Page numbers reflect those in print edition.
Accomplishments in battle
recognition for, 102–103, 336n69 (see also Combat Infantryman Badge)
Adams, Michael C. C., 2
African-American soldiers
combat units formed, 397n20
seeking socioeconomic benefit, 13
See also Casualties, white versus black in Vietnam; Comradeship, interracial; Hierarchical cohesion, breakdown of in segregated units; Jim Crow laws; Leadership, in segregated units; Rallying to the flag, by African Americans
African-American soldiers, in the integrated army
infantry platoons in World War II, 276
militancy during Vietnam, 281–283
perceptions of discrimination, 280–281
racial relationships during Vietnam, 278–283
tentative integration in Korea, 276–278, 399n52
African-American soldiers, in the segregated army, 269, 398n34
attitudes of foreigners toward, 270
perceptions of discrimination, 274–275
relegated to service support role, 267–268
reputation as poor performers, 271
AGCT (Army General Classification Test), 259
Aichinger, Peter, 118, 297n14, 336n75
Alcohol and drug use, 96–98. See also Rotation from combat, and “eat, drink, and be merry”
Ali, Muhammed, 282
Allen, Hervey, 75, 112, 219, 233, 320n207
Appel, John W., and Gilbert W. Beebe, 161, 165
Appleman, Roy A., 13
Appy, Christian G., 9, 18, 21, 73, 141, 146, 148, 183, 185, 324n34, 367n126, 372n76, 393n78, 394n83, 400n65, 402n28
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). See Vietnam War, South Vietnamese, soldier attitudes toward
Ashworth, A. E. See “Live and let live” system
Astor, Gerald, 214, 224, 360n41
Atrocities
against machine gunners, 216
by psychopathic soldiers, 217–218
See also Combat, standards of conduct, individual responsibility for
Atwell, Lester, 15, 55, 84, 95, 128, 162, 163, 173, 175, 251, 366n116, 381n149
Averill, Gerald P., 53, 88, 122, 161, 202, 210, 212, 243
AWOL to the front. See Comradeship, and reassignment policies
Bailey, Leslie W., 114
Baker, Mark, 11, 17, 76, 166, 184, 195, 197, 205, 306n7
Bartemeier, Leo H., 93, 237, 323n26, 331n1, 362n73
Basic training
breaking down during, 28
forced marches during, 22, 303n144
goldbricking during, 24
griping by recruits, 23
loss of privacy during, 21
reactions to by recruits, 26–29
rifle qualification in, 22
in Vietnam era, dehumanizing the enemy, 193–194
See also Drill sergeants; Group norms, in basic training; Psychological screening of recruits; Soldierization process
Baskir, Lawrence M., and William A. Strauss, 4, 9, 261, 335n54, 393nn78,80, 394nn83,86
Bathing and clean clothes, 94
Beaumont, Roger A., xviii
Bergerud, Eric, 155, 158, 321n210
Black humor. See Humor, in combat
Black marketing, 251
Blunt, Roscoe C., Jr., 76, 77–78, 84, 86, 87, 95, 102, 118, 126, 129, 158, 176–177, 190, 199–200, 216, 218, 226–227
Boesch, Paul, xvii, xx, 35, 41, 45, 82, 83, 100, 106, 114, 118, 119, 122, 139, 160, 176, 179, 196, 233, 248, 251, 256
Bond, Harold L., 41, 88–89, 249, 292
Boot camp. See Basic training
Bourne, Peter G., 79, 111, 115, 120, 147, 167, 252, 303n138, 328n118, 357n18
and “combat provincialism,” 100
Bowers, William T., 275
Bowman, Peter, 43–44, 203, 207, 211–212
Boyd, Thomas, 47, 50–51, 257, 270
Boyd, William Young, 361n62, 372n74
Bradford, Alfred S., 7, 117, 131, 205, 240
Brady, James, 10, 86, 121, 141, 168, 184, 188, 198, 214–215, 235, 239, 255, 292, 307n12, 336n69
Brannen, Carl Andrew, 8, 88, 126, 130, 173, 216, 356n6
Brennan, Matthew, 15–16, 39, 68, 117, 162, 189, 215, 217–218, 228, 266, 279, 282
Broyles, William, Jr., 178, 180, 188
Bulkhead stare. See Combat, emotional numbing in
Bullard, Robert Lee, 346n29
Burial detail. See Environment of war, physical aspects of, work details
Bussey, Charles M., 97, 179, 203, 271, 284
Cameron, Craig M., 224, 265, 305n183, 333n26, 348n71, 377n63
Camp, Richard D., 15, 40, 44, 52, 59, 105, 125, 231, 235–236, 238, 312n76
Caputo, Philip, 16–17, 31, 34, 40, 44, 49, 70, 80, 83, 90–91, 112, 133, 145, 161, 179, 183, 184, 196–197, 204, 208, 213–214, 217, 219–220, 227, 232, 244–245, 286, 287, 289, 384n207
Carmichael, Stokely, 283
Carter, Ross S., 63, 110, 187–188, 223
Casualties, white versus black in Vietnam, 280, 400n65
Cause, belief in as motivator, 136–140.
