Introduction
1. Anne Harrington, The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008), 250–51.
2. Patrick Cooke, “They Cried until They Could Not See,” New York Times Magazine, June 23, 1991.
Chapter 1
1. Bruno Klopfer, “Psychological Variables in Human Cancer,” Journal of Projective Techniques 21, no. 4 (December 1957): 331–40.
2. Stewart Wolf, “The Effects of Suggestion and Conditioning on the Action of Chemical Agents in Human Subjects: The Pharmacology of Placebos,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 29, no. 1 (January 1950): 100–109.
3. J. Bruce Moseley et al., “A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee,” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (July 11, 2002): 81–88.
4. Margaret Talbot, “The Placebo Prescription,” New York Times Magazine, January 9, 2000.
5. Henry K. Beecher, “The Powerful Placebo,” Journal of the American Medical Association 159, no. 17 (December 24, 1955): 1602–6.
6. Michael E. Wechsler et al., “Active Albuterol or Placebo, Sham Acupuncture, or No Intervention in Asthma,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (July 14, 2011): 119–26.
7. Femke M. de Groot et al., “Headache: The Placebo Effects in the Control Groups in Randomized Clinical Trials; An Analysis of Systematic Reviews,” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 34, no. 5 (June 2011): 297–305.
8. Talbot, “The Placebo Prescription.”
9. H. J. Binder et al., “Cimetidine in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer: A Multicenter Double Blind Study,” Gastroenterology 74 (February 1978): 380–88.
10. Shirley S. Wang, “Why Placebos Work Wonders,” Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204720204577128873886471982.html.
11. F. J. Evans, “Expectancy, Therapeutic Instructions, and the Placebo Response,” in Placebo: Theory, Research and Mechanisms, ed. Leonard White, Bernard Tursky, and Gary E. Schwartz (New York: Guilford Press, 1985); J. D. Levine et al., “Analgesic Responses to Morphine and Placebo in Individuals with Postoperative Pain,” Pain 10, no. 3 (June 1981): 379–89.
12. Irving Kirsch, The Emperor’s New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth (New York: Basic Books, 2010); Irving Kirsch and Guy Sapirstein, “Listening to Prozac but Hearing Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Antidepressant Medication,” Prevention & Treatment 1, no. 2 (June 1998); Shankar Vedantam, “Against Depression, a Sugar Pill Is Hard to Beat: Placebos Improve Mood, Change Brain Chemistry in Majority of Trials of Antidepressants,” Washington Post, May 7, 2002; Arif Khan et al., “Suicide Rates in Clinical Trials of SSRIs, Other Antidepressants, and Placebo: Analysis of FDA Reports,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 790–92.
13. Judith A. Turner et al., “The Importance of Placebo Effects in Pain Treatment and Research,” Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 20 (May 25, 1994): 1609–14; Leonard A. Cobb et al., “An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic,” New England Journal of Medicine, 260, no. 22 (May 28, 1959): 1115–18.
14. Elise A. Olsen et al., “A Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of a Novel Formulation of 5% Minoxidil Topical Foam Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 57, no. 5 (November 2007): 767–74; Richard A. Preston et al., “Placebo-Associated Blood Pressure Response and Adverse Effects in the Treatment of Hypertension: Observations from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 10 (May 22, 2000): 1449–54; H. V. Allington, “Review of the Psychotherapy of Warts,” AMA Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 66, no. 3 (1952): 316–26; H. Vollmer, “Treatment of Warts by Suggestion,” Psychosomatic Medicine 8 (March 1946): 138–42; Montague Ullman and Stephanie Dudek, “On the Psyche and Warts: Hypnotic Suggestion and Warts,” Psychosomatic Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1960): 437–88; Anton J. M. De Craen et al., “Placebo Effect in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48, no. 6 (December 1999): 853–60; F. K. Abbot, M. Mack, and S. Wolf, “The Action of Banthine on the Stomach and Duodenum of Man with Observations on the Effects of Placebos,” Gastroenterology 20, no. 2 (February 1952): 249–61; Talbot, “The Placebo Prescription”; Paul L. Canner, Sandra A. Forman, and Gerard J. Prud’homme, “Influence of Adherence to Treatment and Response of Cholesterol on Mortality in the Coronary Drug Project,” New England Journal of Medicine 303 (October 30, 1980): 1038–41; Ibrahim Hashish et al., “Reduction of Postoperative Pain and Swelling by Ultrasound Treatment: A Placebo Effect,” Pain 33, no. 3 (June 1988): 303–11; Raúl de la Fuente-Fernández et al., “Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinson’s Disease,” Science 293, no. 5532 (August 10, 2001): 1164–66; C. Kirschbaum et al., “Conditioning of Drug-Induced Immunomodulation in Human Volunteers: A European Collaborative Study,” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 31, no. 4 (November 1992): 459–72; Predrag Petrovic et al., “Placebo and Opioid Analgesia: Imaging a Shared Neuronal Network,” Science 295, no. 5560 (March 1, 2002): 1737–40; Matthew D. Lieberman et al., “The Neural Correlates of Placebo Effects: A Disruption Account,” Neuroimage 22, no. 1 (May 2004): 447–55; Tor D. Wager et al., “Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain,” Science 303, no. 5661 (February 20, 2004): 1162–67.
