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Abingdon Abbey 274, 275, 286
Adomnán 6; Life of St Columba 131, 137–8, 161, 301, 302
Adventus Saxonum (coming of the Saxons) 5, 7, 115, 297
Aelfflaed of Whitby 186
Aelfheah, Saint 286
Aelfric of Evesham 264, 274
Aelfthryth, Queen 281, 282
Áes Dána (community) 71
Aethelbald, King of Mercia 59, 164
Aethelberht, King of Kent 105–6, 113, 121, 123, 129, 157–8, 163, 183, 185
Aethelburg of Kent 158, 160, 183, 184, 185, 186
Aethelfrith, King of Northumbria 158
Aethelred, King of Northumbria 252
Aethelred the Unready, King of England 281, 282, 283, 308
Aethelthryth, Saint 18, 179, 193–7, 202, 206, 279, 280, 304
Agatho, Pope 216, 217, 219
Aidan, Saint 58, 156–7, 161–2, 186, 188, 190
Alban, Saint 17, 27–49, 63, 84, 94, 114, 298, 300; Bede and 25, 34–5; convert from Romano-British paganism to Christianity 28, 29, 30; cult of 30, 33, 38; death/martyrdom 18, 25, 27, 29, 30–2, 33, 38, 39, 48–9, 259; emergence of Christianity and 30–1, 44–9, 289; miracles 32, 34; patron saint of England, as possible 30, 75; predates Anglo-Saxon period 18, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31; rebel/non-conformist/political radical 27, 31, 94; relics, church and tomb 27, 28, 38, 44; St Albans and 27–8, 38, 298; St George and 30, 75; textual records of 31–5, 37; Verulamium and 27–8, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37–8, 298
Alcuin of York 18, 19, 246–53, 255, 267, 275, 306, 307
Aldfrith, King of Northumbria 217
Aldhelm 274–5; De Virginitate 275
Aldred (scribe) 171
Alfred Jewel 265, 266, 267, 269, 307
Alfred the Great, King of England 1, 255, 257–86, 290, 307–9; Alfred Jewel and 265, 266, 267, 269, 307; archaeological finds and 262–3, 265, 266, 267, 269, 307; biography of 261–2; building of burhs 263; burial 269; burning loaves and 262; character and rule of 257; childhood 264; as a ‘Christian hero’ not a saint 261; court school and 269; Edmund the Martyr and 257, 259–60; Edward the Confessor and 286; learning and education, approach to Christian 261, 263–5, 266, 267, 269, 274; legacy 261; royal saints, promotion of cult of 257, 259–60, 267–9; successors 269–78; translation of Gregory the Great’s ‘Pastoral Care’ 264, 265; Viking invasion of England and 9, 19, 255, 257, 259–61, 262, 263–4, 267, 268, 290
Alhfrith (heir to Northumbrian throne) 206
Ambrose, Saint 103
anchorites 59, 164
Andrew, Saint 76, 81, 110, 111, 218
Angles 4, 5, 7, 39, 79, 101, 103, 105, 114, 115, 253, 290, 292
Anglesey, Isle of 70
Anglo-Saxon England vi; archaeological finds from 3, 5, 6, 33, 35, 37, 55, 78–9, 80, 81, 106, 107, 116–22, 123, 139–40, 148, 158, 166, 168, 174, 193, 194, 260, 263, 265, 267, 301 see also under individual discovery name; as a ‘dark age’ 1, 3, 4; at time of conversion to Christianity 114–22; birth of 4–5; definition of 4–9; end of 9–10, 283–6; kingdoms of vi, 6 see also under individual kingdom name; language 6, 7 see also Old English; social structure 21; textual record of 6 see also under individual writer and text name; tribes of 4–5, 7 see also under individual tribe name; what is? 4–9
Anna, King of East Anglia 193–4, 195–6
Anonymous Life of Abbot Ceolfrith 233–4
Anonymous Life of Saint Gregory 165
Anonymous Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow 222–3
Anthony, Saint 14, 57, 138, 243
‘Apostle shafts’ 251, 252, 252
Antioch, School of 214
Aquae Sulis 40–1, 42, 42, 43–4, 65, 66, 66
Arthur, King 86, 98, 273–4
Arwald, King of the Isle of Wight 189
ascetics 49, 53–9, 63, 97, 133, 150
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 265, 266
Asser 261–2, 264, 307
Athelstan, King of England 273
Athelwold, Saint 17, 19, 45, 273, 274, 275–6, 277, 278, 279, 279, 280, 281, 286, 290, 308
