Being FAT —Causing Almost One in Five Heart Deaths,’” Sun, January 16, 2017, https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2627090/depression-is-as-dangerous-as-being-fat-causing-almost-one-in-five-heart-deaths/; E. R. Walker, R. E. McGee, and B. G. Druss, “Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” JAMA Psychiatry 72, no. 4 (April 2015): 334–41, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502.

[369] M. L. Alosco, A. Fedor, and J. Gunstad, “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as a Risk Factor for Concussions in NCAA Division-1 Athletes,” Brain Injury 28, no. 4 (February 2014): 472–74, doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.887145; A. Raziel, N. Sakran, and D. Goitein, “The Relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) and Obesity,” Harefuah 153, no. 9 (September 2014): 541–45, 557; Søren Dalsgaard et al., “Mortality in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study,” Lancet 385, no. 9983 (May 30, 2015): 2190–96, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61684-6; Duke Medicine, “ADHD Treatment Associated with Lower Smoking Rates,” ScienceDaily, May 12, 2014, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512101304.htm.

[370] A. Golimstok et al., “Previous Adult Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Risk of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Case-Control Study,” European Journal of Neurology 18, no. 1 (January 2011): 78–84, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x.

[371] K. Yaffe et al., “Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in Nondemented Elderly Women,” Archives of General Psychiatry 56, no. 5: 425–30, doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.425.

[372] F. F. de Oliveira et al., “Risk Factors for Age at Onset of Dementia Due to Alzheimer’s Disease in a Sample of Patients with Low Mean Schooling from São Paulo, Brazil,” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 29, no. 10 (October 2014): 1033–39, doi: 10.1002/gps.4094; Ismail Zahinoor et al., “Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” JAMA Psychiatry 74, no. 1 (2017), 58–67, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162.

[373] D. G. Amen et al., “Classification of Depression, Cognitive Disorders, and Co-Morbid Depression and Cognitive Disorders with Perfusion SPECT Neuroimaging,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 57, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 253–66.

[374] A. P. Silva et al., “Measurement of the Effect of Physical Exercise on the Concentration of Individuals with ADHD,” PLOS One 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2015): e0122119, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122119; Beron W. Z. Tan et al., “Meta-Analytic Review of the Efficacy of Physical Exercise Interventions on Cognition in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 3126–43, doi: 0.1007/s10803-016-2854-x; B. Hoza et al., “A Randomized Trial Examining the Effects of Aerobic Physical Activity on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Young Children,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 43, no. 4 (May 2015): 655–67, doi: 10.1007/s10802-014-9929-y.

[375] S. B. Cooper et al., “Breakfast Glycaemic Index and Exercise: Combined Effects on Adolescents’ Cognition,” Physiology & Behavior 139 (February 2015): 104–11, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.024; J. Ingwersen et al., “A Low Glycaemic Index Breakfast Cereal Preferentially Prevents Children’s Cognitive Performance from Declining throughout the Morning,” Appetite 49, no. 1 (July 2007): 240–44, doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.06.009.

[376] J. Knapen et al., “Exercise Therapy Improves Both Mental and Physical Health in Patients with Major Depression,” Disability and Rehabilitation 37, no. 16 (2015): 1490–95, doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.972579; C. Battaglia et al., “Participation in a 9-Month Selected Physical Exercise Programme Enhances Psychological Well-Being in a Prison Population,” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 25, no. 5 (December 2015): 343–54, doi: 10.1002/cbm.1922.

[377] M. Hosseinzadeh et al., “Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns in Relation to Psychological Disorders,” Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 2 (February 2016): 204–17, doi: 10.1017/S136898001500172X.

[378] K. Niu et al., “A Tomato-Rich Diet Is Related to Depressive Symptoms among an Elderly Population Aged 70 Years and Over: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis,” Journal of Affective Disorders 144, nos. 1–2 (January 10, 2013): 165–70, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.040.

[379] R. T. Ackermann and J. W. Williams Jr., “Rational Treatment Choices for Non-Major Depressions in Primary Care: An Evidence-Based Review,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 17, no. 4 (April 2002): 293–301.

[380] A. S. Yeung et al., “A Pilot Study of Acupuncture Augmentation Therapy in Antidepressant Partial and Non-Responders with Major Depressive Disorder,” Journal of Affective Disorders 130, nos. 1–2 (April 2011): 285–89, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.025; J. Wu et al., “Acupuncture for Depression: A Review of Clinical Applications,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 7 (July 2012): 397–405, doi: 10.1177/070674371205700702.

[381] G. I. Papakostas et al., “L-Methylfolate as Adjunctive Therapy for SSRI-Resistant Major Depression: Results of Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Sequential Trials,” American Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 12 (December 2012): 1267–74, doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114.

[382] A. S. de Sá Filho et al., “Potential Therapeutic Effects of Physical Exercise for Bipolar Disorder,” CNS and Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 14, no. 10 (2015): 1255–59.

[383] L. Chen et al., “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing versus Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 203, no. 6 (June 2015): 443–51, doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000306.

