Breakthrough

PROLOGUE

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Ambassador Melanne Verveer. March 3, 2015.

Governor Jennifer Granholm. January 24, 2014.

Interviews with Twyla Hodges, Tony Cowser, Joe Boccolucci, Katelyn Rydzewski, and others at Hillary Clinton’s book signing, Los Angeles. June 19, 2014.

Senator Benjamin Cardin. July 23, 2014.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison. November 24, 2014.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Baer, Denise, and Heidi Hartmann. “Building Women’s Political Careers: Strengthening the Pipeline to Higher Office.” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, May 2014. http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/building-women2019s-political-careers-strengthening-the-pipeline-to-higher-office.

Brown, Quinn Russell. “1,200 Turn Out for Hillary Clinton at Seattle Book-Signing.” HeraldNet, June 18, 2014. http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20140618/NEWS02/140619196.

Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Hard Choices. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

Pew Research Center. “2014 Party Identification Detailed Tables.” April 7, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/2014-party-identification-detailed-tables/.

———. “A Clinton Candidacy: Voters’ Early Impressions.” April 10, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/10/a-clinton-candidacy-voters-early-impressions/.

———. “Women and Leadership.” January 14, 2015. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership/.

Sandberg, Sheryl. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to head. New York: Knopf, 2013.

Verveer, Melanne, and Kim K. Azzarelli. Fast Forward: How Women Can Achieve Power and Purpose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.

Warner, Judith. “Fact Sheet: The Women’s Leadership Gap.” Center for American Progress, March 7, 2014. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2014/03/07/85457/fact-sheet-the-womens-leadership-gap/.

World Economic Forum. “The Global Gender Gap Report 2015.” Insight Report. Geneva, November 2015. http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2015.

Chapter 1: OUTSIDE IN

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Governor Christine Todd Whitman. December 11, 2014.

Governor Jennifer Granholm. January 24, 2014.

Jeffrey Slavin. April 10, 2013.

Lisa Grove. September 26, 2014.

Senator Amy Klobuchar. December 10, 2014.

Senator Barbara Mikulski. September 8, 2014.

Senator Benjamin Cardin. July 23, 2014.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison. November 24, 2014.

Senator Susan Collins. November 25, 2014.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Barakso, Maryann. “Is There a ‘Woman’s Way’ of Governing? Assessing the Organizational Structures of Women’s Membership Associations.” Politics & Gender 3 no. 2 (June 2007): 201–27.

“Barbara Mikulski, Fact vs. Fiction.” Washington Post, September 8, 1998.

Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. “Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the U.S. Economy.” McKinsey & Company, 2011. http://www.mckinsey.com/client_service/organization/latest_thinking/unlocking_the_full_potential.

Boxer, Barbara. “The ‘Dean’ of the Senate Women Determined to Make Life Better.” Politico. December 12, 2013.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

Gillibrand, Kirsten, and Elizabeth Weil. Off the Sidelines: Raise Your Voice, Change the World. New York: Ballantine Books, 2014.

Itkowitz, Colby. “In Male-Dominated Congress, It’s Male-Dominated Committee Hearings.” Washington Post, September 11, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/09/11/in-male-dominated-congress-its-male-dominated-committee-hearings/.

Kim, Seung Min. “How Barbara Mikulski Led the Way for Women in Congress.” Politico, March 3, 2015. http://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/barbara-mikulski-congress-retirement-115681.html.

Klein, Mariel. “Working Together and Across the Aisle, Female Senators Pass More Legislation Than Male Colleagues.” Quorum, February 19, 2015. https://www.quorum.us/blog/women-work-together-pass-more-legislation/.

Mikulski, Barbara, et al. Nine and Counting: The Women of the Senate. New York: William Morrow, 2000.

Mitchell, Andrea. Interviewing Senator Kirsten Gillibrand on her book Off the Sidelines. Washington, DC, September 10, 2014.

Mundy, Liza. “The Secret History of Women in the Senate.” Politico Magazine, January 5, 2015. http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/senate-women-secret-history-113908.html.

Newton-Small, Jay. “Women Are the Only Adults Left in Washington.” Time, http://swampland.time.com/2013/10/16/women-are-the-only-adults-left-in-Washington/.

Pianin, Eric. “The Abrasive Lady from Baltimore Polishes Her Act.” Washington Post, June 14, 1987.

Reingold, Beth. “Women as Officeholders: Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” In Political Women and American Democracy, edited by Christina Wolbrecht, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Weber, Daniela, et al. “The Changing Face of Cognitive Gender Differences in Europe.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 32 (August 12, 2014): 11673–78.

Weiner, Rachel. “Barbara Mikulski, First Female Chair of Senate Appropriations, Returns to Minority.” Washington Post, November 16, 2014.

Chapter 2: THE NEW GUARD

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Bettina Duval. January 30, 2015.

Candace L. Straight. November 21, 2014.

Eleanor Smeal. May 22, 2013.

Ellen Malcolm. January 14, 2014.

Ilyse Hogue. September 10, 2014, and February 27, 2015.

Karen Finney. September 8, 2014.

Katherine Spillar. October 11, 2014.

Maria Cino. November 21, 2014.

Neera Tanden. January 16, 2015.

Stephanie Schriock. April 10, 2013, and February 6, 2015.

