Alzheimer’s Disease

References and Related Articles

Introduction

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National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center, 2009 Progress Report on Alzheimer’s Disease. Available online at: www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/ADProgress2009.

Chapter 1: Steve Before the Fall

Reiman EM, K Chen, GE Alexander, et al. “Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s dementia.” PNAS Vol 101, No 1 (Jan 2004): 284–289.

Chapter 2: Steve’s Descent

Flory JD, SB Manuck, RE Ferrell, et al. “Memory performance and the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a community sample of middle-aged adults.” Am J Med Genet Vol 96 (2000): 707–711.

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Klein WL, F De Felice, PN Lacor, et al. “Why Alzheimer’s is a disease of memory: synaptic targeting by pathogenic A? oligomers (ADDLS).” In Synaptic Plasticity and the Mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease by DJ Selkoe, A Triller, Y Christen. Springer, 2008: 103–132.

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Reiman EM, K Chen, GE Alexander, et al. “Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s dementia.” PNAS Vol 101, No 1 (Jan 2004): 284–289.

Small GW, LM Ercoli, DHS Silverman, et al. “Cerebral metabolic and cognitive decline in persons at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease.” PNAS Vol 97, No 11 (May 2000): 6037–6042.

Zhao WQ, FG De Felice, S Fernandez, et al. “Amyloid beta oligomers induce impairment of neuronal insulin receptors.” FASEB Journal Vol 22 (Jan 2008): 246–260.

Chapter 4: A Chance Discovery

De la Monte SM, JR Wands. “Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 7 (2005): 45–61.

Tantibhehyangkul P, SA Hashim. “Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption.” Pediatrics Vol 55 (Mar 1975): 359–370.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Nutrient Data Laboratory. “Nutrient analysis of coconut oil (vegetable).” (Dec 2010) Available online at: www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata.

Chapter 5: Climbing Out of the Abyss

Henderson ST. “High carbohydrate diets and Alzheimer’s disease.” Med Hypotheses Vol 62 (2004): 689–700.

Veech RL. “The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism.” Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fatty Acids Vol 70 (2004): 309–319.

Chapter 6: Getting the Message Out

Newport MT. “What if there was a cure for Alzheimer’s disease and no one knew?”

Available online at: www.coconutketones.com.

Reiman EM, K Chen, GE Alexander, et al. “Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s dementia.” PNAS Vol 101, No 1 (Jan 2004): 284–289.

Chapter 11: Two Overseas Trips

Newport MT. “What if there was a cure for Alzheimer’s disease and no one knew?”

Available online at: www.coconutketones.com.

Zuccoli G, N Marcello, A Pisanello, et al. “Metabolic management of glioblastoma multiforme using standard therapy together with a restricted ketogenic diet.” Nutri Metab Vol 7, No 33 (2010): 1–7.

Chapter 13: Caregiver Reports

Newport MT. “What if there was a cure for Alzheimer’s disease and no one knew?”

Available online at: www.coconutketones.com

Studzinski CM, WA MacKay, TL Beckett, et al. “Induction of ketosis may improve mitochondrial function and decrease steady-state amyloid-? precursor protein (APP) levels in the aged dog.” Brain Res Vol 1226 (2008): 209–217.

Taha AY, ST Henderson, WM Burnham. “Dietary enrichment with medium-chain triglycerides (AC-1203) elevates polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pareital cortex of aged dogs: Implication for treating age-related cognitive decline.” Neurochem Res Vol 34, No 9 (Sept 2009): 1619–1625.

Chapter 14: Type 3 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease

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De la Monte SM, JR Wands. “Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: Relevance to Alzheimer’s disease.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 7 (2005): 45–61.

De la Monte SM, JR Wands. “Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—evidence reviewed.” J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 2, No 6 (Nov 2008): 1101–1113.

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Hoyer S. “Abnormalities of glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease.” Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol 640 (1991): 53–58.

Hoyer S. “Brain glucose and energy metabolism abnormalities in sporadic Alzheimer disease. Causes and consequences: an update.” Exp Gerontol Vol 35 (2000): 1363–1372.