[384] D. J. Kearney et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 26, no. 4 (August 2013): 426–34, doi: 10.1002/jts.21832; D. J. Kearney et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation and the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions among Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Medical Care 52, no. 12, suppl. 5 (December 2014): S32–38, doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000221.

[385] Mayo Clinic Staff, “Exercise and Stress: Get Moving to Manage Stress,” Mayo Clinic website, April 16, 2015, http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/exercise-and-stress/art-20044469.

[386] J. N. Belding et al., “Social Buffering by God: Prayer and Measures of Stress,” Journal of Religion and Health 49, no. 2 (June 2010): 179–87, doi: 10.1007/s10943-009-9256-8; K. Bluth, P. N. Roberson, and S. A. Gaylord, “A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness Intervention for Adolescents and the Potential Role of Self-Compassion in Reducing Stress,” Explore 11, no. 4 (July–August 2015): 292–95, doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2015.04.005; W. Turakitwanakan et al., “Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Serum Cortisol of Medical Students,” Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 96, suppl. 1 (January 2013): S90–95.

[387] R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, “Counting Blessings versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 2 (February 2003): 377–89.

[388] Marjorie Ingall, “Chocolate Can Do Good Things for Your Heart, Skin and Brain,” Health Magazine, December 22, 2006, http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/12/20/health.chocolate/.

[389] H. J. Trappe and G. Voit, “The Cardiovascular Effect of Musical Genres,” Deutsches Arzteblatt International 113, no. 20 (May 20, 2016): 347–52, doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0347.

[390] Erin Brodwin, “Psychologists Discover the Simplest Way to Boost Your Mood,” Business Insider, April 3, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-boost-your-mood-2015-4.

[391] K. Kimura et al., “L-Theanine Reduces Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses,” Biological Psychology 74, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–45, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006.

[392] M. Rudd, K. D. Vohs, and J. Aaker, “Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1130–36, doi: 10.1177/0956797612438731.

[393] Y. Miyazaki et al., “Preventive Medical Effects of Nature Therapy,” Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 66, no. 4 (September 2011): 651–56; G. N. Bratman et al., “Nature Experience Reduces Rumination and Subgenual Prefrontal Cortex Activation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America 112, no. 28 (July 14, 2015): 8567–72, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1510459112.

[394] Stephanie Slon, “7 Health Benefits of Going Barefoot Outside,” mindbodygreen website, March 29, 2012, http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-4369/7-Health-Benefits-of-Going-Barefoot-Outside.html.

[395] L. Taruffi and S. Koelsch, “The Paradox of Music-Evoked Sadness: An Online Survey,” PLOS One 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2014): e110490, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110490.

[396] Y. H. Liu et al., “Effects of Music Listening on Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality for Sleep-Disturbed Pregnant Women,” Women & Health 56, no. 3 (2016): 296–311, doi: 10.1080/03630242.2015.1088116.

[397] Travis Bradberry, “How Complaining Rewires Your Brain for Negativity,” Huffington Post blog, December 26, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-travis-bradberry/how-complaining-rewires-y_b_13634470.html.

[398] “Can You Catch Depression? Being Surrounded by Gloomy People Can Make You Prone to Illness,” Daily Mail, April 19, 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2311523/Can-CATCH-depression-Being-surrounded-gloomy-people-make-prone-illness-say-scientists.html.

[399] Ryan T. Howell et al., “Momentary Happiness: The Role of Psychological Need Satisfaction,” Journal of Happiness Studies 12, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–15, doi: 10.1007/s10902-009-9166-1.

[400] Carolyn Gregoire, “Older People Are Happier Than You. Why?” Huffington Post, April 24, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/.

[401] M. Mela et al., “The Influence of a Learning to Forgive Programme on Negative Affect among Mentally Disordered Offenders,” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 162–75, doi: 10.1002/cbm.1991.

[402] L. Bolier et al., “Positive Psychology Interventions: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies,” BMC Public Health 13 (February 8, 2013): 119, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-119.

[403] Paul Bentley, “What Really Makes Us Happy? How Spending Time with Your Friends Is Better for You Than Being with Family,” Daily Mail, June 30, 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2351870/What-really-makes-happy-How-spending-time-friends-better-family.html.

[404] David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, “Money, Sex, and Happiness: An Empirical Study,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106, no. 3 (2004): 393–415, doi: 10.3386/w10499.

[405] Maud Purcell, “The Health Benefits of Journaling,” Psych Central website, May 17, 2016, https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-health-benefits-of-journaling/.

[406] Xianglong Zeng et al., “The Effect of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (November 3, 2015): 1693, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693; Barbara L. Fredrickson et al., “Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 5 (November 2008): 1045–62.