Tara McGuinness. April 4, 2013.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Albright, Madeleine. Madam Secretary: A Memoir. New York: Harper Perennial, 2013.

Allen, Jonathan, and Amie Parnes. HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. New York: Crown, 2014.

Chozick, Amy. “Planet Hillary.” New York Times Magazine. January 26, 2014.

Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Hard Choices. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

———. Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.

Dowd, Maureen. “Fireworks for Former First Lady and Future First Lad.” New York Times, July 4, 2007.

———. “Quien Es Mas Less Macho?” New York Times, February 24, 2008.

Guttmacher Institute. “Laws Affecting Reproductive Health and Rights: State Trends at Midyear, 2015,” July 1, 2015. http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/updates/2015/statetrends22015.html.

———. “State Policy Trends: Abortion and Contraception in the Crosshairs.” http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2012/04/13/index.html.

———. “State Trends for 2014 on Abortion, Family Planning, Sex Education and Insurance.” http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/updates/2015/statetrends22015.html.

Jaffe, Alexandra. “Run, Hillary, run, say Senate’s Dem women.” The Hill, October 30, 2013. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/188687-report-democratic-women-senators-sign-letter-urging-hillary-clinton-to-run.

Kliff, Sarah. “Exclusive: NARAL President Nancy Keenan to Step Down.” Washington Post, May 10, 2012.

Lanchester, John. “1979 and All That.” New Yorker, July 29, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/08/05/1979-and-all-that.

Lawrence, Christopher. “Stephanie Schriock Is Transforming Women into Major Contenders.” Marie Claire, August 18, 2014.

Leive, Cindi. “Career Advice from Hillary Rodham Clinton.” Glamour, August 7, 2014. http://www.glamour.com/inspired/2014/08/hillary-rodham-clinton-career-lessons.

Ornstein, Norman J., et al. “Vital Statistics on Congress.” Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute, July 2013. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/07/vital-statistics-congress-mann-ornstein.

Romero, Lois. “Gatekeepers of Hillaryland.” Washington Post, June 21, 2007.

Chapter 3: LEADING WHILE FEMALE

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Betty Yee. October 14, 2014.

Cecile Richards. May 21, 2013.

Celinda Lake. April 5, 2013, and September 9, 2014.

Denise Feriozzi. June 13, 2013.

Ellen Malcolm. January 14, 2014.

Governor Jennifer Granholm. January 24, 2014.

Jonathan Parker. June 13, 2013.

Karin Johanson. April 9, 2013.

Katie Packer Gage. December 14, 2014.

Lisa Grove. September 26, 2014.

Maria Elena Durazo. February 12, 2015.

Mary Hughes. June 21, 2013.

Rose Kapolczynski. June 26, 2013.

Senator Olympia Snowe. February 3, 2015.

Stephanie Schriock. April 10, 2013, and February 6, 2015.

Tara McGuinness. April 4, 2013.

Wendy Greuel. July 8, 2015.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Baldez, Lisa. “Political Women in Comparative Democracies: A Primer for Americanists.” In Political Women and American Democracy, edited by Christina Wolbrecht, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Brooks, Deborah Jordan. He Runs, She Runs: Why Gender Stereotypes Do Not Harm Women Candidates. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013.

———. “Testing the Double Standard for Candidate Emotionality: Voter Reactions to the Tears and Anger of Male and Female Politicians.” Journal of Politics 73, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 597–615.

Cohen, Nancy L. “How to End California’s Political Gender Gap.” Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2014. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-cohen-california-politics-gender-20140821-story.html.

Dolan, Kathleen A. “Is There a ‘Gender Affinity Effect’ in American Politics? Information, Affect, and Candidate Sex in U.S House Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 61, no. 1 (March 2008): 79–89.

———. “The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidates.” Political Behavior 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 69–88.

———. Voting for Women: How the Public Evaluates Women Candidates. Dilemmas in American Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

Fowler, Linda L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. “Looking for Sex in All the Wrong Places: Press Coverage and the Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Candidates.” Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 519–36.

Fox, Richard L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. “Gendered Perceptions and Political Candidacies: A Central Barrier to Women’s Equality in Electoral Politics.” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 59–73.

Fridkin, Kim L., Patrick J. Kenney, and Gina Serignese Woodall. “Bad for Men, Better for Women: The Impact of Stereotypes during Negative Campaigns.” Political Behavior 31, no. 1 (March 2009): 53–77.

Fulton, Sarah A. “Running Backwards and in High Heels: The Gendered Quality Gap and Incumbent Electoral Success.” Political Research Quarterly 65, no. 2 (June 2012): 303–14.

Gillibrand, Kirsten, and Elizabeth Weil. Off the Sidelines: Raise Your Voice, Change the World. New York: Ballantine Books, 2014.

Hayes, Danny. “When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in Candidate Trait Attribution.” Politics & Gender 7, no. 02 (2011): 133–65.

Hayes, Danny, and Jennifer L. Lawless. “A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections.” Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 01 (March 2015): 95–118.

Holt, Cheryl L., and Jon B. Ellis. “Assessing the Current Validity of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.” Sex Roles 39, no. 11–12 (December 1998): 929–41.

Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. “Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science 37, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 119–47.

———. “The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at Different Levels and Types of Office.” Political Research Quarterly 46, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 503–25. i:10.2307/448945.

