Abilities, Census of, 57–59, 139
Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP), 181
Accountability, 9, 35, 76, 84, 87, 91, 103, 107, 112, 123, 125, 129, 137, 148, 154, 158, 186
data-driven, 180
formulas for, 155
resource, 106
Achievement, 29, 61, 73, 103, 139, 147, 148, 153, 154, 193, 203, 207, 217
economic struggle and, 65
racism and, 64
student, 81, 83–84, 93, 95, 111
Achievement gap, 67, 75, 82, 103, 105, 156
cultural bias and, 64
ACT. See American College Testing
Adequate yearly progress (AYP), 23, 31, 32, 123–124
ADHD. See Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Admission Achievement for Beginning Learners, 195
Advanced Placement (AP) tests, 60, 78, 194, 217
Ahsan, Nayeem, 30
Alvarez, Luis, 49
American Academy of Pediatrics, 206
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 126
American College Testing (ACT), 15, 52, 60, 68, 100, 101, 149, 183, 194
college admissions and, 124
online, 198
practice tests, 165
American Council of Education, 57
American Enterprise Institute, 104
American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 22, 118
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 96
American Psychological Association, 49, 67
Amplify, 97
Anthropometric Laboratories, 42, 51
Anthropometrics, 40–41, 45, 55
Anxiety, 18–19, 20, 78, 105, 130, 140, 150, 195, 204
student, 217
test, 12–13, 123, 179, 195, 202, 214, 216, 217, 218
Apple, 96
AP. See Advanced Placement tests
Army Alpha, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 63
Artificial Intelligence (AI), 131–134, 174, 177
Assessments, 16, 17, 31, 36, 84, 86, 92, 97, 107, 117, 129, 155, 157
creating, 163
formative, 142
game-based, 168, 170, 171, 172–173, 174
performance, 139, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 179, 180, 187, 188, 215–216
psychological, 148
RTI and, 16
standardized, 26, 139, 167, 188
workplace, 152
At-risk kids, identifying, 16
Atentiv, 178
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 29, 34
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), 11, 25, 178, 189, 203
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 25, 203, 204
Au, Wayne, 28
Balf, Todd, 151
Basic Thinking, 192
Beck, Glenn, 34
Behavior, 15, 132, 153, 154, 174, 207
improving, 203
WTF, 175
Beigel, Micaela, 158–159, 160, 161, 162
Bell Curve, The (Murray), 64
Benchmarks, 11, 16, 15, 85, 91, 93, 101, 124, 217
Bertillon method, 41
Bessel, Friedrich, 39
Big Prep, 100
Big Test, The (Lemann), 58
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 34, 94–95, 106, 110, 163, 168
Billionaire Boys’ Club, education reform and, 94–97
Binet, Alfred, 45, 46, 52, 55, 62, 90
Bloomberg, Michael, 90, 95, 181
Bloomberg Markets, 17
Boehner, John, 88
Boycotts, test, 107, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123
Brady, Marion: on “Dear Hillary” letter, 77
Brain Derby, 59
Brainology curriculum, 208
Brightworks, 215
“Broader, Bolder Approach to Education” manifesto, 9, 189
Bronson, Po, 194
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 66
Buck v. Bell (1927), 52
Buffett, Warren, 94
Burt, Cyril, 47
Bush, George W., 76, 85–86, 89, 95
Bush, Jeb, 96
Butterfly effect, 138–140, 180–182
Buzzfeed, 150
California Achievement Tests, 60, 75
California Healthy Kids Survey, 203
California Office to Reform Education, 151
Campbell, Donald, 5
Campbell’s Law, 5
Carnegie Foundation, 94
Carroll, Lewis, 63
Carrots, Sticks, and the Bully Pulpit (Hess and Kelly), 79
Carter, Samuel Casey, 81, 82, 84
