[500] Bushra Imtiaz et al., “Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease among Users of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: A Nationwide Case-Control Study,” Maturitas (published online January 9, 2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.002.
[501] C. Pergola et al., “Testosterone Suppresses Phospholipase D, Causing Sex Differences in Leukotriene Biosynthesis in Human Monocytes,” FASEB Journal 25, no. 10 (October 2011): 3377–87, doi: 10.1096/fj.11-182758.
[502] Kevin T. Nead et al., “Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Future Alzheimer’s Disease Risk,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 6 (February 20, 2016): 566–71, doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.63.6266.
[503] L. Sun et al., “Meta-Analysis Suggests That Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Early Natural Menopause,” Menopause 19, no. 2 (February 2012): 126–32, doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318224f9ac.
[504] A. M. Fernández-Alonso et al., “Obesity Is Related to Increased Menopausal Symptoms among Spanish Women,” Menopause International 16, no. 3 (September 2010): 105–10, doi: 10.1258/mi.2010.010029.
[505] Reini W. Bretvld et al., “Pesticide Exposure: The Hormonal Function of the Female Reproductive System Disrupted?” Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 4, no. 30 (May 31, 2006), doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-30.
[506] T. T. Wang et al., “Estrogen Receptor Alpha as a Target for Indole-3-Carbinol,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17, no. 10 (October 2006): 659–64, doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.10.012.
[507] G. A. Reed et al., “A Phase I Study of Indole-3-Carbinol in Women: Tolerability and Effects,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 14, no. 8 (August 2005): 1953–60, doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0121.
[508] R. A. Karmali, “N-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer,” Journal of Internal Medicine 225, no. S731 (December 1989): 197–200, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1989.tb01456.x.
[509] H. L. Bradlow et al., “Indole-3-Carbinol: A Novel Approach to Breast Cancer Prevention,” Annals of the New York Academies of Sciences 768 (September 30, 1995): 180–200.
[510] M. Lutski et al., “Insulin Resistance and Future Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 57, no. 2 (2017): 633–43, doi: 10.3233/JAD-161016.
[511] E. Steen et al., “Impaired Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Expression and Signaling Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease —Is This Type 3 Diabetes?,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 7, no. 1 (February 2005): 63–80.
[512] F. Pasquier et al., “Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia,” Diabetes & Metabolism 32, no. 5, part 1 (November 2006): 403–14; K. Gudala et al., “Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies,” Journal of Diabetes Investigation 4, no. 6 (November 27, 2013): 640–50, doi: 10.1111/jdi.12087.
[513] H. Niwa et al., “Clinical Analysis of Cognitive Function in Diabetic Patients by MMSE and SPECT,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 72, no. 2 (May 2006): 142–47; J. F. Jimenez-Bonilla et al., “Assessment of Cerebral Blood Flow in Diabetic Patients with No Clinical History of Neurological Disease,” Nuclear Medicine Communications 17, no. 9 (September 1996): 790–94.
[514] M. T. Heneka, A. Fink, and G. Doblhammer, “Effect of Pioglitazone Medication on the Incidence of Dementia,” Annals of Neurology 78, no. 2 (August 2015): 284–94, doi: 10.1002/ana.24439.
[515] K. Plucińska et al., “Neuronal Human BACE1 Knockin Induces Systemic Diabetes in Mice,” Diabetologia 59, no. 7 (July 2016): 1513–23, doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3960-1.
[516] Paul K. Crane et al., “Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia,” New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 6 (August 8, 2013): 540–48, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215740.
[517] M. E. Mortby et al., “High ‘Normal’ Blood Glucose Is Associated with Decreased Brain Volume and Cognitive Performance in the 60s: The PATH through Life Study,” PLOS One 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2013): e73697, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073697; N. Cherubin, P. Sachdev, and K. J. Anstey, “Higher Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose Is Associated with Hippocampal Atrophy: The PATH Study,” Neurology 79, no. 10 (September 4, 2012): 1019–26, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826846de.
[518] A. Menke et al., “Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes among Adults in the United States, 1988–2012,” JAMA 314, no. 10 (2015): 1021–29, doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10029.
[519] Mark Hyman, Eat Fat, Get Thin (New York: Little Brown and Company, 2016), 4.
[520] C. A. Raji et al., “Brain Structure and Obesity,” Human Brain Mapping 31, no. 3 (March 2010): 353–64, doi: 10.1002/hbm.20870.
[521] K. Willeumier, D. V. Taylor, and D. G. Amen, “Elevated Body Mass in National Football League Players Linked to Cognitive Impairment and Decreased Prefrontal Cortex and Temporal Pole Activity,” Translational Psychiatry 2 (January 17, 2012): e68, doi: 10.1038/tp.2011.67; K. Willeumier, D. V. Taylor, and D. G. Amen, “Elevated BMI Is Associated with Decreased Blood Flow in the Prefrontal Cortex Using SPECT Imaging in Healthy Adults,” Obesity 19, no. 5 (May 2011): 1095–97, doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.16.
[522] M. Kyrgiou et al., “Adiposity and Cancer at Major Anatomical Sites: Umbrella Review of the Literature,” BMJ 356 (February 28, 2017): j477, doi: 10.1136/bmj.j477.
[523] Susan Scutti, “Diabetes, Weight Gain Can Combine to Alter Brain, Study Says,” CNN, April 28, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/27/health/diabetes-brain-study/index.html; S. Yoon et al., “Brain Changes in Overweight/Obese and Normal-Weight Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Diabetologia 60, no. 7 (July 2017): 1207–17, doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4266-7.
[524] R. A. Whitmer, “The Epidemiology of Adiposity and Dementia,” Current Alzheimer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2007): 117–22.
[525] J. Gunstad et al., “Elevated Body Mass Index Is Associated with Executive Dysfunction in Otherwise Healthy Adults,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 48, no. 1 (January–February 2007): 57–61, doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.05.001.
[526] D. O. Clark et al., “Does Body Mass Index Modify Memory, Reasoning, and Speed of Processing Training Effects in Older Adults,” Obesity 24, no. 11 (November 2016): 2319–26, doi: 10.1002/oby.21631.
[527] K. Willeumier et al., “Elevated Body Mass in National Football League Players Linked to Cognitive Impairment and Decreased Prefrontal Cortex and Temporal Pole Activity,” e68.
[528] K. Yaffe, “Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Disorders: Is the Sum Greater Than Its Parts?” Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 21, no. 1 (April–June 2007): 167–71, doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318065bfd6.
[529] G. Razay, V. Vreugdenil, and G. Wilcock, “The Metabolic Syndrome and Alzheimer Disease,” Archives of Neurology 64, no. 1 (January 2007): 93–96, doi: 10.1001/archneur.64.1.93; M. Vanhanen et al., “Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Alzheimer Disease: A Population-Based Study,” Neurology 67, no. 5 (September 12, 2006): 843–47, doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000234037.91185.99.
[530] A. C. Birdsill et al., “Low Cerebral Blood Flow Is Associated with Lower Memory Function in Metabolic Syndrome,” Obesity 21, no. 7 (July 2013): 1313–20, doi: 10.1002/oby.20170.