Karnie, Annie. “This Time Hillary Clinton Embraces the Gender Card.” Politico, July 21, 2015.

Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. “Girls Just Wanna Not Run: The Gender Gap in Young Americans’ Political Ambition.” Washington, DC: Women and Politics Institute, March 2013.

———. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Rev. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

———. “Men Rule: The Continued Under-Representation of Women in U.S. Politics.” Washington, DC: Women and Politics Institute, January 2012. http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/2012-Men-Rule-Report-web.pdf.

Lawless, Jennifer L., and Kathryn Pearson. “The Primary Reason for Women’s Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Politics 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 67–82. i:10.1017/S002238160708005X.

O’Regan, Valerie, and Stephen J. Stambough. “To Succeed or Not to Succeed: It’s Based on Your Experience.” Paper presented at the Western Political Science Association. Las Vegas, NV, April 2–4, 2015.

Oxley, Zoe M., and Richard L. Fox. “Women in Executive Office: Variation across American States.” Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 1 (March 2004): 113–20.

Pew Research Center. “Women and Leadership.” January 14, 2015. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership/.

Sandberg, Sheryl. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York: Knopf, 2013.

Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Spence, Janet T., Robert Helmreich, and Joy Stapp. Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978.

Stambough, Stephen J., and Valerie R. O’Regan. “Republican Lambs and the Democratic Pipeline: Partisan Differences in the Nomination of Female Gubernatorial Candidates.” Politics & Gender 3, no. 3 (September 2007): 349–68.

Windett, Jason Harold. “State Effects and the Emergence and Success of

Female Gubernatorial Candidates.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 460–82.

World Economic Forum. “The Global Gender Gap Report 2015.” Insight Report. Geneva, November 2015. http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2015.

Chapter 4: GOLDILOCKS NATION

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Bettina Duval. January 30, 2015.

Celinda Lake. April 5, 2013, and September 9, 2014.

Chriss Winston. December 11, 2014.

Eleanor Smeal. May 22, 2013.

Eric Foner. March 5, 2015.

Governor Jennifer Granholm. January 24, 2014.

Ilyse Hogue. September 10, 2014, and February 27, 2015.

Jeffrey Slavin. April 10, 2013.

John Neffinger. February 27, 2015.

Margaret Hoover. February 19, 2015.

Robert P. Jones. July 23, 2014.

Ronee Schreiber. October 24, 2014.

Rose Kapolczynski. June 26, 2013.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison. November 24, 2014.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

ANES Feeling Thermometer Toward Presidential Candidates 1968–2008, ANES, http://electionstudies.org/nesguide/toptable/tab7a_2.htm.

Bartels, Larry M. “The Impact of Candidate Traits in American Presidential Elections.” In Leaders’ Personalities and the Outcomes of Democratic Elections, edited by Anthony King, 44–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Brooks, Deborah Jordan. He Runs, She Runs: Why Gender Stereotypes Do Not Harm Women Candidates. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Chavez, Linda. “Hillary Clinton Is Too Old to Run.” New York Post, March 27, 2015.

Dallek, Robert. “The Medical Ordeals of JFK.” Atlantic, August 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/08/the-medical-ordeals-of-jfk/309469/.

Enos, Ryan. “No, Good Looks Don’t Win Elections.” Washington Post, November 13, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2013/11/13/no-good-looks-dont-win-elections/.

Fox, Richard L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. “Reconciling Family Roles with Political Ambition: The New Normal for Women in Twenty-First Century U.S. Politics.” Journal of Politics 76, no. 02 (2014): 398–114.

Gallup. “Gallup Election Review: October 2007.” Gallup.com. http://www.gallup.com/poll/102277/Gallup-Election-Review-October-2007.aspx.

Gillibrand, Kirsten, and Elizabeth Weil. Off the Sidelines: Raise Your Voice, Change the World. New York: Ballantine Books, 2014.

Jones, Robert P., and Daniel Cox. “How Race and Religion Shape Millennial Attitudes on Sexuality and Reproductive Health.” Public Religion Research Institute, March 27, 2015. http://publicreligion.org/research/2015/03/survey-how-race-and-religion-shape-millennial-attitudes-on-sexuality-and-reproductive-health/.

Kennedy, Randall. The Persistence of the Color Line: Racial Politics and the Obama Presidency. New York: Pantheon, 2011.

Ko, Sei Jin, Melody S. Sadler, and Adam D. Galinsky. “The Sound of Power Conveying and Detecting Hierarchical Rank Through Voice.” Psychological Science 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 3–14.

Leibovich, Mark. This Town: Two Parties and a Funeral—Plus, Plenty of Valet Parking!—in America’s Gilded Capital. New York: Blue Rider Press, 2013.

Mali, Meghashyam. “Bush drops 40 pounds on Paleo diet.” The Hill, August 3, 2015. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/250077-bush-drops-40-pounds-on-paleo-diet.

Miller Center, University of Virginia. “American President—Miller Center.” American President: A Reference Resource. Accessed September 4, 2015. http://millercenter.org/president.

Morris, Edmund. “The Unknowable.” New Yorker, June 28, 2004.

Neffinger, John, and Matthew Kohut. Compelling People: The Hidden Qualities That Make Us Influential. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2013.

Oliphant, James. “On Hillary Clinton’s Age, Republican Rivals Imply—But Never Say—She’s Old.” Reuters, May 1, 2015.

