CHAPTER 12: GENESIS

0.   .  This took place on August 22, 2016, and the tour went from a put-in point at Bray Road to Vietnam Veterans Park.

0.   .  C. S. Mott Foundation, “Rediscovering the Flint River,” YouTube video, 4.33 minutes, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO82Dk1LgQs&feature=youtu.be.

0.   .  C. S. Mott Foundation. “Exploring the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge—a Three Minute Tour,” YouTube video, 3.00 minutes, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DecS0XAcCas.

0.   .  Rebecca Fedewa, interview with author, Flint, Mich., August 3, 2016.

0.   .  Ibid. “Michael Moore was one of them. It really pissed me off. You can print that. You don’t even know!” Fedewa also heard the “toxic Flint River” phrase in the introduction to the Democratic presidential debate in Flint on March 6, 2016. “I threw my remote.”

0.   .  Ibid.

0.   .  “Amended Resolution to Approve Master Agreement Between the City of Flint, Department of Environmental Quality, the Genesee County Drain Commissioner, the Great Lakes Water Authority, and the Karegnondi Water Authority,” Resolution 170354.1, presented November 15, 2017; Nora Colomer, “Flint City Council Approves 30-Year Water Contract,” Bond Buyer, November 22, 2017; “What Has Changed, What Remains in Proposed 30-Year Flint Water Contract,” MLive—Flint Journal, November 21, 2017; Oona Goodin-Smith, “30-Year Flint GLWA Water Deal Gets Final Stamp of Approval,” MLive—Flint Journal, November 29, 2017; and Oona Goodin-Smith, “Some Promises to Entice Flint into 30-Year Water Deal Not Yet Fulfilled,” MLive—Flint Journal, January 30, 2018.

0.   .  Rick Snyder, letter to Craig Glidden, general counsel and EVP Law and Public Policy, General Motors, January 17, 2018, https://www.cityofflint.com/wp-content/uploads/Letter-from-Gov-Snyder-Requesting-GM-Return-to-Using-Water-from-City-of-Flint.pdf.

0.   .  In October 2015, researchers at the University of Michigan–Flint took on the job of identifying and mapping Flint’s lead pipes, with help from a grant from the C. S. Mott Foundation. Over the next year, it built a semi-complete digital database. Nic Custer, “As City-Wide Lead Pipe Mapping Begins, UM-Flint Prof Explains How to Test Your Water Lines,” East Village Magazine, January 30, 2016; Robert Gold, “Mott Grant Advances UM-Flint GIS Center’s Data Mapping Mission,” UM-Flint NOW, October 29, 2015; Robert Gold, “UM-Flint GIS Center Mapping Flint Water System’s Lead Service Lines,” UM-Flint NOW, January 28, 2016; “New UM-Flint Research Shows Location of Lead Pipes in Flint,” UM-Flint News, February 22, 2016; “City of Flint Lead Service Line Connections,” UM-Flint GIS Center, updated November 7, 2016, https://www.umflint.edu/sites/default/files/groups/GIS_Center/leadconn_11_7.pdf.

0. .  Natural Resources Defense Council, “What’s in Your Water? Flint and Beyond,” 2016, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/whats-in-your-water-flint-beyond-report.pdf. Also, ambitious reporting by USA Today and Reuters detailed high lead all over the country. Alison Young and Mike Nichols, “Beyond Flint: Excessive Lead Found in Almost 2,000 Water Systems Across All 50 States,” USA Today, March 11, 2016; and M. B. Pell and Joshua Schneyer, “Off the Charts: The Thousands of U.S. Locales Where Lead Poisoning Is Worse than Flint,” Reuters, December 19, 2016.

0. .  “At the end of the day, it creates two universes of people,” Yanna Lambrinidou told the USA Today reporters who investigated this. “One is the universe of people who are somewhat protected from lead.… Then we have those people served by small water systems, who are treated by the regulations as second-class citizens.” Laura Ungar and Mike Nichols, “4 Million Americans Could Be Drinking Toxic Water and Would Never Know,” USA Today, December 13, 2016.