[531] J. Tuomilehto et al., “Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance,” New England Journal of Medicine 344, no. 18 (May 3, 2001): 1343–50, doi: 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801.
[532] Lara Howells et al., “Clinical Impact of Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Diabetes: An Overview of Systemic Reviews,” BMJ Open 6, no. 12 (December 21, 2016): e013806, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013806.
[533] Matthew P. Pase, “Sugary Beverage Intake and Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease in the Community,” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 17 (March 6, 2017): doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.024.
[534] A. G. Dulloo et al., “Twenty-Four-Hour Energy Expenditure and Urinary Catecholamines of Humans Consuming Low-to-Moderate Amounts of Medium-Chain Triglycerides: A Dose-Response Study in a Human Respiratory Chamber,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, no. 3 (March 1996): 152–58.
[535] C. J. Chiang et al., “Midlife Risk Factors for Subtypes of Dementia: A Nested Case-Control Study in Taiwan,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15, no. 9 (September 2007): 762–71, doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318050c98f; H. White et al., “Weight Change in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, no. 3 (March 1996): 265–72.
[536] E. J. Shiroma et al., “Strength Training and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 49, no. 1 (January 2017): 40–46, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001063.
[537] F. B. Hu et al., “Walking Compared with Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Prospective Study,” JAMA 282, no. 15 (October 20, 1999): 1433–39; C. J. Caspersen and J. E. Fulton, “Epidemiology of Walking and Type 2 Diabetes,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 40, no. 7, suppl. (July 2008): S519–28, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c6737.
[538] Artemis P. Simopoulos, “Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency and High Fructose Intake in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome, Brain Metabolic Abnormalities, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,” Nutrients 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2013): 2901–23, doi: 10.3390/nu5082901.
[539] L. Djoussé et al., “Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Incident Diabetes in Older Adults,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 2 (2011): 527–33, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013334.
[540] S. Sarbolouki et al., “Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Double-Blind Randomised Clinical Trial,” Singapore Medical Journal 54, no. 7 (2013): 387–90.
[541] K. A. Brownley et al., “A Double-Blind, Randomized Pilot Trial of Chromium Picolinate for Binge Eating Disorder: Results of the Binge Eating and Chromium (BEACh) Study,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 75, no. 1 (July 2013): 36–42, doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.092.
[542] N. Suksomboon, N. Poolsup, and A. Yuwanakorn, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Chromium Supplementation in Diabetes,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 39, no. 3 (June 2014): 292–306, doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12147; H. Rabinovitz et al., “Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Elderly Patients,” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 3 (May 2004): 178–82, doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.3.178; C. A. Albarracin et al., “Chromium Picolinate and Biotin Combination Improves Glucose Metabolism in Treated, Uncontrolled Overweight to Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (January–February 2008): 41–56; R. Krikorian et al., “Improved Cognitive-Cerebral Function in Older Adults with Chromium Supplementation,” Nutritional Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (June 2010): 116–22, doi: 10.1179/147683010X12611460764084.
[543] T. Lu et al., “Cinnamon Extract Improves Fasting Blood Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes,” Nutrition Research 32, no. 6 (June 2012): 408–12, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.003; P. A. Davis and W. Yokoyama, “Cinnamon Intake Lowers Fasting Blood Glucose: Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Medicinal Food 14, no. 9 (2011): 884–89, doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0180; A. Magistrelli and J. C. Chezem, “Effect of Ground Cinnamon on Postprandial Blood Glucose Concentration in Normal-Weight and Obese Adults,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112, no. 11 (November 2012): 1806–9, doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.037; Ashley N. Hoehn and Amy L. Stockert, “The Effects of Cinnamomum Cassia on Blood Glucose Values Are Greater Than Those of Dietary Changes Alone,” Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 5 (2012): 77–83, doi: 10.4137/NMI.S10498.
[544] M. L. Wahlqvist et al., “Cinnamon Users with Prediabetes Have a Better Fasting Working Memory: A Cross-Sectional Function Study,” Nutrition Research 36, no. 4 (April 2016): 305–10, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.005.
[545] A. Bast and G. R. Haenen, “Lipoic Acid: A Multifunctional Antioxidant,” BioFactors 17, nos. 1–4 (2003): 207–13.
[546] G. P. Biewenga, G. R. Haenen, and A. Bast, “The Pharmacology of the Antioxidant Lipoic Acid,” General Pharmacology 29, no. 3 (September 1997): 315–31; L. Zhao and F. X. Hu, “α-Lipoic Acid Treatment of Aged Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Acute Cerebral Infarction,” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 18, no. 23 (2014): 3715–19.
[547] A. Maczurek et al., “Lipoic Acid as an Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60, nos. 13–14 (October–November 2008): 1463–70, doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.015.
[548] M. D. Mitkov, I. Y. Aleksandrova, and M. M. Orbetzoya, “Effect of Transdermal Testosterone or Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Erectile Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Folia Medica 55, no. 1 (January–March 2013): 55–63.
[549] V. Cappelli et al., “Evaluation of a New Association between Insulin-Sensitizers and α-Lipoic Acid in Obese Women Affected by PCOS,” Minerva Ginecologica 65, no. 4 (August 2013): 425–33.
[550] C. Y. Liu et al., “Effects of Green Tea Extract on Insulin Resistance and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Lipid Abnormalities: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Trial,” PLOS One 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): e91163, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091163.
[551] A. H. Wu et al., “Effect of 2-Month Controlled Green Tea Intervention on Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Glucose, and Hormone Levels in Healthy Postmenopausal Women,” Cancer Prevention Research 5, no. 3 (March 2012): 393–402, doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0407.
[552] A. Hata et al., “Magnesium Intake Decreases Type 2 Diabetes Risk through the Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation: The Hisayama Study,” Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association 30, no. 12 (December 2013): 1487–94, doi: 10.1111/dme.12250; A. Hruby et al., “Higher Magnesium Intake Reduces Risk of Impaired Glucose and Insulin Metabolism and Progression from Prediabetes to Diabetes in Middle-Aged Americans,” Diabetes Care 37, no. 2 (February 2014): 419–27, doi: 10.2337/dc13-1397; F. Guerrero-Romero and M. Rodriguez-Morán, “Oral Magnesium Supplementation: An Adjuvant Alternative to Facing the Worldwide Challenge of Type 2 Diabetes?,” Cirugia y Cirujanos 82, no. 3 (May–June 2014): 282–89; A. Galli-Tsinopoulou et al., “Association between Magnesium Concentration and HbA1c in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus,” Journal of Diabetes 6, no. 4 (July 2014): 369–77, doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12118.
[553] G. N. Dakhale, H. V. Chaudhari, and M. Shrivastava, “Supplementation of Vitamin C Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study,” Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2 (2011): 195271, doi: 10.1155/2011/195271.
[554] P. V. Rao and S. H. Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 642942, doi: 10.1155/2014/642942; X. Bi, J. Lim, and C. J. Henry, “Spices in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus,” Food Chemistry 217 (February 15, 2017): 281–93, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.111.