15. Irving Kirsch, “Response Expectancy as a Determinant of Experience and Behavior,” American Psychologist 40, no. 11 (November 1985): 1189–1202.
16. I. Wickramasekera, “A Conditioned Response Model of the Placebo Effect: Predictions from the Model,” Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 5, no. 1 (March 1980): 5–18; Nicholas J. Voudouris, Connie L. Peck, and Grahame Coleman, “Conditioned Response Models of Placebo Phenomena: Further Support,” Pain 38, no. 1 (July 1989): 109–16.
17. Asbjørn Hróbjartsson and Peter C. Gøtzsche, “Is the Placebo Powerless? An Analysis of Clinical Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment,” New England Journal of Medicine 344, no. 21 (May 24, 2001): 1594–1602.
18. Daniel E. Moerman and Wayne B. Jonas, “Deconstructing the Placebo Effect and Finding the Meaning Response,” Annals of Internal Medicine 136, no. 6 (March 19, 2002): 471–76.
19. Fabrizio Benedetti, Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009): 29.
20. Jon D. Levine, Newton C. Gordon, and Howard L. Fields, “The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia,” Lancet 312, no. 8091 (September 23, 1978): 654–57.
21. R. Ader and N. Cohen, “Behaviorally Conditioned Immunosuppression,” Psychosomatic Medicine 37, no. 4 (July/August 1975): 333–40.
22. Evans, Placebo: Mind over Matter in Modern Medicine, 44–69.
23. Benedetti et al., “Loss of Expectation-Related Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease Makes Analgesic Therapies Less Effective.”
24. David J. Scott et al., “Individual Differences in Reward Responding Explain Placebo-Induced Expectations and Effects,” Neuron 55, no. 2 (July 19, 2007): 325–36.
25. Caryle Hirshberg and Brendan O’Regan, Spontaneous Remission: An Annotated Bibliography (Petaluma, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1993), http://noetic.org/library/publication-books/spontaneous-remission-annotated-bibliography/.
26. Ibid.
Chapter 2
1. D. P. Phillips, T. E. Ruth, and L. M. Wagner, “Psychology and Survival,” Lancet 342, no. 8880 (November 6, 1993): 1142–45.
2. S. M. Woods, J. Natterson, and J. Silverman, “Medical Students’ Disease: Hypochondriasis in Medical Education,” Journal of Medical Education 41, no. 8 (August 1966): 785–90.
3. Bernie S. Siegel, Love, Medicine & Miracles (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 133.
4. Pierre Kissel and Dominique Barrucand, Placebos et Effet Placebo en Médecine (Paris: Masson, 1964).
5. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, “Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State,” Psychological Review 69, no. 5 (September 1962): 379–99.
6. Norman Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness: As Perceived by the Patient (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979), 59.
7. Samuel F. Dworkin et al., “Cognitive Reversal of Expected Nitrous Oxide Analgesia for Acute Pain,” Anesthesia and Analgesia 62, no. 12 (December 1983): 1073–77.
8. Avraham Schweiger and Allen Parducci, “Nocebo: The Psychologic Induction of Pain,” Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 16, no. 3 (July—September 1981): 140–43.