See also Korean War, and questioning the cause; Vietnam War, doubts over legitimacy and methods
Cawthon, Charles R., 34, 77, 131–132, 150–151, 183, 186, 303n144
Chaplains, 113–114. See also Religion
Chickenshit. See Environment of war, emotional aspects of, petty authoritarianism, resentment of
Clark, Mark W., 162
“Coercive volunteerism,” 4
Coleman, Jules W., 126, 224, 264
Combat
avoidance of, 149–151, 153, 235, 354n156
delighting in destruction, 183–185
emotions following, 198
fascination with spectacle of, 180–181
fatalism during, 88–91, 330n174
“it can’t happen to me” beliefs in, 78–80
premonitions of death in, 88
realization of danger during, 80–81, 327n90
risk taking in, 85
See also Discipline in combat; Green units; Group norms, in combat; Replacements; Thought processes in soldiers
Combat, expectations of
Combat, standards of conduct
as enforced by leaders in, 214–215
individual responsibility for, 218–219, 382n161, 384n207
See also Ruses and deceptions
Combatants, WW II statistics on, 389n1
Combat conditions. See Environment of war
Combat fatigue. See Psychological breakdown
Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB), 247–248
Comradeship
complexities of, 125–127, 345n21
and reassignment policies, 131–133
support and motivation from, 124–125, 343n4
See also Psychological breakdown, comradeship’s role in reducing
Congressional Medal of Honor (CMH), 131, 347n47
Cooperman, Stanley, xviii, 340n141
Cowley, Malcolm, 288
Crawford, Charles S., 16, 76, 78, 209, 217, 225, 334n35
Davis, James Martin, 50, 179, 262
“Dear John” letters, 110, 147, 339n123
Del Vecchio, John, 71, 147, 311n60
DEROS (Date of Expected Return from Overseas). See Rotation from combat, by individual
Desertion, 173–174. See also Group norms, in combat, toward deserters and self-inflicted wounds
Dill, James Hamilton, 65, 98, 152, 189, 226, 240, 253, 286
Dinter, Elmar, 197, 224, 236, 243, 370n50
Discipline in combat, 106–107, 338n100
Discontinuity. See Psychological breakdown, causes of, abrupt transition from safety to danger
Dog robbers. See Rear echelon
Dollard, John, 82, 134, 235, 315n128, 326n74, 327n95, 339n127, 357n20, 363n80, 387n56
Donovan, William J., 241, 387n57
Dos Passos, John, xviii, 5, 54
Doubler, Michael D., 222, 242, 314n117, 317n155, 331n3
Dower, John W., 377nn63,70, 380n130
Downs, Frederick, 33, 36, 78, 79, 87, 116, 119, 143, 181, 205, 214, 220, 225, 230, 237, 346n33
Draft. See Selective Service
Drill sergeants, 18–19, 25–26, 304n171
Drug use. See Alcohol and drug use
Duffy, Francis P., 52, 72, 102, 104, 113, 119, 121–122, 125, 132, 178, 181, 200, 201, 241, 263
Dyer, Gwynne, 18, 25, 26, 27, 185
Dysentery. See Environment of war, physical aspects, sickness and disease
“Eat, drink, and be merry.” See Rotation from combat, and “eat, drink, and be merry”
Ebert, James R., 18, 20, 21, 68, 307n54, 324n34, 325n54, 338n111, 353n137, 367n126, 394n83
Ehrhart, William D., xx, 5–6, 14, 19, 25, 33, 108, 110, 144, 147–148, 209, 251
Enemy, the
aversion to killing and the ratio of fire, 220–224, 383nn180,190,195
distance as a factor in killing, 225–226
first kill of, 195