[555] Carly R. Pacanowski and David A. Levitsky, “Frequent Self-Weighing and Visual Feedback for Weight Loss in Overweight Adults,” Journal of Obesity 2 (June 2015): 1–9, doi: 10.1155/2015/763680.
[556] K. Yaffe et al., “Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Hypoxia, and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women,” JAMA 306, no. 6 (August 10, 2011): 613–19, doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1115; Yo-El S. Ju, Brendan P. Lucey, and David M. Holtzman, “Sleep and Alzheimer Disease Pathology —A Bidirectional Relationship,” Nature Reviews Neurology 10 (2014): 115–19, doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.269; W. P. Chang et al., “Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based 5-Year Follow-Up Study in Taiwan,” PLOS One 8, no. 10 (October 24, 2013): e78655, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078655; R. Sterniczuk et al., “Sleep Disturbance Is Associated with Incident Dementia and Mortality,” Current Alzheimer Research 10, no. 7 (September 2013): 767–75; R. S. Osorio et al., “Sleep-Disordered Breathing Advances Cognitive Decline in the Elderly,” Neurology 84, no. 19 (May 12, 2015): 1964–71, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001566.
[557] R. C. Kessler et al., “Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the American Insomnia Survey,” Sleep 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1161–71, doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1230.
[558] C. Hublin et al., “Heritability and Mortality Risk of Insomnia-Related Symptoms: A Genetic Epidemiologic Study in a Population-Based Twin Cohort,” Sleep 34, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 957–64, doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1136.
[559] D. F. Kripke, R. D. Langer, and L. E. Kline, “Hypnotics’ Association with Mortality or Cancer: A Matched Cohort Study,” BMJ Open 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): e000850, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000850.
[560] E. J. Van Someren et al., “Disrupted Sleep: From Molecules to Cognition,” Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 41 (October 14, 2015): 13889–95, doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2592-15.2015; J. C. Chen et al., “Sleep Duration, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia Risk in Older Women,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 21–33, doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.03.004.
[561] E. L. Elcombe et al., “Hippocampal Volume in Older Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline: The Role of Sleep, Vascular Risk, and Depression,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 44, no. 4 (2015): 1279–90, doi: 10.3233/JAD-142016.
[562] H. B. Kim et al., “Longer Duration of Sleep and Risk of Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,” Neuroepidemiology 47, nos. 3–4 (2016): 171–80, doi: 10.1159/000454737.
[563] AAA Foundation for Driving Safety, “Missing 1-2 Hours of Sleep Doubles Crash Risk,” December 6, 2016, AAA NewsRoom, http://newsroom.aaa.com/2016/12/missing-1-2-hours-sleep-doubles-crash-risk/.
[564] L. Harmat, L. J. Takács, and R. Bódizs, “Music Improves Sleep Quality in Students,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 62, no. 3 (May 2008): 327–35, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04602.x.
[565] N. Goel, H. Kim, and R. P. Lao, “An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women,” Chronobiology International 22, no. 5 (2005): 889–904, doi: 10.1080/07420520500263276; M. Hardy et al., “Replacement of Drug Treatment for Insomnia by Ambient Odour,” Lancet 346, no. 8976 (September 9, 1995): 701.
[566] M. S. Majid et al., “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplement on the Score and Quality of Sleep in 20-50 Year-Old People with Sleep Disorders Compared with Control Group,” Nutritional Neuroscience (May 5, 2017): 1–9, doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1317395.
[567] W. R. Pigeon et al., “Effects of a Tart Cherry Juice Beverage on the Sleep of Older Adults with Insomnia: A Pilot Study,” Journal of Medicinal Food 13, no. 3 (June 2010): 579–83, doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0096; G. Howatson et al., “Effect of Tart Cherry Juice (Prunus Cerasus) on Melatonin Levels and Enhanced Sleep Quality,” European Journal of Nutrition 51, no. 8 (December 2012): 909–16, doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7.
[568] T. Traustadóttir et al., “Tart Cherry Juice Decreases Oxidative Stress in Healthy Older Men and Women,” Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 10 (October 2009): 1896–900, doi: 10.3945/jn.109.111716.
[569] S. M. Chang and C. H. Chen, “Effects of an Intervention with Drinking Chamomile Tea on Sleep Quality and Depression in Sleep Disturbed Postnatal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 72, no. 2 (February 2016): 306–15, doi: 10.1111/jan.12836; A. Ngan and R. Conduit, “A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Investigation of the Effects of Passiflora Incarnata (Passionflower) Herbal Tea on Subjective Sleep Quality,” Phytotherapy Research 25, no. 8 (August 2011): 1153–59, doi: 10.1002/ptr.3400.
[570] Y. Gu et al., “Mediterranean Diet, Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers, and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 22, no. 2 (2010): 483–92; S. Gardener et al., “Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk in an Australian Population,” Translational Psychiatry 2 (October 2, 2012): e164.
[571] Michelle Luciano et al., “Mediterranean-Type Diet and Brain Structural Change from 73 to 76 Years in a Scottish Cohort,” Neurology 88, no. 5 (January 31, 2017): 449–55.
[572] Julie A. Mattison et al., “Caloric Restriction Improves Health and Survival of Rhesus Monkeys,” Nature Communications, no. 14063 (2017), doi: 10.1038/ncomms14063, https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14063.
[573] J. A. Luchsinger et al., “Caloric Intake and the Risk of Alzheimer Disease,” Archives of Neurology 59, no. 8 (August 2002): 1258–63.
[574] E. Ravussin et al., “A 2-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of Human Caloric Restriction: Feasibility and Effects on Predictors of Health Span and Longevity,” Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 70, no. 9 (September 2015): 1097–104.
[575] Y. Wang and E. Mandelkow, “Degradation of Tau Protein by Autophagy and Proteasomal Pathways,” Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 4 (August 2012): 644–52; Qian Li, Yi Liu, and Miao Sun, “Autophagy and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 37, no. 3 (April 2017): 377–88.
[576] A. Farooq et al., “A Prospective Study of the Physiological and Neurobehavioral Effects of Ramadan Fasting in Preteen and Teenage Boys,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 115, no. 6 (June 2015): 889–97.
[577] N. M. Hussin et al., “Efficacy of Fasting and Calorie Restriction (FCR) on Mood and Depression among Ageing Men,” Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 17, no. 8 (2013): 674–80.
[578] Tatiana Moro et al., “Effects of Eight Weeks of Time-Restricted Feeding (16/8) on Basal Metabolism, Maximal Strength, Body Composition, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Resistance-Trained Males,” Journal of Translational Medicine 14, no. 1 (October 13, 2016): 290.
[579] M. A. Faris et al., “Intermittent Fasting during Ramadan Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokines and Immune Cells in Healthy Subjects,” Nutrition Research 32, no. 12 (December 2012): 947–55; A. R. Vasconcelos et al., “Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 11, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 85.