9. Brian Reid, “The Nocebo Effect: The Placebo Effect’s Evil Twin,” Washington Post, April 30, 2002.
10. Ibid.
11. Anthony Robbins, Unlimited Power: The New Science of Personal Achievement (New York: Free Press, 1986).
12. Bennett G. Braun, ed., The Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press, 1986).
13. Richard L. Kradin, The Placebo Response and the Power of Unconscious Healing (New York: Routledge, 2008), 151.
14. Martina Amanzio et al., “A Systematic Review of Adverse Events in Placebo Groups of Anti-migraine Clinical Trials,” Pain 146, no. 3 (December 5, 2009): 261–69.
15. Walter B. Cannon, “Voodoo Death,” American Anthropologist 44, no. 2 (April—June, 1942): 169–81.
16. John Cloud, “The Flip Side of Placebos: The Nocebo Effect,” Time, October 13, 2009, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1931727,00.html.
17. Sanford I. Cohen, “Voodoo Death, the Stress Response, and AIDS,” Advanced Biochemical Psychopharmacology 44 (1998): 95–109.
18. D. N. Ruble, “Premenstrual Symptoms: A Reinterpretation,” Science 197, no. 4300 (July 15, 1977): 291–292.
19. Michael J. Colligan and Lawrence R. Murphy, “Mass Psychogenic Illness in Organizations: An Overview,” Journal of Occupational Psychology 52, no. 2 (June 1979): 77–90.
20. Fabrizio Benedetti et al., “The Biochemical and Neuroendocrine Bases of the Hyperalgesic Nocebo Effect,” Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 46 (November 15, 2006): 12014–22.
21. Bruce Lipton, The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2008).
22. Robert A. Waterland and Randy L. Jirtle, “Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation,” Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 15 (August 2003): 5293–5300; Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
23. Walter C. Willett, “Balancing Life-Style and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention,” Science 296, no. 5568 (April 26, 2002): 695–98.
24. Peter D. Gluckman and Mark A. Hanson, “Living with the Past: Evolution, Development, and Patterns of Disease,” Science 305, no. 5691 (September 17, 2004): 1733–36.
25. Peter W. Nathanielsz, Life in the Womb: The Origin of Health and Disease (New York: Promethean Press, 1999).
26. James W. Prescott, Scientific Director, Rock A Bye Baby (New York: Time-Life Films, 1970).
27. Patrick Bateson et al., “Developmental Plasticity and Human Health,” Nature 430, no. 6998 (July 22, 2004): 419–21.
Chapter 3
1. “One Scholar’s Take on the Power of the Placebo,” Science Friday, NPR, January 6, 2012, http://m.npr.org/news/Health/144794035.
2. Michael Specter, “The Power of Nothing,” New Yorker, December 12, 2011.
3. Michael E. Wechsler et al., “Active Albuterol or Placebo, Sham Acupuncture, or No Intervention in Asthma,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (July 14, 2011): 119–26.
4. Lawrence D. Egbert et al., “Reduction of Postoperative Pain by Encouragement and Instruction of Patients: A Study of Doctor-Patient Rapport,” New England Journal of Medicine 270 (April 16, 1964): 825–27.
5. Ibid.
6. K. B. Thomas, “General Practice Consultations: Is There Any Point in Being Positive?” British Medical Journal 294, no. 6581 (May 9, 1987): 1200–1202.
7. Fabrizio Benedetti et al., “When Words Are Painful: Unraveling the Mechanisms of the Nocebo Effect,” Neuroscience 147, no. 2 (June 29, 2007): 260–71.
8. Richard H. Gracely et al., “Clinicians’ Expectations Influence Placebo Analgesia,” Lancet 325, no. 8419 (January 5, 1985): 43.
9. Janice L. Krupnick et al., “The Role of the Therapeutic Alliance in Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, no. 3 (June 1996): 532–39.
10. Ted J. Kaptchuk et al., “Components of Placebo Effect: Randomised Controlled Trial in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” British Medical Journal 336, no. 7651 (May 1, 2008): 999–1003.
11. A. H. Sinclair-Gieben and D. Chalmers, “Evaluation of Treatment of Warts by Hypnosis,” Lancet 274, no. 7101 (October 3, 1959): 480–82; Owen S. Surman, Sheldon K. Gottlieb, and Thomas P. Hackett, “Hypnotic Treatment of a Child with Warts,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 15, no. 1 (July 1972): 12–14.