Augustine, Saint 32, 246; Anglo-Saxon mission and 8, 17, 103, 107, 111–14, 122, 123–6, 128, 129, 152, 157–8, 160, 161, 165, 168, 196, 214, 301; Gregory the Great and 111–14; St Augustine Gospels 126, 127, 127, 146, 148
Augustine’s Oak 124
Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland 159, 163, 303–4
Bamburgh sword 183
Bargello Museum, Florence 213
Bartlett, Robert 15, 297
Bassus, Junius 126
Bath 40–1
Bayeux Tapestry 284, 285, 285
Becket, Archbishop Thomas 104, 155
Bede the Venerable 1, 6, 17, 83, 229–53, 267, 278, 289, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306; A History of the English Church and People 35, 101, 158–9, 160, 229; Alcuin and 246, 247–8; Anglo-Saxon tribes, on 5; birth and background 231; Caedmon and 235–6; Ceolfrith and 221, 225, 233–4, 237; Christian conversion in Anglo-Saxon England, as mouthpiece of early 232–9; Codex Amiatinus and 223, 233, 236, 237–9; Commentary of Samuel 234; death 246; Doctor of the Church 18–19, 233; Easter, on pagan roots of 67; Ecclesiastical History of the English People 25, 34, 37, 38, 44, 80–1, 111–12, 121–2, 123, 124, 128, 139, 182–3, 189, 192–3, 232–3, 235; Gregory the Great and 101, 108, 111, 112, 123, 124, 128, 160; influence upon how we see Anglo-Saxon world 229, 230–1, 232, 233; life 231–6; literary reputation during lifetime 229, 234–5; Northumbrian court acceptance of Christianity, on 158–9; Picts, on the 139; Prose Life of St Cuthbert 153, 155, 162, 165, 166; Raedwald and 121, 122; raven and 236–9; The Reckoning of Time 67, 189; Ruthwell Cross and 239, 241, 245–6; St Aethelthryth and 179, 194, 195; St Alban and 25, 34, 35, 37, 38, 44; St Augustine and 111, 112, 123, 124, 128, 160; St Cuthbert and 153, 155, 162, 165, 166; St Hilda and 182–3, 192, 193; St Martin’s Church, on 105; St Ninian and 80–1; St Oswald and 161, 162; St Wilfrid and 206, 213, 216; Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery and 19, 221, 223, 225, 226, 229–30, 231, 232–3, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 246
bell-shrines 90–1
Bellerophon 47–8
Benedict of Nursia, Saint 109–10, 151
Benedictine monasticism 19, 109–10, 129, 185, 191, 206, 217, 219, 221, 274, 275–6, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 308; Benedictine Reform 19, 274, 275–6, 277, 278, 281, 283, 308; Benedictine Revival 275, 282; Benedictine Rule, the 109–10, 191, 206, 217, 219, 274, 276–7, 277
Benedictional of St Athelwold, The 278, 279, 280
Beowulf 2, 160, 278
Bernicia 80, 158, 161, 162, 186, 187, 188, 189–90, 214
Bertha, Queen of Kent 105–6, 107, 108, 121, 158, 183–4, 185
Bewcastle Cross 245
Bible 14, 19, 56, 61, 82, 84, 215–16, 221–2, 223, 225, 237–9, 242, 264, 265, 306; Vulgate 56, 82, 84, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 221–2, 223, 225, 237–9
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence 222
Birdoswald 86
Birrens Altar, Dumfreisshire 68, 69, 70
Biscop, Benedict 218–21, 222, 225–6, 231, 246, 248, 289, 305
Bobbio, Italy 148, 151
Bodleian Library, Oxford 265
Book of Armagh 85, 95
Book of Durrow 146, 147, 147, 148, 149, 174, 222
Book of Kells 64, 146, 149
Botolph, Saint 221
Boudicca, Queen 35, 37, 39, 65
Brescia Casket 209
Brigantes 68, 70
Brigantia 40, 68, 69, 70–1, 69
Brigid, Saint 51, 63–72, 84, 114, 298–9; Brigantia and 18, 40, 53, 68–71, 69; Brigid’s Cross and 63, 67–8; Christian Saint/Celtic Goddess, questions over true identity of 63–8, 81, 82, 85; ‘Church of the Oak’, Kildare, founder and abbess of 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 143; Druidic religion and 63–4, 65–7, 68, 70, 71, 72, 93; emergence of Celtic form of Christianity and 18, 63, 70–1; feast day 67; ‘keening’ 67; life of 63–4; miracles 64–5; patron saint of Ireland, as a 53, 72; predates Anglo-Saxon period 18; St Patrick and 85; textual evidence for 63–5, 69–70; Tuatha Dé Danann 94; worshipped in triple form 65–6