[580] Ben Spencer, “Why You Should NEVER Eat after 7 p.m.: Late Night Meals ‘Increases the Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke,’” Daily Mail, August 31, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3767231/Why-NEVER-eat-7pm-Late-night-meals-increases-risk-heart-attack-stroke.html; Claudia Tanner, “Why Eating Late at Night Will Do More Than Just Make You Gain Weight —It Also Raises Risk of Diabetes and Heart Disease, Study Reveals,” Daily Mail, June 6, 2017, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4573270/Eating-night-raises-risk-diabetes-heart-disease.html.
[581] R. O. Roberts et al., “Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 32, no. 2 (2012): 329–39.
[582] Y. Gu et al., “Nutrient Intake and Plasma β-Amyloid,” Neurology 78, no. 23 (June 5, 2012): 1832–40.
[583] Mark C. Houston, “Saturated Fats and Coronary Heart Disease,” Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy 4, no. 2 (2017): 1038.
[584] K. A. Page et al., “Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Improve Cognitive Function in Intensively Treated Type 1 Diabetic Patients and Support In Vitro Synaptic Transmission during Acute Hypoglycemia,” Diabetes 58, no. 5 (May 2009): 1237–44.
[585] B. A. Golomb and A. K. Bui, “A Fat to Forget: Trans Fat Consumption and Memory,” PLOS One 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): e0128129.
[586] P. Usai et al., “Frontal Cortical Perfusion Abnormalities Related to Gluten Intake and Associated Autoimmune Disease in Adult Coeliac Disease: 99mTc-ECD Brain SPECT Study,” Digestive and Liver Disease 36, no. 8 (August 2004): 513–18.
[587] Megan Anne Arroll, Lorraine Wilder, and James Neil, “Nutritional Interventions for the Adjunctive Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Brief Review,” Nutrition Journal 13, no. 1 (September 16, 2014): 91.
[588] H. Niederhofer, “Association of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Celiac Disease: A Brief Report,” Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 13, no. 3 (2011): pii: PCC.10br01104; P. Whiteley et al., “The ScanBrit Randomised, Controlled, Single-Blind Study of a Gluten- and Casein-Free Dietary Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Nutritional Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (April 2010): 87–100.
[589] R. Mesnage et al., “Potential Toxic Effects of Glyphosate and Its Commercial Formulations below Regulatory Limits,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 84 (October 2015): 133–53.
[590] Vincent F. Garry et al., “Birth Defects, Season of Conception, and Sex of Children Born to Pesticide Applicators Living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA,” Environmental Health Perspectives 110, suppl. 3 (June 2002): 441–49, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241196/pdf/ehp110s-000441.pdf.
[591] “15 Health Problems Linked to Monsanto’s Roundup,” EcoWatch, January 23, 2015, http://ecowatch.com/2015/01/23/health-problems-linked-to-monsanto-roundup/.
[592] Elaine Schmidt, “This Is Your Brain on Sugar: UCLA Study Shows High-Fructose Diet Sabotages Learning, Memory,” UCLA Newsroom, May 15, 2012.
[593] Rachel B. Acton et al., “Added Sugar in the Packaged Foods and Beverages Available at a Major Canadian Retailer in 2015: A Descriptive Analysis,” CMAJ Open 5, no. 1 (January–March 2017): E1.
[594] A. Adan, “Cognitive Performance and Dehydration,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 31, no. 2 (April 2012): 71–78.
[595] R. D. Abbott et al., “Midlife Milk Consumption and Substantia Nigra Neuron Density at Death,” Neurology 86, no. 6 (February 9, 2015): 512–19; A. Kyrozis et al., “Dietary and Lifestyle Variables in Relation to Incidence of Parkinson’s Disease in Greece,” European Journal of Epidemiology 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 67–77.
[596] Andrew Weil, “Does Milk Cause Cancer?” March 30, 2007, http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA400175/Does-Milk-Cause-Cancer.html.
[597] Mark Moss and Lorraine Oliver, “Plasma 1,8-Cineole Correlates with Cognitive Performance following Exposure to Rosemary Essential Oil Aroma,” Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 2, no. 3 (June 2012): 103–13; M. Moss et al., “Aromas of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils Differentially Affect Cognition and Mood in Healthy Adults,” International Journal of Neuroscience 113, no. 1 (January 2003): 15–38.
[598] Mustafa Chopan and Benjamin Littenberg, “The Association of Hot Red Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study,” PLOS One 12, no. 1 (2017): e0169876.
[599] K. H. Cox, A. Pipingas, and A. B. Scholey, “Investigation of the Effects of Solid Lipid Curcumin on Cognition and Mood in a Healthy Older Population,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, no. 5 (May 2015): 642–51.
[600] Chopan and Littenberg, “The Association of Hot Red Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study,” e0169876.
[601] L. C. Tapsell et al., “Health Benefits of Herbs and Spices: The Past, the Present, the Future,” Medical Journal of Australia 185, suppl. 4 (August 21, 2006): S4–24.
[602] S. Rastogi, M. M. Pandey, and A. Rawat, “Spices: Therapeutic Potential In Cardiovascular Health,” Current Pharmaceutical Design (October 21, 2016): [Epub ahead of print].
[603] Ibid.
[604] Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao and Siew Hua Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 642942.
[605] T. D. Presley et al., “Acute Effect of a High Nitrate Diet on Brain Perfusion in Older Adults,” Nitric Oxide 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 34–42; E. L. Wightman et al., “Dietary Nitrate Modulates Cerebral Blood Flow Parameters and Cognitive Performance in Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Investigation,” Physiology and Behavior 149 (October 1, 2015): 149–58; Ddos S. Baião et al., “Beetroot Juice Increase Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Both Men and Women Regardless of Body Mass,” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 67, no. 1 (2016): 40–46.
[606] A. Aleixandre and M. Miguel, “Dietary Fiber and Blood Pressure Control,” Food and Function 7, no. 4 (April 2016): 1864–71.
[607] P. Surampudi et al., “Lipid Lowering with Soluble Dietary Fiber,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 18, no. 12 (December 2016): 75.
[608] L. Stojanovska et al., “Maca Reduces Blood Pressure and Depression, in a Pilot Study in Postmenopausal Women,” Climacteric 18, no. 1 (February 2015): 69–78.
[609] Rao and Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” 642942.
[610] Anjali Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” Clinical Nutrition Research 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 209–15.
[611] C. Poly et al., “The Relation of Dietary Choline to Cognitive Performance and White-Matter Hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 6 (December 2011): 1584–91.
[612] T. P. Ng et al., “Curry Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Elderly,” American Journal of Epidemiology 164, no. 9 (November 1, 2006): 898–906, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj267; Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.
[613] Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.
[614] Rao and Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” 642942.
[615] Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.
[616] H. R. Schumacher et al., “Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study of the Efficacy of a Tart Cherry Juice Blend in Treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee,” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 21, no. 8 (August 2013): 1035–41, doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.009; G. Howatson et al., “Influence of Tart Cherry Juice on Indices of Recovery Following Marathon Running,” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 20, no. 6 (December 2010): 843–52, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x.