12. Curtis E. Margo, “The Placebo Effect,” Survey of Ophthalmology 44, no. 1 (July/August 1999): 33–34; Nicholas J. Voudouris, Connie L. Peck, and Grahame Coleman, “Conditioned Response Models of Placebo Phenomena: Further Support,” Pain 38, no. 1 (July 1989): 109–16; Steve Stewart-Williams and John Podd, “The Placebo Effect: Dissolving the Expectancy Versus Conditioning Debate,” Psychology Bulletin 130, no. 2 (March 2004): 324–40.
13. Desonta Holder, “Health: Beware Negative Self-Fulfilling Prophecy,” Seattle Times, January 2, 2008, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/health/2004101546_fearofdying02.html.
14. Julia Kleinhenz et al., “Randomised Clinical Trial Comparing the Effects of Acupuncture and a Newly Designed Placebo Needle in Rotator Cuff Tendinitis,” Pain 83, no. 2 (November 1, 1999): 235–41; J. Vas et al., “Acupuncture as a Complementary Therapy to the Pharmacological Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Randomised Controlled Trial,” British Medical Journal 329, no. 7476 (November 20, 2004): 1216–19; Juan Antonio Guerra de Hoyos et al., “Randomised Trial of Long-Term Effect of Acupuncture for Shoulder Pain,” Pain 112, no. 3 (December 2004): 289–98.
15. Edzard Ernst and Adrian R. White, “Acupuncture for Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Archives of Internal Medicine 158, no. 20 (November 9, 1998): 2235–41; Matthias Karst et al., “Pressure Pain Threshold and Needle Acupuncture in Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study,” Pain 88, no. 2 (November 2000): 199–203; Matthias Karst et al., “Needle Acupuncture in Tension-Type Headache: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Cephalalgia 21, no. 6 (July 2001): 637–42; Matthias Karst et al., “Acupuncture in the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Inpatient Study,” Addiction Biology 7, no. 4 (October 2002): 415–19; Jongbae Park et al., “Acupuncture for Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation: A Sham-Controlled, Subject- and Assessor-Blind, Randomized Trial,” Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 17 (September 26, 2005): 2026–31; K. Streitberger et al., “Effect of Acupuncture Compared with Placebo-Acupuncture at P6 as Additional Antiemetic Prophylaxis in High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Trial,” Clinical Cancer Research 9, no. 7 (July 2003): 2538–44; K. Streitberger et al., “Acupuncture Compared to Placebo-Acupuncture for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Prophylaxis: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Patient and Observer Blind Trial,” Anaesthesia 59, no. 2 (February 2004): 142–49; Matthias Fink et al., “Needle Acupuncture in Chronic Poststroke Leg Spasticity,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85, no. 4 (April 2004): 667–72; M. Linde et al., “Role of the Needling Per Se in Acupuncture as Prophylaxis for Menstrually Related Migraine: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study,” Cephalalgia 25, no. 1 (January 2005): 41–47.
16. Anita Catlin and Rebecca L. Taylor-Ford, “Investigation of Standard Care Versus Sham Reiki Placebo Versus Actual Reiki Therapy to Enhance Comfort and Well-Being in a Chemotherapy Infusion Center,” Oncology Nursing Forum 38, no. 3 (May 2011): E212—E220.
17. J. Kleijnen, P. Knipschild, and G. ter Riet, “Clinical Trials of Homoeopathy,” British Medical Journal 302, no. 6772 (February 9, 1991): 316–23.
18. Aijing Shang et al., “Are the Clinical Effects of Homoeopathy Placebo Effects? Comparative Study of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Homoeopathy and Allopathy,” Lancet 366, no. 9487 (August 27—September 2, 2005): 726–32.
19. “The End of Homeopathy,” editorial, Lancet 366, no. 9487 (August 27—September 2, 2005): 690.
20. Iris R. Bell, “All Evidence Is Equal, but Some Evidence Is More Equal than Others: Can Logic Prevail over Emotion in the Homeopathy Debate?” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 5 (October 2005): 763–69.
21. David Spiegel and Anne Harrington, “What Is the Placebo Worth?” British Medical Journal 336, no. 7651 (May 3, 2008): 967–68.
22. Mary L. Smith and Gene V. Glass, “Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies,” American Psychologist 32, no. 9 (September 1977): 752–60.