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Liu Y, F Liu, K Iqbal, et al. “Decreased glucose transporters correlate to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer’s disease.” FEBS Letters Vol 582 (2008): 359–364.

O’Connor T, KR Sadleir, E Maus, et al. “Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor elF2? increases BACE1 levels and promotes amyloidogenesis.” Neuron Vol 60 (2008): 988–1009.

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Pasquier F, A Boulogne, D Leys, et al. “Diabetes mellitus and dementia.” Diabetes Metab Vol 32 (2006): 403–414.

Piert M, R Koeppe, B Giordani, et al. “Diminished glucose transport and phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease determined by dynamic FDG-PET.” J Nucl Med Vol 37, No 2 (Feb 1996): 201–208.

Steen E, BM Terry, EJ Rivera, et al. “Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expressioin and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: Is this type 3 diabetes?” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 7, No 1 (Feb 2005): 63–80.

Whitmer R, A Karter, K Yaffe, et al. “Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.” JAMA Vol 301 (Apr 2009): 1565–1572.

Chapter 15: What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?

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Blennow K, MJ de Leon, H Zetterberg. “Alzheimer’s disease.” Lancet Vol 368, No 9533 (Jul 2006): 387–403.

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Casselli R, A Cueck, D Osborne, et al. “Longitudinal modeling of age-related memory decline and the APOE ?4 effect.” NEJM Vol 361 (Jul 2009): 255–263.

De la Monte SM, A Neusner, J Chu, et al. “Epidemiologic trends strongly suggest exposures as etiologic agents in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 17, No 3 (2009): 519–529.

De la Monte SM, M Tong. “Mechanisms of ceramide-mediated neurodegeneration.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 16, No 4 (2009): 704-714.

De la Monte SM, M Tong, M Lawton, L Longato. “Nitrosamine exposure exacerbates high fat diet-mediated type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment.” Mol Neurodegener Vol 4, No 54 (2009): 1–13.

De la Monte SM, L Longato, M Tong, et al. “The liver-brain axis of alcohol-mediated neurode-generation: role of toxic lipids.” Int J Environ Res Public Health Vol 6 (2009): 2055–2075.

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Fleminger S, DL Oliver, S Lovestone, et al. “Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: the evidence ten years on; a partial replication.” J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Vol 74 (2003): 857–862.

Flory JD, SB Manuck, RE Ferrell, et al. “Memory performance and the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a community sample of middle-aged adults.” Am J Med Genet Vol 96 (2000): 707–711.

Holmes C, C Cunningham, E Zotova, et al. “Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease.” Neurology Vol 73 (2009): 768–774.

Itzhaki RF, MA Wozniak. “Herpes simplex virus type 1, apolipoprotein E, and cholesterol: a dangerous liaison in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders.” Prog Lipid Res Vol 45 (2006): 73–90.

Itzhaki RF, MA Wozniak. “Herpes simplex virus type 1 in Alzheimer’s disease: the enemy within.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 13 (2008): 393–405.

Kristmunsdottir T, SG Arnadottir, G Bergsson, et al. “Development and evaluation of microbicidal hydrogels containing monoglyceride as the active ingredient.” J Pharm Sci Vol 88, No 10 (Oct 1999): 1011–1015.

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Schwarz A. “Dementia risk seen in players in N.F.L. Study.” New York Times, Sept 30, 2009.

Shipley, SJ, ET Parkin, RF Itzhaki, et al. “Herpes simplex virus interferes with amyloid precursor protein processing.” BioMed Central Vol 5 (2005): 48.

Soscia SJ, JE Kirby, KJ Washicosky, et al. “The Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid ?-protein is an antimicrobial peptide.” PLoS One Vol 5, No 3 (2010): e9505.

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Tong M, A Neusner, L Longato, et al. “Nitrosamine exposure causes insulin resistance diseases: relevance to type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and Alzheimer’s disease.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 17, No 4 (2009): 827–844.