the German foe, 198–201, 375n45
reactions to killing, 224–228 (see also Environment of war, as catalyst for killing)
See also Propaganda, role in dehumanizing the enemy
Enemy, the Asian foe
combat practices of, 205–211, 378nn85,91, 379n95
racism toward, 201–205, 373n8, 376n60, 377n70
English, John A., 221
Entertaining the troops, 95
Environment of war, 30
as catalyst for killing, 195–199
Environment of war, emotional aspects of, 49
caste system, resentment of, 56–57, 317n159, 318n163
expendability and anonymity, sense of, 53–56, 316n147, 317n150
helplessness, feelings of, 51–53
petty authoritarianism, resentment of, 58–59 (see also “Institutionalized inequalities”)
randomness of war, sense of the, 59–60 (see also Accidents)
See also Fear
Environment of war, physical aspects of, 30
battlefield carnage, 46–47, 313n103
carelessness caused by exhaustion, 48
carrying parties, 32
cleanliness, lack of, 47–48, 314n109 (see also Bathing and clean clothes)
establishing defensive positions, 31–33, 306n7
hostile surroundings, 49, 314n117
overloading the soldier, 36–38
rations, 45–46 (see also Scrounging)
sleep deprivation, 33–34, 307n20 (see also Sleep deprivation, recovery from)
transportation by train and truck, 34–35
See also Psychological breakdown, the combat environment’s effect on; Weight loss in combat
Ettinger, Albert M., 45, 69–70, 78, 94–95, 241
Fallows, James, 262
Faris, John H., 23, 149, 302nn130,136
Fear
physical symptoms of, 81
See also Psychological breakdown, causes of, fear of death or mutilation
Fehrenbach, Theodore R., 3, 107, 151–152, 335n51
Female companionship, 96, 333n27. See also Nurses
“Fighter Study,” Korean War, 163, 187–188
Fonda, Jane, 147
Forty and eights, French boxcars, 34
Frank, Pat, 112, 142, 152, 204, 355n172, 372n75
Frankel, Ernest, 140, 154, 260, 344n11
Frankel, Nat, 47, 64, 65–66, 77, 87, 96, 217, 219, 238, 239
French, Albert, 13, 102, 108, 166–167, 233–234, 270, 307n19
Friendly fire. See Fratricide
Fuller, Jack, 12, 20, 28, 318n177, 374n18
Fussell, Paul, xx, 22, 54, 58, 68, 78, 151, 159, 172, 258, 263, 287, 314n104, 326n66, 392n66
Gabel, Kurt, 27–28, 45, 151, 310n53
Gabriel, Richard A., 158, 221, 326n77, 354n156, 390n30
Gangplank fever, 68–69, 321n12, 322n14
Gault, William B., 217, 314n113
Giles, Henry, 12, 65, 74, 99, 106, 127, 183, 251, 255, 233n27
Ginzberg, Eli, et al., 358n32, 361nn55,64, 362n66, 365n109
and “hold of the hospital,” 171
and “location stress,” 167
Glass, Albert J., 155, 156, 157, 165, 169, 170, 171, 364n90, 398n34
Glenn, Russell W., survey of Vietnam veterans on weapons use, 383n195
Goff, Stanley, 25, 56, 74, 101–102, 102–103, 149, 187, 255, 279, 281, 354n155
Gole, Henry G., xviii, 291, 292
Good luck charms. See Talismans
Gray, Jesse Glenn, 26, 54, 124, 201–202, 329n127, 367nn1,2, 371n61, 375n45, 380n20
and “constitutional cowards,” 163
and “delight in destruction,” 183
and “lust of the eye,” 180
and “otherworldly faith,” 114
and “soldier-adventurers,” 185
Green units
mistakes in combat by, 71, 323n24
Grinker, Roy R., and John P. Speigel, 156, 165, 187, 243, 343n4, 349n83, 358n31
Grossman, Dave, 146, 147, 194, 206, 211, 225, 358n29, 362n72, 370n50, 383n180