Cattell, James McKeen, 44, 46, 47, 48, 58
Center for Education Policy, 28, 103
Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation and Educational Policy (Boston College), 87
Charter schools, 24, 25–26, 77, 82, 90, 183
Cheating, 13, 23, 24, 27, 111, 130, 140, 218
Chicago Teachers Union, opting out and, 118
Christensen, Clayton, 96
Cisco, 168
Civil rights, 66–67, 75, 76, 82, 87, 120, 123
Cognitive development, 48, 131, 132, 206
Coleman, Carmen, 165, 166, 167
Coleman, David, 110
Collaboration, 133, 138, 147, 183, 215, 216
Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), 207
College Board, 34, 59, 69, 110, 151
Rainbow test and, 68
SAT and, 73
Common Core State Standards, 8, 13, 14, 32, 33, 37, 91–93, 102, 120, 124, 145, 171
adoption of, 6–7, 109, 110, 184
funding for, 95
integrated products for, 97
opposition to, 34–35, 96, 107, 109, 112, 117
writing and, 122
Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, 60
Computers, 7, 140–141, 174, 176, 210
CORE district schools, 154
Corrigan, Seth, 168, 170, 171, 173
Council of Chief State School Officers, 94
Craig, Jami, 196
Craig, Kathleen, 82
Creativity, 20, 69, 133, 147, 153, 200, 201, 215, 216
importance of, 131
research on, 213
Critical thinking, 14, 35, 52, 133, 148, 183, 197
Critical Thinking, 192
Cruz, Denise, 169
CUNY Start, 182
interdisciplinary, 216
twenty-first-century, 134, 147
Danielson, Louis, 16
Danville Independent School District, 165, 166
Darling-Hammond, Linda, 21, 35, 130, 183
Darwin, Charles, 41
access to, 187
achievement, 93
enrollment, 88
logging/analyzing, 141
longitudinal, 135
David Lynch Foundation, 202
Davidson, Kathy, 50
De-Testing and De-Grading Schools (Bower), 157, 219
“Dear Hillary” agenda, 76, 77, 79–80
Death and Life of the Great American School System, The (Ravitch), 95
DeBlasio, Bill, 182
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 210
Democracy, public schools and, 7
Democrats for Education Reform, 96
Demystifying the ACT (Alexander), 197
Demystifying the FCAT (Alexander), 197
Demystifying the SAT (Alexander), 197
Department of Education, 16, 20, 74, 91, 150, 163, 182
funding from, 92
Gates Foundation and, 94
NCLB anniversary and, 108
opposition to, 103
Deutermann, Jeanette, 118, 121–123
Diagnostics, 32, 124, 141, 149
Diversity, 13, 23–26, 129, 130, 148
Dougherty, Dale, 210
Dropout rates, 85, 86, 87, 88, 180, 183
on assessments, 35
on high-growth children, 186
NCLB waivers and, 109
on teacher evaluation, 93
Brainology curriculum and, 208
mindset research and, 207
on surveys, 152
on tests/future, 137
Dye, Harold, 56, 57, 61–62, 200
“wandering IQ” study of, 65, 70
Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), 15, 16
e-Rater software, 146
Economic inequality, 65, 190, 214
Economic Policy Institute, 91, 189
crisis in, 76
online, 140
poverty and, 104
spending on, 97
teacher, 77
test-driven, 37
Education reform, 77, 89, 90, 93, 154, 156, 189
accountability and, 130
bipartisan, 190
elementary/secondary, 76
market-based, 80
private interests and, 96
standards-based, 50
Education Week, 117
Educational Testing Service (ETS), 58, 66, 67, 132, 142, 144, 146, 151, 168
EducationNext, Levitt in, 29
El Paso Independent School District, 24, 88
Electronic Arts, 168
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), 79, 80, 103
Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, 95
Ellis, Rebecca, 26
Emotional learning, 148, 167, 207
development of, 131