Brigid’s Cross 63, 67
Britannia 70, 108, 114
British Library 172, 176, 279
British Museum 46, 169, 209
Bronze Age 58
Brown, Basil 118
Burghead fort 142
Bury St Edmunds 257–8, 260
Buttevant, County Cork 68
Byzantium 121, 168, 170, 214, 215, 250–1, 301
Cadwallon, King 218
Caedmon 192–3, 235–6
‘Caedmon’s Hymn’ 192–3, 235
Calvin, John 103, 300
Candida Casa, Scotland 78, 80–1, 82, 83
Canterbury 97–8, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 123, 125–6, 127, 189, 205, 206, 207, 214, 215–16, 218, 219, 246, 247, 273, 286, 301, 305
Canterbury-St Martin’s hoard 106, 107
Canticle of Habakkuk 243
Caprera, island of 53
Carolingian Renaissance 19, 247, 248–53, 280, 307
‘carpet pages’ 147, 148, 172, 174
Carrawburgh, Mithraeum at 43
Cartimandua 70
Cassiodorus 221, 222
Cathach of St Columba 143–5, 146, 149, 174, 175, 207
Catuvellauni tribe 28, 35
Celestine I, Pope 62, 85
Celtic Church 49, 55, 58, 76, 99, 137, 149, 152, 157–8, 170, 176, 191, 205, 206, 207, 289
Celts/Celtic Britons/Celtic religion 7, 18, 28, 31, 35, 37, 39–41, 48, 49, 53–5, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 108, 114, 115, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 143, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 170, 174, 175, 176, 186, 187, 188, 191, 205, 206, 207, 219, 241, 289, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301
Ceolfrith 221–2, 225, 230, 233–4, 237, 246, 306
Charlemagne, Emperor 19, 128, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 261, 262, 269, 306
Charon’s Obul 119
Chaucer, Geoffrey: The Canterbury Tales 104
Chelles monastery 186
Chi-Rho 45, 46, 47, 78, 78, 167, 167
Chlorus, Constantius 44
Church of St Martin, Canterbury 104–5, 106, 107, 108, 114
‘Church of the Oak’, Kildare 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 143
Cináed mac Ailp’n 139
Claudius, Emperor 39
Cloen, Broccan 64
Clonard monastery 142–3, 144, 150
Cnut, King of Denmark and England 9–10, 272, 283, 297, 308
Codex Amiatinus 222, 223, 224, 225–6, 233, 236, 237–9, 265, 305
Colman of Lindisfarne, Bishop 190–1
Columba, Saint 8, 143, 191, 207, 301–2; appearance 134; background and ancestry 135–6; birth 135; Book of Durrow and 146, 147, 148, 149; Cathach of St Columba 143–5, 146, 149, 174, 175, 207; Celtic Irish missions to pagan English and 18, 80, 108, 129, 150, 152; Columbanus and 151; Cúl Dreimhne, Battle of, (Battle of the Book), AD 555 and AD 561 143–4; death 100, 148; Iona and 8, 18, 80, 131, 133–5, 137–8, 142, 146, 149, 150, 156, 191; legacy 149, 150–2; Life of St Columba (Adomnán) 131, 136, 137–8; manuscript art and 143–9, 174, 175, 207; miracles 134; names 136–7; patron saint of Ireland, as a 72; Scotland, the Picts and 138–43, 150; St Oswald and 161; textual evidence for life of 131, 133, 135–6, 137–8; training at Finnian’s monastery at Molvilla, then monastic school, Clonard 81, 142–3, 144; Twelve Apostles of Ireland, as one of 150
Columbanus 148, 150–2, 302
Conall, King 135
Constantine the Great, Emperor 12, 44–5, 60, 109, 257, 261, 298
Constantinople 109, 110, 214
convents 184–5, 195
Cornwall 7, 79, 85, 98
Coroticus 84–5, 88, 95
Cubicularius, Peter 29
Cuerdale Viking hoard 260
Cúl Dreimhne, Battle of, (Battle of the Book), AD 555–AD 561 143–4
‘cuneus’, Yeavering 160, 230
curachs 53, 55, 89, 96, 135, 144, 149, 150
Curnan of Connacht, Prince 144
Dagobert, King of Francia 185
Dál Riata kingdom 108, 134, 135, 139
Danegeld 9, 282
Danelaw 260, 268–9
Dark Ages 3, 34, 76, 103, 146, 231, 308