[407] J. W. Carson et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Results from a Pilot Trial,” Journal of Holistic Nursing 23, no. 3 (September 2005): 287–304; M. E. Tonelli and A. B. Wachholtz, “Meditation-Based Treatment Yielding Immediate Relief for Meditation-Naïve Migraineurs,” Pain Management Nursing 15, no. 1 (March 2014): 36–40; Kearney et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” 426–34; A. J. Stell and T. Farsides, “Brief Loving-Kindness Meditation Reduces Racial Bias, Mediated by Positive Other-Regarding Emotions,” Motivation and Emotion 40, no. 1 (2016): 140–47, doi: 10.1007/s11031-015-9514-x.

[408] M. K. Leung et al., “Increased Gray Matter Volume in the Right Angular and Posterior Parahippocampal Gyri in Loving-Kindness Meditators,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 34–39; B. E. Kok et al., “How Positive Emotions Build Physical Health: Perceived Positive Social Connections Account for the Upward Spiral between Positive Emotions and Vagal Tone,” Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1123–32.

[409] E. Hawkey and J. T. Nigg, “Omega3 Fatty Acid and ADHD: Blood Level Analysis and Meta-Analytic Extension of Supplementation Trials,” Clinical Psychology Review 34, no. 6 (August 2014): 496–505, doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.005; C. M. Milte et al., “Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated with Improved Attention and Behavior in Children with ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial,” Journal of Attention Disorders 19, no. 11 (November 2015): 954–64, doi: 10.1177/1087054713510562; K. Widenhorn-Müller et al., “Effect of Supplementation with Long-Chain ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Behavior and Cognition in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 91, nos. 1–2 (July–August 2014): 49–60, doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.04.004; H. Perera et al., “Combined ω3 and ω6 Supplementation in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Refractory to Methylphenidate Treatment: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Journal of Child Neurology 27, no. 6 (June 2012): 747–53, doi: 10.1177/0883073811435243; D. J. Bos et al., “Reduced Symptoms of Inattention after Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Boys with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Neuropsychopharmacology 40, no. 10 (September 2015): 2298–306, doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.73.

[410] P. Toren et al., “Zinc Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 40, no. 12 (December 15, 1996): 1308–10, doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00310-1; O. Oner et al., “Effects of Zinc and Ferritin Levels on Parent and Teacher Reported Symptom Scores in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 41, no. 4 (August 2010): 441–47, doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0178-1; O. Yorbik et al., “Potential Effects of Zinc on Information Processing in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 662–67, doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.11.009; S. Akhondzadeh, M. R. Mohammadi, and M. Khademi, “Zinc Sulfate as an Adjunct to Methylphenidate for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Double Blind and Randomized Trial,” BMC Psychiatry 4 (April 8, 2004): 9, doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-4-9.

[411] M. Mousain-Bosc et al., “Improvement of Neurobehavioral Disorders in Children Supplemented with Magnesium-Vitamin B6. I. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders,” Magnesium Research 19, no. 1 (March 2006): 46–52; A. Ghanizadeh, “A Systematic Review of Magnesium Therapy for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Archives of Iranian Medicine 16, no. 7 (July 2013): 412–17, doi: 013167/AIM.0010; M. Huss, A. Völp, and M. Stauss-Grabo, “Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Magnesium and Zinc in Children Seeking Medical Advice for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems —An Observational Cohort Study,” Lipids in Health & Disease 9 (September 24, 2010): 105, doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-9-105.

[412] J. S. Halterman et al., “Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Achievement among School-Aged Children and Adolescents in the United States,” Pediatrics 107, no. 6 (June 2001): 1381–86.

[413] S. Hirayama et al., “The Effect of Phosphatidylserine Administration on Memory and Symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 27, suppl. 2 (April 2014): 284–91, doi: 10.1111/jhn.12090; I. Manor et al., “The Effect of Phosphatidylserine Containing Omega3 Fatty-Acids on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial, Followed by an Open-Label Extension,” European Psychiatry 27, no. 5 (July 2012): 335–42, doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.05.004.

[414] Giuseppe Grosso et al., “Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials,” PLOS One 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2014): e96905, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096905; B. Hallahan et al., “Efficacy of Omega-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depression,” British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 3 (September 2016): 192–201, doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160242; J. G. Martins, “EPA but Not DHA Appears to Be Responsible for the Efficacy of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Depression: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28, no. 5 (October 2009): 525–42.

[415] M. H. Rapaport et al., “Inflammation as a Predictive Biomarker for Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Major Depressive Disorder: A Proof of Concept Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (January 2016): 71–79, doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.22.

[416] D. J. Carpenter, “St. John’s Wort and S-Adenosyl Methionine as ‘Natural’ Alternatives to Conventional Antidepressants in the Era of the Suicidality Boxed Warning: What Is the Evidence for Clinically Relevant Benefit?” Alternative Medicine Review 16, no. 1 (March 2011): 17–39; G. I. Papakostas et al., “S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) Augmentation of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Antidepressant Nonresponders with Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial,” American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 8 (August 2010): 942–48, doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081198; J. Sarris et al., “S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) versus Escitalopram and Placebo in Major Depression RCT: Efficacy and Effects of Histamine and Carnitine as Moderators of Response,” Journal of Affective Disorders 164 (August 2014): 76–81, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.041; J. Sarris et al., “Is S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) for Depression Only Effective in Males? A Re-Analysis of Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial,” Pharmacopsychiatry 48, nos. 4–5 (July 2015): 141–44, doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549928.