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Wozniak MA, RF Itzhaki, SJ Shipley, et al. “Herpes simplex virus infection causes cellular amyloid accumulation and secretase upregulation.” Neuroscience Letters Vol 429 (2007): 95–100.

Wozniak MA, AP Mee, RF Itzhaki. “Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques.” J Pathol Vol 217 (2009): 131–138.

Wozniak MA, AL Frost, RF Itzhaki. “Alzheimer’s disease-specific tau phosphorylation is induced by herpes simplex virus type 1.” J Alzheimers Dis Vol 16 (2009): 341–350.

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Chapter 16: Ketone Basics

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Cahill GF, Jr. “Fuel metabolism in starvation.” Annu Rev Nutr Vol 26 (2006): 1–22.

Cahill GF, Jr. “Ketosis.” Kidney Int Vol 20 (1981): 416–425.

Courtice FC, CG Douglas. “The effects of prolonged muscular exercise on the metabolism.” Proc R Soc Vol 119B (1936): 381–439.

Fery F, EO Balasse. “Ketone body turnover during and after exercise in overnight-fasted and starved humans.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Vol 245 (1983): 318–325.

Forssner G. “Über die einwirkung der muskelarbeit auf die acetonkörperausscheiding bei kohlenhydratarmer kost.” Skand Arch Physiol Vol 22 (1909): 393–405.

Gilbert DL, PL Pyzik, JM Freeman. “The ketogenic diet: seizure control correlates better with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate than with urine ketones.” J Child Neurol Vol. 15 (2000): 787–790.

Hasselbalch SG, PL Madsen, LP Hageman, et al. “Changes in cerebral blood flow and carbohydrate metabolism during acute hyperketonemia.” Amer J Physiol Vol 270 (1996): E746–751.

Hoyer S. “Abnormalities of glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease.” Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol 640 (1991): 53–58.

Johnson RC, SK Young, R Cotter, et al. “Medium-chain triglyceride lipid emulsion: metabolism and tissue distribution.” An J Clin Nutr Vol 52 (1990) 502-8

Johnson RE, F Sargent II, R Passmore. “Normal variations in total ketone bodies in serum and urine of healthy young men.” Exp Physiol (1958): 339–344.

Johnson RH, JL Walton, HA Krebs, et al. “Post-exercise ketosis.” Lancet (December 1969): 1383–1385.

Kashiwaya Y, T King, RL Veech. “Substrate signaling by insulin: A ketone bodies ratio mimics insulin action in heart.” Am J Cardiol Vol 80, No 3A (1997): 50A–64A.

Koeslag JH, TD Noakes, AW Sloan. “Post-exercise ketosis.” Physiol Vol 301 (1980): 79–90.

Owen OE, AP Morgan, GF Cahill Jr, et al. “Brain metabolism during fasting.” J Clin Invest Vol 46 (1967): 1589–1595.

Owen OE. “Ketone bodies as a fuel for the brain during starvation.” Biochem Mol Biol Educ Vol 33, No 4 (2005): 246–251.

Passmore R, RE Johnson. “The modification of post-exercise ketosis (the Courtice-Douglas effect) by environmental temperature and water balance.” Exp Physiol (1958): 352–361.

Preti L. “Die muskelarbeit und deren ketogene wirkung.” Biochem Z Vol 32 (1911): 231–234.

Rennie MJ, S Jennett, RH Johnson. “The metabolic effects of strenuous exercise: a comparison between untrained subjects and racing cyclists.” ExpPhysiol (1974): 201–212.

Turner N, K Hariharan, J TidAng, et al. “Enhancement of muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and alterations in insulin action are lipid species dependent: potent tissue-specific effects of medium-chain fatty acids.” Diabetes Vol 48 (2009): 2547–2554.

VanItallie TB, SS Bergen, Jr. “Ketogenesis and hyperketonemia.” Amer J Med Vol 31 (1961): 909.

VanItallie TB, TH Nufert. “Ketones: metabolism’s ugly duckling.” Nutr Rev Vol 61, No 10 (Oct 2003): 327–341.