David, Saint 58, 76, 97–8, 99, 114
Decius, Emperor 32, 56
Deira 158, 161, 182, 188, 189–90, 194, 205, 214
Desborough necklace 168
Diana, Princess 13
Diarmait mac Cerbaill, High King of Tara and the Uí Néill 143, 144
diminuendo 149, 174
Dio Chrysostom 70, 299
Diocletian, Emperor 29, 32, 75
Dream of the Rood, The 227, 245, 305, 306
Druids 40, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70–1, 72, 82, 84, 85, 93, 94, 95, 149, 164, 189, 299, 302
Dumbarton Rock, Scotland 85–6
Dunadd 135, 301
Dunstan, Saint 19, 258, 273–4, 276, 277, 278, 281, 283, 290, 308
Durham 155, 162, 176, 177, 246
Eadbald, King of Kent 185
Eadberht, King of Northumbria 248
Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne 171, 172, 174, 175
Eanflaed, Queen of Northumbria 187, 205–6
Eanfrith, King of Bernicia 161
Easby Cross 251
East Anglia 116, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 158, 186, 193, 194, 221, 257–9, 260, 269, 297, 304, 307, 308, 309
East Anglian Church 221
Easter 94; dating of 124, 137, 170, 189–90, 191, 206; naming of 67
Eastern Church 110, 126
Ecgberht, Archbishop 248
Ecgfrith, King of Deira 194–5, 216, 217, 219
Edgar, King of England 9, 17, 19, 258, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 281, 290, 307, 308
Edict of Milan, AD 313 44–5
Edington, Battle of, AD 878 263
Edith, Saint 272
Edmund the Martyr 76, 257–61
Edward III, King 75
Edward the Confessor 1, 10, 19, 76, 283–6
Edward the Elder 269
Edward the Martyr, King 281–2, 283, 286, 307
Edwin, King of Northumbria 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 182, 183–4, 185, 186, 187, 188, 910, 214, 230
Egil, legend of 213
Einheard 262
Elmet 158, 182
Ely 194, 195, 196, 279
Eormenburg, Queen 204
Eucharist 48, 57, 91, 243
Evangelists, Four 148, 168, 170–1, 174–5
fanaticism, religious 11, 30, 48, 51, 53, 57
Faversham pendant 236, 237
Felix III, Pope 109
Fens 58, 163, 194
Fin, Princess 188
Finglesham buckle 115, 236
Finnian of Clonard 142–3, 144, 150
Finnian of Moville 81, 82, 142
First Council of Nicea, AD 325 190
Frampton Mosaics 47–8, 298
Francis, Pope 126
Franks 8, 84, 105, 107, 108, 112, 119, 121, 122, 151, 184, 185, 186, 248–53, 305
Franks Casket 208–14, 208, 211, 213, 235, 242, 289, 305
Franks, Sir Augustus Wollaston 209
Frith stool 202, 203
Fuller Brooch, The 268, 268, 269
Gaelic language 36, 137, 139
Gaul 32, 33, 51, 85, 111, 112, 119, 120, 151, 202, 205, 206, 215, 217, 218, 219
Geoffrey of Monmouth 44, 98
George, Saint 30, 73, 75–6, 76, 100
Gerald of Wales 64, 66, 299
Germanus, Saint 32–3, 138, 300
Gildas 6, 298; On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain 33–4, 88, 300
Glastonbury 43, 258, 273–4
Glen, River 159, 160, 161
Godeman 280
Gododdin 158
Gododdin, The 86
Godwinson, Harold 9, 10, 284, 285
Gontram, King of Burgundy 151
Great Bible of Henry VIII, 1535 264
Great Heathen Army 257, 259, 289–90
Greece 41, 82, 119
Greek language 40, 47, 51, 75, 82, 110, 121, 136, 214, 216, 238, 249, 250, 265
Gregory the Great, Pope 1, 8, 18, 100, 101–29, 175, 220, 257, 300–1; Anglo-Saxon mission and 8, 18, 101, 103–4, 108–9, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120–8, 157, 160, 161, 165, 183–4, 188, 196, 201, 235, 246, 289, 300–1; Augustine and 111–14, 122, 123, 125, 126; Celtic Church clash with 18, 80, 108, 129, 150, 152, 157–8, 289; Columbanus and 151–2; Constantinople and 110; Dialogues 109–10; elevation to papacy 110; Holy Roman Empire and 110; life of monastic seclusion 109–10; Life of St Benedict 138; ‘Pastoral Care’ 264, 265; Prefect 109; role of art/images in guiding illiterate towards knowledge, instructions on importance of 126, 128, 175, 220–1, 246; Rome and 108, 109, 110; Sutton Hoo and 120–1; tyrant or conciliatory converter? 128–9