23. Hans H. Strupp and Suzanne W. Hadley, “Specific vs. Nonspecific Factors in Psychotherapy: A Controlled Study of Outcome,” Archives of General Psychiatry 36, no. 10 (September 1979): 1125–36.
24. Arthur Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience (New York: Free Press, 1991).
25. Ted J. Kaptchuk et al., “Complementary Medicine: Efficacy Beyond the Placebo Effect,” in Complementary Medicine: An Objective Appraisal, ed. Edzard Ernst (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996), 42–70.
26. Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 107.
Chapter 4
1. Richard A. Dienstbier, “Arousal and Physiological Toughness: Implications for Mental and Physical Health,” Psychological Review 96, no. 1 (January 1989): 84–100; Marianne Frankenhaeuser, “The Psychophysiology of Workload, Stress, and Health: Comparison Between the Sexes,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 13, no. 4 (1991): 197–204; Shelley E. Taylor, Health Psychology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 168–201.
Chapter 5
1. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2008), 7.
2. J. S. House, K. R. Landis, and D. Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,” Science 241, no. 4865 (July 29, 1988): 540–45.
3. Ron Grossman and Charles Leroux, “A New ‘Roseto Effect’: ‘People Are Nourished by Other People,’” Chicago Tribune, October 11, 1996, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-10-11/news/9610110254_1_satellite-dishes-outsiders-town/2.
4. Lisa F. Berkman and S. Leonard Syme, “Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study of Alameda County Residents,” American Journal of Epidemiology 109, no. 2 (February 1, 1979): 186–204.
5. Peggy Reynolds and George A. Kaplan, “Social Connections and Risk for Cancer: Prospective Evidence from the Alameda County Study,” Behavioral Medicine 16, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 101–10.
6. Thomas A. Glass et al., “Population Based Study of Social and Productive Activities as Predictors of Survival among Elderly Americans,” British Medical Journal 319 (August 21, 1999): 478.
7. L. C. Giles et al., “Effect of Social Networks on 10 Year Survival in Very Old Australians: The Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging,” Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 59, no. 7 (July 2005): 574–79; J. S. House, C. Robbins, and H. L. Metzner, “The Association of Social Relationships and Activities with Mortality: Prospective Evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 116, no. 1 (July 1982): 123–40.
8. Candyce H. Kroenke et al., “Social Networks, Social Support, and Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 7 (March 1, 2006): 1105–11.
9. Annika Rosengren, Lars Wilhelmsen, and Kristina Orth-Gomér, “Coronary Disease in Relation to Social Support and Social Class in Swedish Men: A 15 Year Follow-Up in the Study of Men Born in 1933,” European Heart Journal 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 56–63.
10. Jo Marchant, “Heal Thyself: Trust People,” NewScientist, August 30, 2011, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128271.800-heal-thyself-trust-people.html.
11. W. J. Strawbridge et al., “Frequent Attendance at Religious Services and Mortality over 28 Years,” American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 6 (June 1997): 957–61.
12. D. Oman and D. Reed, “Religion and Mortality among the Community-Dwelling Elderly,” American Journal of Public Health 88, no. 10 (October 1998): 1469–75.
13. T. E. Oxman, D. H. Freeman, and E. D. Manheimer, “Lack of Social Participation or Religious Strength and Comfort as Risk Factors for Death after Cardiac Surgery in the Elderly,” Psychosomatic Medicine 57, no. 1 (January/February 1995): 5–15.
14. Harold G. Koenig et al., “Modeling the Cross-Sectional Relationships Between Religion, Physical Health, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychology 5, no. 2 (Spring 1997): 131–44.
15. Christopher G. Ellison and Jeffrey S. Levin, “The Religion-Health Connection: Evidence, Theory, and Future Directions,” Health Education and Behavior 25, no. 6 (December 1998): 700–720.
16. Robert A. Hummer et al., “Religious Involvement and U.S. Adult Mortality,” Demography 36, no. 2 (May 1999): 273–85; Michael E. McCullough et al., “Religious Involvement and Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Health Psychology 19, no. 3 (May 2000): 211–22.