managing, 9, 150, 195, 202–208
English Language Arts (ELA), 34, 36, 162, 169, 220
English language learners, 6, 11, 12, 180
ENLACE, 111
Entertainment Software Association, 168
ETS. See Educational Testing Service
EXCALE, 111
Exxon Mobil, Common Core and, 96
Eye Level, 192
Failure, success and, 68, 84, 142
Fariña, Carmen, 182
Fast Company (magazine), 140
FBI, cheating and, 29
FCAT. See Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test
Feedback, 6, 137, 139, 144, 150, 152, 161, 162, 165, 171, 178–179, 211
ongoing, 141, 142, 160, 170, 188
positive/negative, 172
student/teacher, 188
Ferreira, Jose, 140, 142, 143, 144
Fifty Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Children Do (Tulley), 215
Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT), 72, 101, 102, 197, 198
Florida Department of Education, 101
Foundation for Excellence in Education, 96
Freakonomics (Levitt), 29
Free/reduced lunch, 190
Freemark, Michael, 65
Friedman, Milton: voucher system and, 77
Gabrieli, Christopher, 151, 152, 155
Galton, Francis, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 62
Gaming, testing and, 13, 30–32, 130, 168, 170, 171, 172–173, 174–177, 197
Garcia, Lorenzo, 24–25, 88, 125
on NCLB, 97
Gates, Melinda French, 94
Gates Learning Foundation, 94
Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich, 39–40
Gaussian distribution, 40
General Certificate of Education Advanced Levels, 78
General Educational Development (GED), 60, 87, 88, 145, 181, 185
Gerson, Michael, 89
Gifted and Talented programs, 192, 194
Giver, The (Lowry), 220
Goddard, Henry: Binet scale and, 55
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 29
Governors Education Symposium, 92
Grade point average (GPA), 69, 124, 132, 134, 149, 203
Gray-Crist, Ali, 71, 99, 101, 102
Gross National Happiness, 155–156
Group Intelligence Scale, 51
Growth mindset, 131, 135, 139, 144, 208
Hagopian, Jesse, 119
Hall, Charlie, 165
Head Start, 62
Health, 80, 91, 155, 186–187, 189, 205–207, 214
Heckman, James, 135
Hernandez-Rodriguez, Linda, 24
High-poverty schools, 105, 106
High stakes, 68, 88, 162, 180, 182
problems with, 36
High-stakes standardized tests, 13, 20, 25, 27, 36, 59, 116, 117, 142, 144, 145, 146, 160, 163
desegregation and, 66
edifice of, 112
invention of, 78
limitations/distortions of, 9
literacy tests and, 63
NCLB and, 86
performance assessments and, 164
thinking/learning and, 102–103
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 53
Homeschooling, 77, 127, 193, 194
Houston Independent School District, 86
How Children Succeed (Tough), 134
Huarte de San Juan, Juan, 41, 52
Individualized education plan (IEP), 26
Innovation Lab Network, 164
Institute of Play, 168
Intelligence, 44, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 138
academic operationalization of, 157
crystallized, 14
factors of, 57
fixed/isolated, 137
malleability of, 200
racial/ethnic groups and, 69
reification of, 47
standardized tests and, 8–9, 63, 216
thinking about, 131
Intelligence, 69
Intelligence quotient (IQ), 47, 49, 54, 56, 135, 136, 154, 155, 200, 209
drop in, 57
intelligence beyond, 58
malleability of, 62
Intelligence tests, 43, 50–51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 63
critique of, 67
rise of, 44
International Center of Photography, 159
Iowa Academic Meet, 59
Iowa Basic Skills Tests, 15, 26, 60, 75
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS), 59–60
Iowa Tests of Educational Development, 59