Vaynman S, Z Ying, F Gomez-Pinilla. “Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise of synaptic plasticity and cognition.” Eur J Neurosci Vol 20, No 10 (Nov 2004): 2580–2590.

Wahren, J, Y Sato, J Östman, et al. “Turnover and splanchnic metabolism of free fatty acids and ketones in insulin-dependent diabetics at rest and in response to exercise.” J Clin Invest Vol 73 (May 1984): 1367–1376.

Yamada K, M Mizuno, T Nabeshima. “Role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in learning and memory.” Life Science Vol 70, No 7 (Jan 2002): 735–744.

Chapter 17: The Discovery of Ketones and the Ketogenic Diet

Bough KJ, JM Rho. “Anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet.” Epilepsia Vol 48, No 1 (2007): 43–58.

Gerhardt J. “Diabetes mellitus und aceton.” Wiener Medizinische Presse Vol 6 (1865): 672.

Haces ML, K Hernández-Fonseca, ON Medina-Campos, et al. “Antioxidant capacity contributes to protection of ketone bodies against oxidative damage induced during hypoglycemic conditions.” Exp Neurol Vol 211, No 1 (2008): 85–96.

Hartman AL, M Gasior, EPG Vining, et al. “The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet.” Pediatr Neurol Vol 36, No 5 (2007): 281–292.

Heinbecker P. “Studies on the metabolism of Eskimos.” J Biol Chem Vol 80, No 2 (1928): 461–475.

Henderson ST. “High carbohydrate diets and Alzheimer’s disease.” Med Hypotheses Vol 62 (2004): 689–700.

Hirschfield F. “Beobachtungen über die acentonurie und das coma diabeticum.” Z Klin Med Vol 28 (1895): 176–209.

Huttenlocher PR, AJ Wilbourn, JM Signore. “Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy.” Neurology Vol 21 (1971): 1097–1103.

Lavau M, V Fornari, SA Hashim. “Ketone metabolism in brain slices from rats with diet induced hyperketonemia.” J Nutr Vol 108 (1978): 621–639.

Maalouf M, JM Rhob, MP Mattson. “The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies.” Brain Res Rev Vol 59 (2009): 293–315.

Prins ML. “Cerebral metabolic adaptation and ketone metabolism after brain injury.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Vol 28 (2008): 1–16.

Prins M. “Ketogenic diet and treatments: diet, ketones, and neurotrauma.” Epilepsia Vol 49 (2008): 111–113.

Rho JM. “Substantia(ting) ketone body effects on neuronal excitability.” Epilepsy Currents Vol 7, No 5 (2007): 142–144.

Robinson AM, DH Williamson. “Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues.” Physiol Rev Vol 80, No 1 (1980): 143–187.

Van der Auwera I, S Wera, F Van Leuven, et al. “A ketogenic diet reduces amyloid beta 40 and 42 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.” Nutr Metab Vol 2, No 28 (2005): 1–8.

Wilder RM, “The effect of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy.” The Clinic Bulletin Vol 2 (1921): 307–308.

Zhao Z, DJ Lange, A Voustainiouk, et al. “A ketogenic diet as a potential novel therapeutic intervention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.” BMC Neurosci Vol 7 (2006): 29.

Chapter 18: Medium-Chain Triglycerides and Ketones

Bergen SS, Jr., SA Hashim, TB VanItallie. “Hyperketonemia induced in man by medium-chain triglyceride.” Diabetes Vol 16, No 10 (Oct 1966): 723–725.

Costantini LC, JL Vogel, LJ Barr, et al. “Clinical efficacy of AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.” Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology Conference, Apr 28–May 5, 2007.

Costantini LC, LJ Barr, JL Vogel, et al. “Hypometabolism as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.” BMC Neurosci Vol 9, Suppl 2 (Dec 2008): S16.

Cunnane S, S Nugent, M Roy, et al. “Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease.” Nutrition Vol 27, No 1 (Jan 2011): 3–20.

Das AM, T Lücke, U Meyer, et al. “Glycogen storage disease type 1: impact of medium-chain triglycerides on metabolic control and growth.” Ann Nutr Metab Vol 56 (2010): 225–232.