Gundestrup Cauldron 61
Guthlac, Saint 58, 59, 163, 164
Guthrum 263
Gwyddfarch, Saint 57
Hadrian, Abbot of St Peter’s Canterbury 215, 216, 219, 305
Hadrian’s Wall 43, 61, 79, 80, 86, 139, 202
hagiographical texts (saints’ lives) 6, 16, 32, 63, 71, 82, 84, 93, 94–5, 97, 111, 136, 137–8, 164, 206–7, 217–18, 261–2, 275, 291 see also under individual text name
Hastings, Battle of, 1066 10
Heavenfield, Battle of 161
Helena, Empress 44
Henry of Huntingdon 139
Henry VI, King 261, 285
Henry VIII, King 98, 185, 202, 264
Heraclius, Emperor 169
Herbert, Terry 118
Hereric 182
Hereswith 186, 193
hermits 12, 14, 55–6, 56, 57, 59–60, 124, 155, 162, 163–4, 171, 290, 303
Hexham Abbey, Northumberland 201–2, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 214, 218, 247, 265, 304
Hilda of Whitby, Saint 18, 177, 179, 181–97, 219, 246, 258, 289, 303–4; birth and background 181, 183–4; childhood 182–3; conversion to Christianity 183; Queen Aethelburg and 183–6; sources for life of 182–3; Synod of Whitby and 18, 188–91; Whitby monastery and 18, 181–2, 186–93
Hilton of Cadboll Stone 140
Hinton St Mary Mosaic 45, 46, 47
Holy Roman Empire 110
Hope-Taylor, Brian 159, 160, 183
Hundred Years’ War 9, 75
Iceni tribe 35, 39
Imbolc (pagan festival) 67
Inner Farne 58, 157, 163, 164, 165, 171
Iona 8, 18, 80, 100, 108, 131, 133–5, 137–8, 142, 146, 149, 156, 157, 189, 190, 191
Ireland 4, 7, 8, 18, 40, 53, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63–4, 65, 68, 70, 72, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 134, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 189, 190, 191, 241, 289, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303
Irish Church 91, 135, 137, 146, 149, 161, 162, 189, 190, 201
Iron Age 39, 87, 94, 114, 135, 159
Isis 28, 29
Islam 128, 148, 175
Isle of Man 7, 76, 77, 96–7, 98, 99, 300
Jerome, Saint 56, 91, 103; Life of Saint Paul the First Hermit 56–7; Vulgate 56, 82, 84, 143, 144, 148, 149, 238
Jerusalem 44, 212, 231
John Paul II, Saint 1
John the Baptist, Saint 243
John the Evangelist, Saint 170, 174, 176, 220, 242
Joseph of Arimathea 43
Judaism 29, 128, 175
Justus 125
Jutes 4, 5, 7, 39, 79, 105, 113, 114, 115, 253, 290, 292
Kent 5, 18, 100, 105, 111, 112–13, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 157–8, 160, 165, 168, 183, 185, 195, 196, 205–6
Kentigern, Saint 142
Labbamolaga, County Cork 64
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 286
Latin language 6, 7, 56, 60, 79, 80, 82, 87, 92, 116, 127, 136, 145, 150, 164, 171, 187, 212–13, 214, 216, 231, 236, 238, 242, 243, 244, 261, 263–4, 265, 274, 298, 300, 306
Latinus Stone, The 78, 78, 81
‘The Legend of St George’, The Golden Legend 73
Leofric 285
Lérins 219
Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) 94
Life of St Anthony 14
Life of St Ceolfrith (anon.) 221
Life of St Germanus, The 32–3
Life of St Martin (Severus) 14
Life of St Neot (anon.) 262
Lindisfarne 58, 148, 152, 155–7, 161, 162, 163, 164, 170, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 205, 225, 231, 247, 302, 303; Lindisfarne Gospels 3, 18, 146, 155, 166, 171–6, 172, 177, 222, 225, 264, 265, 289, 303; Viking attacks on 252–3, 258
Lleu/Lugh/Lugus 40
Loch Ness Monster 138–9, 142, 149
Lodbrok, Ragnar 259
Loiguire 94–5
Lombards 249
Lorsch Gospels 250
Luidhard medalet 106, 107–8, 308
Luke the Evangelist, Saint 126, 170, 171
Luxeuil Abbey, France 151
Lyminge monastery 185
Mark the Evangelist, Saint 170, 174
Martin, Saint 14, 80, 138, 143
martyrs/martyrdom 10, 11–12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30–2, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 48–9, 57, 60, 63, 75, 76, 126, 162, 170, 195, 204, 205, 234, 236, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 282, 283, 285, 289, 290