Group norms, in basic training, 20–24
Group norms, in combat, 127–128, 130–131, 343n4
toward deserters and self-inflicted wounds, 174–176, 367n126
disarticulation of during Vietnam, 149–150
toward psychological breakdown, 176–177
Halberstam, David, 142
Haley, Sarah, 150
Hardison, Richard M., 61, 105, 180
Hasford, Gustav, 49, 76, 212, 304n171
Hatred, as a motivator, 373n9
Heinemann, Larry, 77, 82, 261–262, 307n15, 382n169
Helmer, John, 55, 334n40, 351n119, 353n141, 393n78
Hemingway, Ernest, xviii, 5, 80, 112, 292, 313n100, 401n8
Henderson, William Darryl, 230, 234
Hendin, Herbert, and Ann Pollinger Haas, xxi, 101, 150, 290, 400n70
Herr, Michael, 48, 122, 181, 265, 327n99, 364n87, 373n84
Hersey, John, 32, 99, 202, 209, 242
Hershey, Lewis B., 16
and the “John Wayne Syndrome,” 289
and “psychic numbing,” 86
Hierarchical cohesion, 133
breakdown of in segregated units, 275
“disarticulation” of, 149
Higgins, Marguerite, 3, 206, 209, 265, 379n95
Hoffman, Bob, 11, 15, 39, 42–43, 51–52, 60, 79, 85, 96, 97, 103, 119, 128, 151, 159, 198, 200, 201, 264
Hoffman, Howard S., xvii, 88, 322n15
Holmes, Richard, 14, 97, 340n144, 375n45, 390n15, 401n2
Home front
recognition, 262–264, 392n53 (see also Souvenir hunting; War correspondents, and recognition for combatants)
resented by combatants, 256–262, 392n59
and soldier concern for reputation with, 140–141
See also Korean War, homefront indifference toward; Vietnam War, homefront support, lack of
Huebner, Klaus H., 22, 41, 43, 92, 115, 173, 201, 236
Humor
Hynes, Samuel, xvii–xviii, xx, 148, 179–180, 190, 285, 286, 290, 291, 292
Information and Education Division, War Department, 137–138
Ingersoll, Ralph, 137, 252, 304n175
“Institutionalized inequalities,” resisting, 103–104, 336n75. See also Environment of war, emotional aspects of, petty authoritarianism, resentment of; Scrounging
Intelligence
and coping with stress, 163
and fighting ability, 187
See also AGCT
Janowitz, Morris, 26, 27, 124, 235, 259, 343n4, 348n60
Jim Crow laws, 269–270, 397n11
enforced overseas, 272
Johnson, Franklyn A., 53, 63, 197, 322n14
Jones, James, xv, xvii–xviii, 6, 9, 73, 84, 96, 97, 102, 125, 181, 182–183, 186, 187, 265, 285, 310n53, 329n127, 330n147, 384n213
Judy, Will, 6, 57, 138, 185, 193, 270, 286, 317n150
Kahn, E. J., 40, 207, 255, 391n45
Kellett, Anthony, 306n1, 374n24, 390n15, 395n98
Kennedy, David M., 2, 4, 8, 11
Kennedy, John F., 5, 7, 70, 298n30
Kennett, Lee, 3, 21, 23, 27, 57, 182, 201, 229, 259, 340n144
Ketwig, John, 10, 29, 95, 109, 143–144, 148, 281–282, 304n171, 351n121
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 282, 283
Kohn, Richard H., xxi
and “props” and “motivators,” 124, 343nn1,3
Korean War
homefront indifference toward, 153–154
and questioning the cause, 151–153
Republic of Korea Army, attitudes toward, 153
U.S. credibility, issue of, 355n172
See also “Fighter Study,” Korean War; Project Clear
Kovic, Ron, 5–6, 7, 90, 289, 291, 298n30, 320n206
Kviz, Frederick J., 128
Langer, William L., xvi, 6, 52, 94
Lanning, Michael Lee, 16, 31, 81, 89, 100, 109, 110, 112, 114, 129, 188, 230, 242, 247–248, 252, 262, 352n123