Osnos, Evan. “The Biden Agenda.” New Yorker, July 28, 2014.

Raju, Manu. “Graham on Bachelorhood: I’m Not ‘Defective.’” Politico, June 11, 2015. http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/graham-on-bachelorhood-im-not-defective-118896.html.

Sides, John. “Social Science Confirms That Mitt Romney Is Really, Really Good-Looking.” The Monkey Cage. http://themonkeycage.org/2012/08/social-science-can-confirm-that-mitt-romney-is-really-really-good-looking/.

Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Silverman, Stephen M. “PEOPLE’s 50 Most Beautiful: Okay, Who?” PEOPLE.com, May 1, 2002. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,623914,00.html.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “Joni Ernst’s Playbook, for Women to Win Men’s Vote.” New York Times, October 28, 2014.

Westen, Drew. The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007.

White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960. Reissue edition. New York: Harper Perennial, 2009.

Chapter 5: HILLARY

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Ambassador Melanne Verveer. March 3, 2015.

Celinda Lake. April 5, 2013, and September 9, 2014.

Eleanor Smeal. May 22, 2013.

Ilyse Hogue. September 10, 2014, and February 27, 2015.

Interviews at Hillary Clinton’s book signing, Los Angeles. June 19, 2014.

Interviews at Hillary Clinton’s Luskin Speech, UCLA, Los Angeles. March 5, 2014.

Liesl Gerntholtz. September 12, 2014.

Neera Tanden. January 16, 2015.

Senator Barbara Mikulski. September 8, 2014.

Stan Greenberg. July 23, 2014.

Stephanie Schriock. April 10, 2013, and February 6, 2015.

Wendy Greuel. July 8, 2015.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Allen, Jonathan, and Amie Parnes. HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. New York: Crown, 2014.

Bernstein, Carl. A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Knopf, 2007.

Chozick, Amy, and Jess Bidgood. “Hillary Clinton Pushes to Expand Access to Pre-Kindergarten.” New York Times, June 15, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/06/15/hillary-clinton-pushes-to-expand-access-to-pre-kindergarten/.

Cillizza, Chris. “Hillary Clinton Dominated the First Democratic Debate. Don’t Be Surprised.” Washington Post, October 14, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/14/why-no-one-should-be-surprised-that-hillary-clinton-dominated-the-lst-democratic-debate/.

“Clinton Brand: Centrism to Celebrity.” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/hillary-clinton-bill-clinton-elections-111528.html.

Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Hard Choices. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

———. Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.

Cohen, Nancy L. Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012.

“Fusion’s Massive Millennial Poll.” Fusion, October 9, 2014. http://fusion.net/story/20367/fusions-massive-millennial-poll/.

Gold, Matea. “Why So Many Women Are Raising Money for Hillary Clinton.” Washington Post, June 7, 2015. https://www.Washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-bid-brings-wave-of-women-into-male-dominated-fundraising-world/2015/06/07/84cl3570-0b8b-lle5-95fd-d580f1c5d44e_story.html.

Green, Joshua. “The Front-Runner’s Fall.” Atlantic, September 2008.

———. “The Hillary Clinton Memos.” Atlantic, September 2008. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/09/the-hillary-clinton-memos/306951/.

Harris, John F., and Maggie Haberman. “Clinton Brand: Centrism to Celebrity.” Politico, October 2, 2014. http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/hillary-clinton-bill-clinton-elections-111528.html.

Healy, Patrick. “Early in 2016 Race, Clinton’s Toughest Foe Appears to Be the News Media.” New York Times, March 11, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/us/politics/early-in-2016-race-clintons-toughest-foe-appears-to-be-the-news-media.html.

Karnie, Annie. “This Time Hillary Clinton Embraces the Gender Card.” Politico, July 21, 2015.

Kornblut, Anne E. Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown, 2009.

Milbank, Dana. “Hillary Clinton Towers Over Her Debate Rivals.” Washington Post, October 13, 2015.

Norpoth, Helmut, and David F. Perkins. “War and Momentum: The 2008 Presidential Nominations.” PS: Political Science and Politics 44, no. 3 (July 2011): 536–43.

Pew Research Center. “A Clinton Candidacy: Voters’ Early Impressions.” April 10, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/10/a-clinton-candidacy-voters-early-impressions/.

———. “Hillary Clinton’s Strengths: Record at State, Toughness, Honesty.” March 4, 2014. http://www.people-press.org/2014/03/04/hillary-clintons-strengths-record-at-state-toughness-honesty/.

Silver, Nate. “Hillary Clinton Is Stuck in a Poll-Deflating Feedback Loop.” FiveThirtyEight, September 16, 2015. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/hillary-clinton-is-in-a-self-reinforcing-funk/.

Thrush, Glenn, and Maggie Haberman. “How to Back Hillary into a Corner.” Politico Magazine. Accessed October 16, 2015. http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/how-to-back-hillary-into-a-corner-112175.html.

Traister, Rebecca. Big Girls Don’t Cry: The Election That Changed Everything for American Women. New York: Free Press, 2010.

Verveer, Melanne, and Kim K. Azzarelli. Fast Forward: How Women Can Achieve Tower and Purpose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.