0. .  Steve Serkaian, phone interview with author, June 15, 2016. This material about Lansing first appeared in slightly different form as “The City That Unpoisoned Its Pipes,” Next City, August 8, 2016.

0. .  Ibid. “Communities across the country have made decisions to not replace lead service lines because phosphate control is an effective way to meet state and federal standards,” said Serkaian. “The community has to have political will and financial wherewithal to sustain funding to replace all the lead service lines. The Board of Water and Light, without any special assessments or funding, chipped away year by year.”

0. .  Or they could try a partial-line replacement but, as research has affirmed, this causes a disruption that makes lead contamination worse.

0. .  “21st Century Infrastructure Commission Report,” prepared for Governor Rick Snyder, November 30, 2016, p. 13, http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-61409_78737—,00.html.

0. .  “For transportation and power investment, $1 returns $4.24, while $1 of spending on water and sewer assets returns $2.03 in revenue” (Ibid., p. 12).

0. .  Ibid.

0. .  Rebecca M. Slabaugh, Roger B. Arnold Jr., Sean Chaparro, Christopher P. Hill, “National Cost Implications of Potential Long-Term LCR Requirements,” Journal-American Water Works Association 107, no. 8 (August 2015): E389–E400. On New York City schools: Kate Taylor, “Lead Tests on New York City Schools’ Water May Have Masked Scope of Risk,” New York Times, August 31, 2016. In a related story, dating back to the D.C. lead-in-water crisis: Carol D. Leonnig, “Parents Demand New Tests of School Water,” Washington Post, April 29, 2007.

0. .  Oliver Milman, “US Authorities Distorting Tests to Downplay Lead Content of Water,” Guardian, January 22, 2016.

0. .  Joel Beauvais, “EPA Sample Letter Sent to Commissioners,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., February 29, 2016.

0. .  Michael Hawthorne and Peter Matuszak, “As Other Cities Dig Up Pipes Made of Toxic Lead, Chicago Resists,” Chicago Tribune, September 21, 2016.

0. .  Harold C. Ford, “Village Life: Encountering a ‘Child of God’ in Resurgent Civic Park,” East Village Magazine, March 1, 2018.

0. .  Paul Egan, “Flint Report: Fix Law on Emergency Managers,” Detroit Free Press, October 20, 2016, pp. 1A, 3A.

0. .  “The Flint Water Crisis,” Michigan Civil Rights Commission, p. 2.

0. .  Ibid., p. 3.

0. .  Ibid., p. 12.

0. .  Ibid., p. 13.

0. .  Ibid.

0. .  Derrick Z. Jackson, “The Goldman Prize Missed the Black Heroes of Flint—Just Like the Media Did,” Grist, April 23, 2018; and Derrick Z. Jackson, “Environmental Justice? Unjust Coverage of the Flint Water Crisis,” Shorenstein Center on Media Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, July 11, 2017, https://shorensteincenter.org/environmental-justice-unjust-coverage-of-the-flint-water-crisis/.

0. .  “The Flint Water Crisis,” Michigan Civil Rights Commission, p. 88.

0. .  Laura Pulido, “Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism,” Capitalism Nature Socialism 27, no. 3 (July 2016): 1–16.

0. .  Nikole Hannah-Jones, “The Resegregation of Jefferson County,” New York Times Magazine, September 6, 2017.

0. .  Meghan E. Irons, “Hyde Park Residents Get Rightful ZIP Code,” Boston Globe, March 27, 2012.

0. .  Amy Hybels, “Next Step in Changing Flint Township’s Name Put on Hold,” ABC WJRT-TV, April 3, 2017, updated June 16, 2017.

0. .  Andrew R. Highsmith, Demolition Means Progress: Flint, Michigan, and and Fate of the American Metropolis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), pp. 103, 117.

0. .  Thomas J. Sugrue, “The Big Picture: America’s Real Estate Developer in Chief,” Public Books, November 27, 2017.