Lawrence, Joseph D., 35, 36–37, 38, 45, 62, 128, 159, 198, 230, 240, 249
Leadership
avoiding unnecessary risks, 242
awareness of non-firers, 221, 223
and coolness under fire, 241–242, 387nn56,57
the dangerous nature of, 239–241
and dealing with losses, 237–238
enforcing standards of conduct, 214–215, 380n133
impact of bad, 243
keeping the men informed, 236–237
martinets, 232
officer privileges, resentment of, 56–57
recognizing soldier accomplishments, 102–103
setting the example, 239
sharing hardships and dangers, 238–242
skills required of, 229–231, 384n2, 385n7
taking care of soldiers, 233–238
traits, interrelated nature of, 243, 388n68
in Vietnam, obstacles to, 149–150 (see also Fraggings)
See also Psychological breakdown, of leaders
Leave. See R&R
Leckie, Robert, 3, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 33, 38, 49, 51, 58, 80, 89, 94, 104, 112, 137, 212, 241, 258–259, 369n21
Leed, Eric J., and “radical discontinuity,” 30, 65
Leinbaugh, Harold P., and John D. Campbell, 5, 41, 45, 88, 164, 176, 185–186, 190, 200–201, 218, 222, 232, 239, 389n11
Leonard, Thomas C., 185
Levin, Dan, 75, 77, 113, 166, 176, 206, 208, 227
Lifton, Robert Jay, 26, 182, 220, 340n141, 363n82, 377n80
Little, Arthur W., 38, 86–87, 180, 268, 273–274, 275, 397n11
Little, Roger W., and “buddy relations,” 126, 135, 140, 260
“Live and let live” system, 70, 151, 323n18
MacArthur, Charles, 32, 33, 46, 63, 103–104, 105, 116, 249, 264
MacDonald, Charles B., 46, 215, 222–223, 226, 237, 239, 242, 253
Mackin, Elton, 31, 43, 54, 57, 71, 75, 88, 90, 117, 118, 122, 180, 216, 225–226, 254, 344n9
MacLeish, Archibald, 288
Mail, 109–111. See also “Dear John” letters
Mailer, Norman, xviii, xix, 79, 292, 295n10, 306n11, 371n62
Malaria. See Environment of war, physical aspects of, sickness and disease
Malingering. See Group norms, in combat, toward goldbricking
Manchester, William, 11, 47, 81, 133, 163–164, 195, 196, 212, 254, 285, 288–289, 292, 390n13
March, William, 117
Marin, Peter, 218
Marine Corps
and army-marine antagonism, 395n102
and integration, 276
publicity, army resentment of, 264–265
Marlowe, David H., 29, 301n111
Marshall, Samuel L. A., 36, 37, 48, 117, 135, 165, 178, 204, 210, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 305n183, 309nn37,41, 323n26, 348n68, 367n1, 371n57
Mason, Robert, 14, 86, 99, 143, 145, 147, 148
Matsen, William E., 3
Matthews, Allen R., 161, 241, 326n62, 329n135
Matthias, Howard, 38, 50, 51, 55, 73–74, 75, 78, 83, 91, 98, 117, 127, 130, 153, 154, 176, 181, 185, 231, 238, 278, 306n8
Mauldin, William H., 14, 42, 57–58, 83, 84, 97, 106, 109, 117, 132, 134, 201, 207, 229–230, 233, 247, 248, 255, 263, 277, 311n72, 333n30, 395n98
May, Henry F., 2
McDonough, James R., 79, 85, 107, 158, 162, 198, 220, 244, 385n7
Medical evacuation of wounded, 32, 307n12
Meigs, Mark, 193, 298n47, 369n26, 396n2, 402n28
Menninger, William C., 169
Merrick, Robert G., 65, 68, 104–105, 199
Mickey Mouse. See Environment of war, emotional aspects of, petty authoritarianism, resentment of
Million-dollar wounds, 121–123, 342n195
Minder, Charles F., 8, 43, 90, 98, 115, 239, 292