[417] A. L. Lopresti and P. D. Drummond, “Efficacy of Curcumin, and a Saffron/Curcumin Combination for the Treatment of Major Depression: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 207 (January 1, 2017): 188–96, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.047.

[418] Z. Sepehrmanesh et al., “Vitamin D Supplementation Affects the Beck Depression Inventory, Insulin Resistance, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial,” Journal of Nutrition 146, no. 2 (February 2016): 243–48, doi: 10.3945/jn.115.218883; H. Mozaffari-Khosravi et al., “The Effect of 2 Different Single Injections of High Dose of Vitamin D on Improving the Depression in Depressed Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 33, no. 3 (June 2013): 378–85, doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31828f619a.

[419] Christa Sgobba, “This Over-the-Counter Tablet Can Blast through Your Blues in Just 2 Weeks,” Men’s Health, June 28, 2017, http://www.menshealth.com/health/magnesium-for-depression.

[420] R. K. McNamara et al., “Adolescents with or at Ultra-High Risk for Bipolar Disorder Exhibit Erythrocyte Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Deficits: A Candidate Prodromal Risk Biomarker,” Early Intervention in Psychiatry 10, no. 3 (June 2016): 203–11, doi: 10.1111/eip.12282; J. Sarris, D. Mischoulon, and I. Schweitzer, “Omega-3 for Bipolar Disorder: Meta-Analyses of Use in Mania and Bipolar Depression,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 2012): 81–86, doi: 10.4088/JCP.10r06710.

[421] R. K. Sripada et al., “DHEA Enhances Emotion Regulation Neurocircuits and Modulates Memory for Emotional Stimuli,” Neuropsychopharmacology 38, no. 9 (August 2013): 1798–807, doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.79.

[422] R. S. Khan et al., “Effect of a Serotonin Precursor and Uptake Inhibitor in Anxiety Disorders: A Double-Blind Comparison of 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Clomipramine and Placebo,” International Clinical Pharmacology 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 33–45; A. Ghajar et al., “Crocus Sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial,” Pharmacopsychiatry (October 4, 2016), doi: 10.1055/s-0042-116159; H. Fukui, K. Toyoshima, and R. Komaki, “Psychological and Neuroendocrinological Effects of Odor of Saffron (Crocus Sativus),” Phytomedicine 18, nos. 8–9 (June 15, 2011): 726–30, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.11.013.

[423] A. M. Abdou et al., “Relaxation and Immunity Enhancement Effects of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Administration in Humans,” Biofactors 26, no. 3 (2006): 201–8; A. Yoto et al., “Oral Intake of Y-aminobutyric Acid Affects Mood and Activities of Central Nervous System during Stressed Condition Induced by Mental Tasks,” Amino Acids 43, no. 3 (September 2012): 1331–37, doi: 10.1007/s00726-011-1206-6; B. S. Weeks et al., “Formulations of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Extracts for Relaxation and Anxiolytic Action: Relarian,” Medical Science Monitor 15, no. 11 (November 2009): RA256–62; K. Kimura et al., “L-Theanine Reduces Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses,” 39–45.

[424] D. M. Lovinger, “Serotonin’s Role in Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain,” Alcohol Health and Research World 21, no. 2 (1997): 114–20.

[425] R. P. Sharma and R. A. Coulombe Jr., “Effects of Repeated Doses of Aspartame on Serotonin and Its Metabolite in Various Regions of the Mouse Brain,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 25, no. 8 (August 1987): 565–68.

[426] “Foods That Fight Winter Depression,” WebMD, accessed May 30, 2017, http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/foods-that-fight-winter-depression#1.

[427] A. Ghajar et al., “Crocus Sativus L. versus Citalopram”; H. A. Hausenblas et al., “A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Examining the Effectiveness of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) on Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes,” Journal of Integrative Medicine 13, no. 4 (July 2015): 231–40, doi: 10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60176-5; S. K. Kulkarni, M. K. Bhutani, and M. Bishnoi, “Antidepressant Activity of Curcumin: Involvement of Serotonin and Dopamine System,” Psychopharmacology 201, no. 3 (December 2008): 435–42, doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1300-y; A. L. Lopresti et al., “Curcumin for the Treatment of Major Depression: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 167 (2014): 368–75, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.001; A. L. Lopresti and P. D. Drummond, “Efficacy of Curcumin, and a Saffron/Curcumin Combination for the Treatment of Major Depression,” 188–96; S. Barker et al., “Improved Performance on Clerical Tasks Associated with Administration of Peppermint Odor,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 3, part 1 (December 2003): 1007–10, doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3.1007; P. R. Zoladz and B. Raudenbush, “Cognitive Enhancement through Stimulation of the Chemical Senses,” North American Journal of Psychology 7, no. 1 (April 2005): 125–40; H. M. Chen and H. W. Chen, “The Effect of Applying Cinnamon Aromatherapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Journal of Chinese Medicine 19, no. 112 (2008): 27–34; “Study Finds That Peppermint and Cinnamon Lower Drivers’ Frustration and Increase Alertness,” Wheeling Jesuit University website, accessed May 30, 2017, http://www.wju.edu/about/adm_news_story.asp?iNewsID=1882&strBack=/about/adm_news_archive.asp.