Weissmann, Jordan. “Hillary Clinton Wants to Help More Women Go to Work. This Graph Shows Why That’s So Crucial.” Slate, July 13, 2015. http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/07/13/hillary_clinton_s_economic_plan_she_wants_to_put_more_women_to_work.html.

Zengerle, Jason. “Is Hillary Clinton Any Good at Running for President?” New York Magazine, April 5, 2015. http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/04/hillary-clinton-2016-campaign.html.

Chapter 6: A BRIEF HISTORY OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL INEQUALITY

INTERVIEW BY AUTHOR:

Eric Foner. March 5, 2015.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Cohen, Nancy. The Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1914. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780–1835. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

———. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

DuBois, Ellen Carol. Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in America, 1848–1869. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.

Foner, Eric. A Short History of Reconstruction: 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

———. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

———. The Story of American Freedom. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. “Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock, and Conflict over Sex in the United States in the 1870s.” Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 403–34.

Kann, Mark E. The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.

Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

Miller Center, University of Virginia. “American President—Miller Center.” American President: A Reference Resource, http://millercenter.org/president.

New York Herald. “The Courts: Woodhull—Beecher—Claflin—Tilton: Tennie C. Claflin and Victoria Woodhull Arrested.” November 3, 1872.

Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, Michael J. Malbin, Andrew Rugg, and Raffaela Wakeman. “Vital Statistics on Congress.” Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute, July 2013. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/07/vital-statistics-congress-mann-ornstein.

Ryan, Mary P. Mysteries of Sex: Tracing Women and Men Through American History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

Rymph, Catherine E. Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right. University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006.

Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Zagarri, Rosemarie. Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Chapter 7: THE REPUBLICAN DILEMMA

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Candace L. Straight. November 21, 2014.

Chriss Winston. December 11, 2014.

Geoffrey Kabaservice. July 23, 2014.

Governor Christine Todd Whitman. December 11, 2014.

Katie Packer Gage. December 14, 2014.

Margaret Hoover. February 19, 2015.

Maria Cino. November 21, 2014.

Robert P. Jones. July 23, 2014.

Ronee Schreiber. October 24, 2014.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison. November 24, 2014.

Senator Olympia Snowe. February 3, 2015.

Senator Susan Collins. November 25, 2014.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Abramowitz, Alan I. “Ideological Realignment in the American Electorate: A Comparison of Northern and Southern White Voters in the Pre-Reagan, Reagan, and Post-Reagan Eras.” Politics and Policy 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 94–108.

Anderson, Kristen Soltis. “Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation.” Washington, DC: College Republican National Committee, June 2014.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

Horowitz, Jason. “Hillary Clinton Aims to Capture the Cool.” New York Times, May 22, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/24/fashion/hillary-clinton-aims-to-capture-the-cool.html.

New York Times. “Americans’ Views on Income Inequality and Workers’ Rights.” June 3, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/03/business/income-inequality-workers-rights-international-trade-poll.html.

Pew Research Center. “A Deep Dive into Party Affiliation.” http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/.

———. “GOP’s Favorability Rating Takes a Negative Turn.” July 23, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/07/23/gops-favorability-rating-takes-a-negative-turn/.

———. “Republican Party Favorability.” Chart of 1992–2015 Trends, http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/political-attitudes/republican-party-favorability/.

———. “Women and Leadership.” January 14, 2015. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership/.

Poggione, Sarah. “Exploring Gender Differences in State Legislators’ Policy Preferences.” Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 305–14.

Republican National Committee. “Growth and Opportunity Project.” March 2013.

Rymph, Catherine E. Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right. University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “Joni Ernst’s Playbook, for Women to Win Men’s Vote.” New York Times, October 28, 2014.

Thomsen, Danielle. “Why So Few (Republican) Women? Explaining the Partisan Imbalance of Women in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly, forthcoming.

Chapter 8: THE POLITICS OF WOMEN’S BODIES

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Candace L. Straight. November 21, 2014.

Cecile Richards. May 21, 2013.

Dawn Laguens. April 10, 2013.

Ilyse Hogue. September 10, 2014, and February 27, 2015.

Karen Finney. September 8, 2014.

Katie Packer Gage. December 14, 2014.

Lisa Grove. September 26, 2014.

Margaret Hoover. February 19, 2015.

Senator Olympia Snowe. February 3, 2015.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Abramowitz, Alan I. “It’s Abortion, Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election.” Journal of Politics 57, no. 1 (February 1995): 176–86.

Alvarez, R. Michael, and Jonathan Nagler. “Economics, Issues and the Perot Candidacy: Voter Choice in the 1992 Presidential Election.” American Journal of Political Science 39, no. 3 (August 1995): 714–44.

Andy Kroll. “Scott Walker Wants to Totally Outlaw Abortion. In This Sneaky New Ad, He Pretends He Doesn’t.” Mother Jones. Accessed August 26, 2015. http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/10/scott-walker-wisconsin-governor-ban-abortion-rape-incest.

Cohen, Nancy L. Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012.

Dann, Carrie. “How the Public Views Planned Parenthood and the NRA.” NBC News, August 3, 2015. http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/how-public-views-planned-parenthood-nra-n403451.

Deckman, Melissa, and John McTague. “Did the ‘War on Women’ Work? Women, Men, and the Birth Control Mandate in the 2012 Presidential Election.” American Politics Research, July 9, 2014.

Editorial Board. “Fiorina’s Falsehoods.” Washington Post, September 26, 2015.