Morale Branch, War Department, 136–137
Moran, Lord Charles McM., 51, 67, 74, 241, 328n188
and “discovery of danger,” 80
and the “simplest virtues,” 229
Morrow, Curtis James, 55, 113, 114, 154, 268, 269, 273
Moskos, Charles C., Jr., 140, 146, 147, 261, 278, 352n134, 400n65
and “latent ideology,” 138–139, 145
and “racial exclusivity,” 279
Munschauer, John L., 6–7, 19, 28, 56, 62, 72, 89, 180, 288
Murphy, Audie, 6, 15, 73, 79, 81, 118, 171, 195, 249, 257, 286, 289, 291
“My number is up” feeling. See Combat, premonitions of death in
Night fighting, 210
Night watch, 51
No-prisoners attitude. See Atrocities, reasons for
O’Brien, Howard V., 137, 140–141, 180, 254–255, 256, 258, 333n27
O’Brien, Tim, 9, 50, 108, 111, 121, 141, 143, 167, 241, 253–254, 281, 282, 291, 324n35, 382n172
Ogden, Richard, 37–38, 67, 87, 103, 104, 122, 196, 205, 211, 232, 278, 279–280
Ondishko, Joseph J., 236
Opinion leaders, effect on public, 2
Owen, Joseph R., 14, 30–31, 32, 48, 104, 120, 212, 239, 241, 244, 277–278, 333n27
Parks, David, 22, 29, 69, 80–81, 110, 144, 182, 194, 196, 219, 279, 280
Parsons, Frederick W., 159, 170
Patton, George S., Jr.
slapping incidents, 156
speeches by, 140, 268, 380n133
Perkins, Bradford, 94, 130–131, 271
Piehler, G. Kurt, 287
Pogues. See Rear echelon
Primary group cohesion. See Comradeship
Project Clear, 271, 274, 277, 278, 397n11, 399n52
Propaganda, role in dehumanizing the enemy, 192–193
Psychological breakdown
in basic training, 28
the combat environment’s effect on, 158–161, 359n32, 360n41
comradeship’s role in reducing, 170
frequency of occurrence, 157–158, 357n18, 359n36
impact of returning to combat after hospitalization, 171–172, 365nn107,108
of leaders, 237
and psychopathic soldiers, 186–187, 371n59
shifts in terminology, 155–157, 356n6
short-term cases of, 158, 357n20
statistics on recovery from, 365n101
See also Group norms, in combat, toward psychological breakdown
Psychological breakdown, causes of, 164–165
abrupt transition from safety to danger, 167
fear of death or mutilation, 165–166, 363n80
guilt over killing, 165
guilt over surviving, 166–167, 363n82
the physical environment, 167–168
Psychological screening of recruits, 164, 361n64, 362n65
Pyle, Ernie, 36, 65, 67, 70, 71, 82, 87, 90, 95, 98, 102, 105, 109, 120, 139, 142, 162, 164, 165–166, 181, 186, 191, 196, 216, 257, 265, 369n22
Rallying to the flag
by African Americans, 267–269, 396n6
and finding a home in the army, 189–190
in lieu of incarceration, 16
as masculine rite of passage, 16–17
out of sense of obligation, 11–12, 305n182
to participate in a momentous event, 16
by the professional soldier, 14–15
as shortcut to citizenship, 17
social and peer pressure, 8–9 (see also Vietnam War, peer and social pressure during late stages of)
for socioeconomic betterment, 12–14
See also Selective Service, draft-motivated volunteers
R&R (Rest and Recuperation), 94, 99, 335nn52,54
Rear echelon
and awareness of good fortune, 254–255, 391n43
combatant lack of concern for, 254
combatants desiring a job in, 255–256, 392n49
sent to the front as punishment, 246–247
Rear echelon, resented by combatants, 248, 392n47