[428] S. K. Kulkarni, M. K. Bhutani, and M. Bishnoi, “Antidepressant Activity of Curcumin”: 435–42; T. Yamada et al., “Effects of Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on Neurotransmitter Release and Its Relationship with Glutamic Acid Neurotransmission,” Nutritional Neuroscience 8, no. 4 (August 2005): 219–26, doi: 10.1080/10284150500170799.

[429] Diana L. Walcutt, “Chocolate and Mood Disorders,” Psych Central website, accessed May 30, 2017, https://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/04/27/chocolate-and-mood-disorders/; A. A. Sunni and R. Latif, “Effects of Chocolate Intake on Perceived Stress; a Controlled Clinical Study,” International Journal of Health Sciences (Qassim) 8, no. 4 (October 2014): 393–401.

[430] University of Warwick, “Fruit and Veggies Give You the Feel-Good Factor,” ScienceDaily, July 10, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160710094239.htm.

[431] L. Stojanovska et al., “Maca Reduces Blood Pressure and Depression, in a Pilot Study in Postmenopausal Women,” Climacteric 18, no. 1 (February 2015): 69–78, doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.929649.

[432] Cornell University, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Good for the Heart, and (Maybe) Good for the Brain,” ScienceDaily, November 8, 2004, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041108024221.htm.

[433] Y. H. Peng et al., “Adult Asthma Increases Dementia Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69, no. 2 (February 2015): 123–28, doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204445; M. Rusanen et al., “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Population Based CAIDE Study,” Current Alzheimer Research 10, no. 5 (June 2013): 549–55.

[434] R. C. Chou et al., “Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Nested Case-Control Analysis,” CNS Drugs 30, no. 11 (November 2016): 1111–20, doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0374-z.

[435] Y. R. Lin et al., “Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study,” Arthritis Care and Research 68, no. 12 (December 2016): 1774–79, doi: 10.1002/acr.22914.

[436] Dennis Thompson, “Immune Disorders Such as MS, Psoriasis May Be Tied to Dementia Risk,” HealthDay, March 1, 2017, https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/immune-disorder-news-404/immune-disorders-such-as-ms-psoriasis-may-be-tied-to-dementia-risk-720235.html.

[437] K. Abuabara et al., “Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients with Severe Psoriasis: A Population-Based Cohort Study in the U.K.,” British Journal of Dermatology 163, no. 3 (September 2010): 586–92, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09941.x.

[438] R. F. Itzhaki et al., “Microbes and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 51, no. 4 (2016): 979–84, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160152.

[439] A. J. Steel and G. D. Eslick, “Herpes Viruses Increase the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 47, no. 2 (2015): 351–64, doi: 10.3233/JAD-140822; T. E. Strandberg et al., “Cognitive Impairment and Infectious Burden in the Elderly,” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, suppl. 9 (2004): 419–23, doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.053.

[440] Dana Parish, “‘A Slow Slipping Away’ —Kris Kristofferson’s Long-Undiagnosed Battle with Lyme Disease,” Huffington Post, July 6, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/a-slow-slipping-away-kris-kristoffersons-long_us_577c047be4b00a3ae4ce6609.

[441] C. J. Carter, “Toxoplasmosis and Polygenic Disease Susceptibility Genes: Extensive Toxoplasma Gondii Host/Pathogen Interactome Enrichment in Nine Psychiatric or Neurological Disorders,” Journal of Pathogens 2013 (2013): article 965046, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/965046.

[442] Ed Yong, “Zombie Roaches and Other Parasite Tales,” TED Talk, March 2014, https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_yong_suicidal_wasps_zombie_roaches_and_other_tales_of_parasites.

[443] F. Blanc et al., “Lyme Neuroborreliosis and Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 41, no. 4 (2014): 1087–93, doi: 10.3233/JAD-130446.

[444] J. C. McArthur, “HIV Dementia: An Evolving Disease,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 157, nos. 1–2 (December 2004): 3–10, doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.042.

[445] J. Miklossy, “Historic Evidence to Support a Causal Relationship between Spirochetal Infections and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 7 (April 16, 2015): 46, doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00046.

[446] S. A. Harris and E. A. Harris, “Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens Are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 48, no. 2 (2015): 319–53, doi: 10.3233/JAD-142853; A. J. Steel and G. D. Eslick, “Herpes Viruses Increase the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease,” 351–64.

[447] L. L. Barnes et al., “Cytomegalovirus Infection and Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Older Black and White Individuals,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 211, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 230–37, doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu437.