[617] Y. Kashiwaya et al., “A Ketone Ester Diet Exhibits Anxiolytic and Cognition-Sparing Properties, and Lessens Amyloid and Tau Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurobiology of Aging 4, no. 6 (June 2013): 1530–39, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.023.
[618] F. Samini et al., “Curcumin Pretreatment Attenuates Brain Lesion Size and Improves Neurological Function Following Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 110 (September 2013): 238–44, doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.019.
[619] T. E. Sullivan et al., “Effects of Olfactory Stimulation on the Vigilance Performance of Individuals with Brain Injury,” Journal of Clinical and Experiential Neuropsychology 20, no. 2 (April 1998): 227–36, doi: 10.1076/jcen.20.2.227.1175.
[620] P. L. Crowell and M. N. Gould, “Chemoprevention and Therapy of Cancer by d-Limonene,” Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 5, no. 1 (1994): 1–22, doi: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.v5.i1.10.
[621] J. NM et al., “Beyond the Flavour: A De-Flavoured Polyphenol Rich Extract of Clove Buds (Syzygium Aromaticum L) as a Novel Dietary Antioxidant Ingredient,” Food & Function 6, no. 10 (October 2015): 3373–82, doi: 10.1039/c5fo00682a.
[622] E. A. Offord et al., “Mechanisms Involved in the Chemoprotective Effects of Rosemary Extract Studied in Human Liver and Bronchial Cells,” Cancer Letters 114, nos. 1–2 (March 19, 1997): 275–81.
[623] Ganjre et al., “Anti-Carcinogenic and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Selected Spices: Implications in Oral Health,” 209–15.
[624] A. Ghajar et al., “Crocus Sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial,” Pharmacopsychiatry (October 4, 2016), doi: 10.1055/s-0042-116159; H. A. Hausenblas et al., “A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Examining the Effectiveness of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes,” Journal of Integrative Medicine 13, no. 4 (July 2015): 231–40, doi: 10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60176-5.
[625] S. K. Kulkarni , M. K. Bhutani, and M. Bishnoi, “Antidepressant Activity of Curcumin: Involvement of Serotonin and Dopamine System,” Psychopharmacology 201, no. 3 (December 2008): 435–42, doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1300-y; A. L. Lopresti et al., “Curcumin for the Treatment of Major Depression: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 167 (2014): 368–75, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.001.
[626] A. L. Lopresti and P. D. Drummond, “Efficacy of Curcumin, and a Saffron/Curcumin Combination for the Treatment of Major Depression: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 207 (January 1, 2017): 188–96, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.047.
[627] S. Barker et al., “Improved Performance on Clerical Tasks Associated with Administration of Peppermint Odor,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 3, part 1 (December 2003): 1007–10, doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3.1007.
[628] P. R. Zoladz and B. Raudenbush, “Cognitive Enhancement through Stimulation of the Chemical Senses,” North American Journal of Psychology 7, no. 1 (April 2005): 125–40.
[629] H. M. Chen and H. W. Chen, “The Effect of Applying Cinnamon Aromatherapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Journal of Chinese Medicine 19, no. 112 (2008): 27–34.
[630] “Study Finds That Peppermint and Cinnamon Lower Drivers’ Frustration and Increase Alertness,” Wheeling Jesuit University website, accessed May 30, 2017, http://www.wju.edu/about/adm_news_story.asp?iNewsID=1882&strBack=/about/adm_news_archive.asp.
[631] Kulkarni, Bhutani, and Bishnoi, “Antidepressant Activity of Curcumin: Involvement of Serotonin and Dopamine System,” 435–42.
[632] T. Yamada et al., “Effects of Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on Neurotransmitter Release and Its Relationship with Glutamic Acid Neurotransmission,” Nutritional Neuroscience 8, no. 4 (August 2005): 219–26, doi: 10.1080/10284150500170799.
[633] Diana Walcutt, “Chocolate and Mood Disorders,” Psych Central, http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/04/27/chocolate-and-mood-disorders/; A. A. Sunni and R. Latif, “Effects of Chocolate Intake on Perceived Stress; a Controlled Clinical Study,” International Journal of Health Sciences (Qassim) 8, no. 4 (October 2014): 393–401.
[634] University of Warwick, “Fruit and Veggies Give You the Feel-Good Factor,” ScienceDaily, July 10, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160710094239.htm.
[635] Stojanovska et al., “Maca Reduces Blood Pressure and Depression, in a Pilot Study in Postmenopausal Women,” 69–78.
[636] Cornell University, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Good for the Heart, and (Maybe) Good for the Brain,” ScienceDaily, November 8, 2004, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041108024221.htm.
[637] D. M. Lovinger, “Serotonin’s Role in Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain,” Alcohol Health and Research World 21, no. 2 (1997): 114–20.
[638] R. P. Sharma and R. A. Coulombe Jr., “Effects of Repeated Doses of Aspartame on Serotonin and Its Metabolite in Various Regions of the Mouse Brain,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 25, no. 8 (August 1987): 565–68.
[639] “Foods That Fight Winter Depression,” WebMD, accessed May 30, 2017, http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/foods-that-fight-winter-depression#1.
[640] J. Todd et al., “The Antimicrobial Effects of Cinnamon Leaf Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Newport on Organic Leafy Greens,” International Journal of Food Microbiology 166, no. 1 (August 16, 2013):193–99, doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.021.
[641] H. Hosseinzadeh et al., “Effects of Different Levels of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Seed Powder and Extract on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Microbiota, and Immunity in Broiler Chicks,” Scientific World Journal 2014 (December 28, 2014): 628979, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/628979.
[642] X. Dai et al., “Consuming Lentinula Edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, no. 6 (2015): 478–87, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.950391; J. M. Gaullier et al., “Supplementation with a Soluble β-glucan Exported from Shiitake Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus Edodes (Berk.) Singer Mycelium: A Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Elderly,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 13, no. 4 (2011): 319–26.
[643] L. C. Chandra et al., “White Button, Portabella, and Shiitake Mushroom Supplementation Up-Regulates Interleukin-23 Secretion in Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Colitis C57BL/6 Mice and Murine Macrophage J.744.1 Cell Line,” Nutrition Research 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 388–96, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.009.
[644] I. A. Myles, “Fast Food Fever: Reviewing the Impacts of the Western Diet on Immunity,” Nutrition Journal 13 (June 17, 2014): 61, doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61.
[645] H. L. Bradlow et al., “Indole-3-Carbinol: A Novel Approach to Breast Cancer Prevention,” Annals of the New York Academies of Sciences 768 (September 30, 1995): 180–200.
[646] Rao and Gan, “Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant,” 642942; X. Bi, J. Lim, and C. J. Henry, “Spices in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus,” Food Chemistry 217 (February 15, 2017): 281–93, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.111.
[647] Bi, Lim, and Henry, “Spices in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus,” 281–93.
[648] Pigeon et al., “Effects of a Tart Cherry Juice Beverage on the Sleep of Older Adults with Insomnia: A Pilot Study,” 579–83; G. Howatson et al., “Effect of Tart Cherry Juice (Prunus Cerasus) on Melatonin Levels and Enhanced Sleep Quality,” European Journal of Nutrition 51, no. 8 (December 2012): 909–16, doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7; T. Traustadóttir et al., “Tart Cherry Juice Decreases Oxidative Stress in Healthy Older Men and Women,” Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 10 (October 2009): 1896–900, doi: 10.3945/jn.109.111716.