Embden G, F Kalberlah. “Uber acetonbildung in der leber.” Beitr Chem Physiol, u Path Vol 8 (1906): 121.

Hartman AL, M Gasior, EPG Vining, et al. “The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet.” Pediatr Neurol Vol 36, No 5 (2007): 281–292.

Hashim SA, S Bergen Jr., K Krell, et al. “Intestinal absorption and mode of transport in portal vein of medium-chain fatty acids.” J Clin Invest Vol 43 (1964): 1238.

Henderson ST (Inventor). “Combinations of medium-chain triglycerides and therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases resulting from reduced neuronal metabolism.” Available online at: www.freepatentsonline.com United States Patent 20080009467.

Henderson ST. “Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Vol 5 (Jul 2008): 470–480.

Henderson ST, JL Vogel, LJ Barr, et al. “Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.” Nutri Metab Vol 6, No 31 (Aug 2009): 1–25.

Kadish I, O Thibault, EM Blalock, et al. “Hippocampal and cognitive aging across the lifespan: a bioenergetic shift precedes and increased cholesterol trafficking parallels memory impairments.” J Neurosci Vol 29, No 6 (Feb 2009): 1805–1816.

Mochel F, P DeLonlay, G Touati, et al. “Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: clinical and biochemical response to anaplerotic diet therapy.” Mol Genet Metab Vol 84 (2005) 305–312.

Mochel F, S Duteil, C Marelli, et al. “Dietary anaplerotic therapy improves peripheral tissue energy metabolism in patients with Huntington’s disease.” Eur J Hum Genet Vol 10 (2010): 1–4.

Pi-Sunyer FX, SA Hashim, TB VanItallie. “Insulin and ketone responses to ingestion of medium and long-chain triglycerides in man.” Diabetes Vol 18, No 2 (Feb 1969): 96–100.

Reger MA, ST Henderson, C Hale, et al. “Effects of ?-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults.” Neurobiol Aging Vol 25 (2004): 311–314.

Schön H, I Lippach, W Gelpke. “Stoffwechsel untersuchungen mit einem mischglycerid der fettsäuren mitlerer kettenlänge. II. Untersuchungen über die veränderungen des ketonkörpergehmaltes von blut and urin nach zufuhr des mischglyderides.” Gasteroenterologia Vol 91 (1959): 199.

Taha AY, ST Henderson, WM Burnham. “Dietary enrichment with medium-chain triglycerides (AC-1203) elevates polyunsaturated fatty acids in the parietal cortex of aged dogs: implication for treating age-related cognitive decline.” Neurochem Res Vol 34, No 9 (Sept 2009): 1619–1625.

Tantibhedhyangkul P, SA Hashim. “Clinical and physiologic aspects of medium-chain triglycerides: alleviation of steatorrhea in premature infants.” Bull N Y Acad Med Vol 47, No 1 (1971): 17–33.

Tantibhehyangkul P, SA Hashim. “Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: Effects on fat and nitrogen absorption.” Pediatrics Vol 55 (Mar 1975): 359–370.

Chapter 19: The Therapeutic Implications of the Ketone Ester

Cahill GF Jr., RL Veech. “Ketoacids? Good medicine?” Trans Amer Clin Climatol Assoc Vol 114 (2003): 149–163.

Ciarmiello A, M Cannella, S Lastoria, et al. “Brain white-matter volume loss and glucose hypometabolism precede the clinical symptoms of Huntington’s disease.” J Nucl Med Vol 47, No 2 (Feb 2005): 215–222.

Cornille E, M Abou-Hamdan, M Khrestchatisky, et al. “Enhancement of L-3-hydroxybutyrylCoA dehydrogenase activity and circulating ketone body levels by pantethine. Relevance to dopaminergic injury.” BMC Neurosci Vol 11 (2010): 51.

Kashiwaya Y, K Sato, N Tsuchiya, et al. “Control of glucose utilization in working perfused rat heart.” J Biol Chem Vol 269, No 41 (Oct 1994): 25502–25514.