IQ. See Intelligence quotient
I.Q.: A Smart History of a Failed Idea (Murdoch), 50–51
ISAT state test, 118
Jackson, Neekisia, 30
Jastrow, Joseph, 43
Jencks, Christopher, 135
Jensen, Arthur, 47
Jobs, Laurene Powell, 96
Jobs, Steve, 96
Johnson, Reynold B., 59
Jonze, Spike, 145
Kacsh, Alex: test protest by, 121
Kansas Silent Reading Test, 50
Kansas State Department of Education, 125
Kaplan, 19, 100, 142, 197, 198
Kaplan, Stanley, 100
Kearns, David, 74
Kelly, Andrew P., 79
Kelly, Frederick, 50
Kennedy, Ted, 88
Kensington Museum, 41
Kerouac, Jack, 73
Kidd, Celeste, 154
Kirst, Michael, 109
Koch brothers, 96
Kohn, Alfie, 100
Kopp, Wendy, 82
Koretz, Daniel, 14–15, 26, 27, 28
Kosoff, Sheila, 161
Kuszewski, Andrea, 200, 201–202, 209
Kyllonen, Patrick, 132, 151, 152, 153, 155
Lamb, Briana, 185
Larsen, Yvonne, 73
Learning, 3, 8, 34, 70, 139, 176, 209
alternative context for, 211
analytics, 186
capacity for, 131
changing, 183
deeper, 78
gaming and, 173
immersive, 98
opportunity for, 84
self-motivated, 212
strengths/weaknesses, 170
Learning disabilities, 6, 11, 12, 80, 125
Lee Peng Yee, 169
Lemann, Nicholas, 58
Lepore, Jill, 6
Levitt, Steven, 29
Lewis, Damian, 29
Lindquist, Everett Franklin, 59, 60
Lippmann, Walter, 61, 67, 90, 161
Louisiana Voter Literacy Test, 63
Low-performing schools, turning around, 80, 92, 93
Lowry, Lois, 220
Luthar, Suniya, 21, 217, 218, 219
MacArthur Foundation, 136, 168
Main idea, Organization, Author’s Purpose, and Point of View (MOPP), 199
Mann, Horace, 115
MAP. See Measures of Academic Progress
Mars Generation One: Argubot Academy, 174
Martinez, John, 143
MatchBook Learning, 167
Math Mock Exam, 11
Math problems, 81, 199–200, 208
Maturitat (Matura), 78
McGill, Michael, 105, 117, 185
on no excuses, 83
on test boycott, 116
Measures of Academic Progress (MAP), 108, 120, 175
Meitzav, 111
Mental development, 43, 45, 56, 139
MESH. See Mindsets and Essential Skills and Habits
MetLife Survey of the American Teacher, 22
Metropolitan Achievement Tests, 60
Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), 126
Miller, Lisa, 19
Mindsets and Essential Skills and Habits (MESH), 149–151, 152, 153, 155, 156
Mischel, Walter, 134, 136, 154
Mislevy, Bob, 162
Mismeasure of Man (Gould), 46–47
Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS), 148–149
MOPP. See Main idea, Organization, author’s Purpose, and Point of View
Motivation, 9, 10, 58, 83, 133, 139, 148, 177, 195–196, 202, 206
internal, 137
intrinsic, 209
Multiple-choice questions, 50, 51, 69, 141, 145
Multiple-choice tests, 33, 34, 35, 58, 69, 109, 161, 162, 174
predictability of, 27
reliance on, 17
Murdoch, Rupert, 97
Murray, Charles, 64
Myers-Briggs personality scale, 59, 151
NAEP. See National Assessment for Educational Progress
Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform, The, 77, 81–82, 83, 86
National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP), 60, 85, 103, 130, 193
National Association for College Admissions Counseling, 194
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 95
National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), 162
National Board on Educational Testing and Public Policy, 34
National Center for Education Statistics, 36
National Center on Education and the Economy, 76
National Council on Teacher Quality, 20
National Education Association (NEA), 109
National Governors Association, 92
National Institute of Education, 169
National Intelligence Test, 51