[649] Martin Dresler et al., “Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory,” Neuron 93, no. 5 (March 8, 2017): 1227–35, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.003.
[650] Bruce Goldman, “Memorization Tool Bulks Up Brain’s Internal Connections, Scientists Say,” press release, Stanford Medicine News Center, March 8, 2017, https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/03/memorization-tool-bulks-up-brains-internal-connections.html.
[651] J. L. Hardy et al., “Enhancing Cognitive Abilities with Comprehensive Training: A Large, Online, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial,” PLOS One 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2015): e0134467, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134467.
[652] Rui Nouchi et al., “Brain Training Game Boosts Executive Functions, Working Memory and Processing Speed in the Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” PLOS One 8, no. 2 (February 6, 2013): e55518, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055518; Jessica Skorka-Brown et al., “Playing Tetris Decreases Drug and Other Cravings in Real World Settings,” Addictive Behaviors 51 (December 2015): 165–70, doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.020; Lotte F. van Dillen and Jackie Andrade, “Derailing the Streetcar Named Desire. Cognitive Distractions Reduce Individual Differences in Cravings and Unhealthy Snacking in Response to Palatable Food,” Appetite 96 (January 1, 2016): 102–10, doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.013.
[653] Dharma Singh Khalsa et al., “Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Chanting Meditation,” Nuclear Medicine Communications 30, no. 12 (December 2009): 956–61, doi: 10.1097/MNM.0b013e32832fa26c; Andrew Newberg et al., “The Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow during the Complex Cognitive Task of Meditation: A Preliminary SPECT Study,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 106 (April 2001): 113–22.
[654] Andrew Newberg et al., “Cerebral Blood Flow during Meditative Prayer: Preliminary Findings and Methodological Issues,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 2 (October 2003): 625–30, doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.2.625.
[655] Willem J. R. Bossers et al., “A 9-Week Aerobic and Strength Training Program Improves Cognitive and Motor Function in Patients with Dementia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23, no. 11 (November 2015): 1106–16, doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.12.191; Teresa Liu-Ambrose et al., “Resistance Training and Executive Functions: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial,” Archives of Internal Medicine 170, no. 2 (January 2010): 170–78, doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.494.
[656] Gregory D. Clemenson and Craig E. L. Stark, “Virtual Environmental Enrichment through Video Games Improves Hippocampal-Associated Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 49 (December 9, 2015): 16116–25, doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2580-15.2015.
[657] K. Koch et al., “Extensive Learning Is Associated with Gray Matter Changes in the Right Hippocampus,” NeuroImage 125 (January 15, 2016): 627–32, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.056.
[658] Richard A. P. Roche et al., “Prolonged Rote Learning Produces Delayed Memory Facilitation and Metabolic Changes in the Hippocampus of the Ageing Human Brain,” BMC Neuroscience 10, no. 136 (November 20, 2009): 136, doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-136.
[659] Martin Dresler et al., “Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory,” Neuron 93, no. 5 (March 8, 2017): 1227–35, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.003.
[660] Marcus Herdener et al., “Musical Training Induces Functional Plasticity in Human Hippocampus,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (January 27, 2010): 1377–84, doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4513-09.2010.
[661] Kirk I. Erickson et al., “Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory,” PNAS 108, no. 7 (February 15, 2011): 3017–22, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
[662] P. Gerber et al., “Juggling Revisited —A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study with Expert Jugglers,” NeuroImage 95 (July 15, 2014): 320–25, doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.023; J. Boyke et al., “Training-Induced Brain Structure Changes in the Elderly,” Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 28 (July 9, 2008): 7031–35, doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0742-08.2008.
[663] Ladina Bezzola et al., “Training-Induced Neural Plasticity in Golf Novices,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 35 (August 31, 2011): 12444–48, doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1996-11.2011.
[664] Steven Brown et al., “The Neural Basis of Human Dance,” Cerebral Cortex 16, no. 8 (August 2006): 1157–67, doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj057; K. Sacco et al., “Motor Imagery of Walking Following Training in Locomotor Attention. The Effect of ‘The Tango Lesson,’” NeuroImage 32, no. 3 (September 2006): 1441–49, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.018; Madeleine E. Hackney and Gammon M. Earhart, “Effects of Dance on Movement Control in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comparison of Argentine Tango and American Ballroom,” Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 41, no. 6 (May 2009): 475–81, doi: 10.2340/16501977-0362.
[665] Lauren Stewart et al., “Brain Changes after Learning to Read and Play Music,” NeuroImage 20, no. 1 (September 2003): 71–83, doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00248-9.
[666] C. Niemann et al., “Exercise-Induced Changes in Basal Ganglia Volume and Cognition in Older Adults,” Neuroscience 281 (December 5, 2014): 147–63.
[667] Sung Park et al., “Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Cerebellar Vermis in Basketball Players,” Cerebellum 8, no. 3 (September 2009): 334–39, doi: 10.1007/s12311-009-0100-1.
[668] George W. Rebok et al., “Ten-Year Effects of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cognitive Training Trial on Cognition and Everyday Functioning in Older Adults,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62, no. 1 (2014): 16–24, doi: 10.1111/jgs.12607.
[669] Kim E. Innes et al., “Meditation and Music Improve Memory and Cognitive Function in Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 56, no. 3 (January 2017): 899–916, doi: 10.3233/JAD-160867.
[670] H. J. Trappe and G. Voit, “The Cardiovascular Effect of Musical Genres: A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effect of Compositions by W. A. Mozart, J. Strauss, and ABBA,” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 113, no. 20 (May 20, 2016): 347–52, doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0347.
[671] H. P. Lee, Y. C. Liu, and M. F. Lin, “Effects of Different Genres of Music on the Psycho-Physiological Responses of Undergraduates,” Hu Li Za Zhi: The Journal of Nursing 63, no. 6 (December 2016): 77–88, doi: 10.6224/JN.63.6.77.
[672] M. Herdener et al., “Musical Training Induces Functional Plasticity in Human Hippocampus,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (January 27, 2010): 1377–84, doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4513-09.2010; Benjamin Rich Zendel, Karen A. Willoughby, and Joanne F. Rovet, “Neuroplastic Effects of Music Lessons on Hippocampal Volume in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism,” Neuroreport 24, no. 17 (December 4, 2013): 947–50, doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000031; M. S. Oechslin et al., “Hippocampal Volume Predicts Fluid Intelligence in Musically Trained People,” Hippocampus 23, no. 7 (July 2013): 552–58, doi: 10.1002/hipo.22120.
[673] S. Sheldon and J. Donahue, “More Than a Feeling: Emotional Cues Impact the Access and Experience of Autobiographical Memories,” Memory & Cognition (February 27, 2017): doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0691-6.
[674] Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory (London: Pimlico, 2007), 64.