Massacre of Verden 249
Matthew the Evangelist, Saint 148, 170
Maughold, St 76, 96–7, 98, 99
Maximus of Turin 16
Meifod, Wales 57
Melangell, St 57–8, 59
Mellitus, Bishop 125, 128, 129
Melrose, Scotland 58, 157, 163
Mercia 5, 58, 59, 162, 163, 164, 189, 196, 218, 259, 269, 285, 307
Merovingians 249
Minerva 40, 41, 42, 68, 70
Minster Lovell 267
miracles 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 63, 64–5, 71, 97, 113, 134, 139, 157, 162, 164, 165, 218, 244, 272, 286, 291
missionaries 8, 16, 17, 62, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 89, 90–2, 93, 99, 100, 108–9, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 133, 137, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 165, 183, 184, 189, 191, 196, 248, 289, 301
Mithras 28, 29, 43
Moses 34, 218
Mousa Broch 139, 141
Movilla, County Down, Ireland 82, 142
Mull, Isle of 133
Murchiú: Life of St Patrick 93, 94–5, 300
Niall of the Nine Hostages 135
Ninian, Saint 18, 76, 77–83, 84, 87, 142, 299
Normans/Norman Conquest 9, 10, 28, 109, 115, 156, 181, 230, 258, 261, 281, 283, 284, 284, 285, 285, 286, 290, 304
Northumbria 5, 18, 19, 83, 150, 156, 157–62, 163, 164, 165, 170, 175, 176, 182, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194–5, 205, 206, 208, 212, 214, 216–17, 218, 219–220, 221, 229, 230, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 252, 259, 285, 303; Golden Age 157, 175, 289, 302, 304, 305, 306
Novantae 77
Novem Codices 221, 222
nuns 92, 164, 182–6, 194, 270, 272, 276, 304
Odinn 61, 115, 165, 236 see also Woden
Offa, King 44
Old English (language) 2, 3, 115, 116, 145, 164, 171, 183, 187, 192, 193, 208, 210, 213, 231, 235, 236, 244, 261, 264, 265, 274, 283
Old Norse 115
Orthodox Church 33
Ostrogoths 109
Oswald, Archbishop of York 273, 274, 278, 281, 290
Oswald, Saint 16, 19, 156, 159, 161–2, 163, 188, 190, 214, 219, 303
Oswui, King of Northumbria 162, 164, 182, 186, 187–8, 190, 191, 205, 219
Otley, Yorkshire, cross shaft at 251, 252, 252
Palladius (Patrick the elder) 83–6, 93
papacy 8, 11, 18, 32, 59–61, 62, 98, 103, 108, 135, 151–2, 192, 202, 204, 205, 219, 231, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 249, 267 see also under individual pope name
Pascal, Blaise: Pensées vii, 11, 293
Patrick, Saint 8, 73, 76, 83, 114; bell 90–1; birth 84; as Bishop 93–5; Brigid and 85; Christianisation of Scotland corroborated by 82–3; crimes/sins 92–3, 95–6; death 84; Declaration 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 95, 99; discovers Christianity 89; Druids and 84, 85, 93–5; emergence of Celtic form of Christianity in Ireland and 18, 63, 84, 85; encouraging of women into church 91–2, 94; family and upbringing 87; hagiography 93, 94–5; as hybrid of two individuals 84–5; Isle of Man conversion to Christianity and 96–7, 99; legacy 99; Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus 84–5, 86, 88, 95, 99; miracles 95; origins of 85–6; Palladius and 83–6, 93; patron saint of Ireland 72, 73–100; political game-playing 18; predates Anglo-Saxon period 18; returns to Ireland as a missionary 89–93; slavery 87–90; St Patrick’s Day and 83–4; Tara Easter celebration and 94–5; textual evidence for life of 83, 84–5, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 95, 99; Wales conversion to Christianity and 97–8
Paul, Saint 11, 34, 108, 121, 215, 216, 220, 243
Paul of Thebes, Saint 56–7
Paulinus 125, 160, 161, 164–5, 183, 185, 188, 190, 236
Pelagian heresy 32–3, 62, 85, 97, 235, 298
Pelagius, Pope 110, 217
Penda, King of Mercia 162, 163, 185, 186, 189, 196, 218
penitentials 151