[448] S. M. Shim et al., “Elevated Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Level Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in the Korean Elderly,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 55, no. 1 (2017): 293–301, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160563.

[449] M. Mahami-Oskouei et al., “Toxoplasmosis and Alzheimer: Can Toxoplasma Gondii Really Be Introduced as a Risk Factor in Etiology of Alzheimer?” Parasitology Research 115, no. 8 (August 2016): 3169–74, doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5075-5.

[450] T. Shindler-Itskovitch et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Helicobacterpylori Infection and Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 52, no. 4 (April 15, 2016): 1431–42, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160132.

[451] Priya Maheshwari and Guy D. Eslick, “Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 43, no. 3 (2015): 957–66, doi: 10.3233/JAD-140621.

[452] B. Porcelli et al., “Association between Stressful Life Events and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Retrospective Case-Control Studies,” Autoimmunity Reviews 15, no. 4 (April 2016): 325–34, doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.005; A. Matos-Santos et al., “Relationship between the Number and Impact of Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Graves’ Disease and Toxic Nodular Goitre,” Clinical Endocrinology 55, no. 1 (July 2001): 15–19; D. C. Mohr et al., “Association between Stressful Life Events and Exacerbation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 328 (March 25, 2004): 731, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38041.724421.55.

[453] L. S. Berk et al., “Modulation of Neuroimmune Parameters during the Eustress of Humor-Associated Mirthful Laughter,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 7, no. 2 (March 2001): 62–72, 74–6; K. H. Ryu, H. S. Shin, and E. Y. Yang, “Effects of Laughter Therapy on Immune Responses in Postpartum Women,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 21, no. 12 (December 2015): 781–88, doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0053; N. Cousins, “Anatomy of an Illness (as Perceived by the Patient),” New England Journal of Medicine 295 (December 23, 1976): 1458–63, doi: 10.1056/NEJM197612232952605.

[454] S. P. Wasser, “Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of Antitumor and Immunomodulating Polysaccharides,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 60, no. 3 (November 2002): 258–74.

[455] Peter Roupas et al., “The Role of Edible Mushrooms in Health: Evaluation of the Evidence,” Journal of Functional Foods 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 687–709; S. Patel and A. Goyal, “Recent Developments in Mushrooms as Anti-Cancer Therapeutics: A Review,” 3 Biotech 2, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–15; L. Ren, C. Perera, and Y. Hemar, “Antitumor Activity of Mushroom Polysaccharides: A Review,” Food & Function 3, no. 11 (November 2012): 1118–30; D. Gunawardena et al., “Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Five Commercially Available Mushroom Species Determined in Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-γ Activated Murine Macrophages,” Food Chemistry 148 (April 2014): 92–96.

[456] M. Nagano et al., “Reduction of Depression and Anxiety by 4 Weeks Hericium Erinaceus Intake,” Biomedical Research 31, no. 4 (August 2010): 231–37; K. Mori et al., “Improving Effects of the Mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” Phytotherapy Research 23, no. 3 (March 2009): 367–72, doi: 10.1002/ptr.2634.

[457] X. Dai et al., “Consuming Lentinula Edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, no. 6 (2015): 478–87, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.950391; M. J. Feeney et al., “Mushrooms and Health Summit Proceedings,” Journal of Nutrition 144, no. 7 (July 2014): 1128S–36S, doi: 10.3945/jn.114.190728; J. M. Gaullier et al., “Supplementation with a Soluble β-glucan Exported from Shiitake Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus Edodes (Berk.) Singer Mycelium: A Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Elderly,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 13, no. 4 (2011): 319–26.

[458] B. S. Sanodiya et al., “Ganoderma Lucidum: A Potent Pharmacological Macrofungus,” Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 10, no. 8 (December 2009): 717–42; H. Zhao et al., “Spore Powder of Ganoderma lucidum Improves Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Endocrine Therapy: A Pilot Clinical Trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 809614, doi: 10.1155/2012/809614.

[459] X. T. Li et al., “Protective Effects on Mitochondria and Anti-Aging Activity of Polysaccharides from Cultivated Fruiting Bodies of Cordyceps Militaris,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, no. 6 (2010): 1093–106, doi: 10.1142/S0192415X10008494.

[460] S. S. Percival, “Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity,” Journal of Nutrition 146, no. 2 (February 2016): 433S–36S, doi: 10.3945/jn.115.210427; C. S. Charron et al., “A Single Meal Containing Raw, Crushed Garlic Influences Expression of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Whole Blood of Humans,” Journal of Nutrition 145, no. 11 (November 2015): 2448–55, doi: 10.3945/jn.115.215392.

[461] C. A. Rowe et al., “Regular Consumption of Concord Grape Juice Benefits Human Immunity,” Journal of Medicinal Food 14, nos. 1–2 (January–February 2011): 69–78, doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0055; S. Zunino, “Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Response to Grapes or Grape Products,” Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 9 (September 2009): 1794S–800S, doi: 10.3945/jn.109.107631; M. P. Nantz et al., “Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity in Humans Is Enhanced by Consumption of a Dried, Encapsulated Fruit and Vegetable Juice Concentrate,” Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 10 (October 2006): 2606–10.