[675] T. Darreh-Shori et al., “Sustained Cholinesterase Inhibition in AD Patients Receiving Rivastigmine for 12 Months,” Neurology 59, no. 4 (August 27, 2002): 563–72.
[676] M. D. Santos et al., “The Nicotinic Allosteric Potentiating Ligand Galantamine Facilitates Synaptic Transmission in the Mammalian Central Nervous System,” Molecular Pharmacology 61, no. 5 (May 2002): 1222–34.
[677] “Alzheimer’s Patients Who Fail on Aricept (Donepezil) May Benefit from Exelon (Rivastigmine),” press release, April 24, 2002, Novartis, http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=25015.
[678] Birgitta Johansson et al., “Methylphenidate Reduces Mental Fatigue and Improves Processing Speed in Persons Suffered a Traumatic Brain Injury,” Brain Injury 29, no. 6 (March 2015): 758–65, doi: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1004747; William Breitbart et al., “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Psychostimulants for the Treatment of Fatigue in Ambulatory Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease,” Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 3 (February 12, 2001): 411–20, doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.3.411.
[679] S. Rahman et al., “Methylphenidate (‘Ritalin’) Can Ameliorate Abnormal Risk-Taking Behavior in the Frontal Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia,” Neuropsychopharmacology 31, no. 3 (March 2006): 651–58, doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300886; P. R. Padala et al., “Methylphenidate for Apathy and Functional Status in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (April 2010): 371–74, doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cabcf6; P. B. Rosenberg et al., “Safety and Efficacy of Methylphenidate for Apathy in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 74, no. 8 (August 2013): 810–16, doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08099.
[680] R. M. Battleday and A. K. Brem, “Modafinil for Cognitive Neuroenhancement in Healthy Non-Sleep-Deprived Subjects: A Systematic Review,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (November 2015): 1865–81, doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028.
[681] S. Y. Chen et al., “Reversible Changes of Brain Perfusion SPECT for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning-Induced Severe Akinetic Mutism,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine 41, no. 5 (May 2016): e221–27, doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001121.
[682] R. Boussi-Gross et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Improve Post Concussion Syndrome Years after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury —Randomized Prospective Trial,” PLOS One 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): e79995, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.007999; S. Tal et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen May Induce Angiogenesis in Patients Suffering from Prolonged Post-Concussion Syndrome Due to Traumatic Brain Injury,” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 33, no. 6 (2015): 943–51, doi: 10.3233/RNN-150585; P. G. Harch et al., “A Phase I Study of Low-Pressure Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Blast-Induced Post-Concussion Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Neurotrauma 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 168–85, doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.1895.
[683] S. Efrati et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Induces Late Neuroplasticity in Post Stroke Patients —Randomized, Prospective Trial,” PLOS One 8, no. 1 (2013): e53716, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053716.
[684] S. Efrati et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Diminish Fibromyalgia Syndrome —Prospective Clinical Trial,” PLOS One 10, no. 5 (May 26, 2015): e0127012, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127012.
[685] C. Y. Huang et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as an Effective Adjunctive Treatment for Chronic Lyme Disease,” Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 77, no. 5 (May 2014): 269–71, doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2014.02.001.
[686] I. H. Chiang et al., “Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Severe Burns: Experience in Taiwan Formosa Water Park Dust Explosion Disaster,” Burns (December 2016): doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.016.
[687] M. Löndahl et al., “Relationship Between Ulcer Healing after Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Transcutaneous Oximetry, Toe Blood Pressure and Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Foot Ulcers,” Diabetologia 54, no. 1 (January 2011): 65–68, doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1946-y.
[688] A. M. Eskes et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Solution for Difficult to Heal Acute Wounds? Systematic Review,” World Journal of Surgery 35, no. 3 (March 2011): 535–42, doi: 10.1007/s00268-010-0923-4; J. J. Shaw et al., “Not Just Full of Hot Air: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Increases Survival in Cases of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections,” Surgical Infections 15, no. 3 (June 2014): 328–35, doi: 10.1089/sur.2012.135.
[689] Mina Taghizadeh Asl et al., “Brain Perfusion Imaging with Voxel-Based Analysis in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients with a Moderate to Severe Stage of Disease: A Boon for the Workforce,” BMC Neurology 16 (May 26, 2016): 79, doi: 10.1186/s12883-016-0605-4.
[690] P. S. Dulai et al., “Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 39, no. 11 (June 2014): 1266–75, doi: 10.1111/apt.12753.
[691] D. N. Teguh et al., “Early Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Reducing Radiotherapy Side Effects: Early Results of a Randomized Trial in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 75, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 711–16, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.056; N. A. Schellart et al., “Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Improved Neurophysiologic Performance in Brain Tumor Patients after Neurosurgery and Radiotherapy: A Preliminary Report,” Cancer 117, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 3434–44, doi: 10.1002/cncr.25874.
[692] D. A. Rossignol et al., “The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Symptoms in Children with Autism: An Open-Label Pilot Study,” BMC Pediatrics 7, no. 36 (November 16, 2007): 36, doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-7-36; D. A. Rossignol et al., “Hyperbaric Treatment for Children with Autism: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial,” BMC Pediatrics 9, no. 21 (March 13, 2009), doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-9-21.
[693] A. Mukherjee et al., “Intensive Rehabilitation Combined with HBO2 Therapy in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Controlled Longitudinal Study,” Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 41, no. 2 (March–April 2014): 77–85.
[694] D. White and S. Tavakoli, “Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder,” Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 27, no. 3 (August 2015): 192–96.
[695] M. Ceccanti et al., “Deep TMS on Alcoholics: Effects on Cortisolemia and Dopamine Pathway Modulation. A Pilot Study,” Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 93, no. 4 (April 2015): 283–90, doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0188.
[696] L. Dinur-Klein et al., “Smoking Cessation Induced by Deep Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Prefrontal and Insular Cortices: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial,” Biological Psychiatry 76, no. 9 (November 1, 2014): 742–49, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.020.
[697] P. S. Boggio et al., “Noninvasive Brain Stimulation with High-Frequency and Low-Intensity Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71, no. 8 (August 2010): 992–99, doi: 10.4088/JCP.08m04638blu.
[698] A. P. Trevizol et al., “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of ECT 32, no. 4 (December 2016): 262–66, doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000335.
[699] H. L. Drumond Marra et al., “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Address Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Study,” Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 287843, doi: 10.1155/2015/287843; W. M. McDonald, “Neuromodulation Treatments for Geriatric Mood and Cognitive Disorders,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 24, no. 12 (December 2016): 1130–41, doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.08.014; J. M. Rabey and E. Dobronevsky, “Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Combined with Cognitive Training Is a Safe and Effective Modality for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Experience,” Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna) 123, no. 12 (December 2016): 1449–55, doi: 10.1007/s00702-016-1606-6.
[700] M. Yilmaz et al., “Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Application in Treatment of Tinnitus,” Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 25, no. 4 (July 2014): 1315–18, doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000782.