17. Patrick R. Steffen et al., “Religious Coping, Ethnicity, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure,” Psychosomatic Medicine 63, no. 4 (July—August 2001): 523–30; John Gartner, Dave B. Larson, and George D. Allen, “Religious Commitment and Mental Health: A Review of the Empirical Literature,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 19, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 6–25; Harold G. Koenig and David B. Larson, “Religion and Mental Health: Evidence for an Association,” International Review of Psychiatry 13, no. 2 (2001): 67–78; Sandra E. Sephton et al., “Spiritual Expression and Immune Status in Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Exploratory Study,” Breast Journal 7, no. 5 (September/October 2001): 345–53; Teresa E. Woods et al., “Religiosity Is Associated with Affective and Immune Status in Symptomatic HIV-Infected Gay Men,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 46, no. 2 (February 1999): 165–76.
18. Joseph L. Lyon, Kent Gardner, and Richard E. Gress, “Cancer Incidence in Mormons and Non-Mormons in Utah (United States) 1971–1985,” Cancer Causes & Control 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 149–56.
19. William J. Strawbridge, Richard D. Cohen, and Sarah J. Shema, “Comparative Strength of Association between Religious Attendance and Survival,” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 30, no. 4 (2000): 299–308; Doug Oman et al., “Religious Attendance and Cause of Death Over 31 Years,” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 32, no. 1 (2002): 69–89.
20. Daniel N. McIntosh, Roxane Cohen Silver, and Camille B. Wortman, “Religion’s Role in Adjustment to a Negative Life Event: Coping with the Loss of a Child,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 4 (October 1993): 812–21.
21. Michael E. McCullough and Everett L. Worthington, Jr., “Religion and the Forgiving Personality,” Journal of Personality 67, no. 6 (December 1999): 1141–64.
22. Melvin Pollner, “Divine Relations, Social Relations, and Well-Being,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30 no. 1 (March 1989): 92–104.
23. Kenneth I. Pargament, “The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality?: Yes and No,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 9, no. 1 (1999): 3–16.
24. Harold G. Koenig, Kenneth I. Pargament, and Julie Nielsen, “Religious Coping and Health Status in Medically Ill Hospitalized Older Adults,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186, no. 9 (September 1998): 513–21.
25. Pamela Kotler and Deborah Lee Wingard, “The Effect of Occupational, Marital and Parental Roles on Mortality: The Alameda County Study,” American Journal of Public Health 79, no. 5 (May 1989): 607–12.
26. Robert M. Kaplan and Richard G. Kronick, “Marital Status and Longevity in the United States Population,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60, no. 9 (September 2006): 760–65.
27. Brigham Young University, “Happily Marrieds Have Lower Blood Pressure than Social Singles,” ScienceDaily, March 21, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080320192610.htm.
28. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, “More Marital Happiness = Less Sleep Complaints,” ScienceDaily, June 11, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080609071336.htm.
29. Sheree J. Gibb, David M. Fergusson, and L. John Horwood, “Relationship Duration and Mental Health Outcomes: Findings from a 30-Year Longitudinal Study,” British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 1 (2011): 24–30.
30. Dario Maestripieri et al., “Between- and Within-Sex Variation in Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in a Large Sample of College Students,” Stress 13, no. 5 (September 2010): 413–24; “Relationships Are Good for Your Health: Being Married or in a Long-Term Relationship Improves Your Ability to Deal with Stress, a New Study Suggests,” Telegraph, August 18, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7952466/Relationships-are-good-for-your-health.html.
31. BMJ—British Medical Journal, “Marriage Is Good for Physical and Mental Health, Study Finds,” ScienceDaily, January 28, 2011, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110127205853.htm.
32. Ohio State University, “Marital Problems Lead to Poorer Outcomes for Breast Cancer Patients,” ScienceDaily, December 10, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081208123304.htm.
33. Wiley-Blackwell, “Intimate Abuse Study Finds Clear Links with Poor Health and Calls for Holistic Primary Care Approach,” ScienceDaily, July 6, 2009, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090706090438.htm.
34. James W. Pennebaker and Robin C. O’Heeron, “Confiding in Others and Illness Rate among Spouses of Suicide and Accidental-Death Victims,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93, no. 4 (November 1984): 473–76.
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37. C. M. Rubenstein and P. Shaver, “Loneliness in Two Northeastern Cities.”
38. Roelof Hortulanus, Anja Machielse, and Ludwien Meeuwesen, Social Isolation in Modern Society (New York: Routledge, 2004).
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47. James J. Lynch, The Broken Heart (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 84.