Gallup. “Abortion Edges up as Important Voting Issue for Americans.” Gallup.com May 29, 2015. http://www.gallup.com/poll/183449/abortion-edges-important-voting-issue-americans.aspx.

———. “Americans Choose ‘Pro-Choice’ for First Time in Seven Years.” Gallup.com. Accessed August 7, 2015. http://www.gallup.com/poll/183434/americans-choose-pro-choice-first-time-seven-years.aspx.

Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. “The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions.” journal of Political Economy 110, no. 4 (2002): 730-770.

“GOP: Planned Parenthood Fight to Go On.” Politico, August 3, 2015. http://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/planned-parenthood-defund-fight-government-shutdown-funding-bill-120951.html.

Greenhouse, Linda, and Reva B. Siegel. “Before Roe V. Wade: New Questions About Backlash.” Yale Law journal 120 no. 8 (2011): 2028-2087.

Guttmacher Institute. “Laws Affecting Reproductive Health and Rights: State Trends at Midyear, 2015,” July 1, 2015. http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/updates/2015/statetrends22015.html.

———. “State Policy Trends: Abortion and Contraception in the Crosshairs.” http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2012/04/13/index.html.

———. “State Trends for 2014 on Abortion, Family Planning, Sex Education and Insurance.” http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/updates/2015/statetrends22015.html.

Kliff, Sarah. “Inside Planned Parenthood’s Campaign Strategy.” Washington Post, December 5, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2012/12/05/inside-planned-parenthoods-campaign-strategy/.

———. “What Americans Think of Abortion.” Vox, March 8, 2015. http://www.vox.com/a/abortion-decision-statistics-opinions.

Lee, Michelle Ye Hee. “Jeb Bush’s False Claim that Planned Parenthood Is ‘Not Actually Doing Women’s Health Issues.’” Washington Post, August 26, 2015.

MacGillis, Alec. “Joni Ernst Is One of 2014’s Most Extreme Candidates—But You Wouldn’t Know It From Iowa’s Press Coverage.” New Republic, November 4, 2014. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/120118/joni-ernst-capitalized-broken-media-landscape-iowa.

Manza, Jeff, and Clem Brooks. “The Gender Gap in U.S. Presidential Elections: When? Why? Implications?” American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 1235–66.

“Opposition to Allowing Small Businesses to Refuse Services on Religious Grounds, Continued Majority Support for Employer Contraception Mandate.” Public Religion Research Institute, June 2014. http://publicreligion.org/research/2014/06/employer-contraception/.

Parker, Ashley. “Romney Attacks Obama on Birth Control Rule.” New York Times, February 6, 2012. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/romney-attacks-obama-on-birth-control-rule/.

Pew Research Center. “GOP’s Favorability Rating Takes a Negative Turn.” July 23, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/07/23/gops-favorability-rating-takes-a-negative-turn/.

———. “Majority Says Any Budget Deal Must Include Planned Parenthood Funding.” September 28, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/09/28/majority-says-any-budget-deal-must-include-planned-parenthood-funding/.

———. “Millennials in Adulthood.” March 7, 2014.

. “Republican Party Favorability.” Chart of 1992–2015 Trends, http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/political-attitudes/republican-party-favorability/.

“Planned Parenthood to Forgo Payment for Fetal Tissue.” New York Times, October 13, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/14/us/planned-parenthood-to-forgo-payment-for-fetal-tissue-programs.html.

S.1881, 114th Congress (2015–2016): A Bill to Prohibit Federal Funding of Planned Parenthood Federation of America.” Legislation, July 30, 2015. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/l881.

Seitz-Wald, Alex. “Romney: I Would ‘Absolutely’ Support State Constitutional Amendment to Define Life as Beginning at Conception.” Think Progress, October 3, 2011. http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2011/10/03/334190/mitt-romeny-constitutional-amendment-abortioneption/.

Vox Media poll. March 2015. https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3570070/Vox_Poll_Toplines_2_.0.pdf.

Williams, Vanessa. “Ben Carson Likens Abortion to Slavery, Wants to See Roe v. Wade Overturned.” Washington Post, October 25, 2015.

Chapter 9: BREAKTHROUGH

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Ambassador Melanne Verveer. March 3, 2015.

Celinda Lake. April 5, 2013, and September 9, 2014.

Danielle Mulein. November 20, 2014.

Eleanor Smeal. May 22, 2013.

Emma Gibbens. November 22, 2014.

Group interview of Women Get It Done members, San Francisco. October 6, 2014.

Interviews with Denai Joseph, Andrea Chu, Jordan Long, and Tiffany and Chloe Majdipour at Hillary Clinton’s book signing, Los Angeles. June 19, 2014.

Interviews with Vanessa Perez, Crystal Boceta, Natalie Kirsten, Zach Rosa, William Gleason, Clarice Chan, Liliana Kroll, Asseret Frausteo, and others at Hillary Clinton’s Luskin Speech, UCLA, Los Angeles. March 5, 2014.

Irene Natividad. February 5, 2015.

Kate Maeder. September 16, 2014, and October 6, 2014.

Katie Packer Gage. December 14, 2014.

Lisa Grove. September 26, 2014.

Margaret Hoover. February 19, 2015.

Representative Tulsi Gabbard. October 23, 2014.