Pennant Melangell 58, 299
Pepin the Short 249
Peter of the Langobards 222, 224
Peter, Saint 1, 38, 76, 108, 170, 190, 191, 192, 215, 216, 220, 241, 270, 303
Picts 4, 79, 80, 81, 82–3, 88, 138–43, 140, 149, 187, 302
Plummer, Charles 84, 305, 306
Portmahomack 141
Prassede 91
Pretty, Mrs Edith 118–19
Prosper of Aquitaine 62
protestantism 16, 103
Ptolemy: The Geography 77, 299
Pudenziana 47, 91
Raedwald, King of East Anglia 120, 121–2, 158, 194
relics 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27, 33, 44, 48, 71, 90–1, 113, 123–4, 126, 128, 144, 146, 155, 162, 175, 176, 201, 204, 207, 209, 218, 219, 220, 232, 261, 282, 286, 289, 303, 304, 305
Reformation 27, 241, 302
Regularis Concordia (‘the Monastic Agreement of the Monks and Nuns of the English Nation’) 276, 277
reliquaries 27, 90, 144, 204
Repton monastery 58, 164
Richard II, King 75–6, 76
Rieinmellt, Princess 187
Ripon, abbey at 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 221, 265, 304, 305
rois fainéants (do-nothing kings) 249
Roman Empire 4, 7, 8, 18 20, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34–5, 36, 37, 39–40, 41, 42, 43–5, 58, 60–1, 62, 65, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 93, 103–29, 137, 157–8, 165, 170, 182, 186, 188, 190, 191, 206, 209, 241, 267
Romanitas (Roman-ness) 214
Romano-British 4, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 37, 43, 45–6, 48, 79, 86, 87, 88, 105, 113, 114, 115, 116, 124, 125, 202, 298
Rome 8, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 70, 80, 81, 86, 91, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 119, 123, 125, 150, 170, 184, 189, 190, 204, 205, 206, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 231, 234, 237, 243, 246
Romulus and Remus 108, 212, 305
Rossi, Giovanni Battista de 222
royal saints 253, 255, 257–86, 289–90, 297, 307–9 see also under individual saint name
Rufinianus 125
‘The Ruin’, from The Exeter Book 113–14, 145
runes 116, 160, 171, 187, 208, 210, 211, 213, 242, 244–5, 301, 304
Ruthwell Church 241
Ruthwell Cross 57, 192, 239–46, 240, 289, 306
Rutilius: A Voyage Home to Gaul 51, 53
saints: Anglo-Saxon Saints: fact and fiction 17–21; ascetics as 49, 53–9, 63, 97, 133, 150; distinction between types of saints, lack of early 11; etymology 11, 14, 293; grace, notoriety and 11–14; hermits as 12, 14, 55–6, 56, 57, 59–60, 124, 155, 162, 163–4, 171, 290, 303; modern path to declaration as a 14; numbers of 14; patron saints 30, 58, 63, 72, 73, 75–6, 77–9, 81, 84, 85, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 216, 258, 261, 279; royal saints 253, 255, 257–86, 289–90, 297, 307–9; rules for becoming a 11–12, 14; virgin saints 12, 57–8, 179, 194–5, 196, 206, 272, 275; why do they matter? 14–17; why they are relevant today? 21–3 see also under individual saint name
Santa Pudenziana, Rome 47, 91
Scotland 6, 7, 8, 55, 58, 61, 68, 76, 77–83, 85–6, 98, 133, 134, 136–7, 138–43, 144, 148, 150, 156, 158, 161, 270, 289, 302
Seafarer, The 199, 304
Seaxburh, Queen 195, 196
Sigwulf 250
Silchester 45
Simeon Stylites 56
Sixtus, Saint 123–4
Sixtus II, Pope 123–4
Skellig Michael, Ireland 53–6, 59, 63, 143, 299
slave trade 87–90
St Aidan’s Celtic monastery, Lindisfarne 58
St Albans 27–8, 33, 34, 38, 298
St Augustine Gospels 126, 127, 127, 146, 148
St Martin’s monastery, Tours 143
St Peter’s, Rome 38, 45, 204, 246
Staffordshire Hoard 3, 117–18, 168, 301
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 1066 10
Stephen of Ripon 206–7, 217–18
Stockholm Codex Aureus 207
Stonyhurst Gospel 176–7
Streona 182
Streoneshalh 182, 187, 192
Sulis Minerva 40, 41, 42