National Merit Scholarship tests, 60
“Nation’s Report Card,” 15, 85, 103, 106, 193
Natural Inheritance (Galton), 42
NCLB. See No Child Left Behind
New England Secondary School Consortium, 164
New Republic, 54
New York City Department of Education, 22, 181
New York City public schools, NCLB and, 105
New York City Teaching Fellows, 105
New York Daily News, 33
New York Magazine, 19
New York Performance Assessment Consortium, 160, 180, 184
New York Performance Standards Consortium, 159, 160, 163
New York State Allies for Public Education, 123
New York State Board of Regents, 160
New York Times, 86, 110, 116, 131, 151
Newsweek, 142
Next Generation Science Standards, 171
No Child Left Behind (NCLB), 4–5, 6, 17, 23, 27, 28, 31, 83, 90, 92, 99, 109, 117, 119
as accountability metric, 103
Gates on, 97
information about, 86
proficiency goals for, 30
school rating, 32
weakening of, 112
No Excuses: Lessons from 21 High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools (Carter), 81, 82
Northwestern Educational Association (NWEA), 31–32, 122, 130
Now You See It (Davidson), 50
Numeracy, 133
NurtureShock (Bronson and Merryman), 194
education reform agenda and, 96, 106
ESEA and, 103
Obsession, test, 7, 8–10, 66, 108, 183, 192, 195, 214, 217
Office of Coordinator of Information, 57
Office of Special Education Programs (Department of Education), 16
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 57, 58, 69, 132
Ohio Educational Journal, 53
OLSATs, 194
On the Road (Kerouac), 73
Opt-out movement, 108, 112, 117–119
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 79, 150
Otis, Arthur S., 51, 52, 53, 55, 63
Outcomes, 66, 84, 85, 106, 134, 180, 188
learning/creating, 154
Pathways in Technology Early College High School (P-Tech), 182
PARCC. See Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers
constitutional right to, 125–126
Park Geun-hye, 150
Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC), 32, 35, 92, 109, 117, 145
PBATs, 166
Pearson Education, 33, 81, 85, 109, 140, 145, 147, 168
Pearson School, 31, 32, 36, 37
Peña Nieto, Enrique, 111
Pennsylvania System of School Assessment, 16
Performance, 42, 58, 61, 83, 99, 104, 115, 132, 178, 181, 189, 194
academic, 32, 110, 203, 207, 213
computer, 176
grading, 162
improving, 141
metrics, 6
poverty and, 82
tasks, 161, 162, 166, 183, 188
Performance Assessment Review Board, Inc., 163
Personal Potential Index, 153
Peterson, Jordan, 213
Pierce v. the Society of Sisters (1925), 126
Pirke Avot, 41
Piron, Shai, 111
PISA. See Programme for International Student Assessment
Pittsburgh Public Schools, tests by, 16
Plass, Jan, 177
Plato, 41
Popham, Jim, 100
Popular Science, 210
Portfolios, 127, 161, 180, 184, 188
Posterlet, 172
Poverty, 29, 40, 62, 64–65, 67, 120, 154, 155, 180
achievement gap and, 104
education and, 104
Preparation, 19
emotional/physical, 202
Pressey, Sidney, 141
Priddy, Albert, 52
Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 158, 159, 162
Principals, recruiting/developing/rewarding/retraining, 92, 93
Private interests, school reform and, 95–96
Private schools, 7, 85, 98, 194, 195
achievement and, 193
Problem solving, 45, 132, 133, 187, 207, 211
gaming and, 173
Proficiency, 12, 30, 31, 36, 108, 130, 159, 160, 170, 182, 203
bare-minimum, 116
conceptualizing, 131
definition of, 32
demonstrations of, 137
English, 85
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 15, 79, 103, 130, 152–153
international analysis of, 193