Kashiwaya Y, T King, RL Veech. “Substrate signaling by insulin: A ketone bodies ratio mimics insulin action in heart.” Am J Cardiol Vol 80, No 3A (1997): 50A–64A.

Kashiwaya Y, T Takeshima, N Mori, et al. “D-b-hydroxybutyrate protects neurons in models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.” PNAS Vol 97, No 10 (May 2000): 5440–5444.

Masuda R, JW Monohan, Y Kashiwaya. “D-beta-hydroxybutyrate is neuroprotective against hypoxia in serum-free hippocampal primary cultures.” J Neuroscience Res Vol 80, No.4 (May 2005): 501–509.

Nagahara AH, DA Merrill, G Coppola, et al. “Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer’s disease.” Nature Medicine Vol 15, No 3 (March 2009): 331–337.

Sato K, Y Kashiwaya, RL Veech, et al. “Insulin, ketone bodies, and mitochondrial energy transduction.” FASEB Journal Vol 9 (May 1995): 651–658.

Seyfried TN, P Mukherjee. “Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer: Review and hypothesis.” NutrMetab Vol 2, No 30 (2005): 1–9.

Smith SL, DJ Heal, KF Martin. “A potential metabolic approach to cytoprotection in major surgery and neurological disorders.” CNS Drug Rev Vol 11, No 2 (2005): 113–140.

Suzuki Y, H Takahashi, M Fukuda, et al. “?-hydroxybutyrate alters GABA-transaminase activity in cultured astrocytes.” Brain Res Vol 1268 (2009): 17–23.

Tieu K, C Perier, C Caspersen, et al. “D-?-hydroxybutyrate rescues mitochondrial respiration and mitigates features of Parkinson disease.” J Clinl Invest Vol 112, No 6 (2003): 892–901.

Van Hove JLK, S Grünewald, J Jaeken. “D, L-3-hydroxybutyrate treatment of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD.)” Lancet Vol 361 (April 2003): 1433–1435.

VanItallie TB, C Nonas, A Di Rocco, et al. “Treatment of Parkinson disease with diet-induced hyperketonemia: a feasibility study.” Neurology Vol 64 (Feb 2005): 728–730.

Veech RL, B Chance, Y Kashiwaya, et al. “Hypothesis paper: ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses.” IUBMB Life Vol 51 (2001): 241–247.

Veech RL. “The determination of the redox states and phosphorylation potential in living tissues and their relationship to metabolic control of disease phenotypes.” Biochem Mol Biol Educ Vol 32, No 3 (2006): 168–179.

Chapter 21: The Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Issue

Abramson J, RJ Barnard, HC Barry, et al. “Petition to the National Institutes of Health seeking an independent review panel to re-evaluate the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines.” (Sept 2004). Available online at http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/finalnihltr.pdf.

Ahrens EH. “Nutritional factors and serum lipid levels.” Am J Med Vol 23 (1957): 928.

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American Heart Association. “Inflammation, heart disease and stroke: the role of C-reactive protein.” AHA Scientific Statement (2002). Available online at www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4648.

Ascherio A, MB Katan, PL Zock, et al. “Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease.” NEJM Vol 25 (1999): 1994–1998.

Beveridge JMR, WF Connell, HL Haust, et al. “Dietary cholesterol and plasma cholesterol levels in man.” Canadian Journal of Biochemistry Vol 37 (1959): 575–582.

Bierenbaum ML, DP Green, A Florin, et al. “Modified-fat dietary management of the young male with coronary disease.” JAMA Vol 202, No 13 (1967): 59–63.

Bourque C, MP St-Onge, AA Papamandjaris, et al. “Consumption of oil composed of medium-chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and n-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women.” Metabolism Vol 52, No 6 (2003): 771–777.

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Chapter 22: Why Diet Makes a Difference

Gu Y, JW Nieves, Y Stern, et al. “Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk.” Arch Neurol Vol 67, No 6 (2010): E1–E8.

Chapter 23: Questions and Answers about Coconut Oil