Robert P. Jones. July 23, 2014.

Ronee Schreiber. October 24, 2014.

Senator Amy Klobuchar. December 10, 2014.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” journal of Politics 68, no. 2 (May 2006): 233–47.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

“Fusion’s Massive Millennial Poll.” Fusion, October 9, 2014. http://fusion.net/story/20367/fusions-massive-millennial-poll/.

Horowitz, Jason. “Hillary Clinton Aims to Capture the Cool.” New York Times, May 22, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/24/fashion/hillary-clinton-aims-to-capture-the-cool.html.

Langer, Gary. “Poll Finds Vast Gaps in Views on Gender, Race and Religion.” ABC News, October 28, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/10/polll-finds-vast-gaps-in-basic-views-on-gender-race-religion-and-politics/.

Lawless, Jennifer L. “Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation.” Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 81–99.

Pew Research Center. “2014 Party Identification Detailed Tables.” April 7, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/2014-party-identification-detailed-tables/.

———. “A Clinton Candidacy: Voters’ Early Impressions.”

April 10, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/10/a-clinton-candidacy-voters-early-impressions/.

———. “A Deep Dive into Party Affiliation.” April 7, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/.

———. “A Different Look at Generations and Partisanship.” April 30, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/30/a-different-look-at-generations-and-partisanship/.

———. “Gender Gap in Intensity of Potential Democratic Support for Clinton.” Pew Research Center, http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/02/campaign-2016-modest-interest-high-stakes/gender-gap-in-intensity-of-potential-democratic-support-for-clinton/.

———. “GOP’s Favorability Rating Takes a Negative Turn.” July 23, 2015. http://www.people-press.org/2015/07/23/gops-favorability-rating-takes-a-negative-turn/.

———. “The Gender Gap: Three Decades Old, as Wide as Ever.” March 29, 2012. http://www.people-press.org/2012/03/29/the-gender-gap-three-decades-old-as-wide-as-ever/?src=prc-headline.

———. “Women and Leadership.” January 14, 2015. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership/.

Schaffner, Brian F. “Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women’s Issues in U.S. Senate Elections.” American journal of Political Science 49, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 803–17.

Schaller, Thomas. “So Long, White Boy.” Salon.com, September 17, 2007.

Wolbrecht, Christina, and David E. Campbell. “Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models.” American journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 921–39.

Chapter 10: WHY WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP MATTERS

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR:

Celinda Lake. April 5, 2013, and September 9, 2014.

Eleanor Smeal. May 22, 2013.

Gwynn Thomas. September 9, 2015.

Irene Natividad. February 5, 2015.

Jennifer Piscopo. July 17, 2014.

Karin Johanson. April 9, 2013.

Katie Packer Gage. December 14, 2014.

Liesl Gerntholtz. September 12, 2014.

Margaret Hoover. February 19, 2015.

Maria Cino. November 21, 2014.

Mary Hughes. June 21, 2013.

Neera Tanden. January 16, 2015.

Representative Tulsi Gabbard. October 23, 2014.

Ronee Schreiber. October 24, 2014.

Senator Amy Klobuchar. December 10, 2014.

Senator Barbara Mikulski. September 8, 2014.

Senator Benjamin Cardin. July 23, 2014.

Senator Olympia Snowe. February 3, 2015.

Senator Susan Collins. November 25, 2014.

Tara McGuinness. April 4, 2013.

Wilma Goldstein. October 23, 2014, and other dates.

PUBLISHED SOURCES:

Anzia, Sarah F., and Christopher R. Berry. “The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect: Why Do Congresswomen Outperform Congressmen?” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 478–93.

Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Nancy Carillo. “More Is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy.” Politics & Gender 3, no. 1 (2007): 79–101.

Ayata, Ayşe Güneş, and Fatma Tütüncü. “Critical Acts without a Critical Mass: The Substantive Representation of Women in the Turkish Parliament.” Parliamentary Affairs 61, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 461–75.

Bell, Linda A. “Women-Led Firms and the Gender Gap in Top Executive Jobs,” IZA (Institute for Labor Studies) Bonn, Discussion Paper #1698, July 2005.

Bratton, Kathleen A. “Critical Mass Theory Revisited: The Behavior and Success of Token Women in State Legislatures.” Politics & Gender (March 2005): 97–125.

Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” journal of Politics 68, no. 2 (May 2006): 233–47.

“Chilean President Speaks of Her Torture under Pinochet.” Yahoo News. Accessed September 11, 2015. http://news.yahoo.com/chilean-president-speaks-her-torture-under-pinochet-192814454.html.

Devlin, Claire, and Robert Elgie. “The Effect of Increased Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Case of Rwanda.” Parliamentary Affairs 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 237–54.

Dolan, Kathleen. “Is There a ‘Gender Affinity Effect’ in American Politics? Information, Affect, and Candidate Sex in U.S House Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 61, no. 1 (March 2008): 79–89.

Dovi, Suzanne. “Theorizing Women’s Representation in the United States.” In Political Women and American Democracy, edited by Christina Wolbrecht, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Ford, Lynne E. Women and Politics: The Pursuit of Equality. 3rd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.

Franceschet, Susan, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. “Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina.” Politics & Gender 4, no. 03 (September 2008): 393–425.