OECD and, 150
Property taxes, school funding and, 6, 106
Providence Student Union, 196
PSATs, 217
Psychometric Investigation (Wundt), 44
Psychometricians, 31, 33, 47, 50, 61, 68, 154, 173, 201
Psychometrics, 27, 57, 100, 138, 161
anthropometrics and, 45
testing and, 55
multiple-choice, 50, 51, 69, 141, 145
pineapple, 33
short-answer, 141
Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques, 40
Race to the Top, 20, 91–93, 181
competitive structure of, 95
opting out and, 117
achievement and, 64
Rainbow Assessments, 68, 69, 138
Rainbow Project, 157
RAND research report, 161
Rapaport, Deborah S., 116
Ratliff, Bill: on public education, 84
Reading comprehension, 59, 199
Recovery School District, 29
Reese, William J., 115
Republican National Committee, Common Core and, 96
online, 98
poor children and, 190
Response to intervention (RTI), 16
Rising Tide of Color, The (Stoddard), 54
Roadschooling, 194
Robinson, Jackie, 123
Rockefeller Foundation, 94
Rogers, Margot, 95
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 57
Roy, Deb, 175
Royal Congress of London on Public Health, 43
Ryan, Joseph, 45
Saltzman, Amy, 203, 204, 205, 216
on internal conflict, 217
on social/emotional learning, 218–219
Sandia Report, 74
SAT, 15, 27, 34, 73, 100, 101, 122, 146, 149, 151, 183
cheating and, 30
college admissions and, 124
college performance and, 110
math, 199
online, 198
prep class for, 197
Sawyer, Keith, 213
Scarsdale Board of Education, 116
Scarsdale Public Schools, 83, 105, 185
Schlafly, Phyllis, 76
School climate, 150, 154, 156, 203
School Climate Survey, 150
Scientific American, 200
Segal, Carmit, 153
Self-motivation, managing, 9, 195, 209–213
Shaffer, David Williamson, 138
Shelton, Jim, 95
Sheridan, Kimberly, 211
Shockley, William, 49
Shute, Valerie, 144
SimCityEDU: Pollution Challenge!, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 197
Simon, Theodore, 45
Simpson’s paradox, 74
“wandering IQ” study of, 61–62, 65, 70
Skills, 81, 166, 170, 195, 198, 204
abstract reasoning, 46
analytic, 69
communication, 14, 34, 133, 134, 148, 153
critical-thinking, 35
emotional, 148, 149, 153, 183, 206, 207
propaganda, 58
social, 58, 133, 148, 149, 153, 183, 206, 207
twenty-first-century, 131, 132–133, 137, 138, 139, 167, 188
Skinner, B. F.: teaching machine and, 141
Smarter Balanced, 32, 35, 92, 109, 117
Social development, 26, 131, 194
Social learning, 148, 167, 207
Socos system, 176
Socrates, 41
Software, 133–134, 141, 142, 145
essay-grading, 146
gaming, 175
testing and, 147
Soto, Rosendo, 19
Southwest Education conference, 96
Standardized tests, 5, 12, 18, 27, 53, 60, 67, 72, 73, 74, 90, 98, 99, 101, 106
content of, 198
criticism of, 18, 28, 33, 55, 75, 121, 159
Standardized tests (continued)
energy for, 10
essay questions on, 34
minority bias and, 64
number of, 7
racist origins of, 81
reliance on, 110
restrictions by, 16
student learning and, 15
student strengths/weaknesses and, 115
achieving, 70
professional, 102
Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), 52, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 74, 75
analytic intelligence and, 68–69
Stanford-Binet Test, 49, 52, 54
STAR, 205
Starr, Joshua, 148, 149, 185, 219
State tests, 18, 30, 89, 196, 199
proficiency on, 86
Stoddard, Lothrop, 54
Strategies, 9, 195–196, 197, 198
learning and, 178
reduction techniques for, 165–166
signs of, 204
Stroop Task, 178
Studio Thinking (Sheridan), 211
Success, 65, 69, 70, 93, 136, 155, 166, 181