Sutton Hoo ship burial 3, 116–19, 166, 193, 301; date of 119; great gold buckle 116, 117, 117, 168; Gregory the Great and 120–2, 123; history of find 118–19; identity of body buried at, arguments over 120, 121–2, 158, 194; purse 119–20; shoulder clasp 3, 148, 174
Swithun 280
syncretism 31, 40, 41, 44, 47, 67
Synod of Brefi 97
Synod of Whitby 18, 187, 188–92, 206, 241, 242, 304
Syria 41, 61, 214
Tara, Ireland 94–5, 143, 144, 149
Thanet, Isle of 103, 111, 112–13, 116
Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury 189, 214–15, 216, 217, 218, 219, 305
Tituli 91
Titus, Emperor 212
Tondberct, Prince of the South Gyrwe 194
Tribal Hidage 159–60
Tuatha Dé Danann 94
Twelve Apostles of Ireland 8, 150
Ui Brigte 70
Uí Néill clan 18, 135–6, 143, 144
Valerian, Emperor 32, 56
Vatican 14, 204, 249
Vendel, Sweden 120
Ver, River (River Thames) 34, 36, 38
Verulamium 27–8, 30, 33, 35–8, 36, 37–8, 48, 87, 298
Victricius, Bishop of Rouen 32
Vikings 5, 9–10, 12, 19, 91, 108, 155, 207, 252–3, 257, 258–61, 262, 263–4, 265, 267, 268, 269, 273, 278, 281, 282, 283, 289–90; Viking Age 253, 257, 258–9
virgin saints 12, 57–8, 179, 194–5, 196, 206, 272, 275
Visigoths 109
Vitalian, Pope 215
Vitruvius: Ten Books on Architecture 41
Vivarium, library at 221
Vulgate Bible 56, 82, 84, 143, 144, 148, 149, 221–2, 225, 237–8
Wales 7, 8, 40, 55, 57, 58, 61, 64, 66, 76, 79, 85–6, 88, 97–9, 289, 297, 299, 300
Wanderer, The 2, 297
Warminster Jewel 267
Water Newton treasure 45
Watling Street 35, 36, 37
Wear, River 186
Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery 19, 219–22, 223, 225, 226, 229–30, 231, 232–3, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 246, 305
Weland the Smith 211–12
Wessex 259, 262, 263, 269, 272, 285, 307
West Saxons 5, 124
Western Roman Empire 110, 250
Westminster Abbey 284–5
Whitby monastery 165; Saint Hilda and 18, 177, 181–2, 186–93, 304; Synod of Whitby 18, 187, 188–92, 206, 241, 242
White Island, County Fermanagh, Ireland 61, 62
Whithorn, Scotland 77–9, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 142, 143, 299
Wiccii 124
Wilfrid, Saint 45, 188, 196, 197, 199, 201–26, 246, 247, 258, 289, 304–5; Aethelthryth and 195; art, patronage of 206–8, 225; Benedict Biscop and 218–21, 225–6; birth and background 201; Bishop of Northumbria 216; Ceolfrith and 221–2, 225; complexity of character 201, 205–8; crypt 202; ‘cult objects’ 217; death 217; empurpled manuscript written in gold, development of 206–7, 225; exiled 205, 216, 217; expelled from York 216; fight to instill Roman Church into Anglo-Saxon England 201, 202, 205; Franks Casket and 208–14, 208, 211, 213; frith stool 202, 203; Hilda and 193; legacy 201; Life 206–7, 217–18; miracles 218; nobleman 201, 205; pilgrimage to Rome 204, 216; power of 201, 202, 216–17; powerful friends and enemies 205–6, 214–18; Ripon and Hexham abbeys and 45, 201–2, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 214, 218, 265; Synod of Whitby and 18, 190–1; Theodore and 214–17; training 205, 206; wanderings 204, 205, 216–17, 218–19, 248
Wilfrida 270, 272
William of Malmesbury 272, 283–4, 308
William the Conqueror 10, 285
Willoughby, Sir Francis 225
Wilton Abbey 270, 272
Wilton Cross 168, 169
Wilton Diptych 75–6, 76
Winchester monastic complex 3, 269, 270, 271, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278–80, 307
Winchester School 271, 271, 278–80
Woden 115, 236 see also Odinn
Wordsworth, Christopher 176
Wuffingas dynasty of Sweden 120, 193
Wulfstan, Archbishop of York 274, 275, 282–3; Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (‘Sermon of the Wolf to the English’), 282, 283, 308
Yeavering, Northumberland 3, 159–61, 182, 185, 230, 233, 302
York 44, 104, 161, 183, 216, 246–7, 248, 251, 273, 282, 306, 307
Zachary, Pope 249