[462] M. Karsch-Völk, B. Barrett, and K. Linde, “Echinacea for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold,” JAMA 313, no. 6 (February 10, 2015): 618–19, doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.17145; K. I. Block and M. N. Mead, “Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review,” Integrative Cancer Therapies 2, no. 3 (September 2003): 247–67, doi: 10.1177/1534735403256419.

[463] A. Dhur, P. Galan, and S. Hercberg, “Folate Status and the Immune System,” Progress in Food and Nutrition Science 15, nos. 1–2 (1991): 43–60.

[464] D. P. Cardinali et al., “Melatonin and the Immune System in Aging,” Neuroimmunomodulation 15, nos. 4–6 (2008): 272–78, doi: 10.1159/000156470; A. Carrillo-Vico et al., “Melatonin: Buffering the Immune System,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 22, 2013): 8638–83, doi: 10.3390/ijms14048638.

[465] A. T. Vieira, M. M. Teixeira, and F. S. Martins, “The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Inducing Gut Immunity,” Frontiers in Immunology 4 (December 12, 2013): 445, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00445; R. Sharma et al., “Dietary Supplementation of Milk Fermented with Probiotic Lactobacillus Fermentum Enhances Systemic Immune Response and Antioxidant Capacity in Aging Mice,” Nutrition Research 34, no. 11 (November 2014): 968–81, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.006.

[466] C. R. de Farias et al., “A Randomized-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of the Impact of Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Inflammation with Focus on the GPx1 Genotypes,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 38, no. 10 (October 2015): 1065–74, doi: 10.1007/s40618-015-0285-8; H. Steinbrenner et al., “Dietary Selenium in Adjuvant Therapy of Viral and Bacterial Infections,” Advances in Nutrition 6 (January 2015): 73–82, doi: 10.3945/an.114.007575.

[467] J. R. Mora, M. Iwata, and U. H. von Andrian, “Vitamin Effects on the Immune System: Vitamins A and D Take Centre Stage,” Nature Reviews: Immunology 8, no. 9 (September 2008): 685–98, doi: 10.1038/nri2378; O. P. Garcia, “Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency on the Immune Response in Obesity,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 2 (May 2012): 290–97, doi: 10.1017/S0029665112000079.

[468] Chad Robertson, “The Link between Vitamin C and Optimal Immunity,” Life Extension, November 2015, http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2015/11/the-link-between-vitamin-c-and-optimal-immunity/page-01; M. De la Fuente et al., “Immune Function in Aged Women Is Improved by Ingestion of Vitamins C and E,” Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 4 (April 1998): 373–80.

[469] J. R. Mora, M. Iwata, and U. H. von Andrian, “Vitamin Effects on the Immune System: Vitamins A and D Take Centre Stage”; C. Aranow, “Vitamin D and the Immune System,” Journal of Investigative Medicine 59, no. 6 (August 2011): 881–86, doi: 10.231/JIM.0b013e31821b8755; “Key Feature of Immune System Survived in Humans, Other Primates for 60 Million Years,” EurekAlert! website, August 18, 2009, https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/osu-kfo081809.php; M. Urashima et al., “Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Seasonal Influenza A in Schoolchildren,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 5 (May 2010): 1255–60, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094.

[470] S. Moriguchi and M. Muraga, “Vitamin E and Immunity,” Vitamins and Hormones 59 (2000): 305–36.

[471] J. B. Barnett et al., “Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Serum Zinc Concentration and T Cell Proliferation in Nursing Home Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 3 (March 2016): 942–51, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.115188; L. Kahmann et al., “Effect of Improved Zinc Status on T Helper Cell Activation and TH1/TH2 Ratio in Healthy Elderly Individuals,” Biogerontology 7, nos. 5–6 (October–December 2006): 429–35, doi: 10.1007/s10522-006-9058-2; A. S. Prasad et al., “Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Incidence of Infections and Hospital Admissions in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD),” American Journal of Hematology 61, no. 3 (July 1999): 194–202.

[472] J. Correale, M. C. Ysrraelit, and M. I. Gaitlán, “Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis,” Brain 132, part 5 (May 2009): 1146–60.

[473] Various scholarly articles supporting the value of vitamin D may be found at the GreenMedinfo website: http://www.greenmedinfo.com/substance/vitamin-d.

[474] P. Knekt et al, “Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Risk of Dementia,” Epidemiology 26, no. 6 (November 2014): 799–804.

[475] Rathish Nair and Arun Maseeh, “Vitamin D: The ‘Sunshine’ Vitamin,” Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 3, no. 2 (April–June 2012): 118–26.

[476] P. Autier and S. Gandini, “Vitamin D Supplementation and Total Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 16 (September 10, 2007): 1730–37.

[477] Adrian R. Martineau et al., “Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data,” BMJ 356 (February 15, 2017): i6583.