performance and, 42
Sumrall, Marny, 150
Supersemesters, 88
Suspension rates, 203
Teach for America (TFA), 82, 83, 119
highest-qualified, 106
recruiting/developing/rewarding/retraining, 92, 93
test scores and, 110
Teachers’ unions, 34, 80, 96, 111, 117, 119
Teaching, 27, 129, 137, 158, 163, 179, 183
competence and, 5
deprofessionalization of, 20–23, 115
Teaching to the test, 13, 26–28, 129, 130
Team Butterfly, 139, 156, 157–158, 167, 183, 187, 188
as humanistic approach, 179
Team Monkey, 138–140, 148–149, 151–153, 153–155, 156, 167, 183
social/emotional measures and, 188
Team Robot, 139, 140, 145, 146–147, 156, 167, 169, 171, 176, 188
assessments and, 148
learning software and, 168
Team Unicorn, 138–140, 156, 167–168, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 188
Terman, Lewis, 47, 49–50, 52, 54, 62, 63, 154
Army Alpha/Army Beta and, 49
intelligence test and, 49
TEST, strategies of, 9, 195–196
Test prep, 7, 130, 160, 191, 194, 196, 197, 198–200, 206
Test scores, 6, 65, 82, 84, 93, 109, 116, 119, 127, 134, 138, 149, 187, 189
achievement, 153
conventional, 151
cutoff, 31
importance of, 105, 132, 181, 183, 193
improving, 23, 24, 74, 197, 203, 206, 208
investigation of, 196
manipulation of, 90
nullifying, 29
Testing
criticism of, 28, 111, 115, 120
decisions about, 99
in foreign countries, 78–79, 111
school revenues and, 80
Testing industry, 75, 81, 86, 214
Testing Wars in the Public Schools: A Forgotten History (Reese), 115
aptitude, 216
competition and, 193
developing, 27, 37, 50, 112, 131, 183, 196, 200
end-of-course, 119
errors in, 13, 32–33, 112, 130
integrity of, 111
learning/thinking, 139
literacy, 63
math, 13, 16, 27, 59, 107, 152
next generation of, 34–37, 130
norm-referenced, 61
personality, 69
practice, 15, 17, 124, 194, 198
reform of, 130
time/money wastes on, 13, 15–17, 129–130
See also High-stakes standardized tests; Intelligence tests; Multiple-choice tests; Standardized tests; State tests
Texans Advocating for Meaningful Student Assessment (TAMSA), 107, 108
Texas Education Agency, 24
Texas House Bill 3 (2011), 107
Texas Miracle, 84–85, 86–88, 181
Texas School Board, Scott and, 108
Thematic Apperception Test, 59
Thinking, 102–103, 131, 139, 171, 201
critical, 14, 35, 52, 133, 148, 183, 197
Thurstone, Thelma, 59
Tone, managing, 9, 196, 213–220
Tonight Show, Nader on, 67
Tough, Paul, 134
Transforming Education, 151
Treatise on Man, and the Development of His Faculties, A (Quetelet), 40
Treviño, Theresa, 107
Truebridge, Sara: on state tests, 18
“Truth in testing” laws, passage of, 66
Turbo-mesters, 24
availability of, 12
software-based, 141
Twenty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 55
Two-Income Trap, The (Warren), 6
Tyagi, Amelia Warren, 6
Uncommon Schools, 82
United Opt Out National, 118, 125, 126, 127
Unkind Mind, 204
Van Roekel, Dennis, 109
Vasquez Heilig, Julian, 86, 87, 185
accountability and, 184
Texas Miracle and, 181
Venture Capital in Education Summit, 140
Vogell, Heather, 34
Von Helmholtz, Hermann, 41
Voting Rights Act (1965), 63
Walpole, Claire: computer-based testing and, 18
Walt Disney Company, 101
Walton Family Foundation, funding from, 95
Warren, Elizabeth, 6
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), 195
Weingarten, Randi, 22
Weissberg, Roger P., 207
Wiliam, Dylan, 17, 77, 78, 137
William H. Gates Foundation, 94
Wisconsin Center for Education Research, 138
World Book, 51
WriteToLearn, 145
Writing Roadmap, 145