for living in safety and comfort, 249–251
for seeming unconcern, 252–254
for short stopping supplies, 251
for undeserved awards, 251–252
Recruits. See Basic training
Religion
organized versus personal, 113–114, 340n144
personal faith as coping mechanism, 114–116
Remenyi, Joseph, 296n13
REMFs (rear-echelon motherfuckers). See Rear echelon
Replacements, 71–74, 324n34, 325n39
Republic of Korea (ROK) Army. See Korean War, Republic of Korea Army, attitudes toward
Research Branch (World War II). See Stouffer Study
Rishell, Lyle, 42, 70, 95, 125–126, 166, 271
Rogers, Horatio, 5, 43, 46, 101
Rotation from combat
and “eat, drink, and be merry,” 95–100, 180
by individual, 91, 120–121, 330n139
Rothschild, David, 168
Russ, Martin, 39, 50, 59, 90, 136, 152, 188, 253, 390n22
Salmon, Thomas W., 170, 362n65
Samuelson, Hyman, 109, 264, 274, 364n91
Sandels, Robert, 345n26
Sanders, Robert, 48, 74, 129, 135, 142–143, 144–145, 208, 212, 240, 269, 281, 283
Schaeffer, Ronald, xvii, 8, 12, 364n95, 370n42
Schuman, Howard, 352n134
Scuttlebutt. See Rumors
Sefton, George William, 11, 24, 31, 37, 85, 115, 141, 199, 226, 237, 243, 266
Selective Service
charges of inequity in, 4, 259–262
deferments and evaders, combatant resentment of, 258–259, 393n69, 394n86
draft-motivated volunteers, 10–11
establishment of, 1
See also Rallying to the flag, for fear of punishment
Self-inflicted wounds, 172–173, 366nn116,117. See also Group norms, in combat, toward deserters and self-inflicted wounds
Shay, Jonathan, 155, 193–194, 263, 345n21, 363n82, 380n120
and “displacement, restriction, and detachment of attention,” 108–112
and “fiduciary responsibility,” 233
Shell shock. See Psychological breakdown
Shils, Edward A., 138
Short-timers’ syndrome. See Rotation from combat, by individual
Shrader, Charles R., and the 2 percent fratricide rate, 61–62, 319n190
Sledge, Eugene B., xx, 25, 32, 46, 47, 52, 54, 61, 64, 66, 67, 74, 81, 84, 85, 87, 102, 109, 116, 130, 136, 160, 179, 203, 213, 227, 230–231, 236–237, 246, 249–250, 256
Sleep deprivation, recovery from, 94–95
Smith, W. Stanford, 46, 234, 244
Sobel, Raymond, and “Old Sergeant Syndrome,” 160
characteristics of, 187–188, 371n64
See also War correspondents, correspondent-adventurers
Soldierization process, 17–18, 301n111. See also Basic training
Souvenir hunting, 254, 266, 395n107, 396n110
Speier, Hans, 136
Spiller, Roger J., 73, 222, 292, 335n60
Spindler, G. Dearborn, 336n74
Spiroff, Boris R., 127, 307n17, 378n87
Standifer, Leon C., 8, 37, 60, 96, 106, 115, 132–133, 135, 164, 172, 173, 179, 193, 194, 223
Stephens, Rudolph W., 9, 21, 25, 69, 80, 166, 235, 346n40
Stouffer Study (Research Branch), World War II, 10
on basic training, 304n175
on black humor, 341n174
on breakdowns, 161, 360n51, 363n80
on the caste system, 317n159, 318n163
on the cause, belief in, 138, 349nn78,84
on “coercive institutional authority,” 106
on combatant “status hierarchy,” 389n6
on combat, experience of, 389n1
on the enemy, attitudes toward, 373n8, 376n60, 383n190
on green unit mistakes, 323n24
on group norms (“social control”), 128, 176, 345n26
on homefront and rear echelon, attitudes toward, 257, 392nn47,49,53,59