[478] A. Masoumi et al., “1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Interacts with Curcuminoids to Stimulate Amyloid-Beta Clearance by Macrophages of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 17, no. 3 (2009): 703–17; S. Shab-Bidar et al., “Improvement of Vitamin D Status Resulted in Amelioration of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in the Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews 28, no. 5 (July 2012): 424–30.

[479] Albina Nowak et al., “Effect of Vitamin D3 on Self-Perceived Fatigue: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Medicine (Baltimore) 95, no. 52 (December 2016): e5353.

[480] Rathish Nair and Arun Maseeh, “Vitamin D: The ‘Sunshine’ Vitamin,” 118–26.

[481] E. Sohl et al., “The Impact of Medication on Vitamin D Status in Older Individuals,” European Journal of Endocrinology 166, no. 3 (March 2012): 477–85.

[482] C. Annweiler et al., “Effectiveness of the Combination of Memantine Plus Vitamin D on Cognition in Patients with Alzheimer Disease: A Pre-Post Pilot Study,” Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 25, no. 3 (September 2012): 121–27.

[483] I. A. Myles, “Fast Food Fever: Reviewing the Impacts of the Western Diet on Immunity,” Nutrition Journal 13 (June 17, 2014): 61, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61.

[484] J. Todd et al., “The Antimicrobial Effects of Cinnamon Leaf Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Newport on Organic Leafy Greens,” International Journal of Food Microbiology 166, no. 1 (August 16, 2013): 193–99, doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.021.

[485] H. Hosseinzadeh et al., “Effects of Different Levels of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Seed Powder and Extract on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Microbiota, and Immunity in Broiler Chicks,” Scientific World Journal 2014 (December 28, 2014): 628979, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/628979.

[486] X. Dai et al., “Consuming Lentinula Edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, no. 6 (2015): 478–87, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.950391; J. M. Gaullier et al., “Supplementation with a Soluble β-glucan Exported from Shiitake Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus Edodes (Berk.) Singer Mycelium: A Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Elderly,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 13, no. 4 (2011): 319–26.

[487] L. C. Chandra et al., “White Button, Portabella, and Shiitake Mushroom Supplementation Up-Regulates Interleukin-23 Secretion in Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Colitis C57BL/6 Mice and Murine Macrophage J.744.1 Cell Line,” Nutrition Research 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 388–96, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.009.

[488] D. B. Haytowitz, “Vitamin D in Mushrooms,” Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center website, accessed June 6, 2017, https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Articles/AICR09_Mushroom_VitD.pdf; Nick McDermott, “Mushrooms Can Provide As Much Vitamin D As Supplements —But Only if You Put Them in the Sun before You Eat Them,” Daily Mail, April 22, 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2313062/Mushrooms-provide-vitamin-D-supplements--sun-eat-them.html; “All About Vitamin D,” Fresh Mushrooms website, accessed June 6, 2017, http://www.mushroominfo.com/all-about-vitamin-d/.

[489] P. A. Engen et al., “The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota,” Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 37, no. 2 (2015): 223–36.

[490] J. J. Haggerty Jr., D. L. Evans, and A. J. Prange Jr., “Organic Brain Syndrome Associated with Marginal Hypothyroidism,” American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 6 (June 1986): 785–86, doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.6.785.

[491] Ridha Arem, The Thyroid Solution: A Revolutionary Mind-Body Program for Regaining Your Emotional and Physical Health (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007), 86–87.

[492] Richard Shames and Karilee Shames, Thyroid Mind Power: The Proven Case for Hormone-Related Depression, Anxiety, and Memory Loss (New York: Rodale, 2011), 11.

[493] L. Adly et al., “Serum Concentrations of Estrogens, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, and Androgens and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women,” International Journal of Cancer 119, no. 10 (November 15, 2006): 2402–7, doi: 10.1002/ijc.22203.

[494] S. Deandrea et al., “Alcohol and Breast Cancer Risk Defined by Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status: A Case-Control Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 17, no. 8 (August 2008): 2025–28, doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0157.

[495] S. S. Solden et al., “Immune Modulation of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with the Pregnancy Hormone Estriol,” Journal of Immunology 171, no. 11 (December 1, 2003): 6267–74, doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6267.

[496] J. Jones, W. D. Mosher, and K. Daniels, “Current Contraceptive Use in the United States, 2006–2010, and Changes in Patterns of Use since 1995,” National Health Statistics Reports, no. 60 (October 18, 2012).

[497] Loyola University Health System, “Increased Stroke Risk from Birth Control Pills, Review Finds,” ScienceDaily, October 27, 2009, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091026152820.htm.

[498] R. A. Greene, “Estrogen and Cerebral Blood Flow: A Mechanism to Explain the Impact of Estrogen on the Incidence and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine 45, no. 4 (July–August 2000): 253–57.

[499] J. Ryan et al., “Characteristics of Hormone Therapy, Cognitive Function, and Dementia: The Prospective 3C Study,” Neurology 73, no. 21 (November 24, 2009): 1729–37, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b0c.