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49. Brené Brown, The Gifts of Imperfection (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2010).
Chapter 6
1. K. Morioka, “Work Till You Drop,” New Labor Forum 13, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 81–85.
2. Becky Barrow, “Stress ‘Is Top Cause of Workplace Sickness’ and Is So Widespread It’s Dubbed the ‘Black Death of the 21st Century,’” MailOnline, October 5, 2011, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2045309/Stress-Top-cause-workplace-sickness-dubbed-Black-Death-21st-century.html.
3. Katsuo Nishiyama and Jeffrey V. Johnson, “Karoshi—Death from Overwork: Occupational Health Consequences of Japanese Production Management,” International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 4 (1997), 627–41.
4. Morioka, “Work Till You Drop.”
5. Ronald E. Yates, “Japanese Live … and Die … for Their Work,” Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1988, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-11-13/news/8802150740_1_karoshi-japanese-health-and-welfare.
6. Matthew Reiss, “American Karoshi,” New Internationalist 343 (March 2002).
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19. A. K. Smith et al., “Polymorphisms in Genes Regulating the HPA Axis Associated with Empirically Delineated Classes of Unexplained Chronic Fatigue,” Pharmacogenomics 7, no. 3 (April 2006): 387–94.
20. Jack Sparacino, “Blood Pressure, Stress and Mental Health,” Nursing Research 31, no. 2 (March—April 1982): 89–94.
21. Nixon et al., “Can Work Make You Sick?”
22. Jay Kandiah, Melissa Yake, and Heather Willett, “Effects of Stress on Eating Practices among Adults,” Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 37, no. 1 (September 2008): 27–38.
23. Ibid.
24. J. Liu et al., “The Melanocortinergic Pathway Is Rapidly Recruited by Acute Emotional Stress and Contributes to Stress-Induced Anorexia and Anxiety-Like Behavior,” Endocrinology 148, no. 11 (November 2007): 5531–40.
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28. T. G. Pickering, “Blood Platelets, Stress, and Cardiovascular Disease,” Psychosomatic Medicine 55, no. 6 (November/December 1993): 483–84; E. M. Sternberg, “Does Stress Make You Sick and Belief Make You Well? The Science Connecting Body and Mind,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 917 (January 2000): 1–3.
29. Bert Garssen, “Psychological Factors and Cancer Development: Evidence after 30 Years of Research,” Clinical Psychology Review 24, no. 3 (July 2004): 315–38; Eric Raible and Allan S. Jaffe, “Work Stress May Be a Determinant of Coronary Heart Disease,” Cardiology Today 11, no. 3 (March 2008): 33; S. O. Dalton et al., “Mind and Cancer: Do Psychological Factors Cause Cancer?” European Journal of Cancer 38, no. 10 (July 2002): 1313–23; Edna M. V. Reiche, Sandra O. V. Nunes, and Helena K. Morimoto, “Stress, Depression, the Immune System, and Cancer,” Lancet Oncology 5, no. 10 (October 2004): 617–25; Ljudmila Stojanovich and Dragomir Marisavljevich, “Stress as a Trigger of Autoimmune Disease,” Autoimmunity Reviews 7, no. 3 (January 2008): 209–13; Eva M. Selhub, “Stress and Distress in Clinical Practice: A Mind-Body Approach,” Nutrition and Clinical Care 5, no. 4 (July/August 2002): 182–90.
30. Meredith Melnick, “Study: Your Hostile Workplace May Be Killing You,” Time.com, August 10, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/10/study-your-hostile-work-place-may-be-killing-you/.
31. P. Butterworth et al., “The Psychosocial Quality of Work Determines Whether Employment Has Benefits for Mental Health: Results from a Longitudinal National Household Panel Survey,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 68, no. 11 (2011): 806–12.
32. Robert Pear, “Gap in Life Expectancy Widens for the Nation,” New York Times, March 23, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/us/23health.html.
33. A. Antonovsky, “Social Class, Life Expectancy, and Overall Mortality,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 45, no. 2 (April 1967): 31–73; Raymond Illsley and Deborah Baker, “Contextual Variations in the Meaning of Health Inequality,” Social Science and Medicine 32, no. 4 (1991): 359–65; Tom Reynolds, “Report Examines Association between Cancer and Socioeconomic Status,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95, no. 19 (2003): 1431–33.