on job preferences, 10, 246, 391n43
on last-casualty syndrome, 330n157
on leadership, 384n2
on “local victories,” 350n109
on maladjusted soldiers, 361n55
on race relations, 267, 270, 273, 276, 396n6, 397n11
on replacements, 325n39
on rotation system, need for, 330n139
on “shortening of time perspective,” 339n134
on sleep deprivation, 307n20
on stress, 121, 315n121, 316n147, 327n90, 328n100, 330n147
Straggling. See Group norms, in combat, toward goldbricking
Stress in combat. See Environment of war, emotional aspects of; Fear; Intelligence, and coping with stress; Psychological breakdown, causes of
Sullivan, John A., 7, 15, 105, 122, 152, 153, 244, 247, 250
Swank, Roy L., and Walter E. Marchand, observing combat units, 78, 84–85, 159–160, 161, 328n118
Tal, Kali, 290
Terry, Wallace, 281
Tet Offensive of 1968, 146. See also Vietnam War
Thobaben, Robert G., 10, 16, 24, 128–129, 168, 185, 232
Thomason, John W., Jr., 35, 121, 137, 198
Thought processes in soldiers
and detaching attention from past and future, 112–113
and displacing attention (daydreaming), 108–109, 119–120
and restricting attention to routine tasks, 111–112
Thousand-yard stare. See Combat, emotional numbing in
Tischler, Gary L., 335n52, 360n48
Tobacco use, 98
Tomedi, Rudi, 154
Tregaskis, Richard, 54, 157, 191, 208, 327n85, 382n161
Truman, Harry S, and executive order on integration of armed forces, 276
United Mine Workers’ strike (World War II), 258
Unit esprit, as motivator, 133–135. See also Hierarchical cohesion
Vidich, Arthur J., and Maurice R. Stein, 18
Vietnam War
American attitudes toward, 145–149, 352n134
doubts over legitimacy and methods, 141–143, 353n141
homefront support, lack of, 263
peer and social pressure during late stages of, 148
South Vietnamese, soldier attitudes toward, 143–145, 352nn122,123
See also African-American soldiers, in the integrated army, militancy during Vietnam; African-American soldiers, in the integrated army, racial relationships during Vietnam; Basic training, in Vietnam era, dehumanizing the enemy; Body count; Casualties, white versus black in Vietnam; Combat, avoidance of; Fraggings; Glenn, Russell W., survey of Vietnam veterans on weapons use; Group norms, in combat, disarticulation of during Vietnam; Leadership, in Vietnam, obstacles to
War correspondents
correspondent-adventurers, 191
and recognition for combatants, 265
War literature, and effect on public opinion, 2
Watson, Peter, 217
Wayne, John, 130, 131, 182, 289
Webb, James, 56, 60, 372n74, 382n165, 385n6
Wecter, Dixon, 206–207, 256, 288
Weight loss in combat, 84
Weigley, Russell F., 221–222, 398n44
Weinberg, S. Kirson, 174
Weingartner, James J., 213
Weinstein, Edwin A., 223
Wesbrook, Stephen D., and theory of soldier motivation, 125, 133, 149
Westheider, James E., 399n60, 400n69, 401n80
Wilder, Amos N., 4–5, 6, 7–8, 34, 65, 70, 95, 111, 134, 171–172, 247, 258
Wilson, George, 34, 72, 150, 163, 223, 224, 234, 237–238, 314n105
Wolfert, Ira, 139, 378n85, 395n107
Work details. See Environment of war, physical aspects of, work details
Yager, Joel, 381n154
Yezzo, Dominick, 115, 140, 179, 207–208