[701] T. V. Kulishova and O. V. Shinkorenko, “The Effectiveness of Early Rehabilitation of the Patients Presenting with Ischemic Stroke,” Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, I Lechebnoi Fizicheskoi Kultury 6 (November–December 2014): 9–12.
[702] H. L. Drumond Marra et al., “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Address Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Study,” Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 287843, doi: 10.1155/2015/287843.
[703] J. Guez et al., “Influence of Electroencephalography Neurofeedback Training on Episodic Memory: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Study,” Memory 23, no. 5 (2015): 683–94, doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.921713; S. Xiong et al., “Working Memory Training Using EEG Neurofeedback in Normal Young Adults,” Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 24, no. 6 (2014): 3637–44, doi: 10.3233/BME-141191; J. R. Wang and S. Hsieh, “Neurofeedback Training Improves Attention and Working Memory Performance,” Clinical Neurophysiology 124, no. 12 (December 2013): 2406–20, doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.020.
[704] S. E. Kober et al., “Specific Effects of EEG Based Neurofeedback Training on Memory Functions in Post-Stroke Victims,” Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 12 (December 1, 2015): 107, doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0105-6.
[705] V. Meisel et al., “Neurofeedback and Standard Pharmacological Intervention in ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Six-Month Follow-Up,” Biological Psychology 94, no. 1 (September 2013): 12–21, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.015.
[706] J. Kopřivová et al., “Prediction of Treatment Response and the Effect of Independent Component Neurofeedback in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Study,” Neuropsychobiology 67, no. 4 (2013): 210–23, doi: 10.1159/000347087.
[707] E. J. Cheon et al., “The Efficacy of Neurofeedback in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: An Open Labeled Prospective Study,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 41, no. 1 (March 2016): 103–10, doi: 10.1007/s10484-015-9315-8.
[708] T. Surmeli et al., “Quantitative EEG Neurometric Analysis-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment in Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS): Forty Cases. How Is Neurometric Analysis Important for the Treatment of PCS and as a Biomarker?” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 48, no. 3 (May 2016): 217–30, doi: 10.1177/1550059416654849.
[709] R. Rostami and F. Dehghani-Arani, “Neurofeedback Training as a New Method in Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Dependent Patients: A Preliminary Study,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 40, no. 3 (September 2015): 151–61, doi: 10.1007/s10484-015-9281-1.
[710] P. Kubik et al., “Neurofeedback Therapy Influence on Clinical Status and Some EEG Parameters in Children with Localized Epilepsy,” Przeglad Lekarski 73, no. 3 (2016): 157–60.
[711] M. P. Jensen et al., “Use of Neurofeedback to Enhance Response to Hypnotic Analgesia in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 64, no. 1 (2016): 1–23, doi: 10.1080/00207144.2015.1099400.
[712] A. Azarpaikan et al., “Neurofeedback and Physical Balance in Parkinson’s Patients,” Gait and Posture 40, no. 1 (2014): 177–81, doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.03.179.
[713] M. Y. Cheng et al., “Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback Enhances Golf Putting Performance,” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 6 (December 2015): 626–36, doi: 10.1123/jsep.2015-0166.
[714] J. Gruzelier et al., “Acting Performance and Flow State Enhanced with Sensory-Motor Rhythm Neurofeedback Comparing Ecologically Valid Immersive VR and Training Screen Scenarios,” Neuroscience Letters 480, no. 2 (August 16, 2010): 112–16, doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.019; N. Rahmati et al., “The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback on Enhancing Cognitive Process Involved in Entrepreneurship Abilities among Primary School Students in District No. 3 Tehran,” Basic and Clinical Neuroscience 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 277–84.
[715] T. L. Huang and C. Charyton, “A Comprehensive Review of the Psychological Effects of Brainwave Entrainment,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 14, no. 5 (September 2008): 38–50.
[716] J. C. Mazziotta et al., “Tomographic Mapping of Human Cerebral Metabolism: Subcortical Responses to Auditory and Visual Stimulation,” Neurology 34, no. 6 (June 1984): 825–28.
[717] P. T. Fox and M. E. Raichle, “Stimulus Rate Determines Regional Brain Blood Flow in Striate Cortex,” Annals of Neurology 17, no. 3 (March 1985): 303–5, doi: 10.1002/ana.410170315.
[718] H. Y. Tang et al., “A Pilot Study of Audio-Visual Stimulation as a Self-Care Treatment for Insomnia in Adults with Insomnia and Chronic Pain,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 39, nos. 3–4 (December 2014): 219–25, doi: 10.1007/s10484-014-9263-8; V. Abeln et al., “Brainwave Entrainment for Better Sleep and Post-Sleep State of Young Elite Soccer Players —A Pilot Study,” European Journal of Sport Science 14, no. 5 (2014): 393–402, doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.819384.
[719] Ibid.; C. Gagnon and F. Boersma, “The Use of Repetitive Audio-Visual Entrainment in the Management of Chronic Pain,” Medical Hypnoanalysis Journal 7 (1992): 462–68.
[720] Huang and Charyton, “A Comprehensive Review of the Psychological Effects of Brainwave Entrainment,” 38–50.
[721] D. Anderson, “The Treatment of Migraine with Variable Frequency Photo-Stimulation,” Headache 29, no. 3 (March 1989): 154–55.
[722] K. Berg and D. Siever, “A Controlled Comparison of Audio-Visual Entrainment for Treating Seasonal Affective Disorder,” Journal of Neurotherapy 13, no. 3 (2009): 166–75, doi: 10.1080/10874200903107314; D. S. Cantor and E. Stevens, “QEEG Correlates of Auditory-Visual Entrainment Treatment Efficacy of Refractory Depression,” Journal of Neurotherapy 13, no. 2 (April 2009): 100–108, doi: 10.1080/10874200902887130.
[723] “Making Lifestyle Changes That Last,” American Psychological Association, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/lifestyle-changes.aspx.
[724] Phillippa Lally and Benjamin Gardner, “Promoting Habit Formation,” Health Psychology Review 7, suppl. 1 (October 2011): S137–58, doi: 10.1080/17437199.2011.603640; Benjamin Gardner, Phillippa Lally, and Jane Wardle, “Making Health Habitual: The Psychology of ‘Habit-Formation’ and General Practice,” British Journal of General Practice (December 2012): 664–66, doi: 10.3399/bjgp12X659466.
[725] Vanessa M. Patrick and Henrik Hagtvedt, “‘I Don’t’ versus ‘I Can’t’: When Empowered Refusal Motivates Goal-Directed Behavior,” Journal of Consumer Research 39, no. 2 (August 2012): 371–81, doi: 10.1086/663212; Catherine Clifford, “3 Scientifically Proven Ways to Break Your Bad Habits,” CNBC, January 6, 2017, http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/06/3-scientifically-proven-ways-to-break-your-bad-habits.html.
[726] Tia Ngandu et al., “A 2 Year Multidomain Intervention of Diet, Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Vascular Risk Monitoring versus Control to Prevent Cognitive Decline in At-Risk Elderly People (FINGER): A Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 385, no. 9984 (June 6, 2015): 2255–63, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5.