Franceschet, Susan, Jennifer M. Piscopo, and Gwynn Thomas. “Supermadres, Maternal Legacies, and Women’s Political Participation in Contemporary Latin America,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 2015, doi: 10.1017/S0022216X15000814.

Gerrity, Jessica C., Tracy Osborn, and Jeanette Morehouse Mendez. “Women and Representation: A Different View of the District?” Politics & Gender, no. 02 (June 2007): 179–200.

Gillibrand, Kirsten, and Elizabeth Weil. Off the Sidelines: Raise Your Voice, Change the World. New York: Ballantine Books, 2014.

Kathlene, Lyn. “Power and Influence in State Legislative Policymaking: The Interaction of Gender and Position in Committee Hearing Debates.” American Political Science Review 88, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 560–76.

Koch, Michael T., and Sarah A. Fulton. “In the Defense of Women: Gender, Office Holding, and National Security Policy in Established Democracies.” journal of Politics 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–16.

Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. “Girls Just Wanna Not Run: The Gender Gap in Young Americans’ Political Ambition.” Washington, DC: Women and Politics Institute, March 2013. (Appendix B.)

Lean In and McKinsey & Company. “2015 Women in the Workplace Study.” http://womenintheworkplace.com.

“Michelle Bachelet Is Chile’s Next President: The Country’s New Leader Discusses Education, Protests, and Her Family History under Pinochet.” March 7, 2014. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/03/michelle_bachelet_is_chile_s_next_president_the_country_s_new_leader_discusses.html.

Mundy, Liza. “The Secret History of Women in the Senate.” Politico Magazine, January 5, 2015. http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/senate-women-secret-history-113908.html.

Newton-Small, Jay. “Women Are the Only Adults Left in Washington.” Time. Accessed September 1, 2015. http://swampland.time.com/2013/10/16/women-are-the-only-adults-left-in-washington/.

Norton, Noelle H. “Uncovering the Dimensionality of Gender Voting in Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 24, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 65–86.

Perlberg, Steven. “S&P: The Shutdown Took $24 Billion Out of the US Economy.” Business Insider, October 16, 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/sp-cuts-us-growth-view-2013-10.

Philpot, Tasha S., and Hanes Walton Jr. “One of Our Own: Black Female Candidates and the Voters Who Support Them.” American journal of Political Science 51, no. 1 (January 2007): 49–62.

Piscopo, Jennifer M. “Beyond Hearth and Home: Female Legislators, Feminist Policy Change and Substantive Representation in Mexico.” Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Politica 23, no. 2 (2014): 87–110.

———. “Rethinking Descriptive Representation: Rendering Women in Legislative Debates.” Parliamentary Affairs, March 3, 2011.

Poggione, Sarah. “Exploring Gender Differences in State Legislators’ Policy Preferences.” Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 305–14.

Raaum, Nina C. “Gender Equality and Political Representation: A Nordic Comparison.” West European Politics 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2005): 872–97.

Reingold, Beth. “Women as Officeholders: Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” In Political Women and American Democracy, edited by Christina Wolbrecht, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Reingold, Beth, and Jessica Harrell. “The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement: Does Party Matter?” Political Research Quarterly 63, no. 2 (June 2010): 280–94.

Rosin, Hanna. “The End of Men.” Atlantic, June 8, 2010.

Sandberg, Sheryl. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York: Knopf, 2013.

Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and William Mishler. “An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation.” journal of Politics 67, no. 2 (May 2005): 407–28.

Swers, Michele. “Are Women More Likely to Vote for Women’s Issue Bills Than Their Male Colleagues?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 43548. i:10.2307/440362.

———. “Connective Descriptive and Substantive Representation: An Analysis of Sex Differences in Cosponsorship Activity.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30, no. 3 (2005): 407–33.

———. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress. 1st ed. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

———. “Understanding the Policy Impact of Electing Women: Evidence from Research on Congress and State Legislatures.” PS: Political Science and Politics 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 217–20.

———. “Unpacking Women’s Issues: Gender and Policymaking on Health Care, Education, and Women’s Health in the U.W. Senate.” In Representation: The Case of Women, edited by Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Tolbert, Caroline J., and Gertrude Steuernagel. “Women Lawmakers, State Mandates and Women’s Health.” Women & Politics 22, no. 1 (2001): 1–39.

Van Staveren, Irene. “The Lehman Sisters Hypothesis.” Cambridge journal of Economics 38, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 995–1014.

Verveer, Melanne, and Kim K. Azzarelli. Fast Forward: How Women Can Achieve Power and Purpose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.

Weymouth, Lally. ‘“We Are Going to Reform the Whole System’: An Interview with Chile’s Incoming President, Michelle Bachelet.” Slate, March 7, 2014.

Wolbrecht, Christina. The Politics of Women’s Rights: Parties, Positions, and Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Wolbrecht, Christina, Karen Beckwith, and Lisa Baldez. Political Women and American Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Wolbrecht, Christina, and David E. Campbell. “Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models.” American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 921–39.

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Zenger, Jack, and Joseph Folkman. “Are Women Better Leaders Than Men?” Harvard Business Review, March 2012. https://hbr.org/2012/03/a-study-in-leadership-women-do.

EPILOGUE

“Obama Says Republicans Trying to Scare Voters.” Associated Press, July 31, 2008. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25944141/ns/politics-decision_08/t/obama-says-republicans-trying-scare-voters/.

Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.