34. “Are Poor People Less Likely to Be Healthy than Rich People?” Public Health Agency of Canada, September 11, 2008.
35. “Rich People Die Differently,” WebMD, July 7, 2005, http://men.webmd.com/news/20050707/rich-people-die-differently.
36. Dan Seligman, “Why the Rich Live Longer,” Forbes.com, June 7, 2004, http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0607/113_print.html.
37. Graham S. Lowe, Grant Schellenberg, and Harry S. Shannon, “Correlates of Employees’ Perceptions of a Healthy Work Environment,” American Journal of Health Promotion 17, no. 6 (July/August 2003): 390–99; Katherine Baicker, David Cutler, and Zirui Song, “Workplace Wellness Programs Can Generate Savings,” Health Affairs 29, no. 2 (February 2010): 304–11.
38. Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk and Piotr Brzyski, “Psychosocial Work Conditions as Predictors of Quality of Life at the Beginning of Older Age,” International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 18, no. 1 (January 2005): 43–52; T. Theorell, “Working Conditions and Health,” in Social Epidemiology, ed. L. F. Berkman and I. Kawachi (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 95–117; E. B. Faragher, M. Cass, and C. L. Cooper, “The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Health: A Meta-Analysis,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62, no. 2 (February 2005): 105–12; R. Veenhoven, “Healthy Happiness: Effects of Happiness on Physical Health and the Consequences for Preventive Health Care,” Journal of Happiness Studies 9, no. 3 (September 2008): 449–69; Justina A. V. Fischer and Alfonso Sousa-Poza, “Does Job Satisfaction Improve the Health of Workers? New Evidence Using Panel Data and Objective Measures of Health,” Health Economics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 71–89.
39. Joachim C. Brunstein, “Personal Goals and Subjective Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 5 (November 1993): 1061–70.
40. Nancy Cantor, “From Thought to Behavior: ‘Having’ and ‘Doing’ in the Study of Personality and Cognition,” American Psychologist 45, no. 6 (June 1990): 735–50.
41. Amanda Enayati, “A Creative Life Is a Healthy Life,” CNN.com, May 26, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/25/health/enayati-innovation-passion-stress/index.html.
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Chapter 7
1. Ruut Veenhoven, “World Database of Happiness: Continuous Register of Research on Subjective Appreciation of Life,” in Challenges for Quality of Life in the Contemporary World: Advances in Quality-of-Life Studies, Theory and Research, ed. W. Glatzer, S. von Below, and M. Stoffregen (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004).
2. Corey L. M. Keyes, “Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? Investigating Axioms of the Complete State Model of Health,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73, no. 3 (Jun 2005): 539–48.
3. Thomson Healthcare, Washington, D.C. “Ranking America’s Mental Health: An Analysis of Depression across the States,” Mental Health America, December 11, 2007, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/go/state-ranking.
4. National Institute of Mental Health, “Any Mood Disorder Among Adults,” accessed May 15, 2012, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ANYMOODDIS_ADULT.shtml.
5. R. Veenhoven, Conditions of Happiness (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984).
6. Lawrence LeShan, “Cancer Mortality Rate: Some Statistical Evidence of the Effect of Psychological Factors,” Archives of General Psychiatry 6, no. 5 (May 1962): 333–35; Reiner Rugulies, “Depression as a Predictor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23, no. 1 (July 2002): 51–61; Redford B. Williams and Neil Schneiderman, “Resolved: Psychosocial Interventions Can Improve Clinical Outcomes in Organic Disease,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64, no. 4 (July/August 2002): 552–57; Robert Anda et al., “Depressed Affect, Hopelessness, and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in a Cohort of US adults,” Epidemiology 4, no. 4 (July 1993): 285–94; Anne Harrington, The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 60; Biing-Jiun Shen et al., “Anxiety Characteristics Independently and Prospectively Predict Myocardial Infarction in Men: The Unique Contribution of Anxiety among Psychological Factors,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, no. 2 (January 2008): 113–19; R. M. Gallagher and S. Cariati, “The Pain-Depression Conundrum: Bridging the Body and Mind,” Medscape Today Clinical Update, October 2, 2002; D. C. Turk, “Beyond the Symptoms: The Painful Manifestations of Depression” (paper presented at Pain and Depression: Navigating the Intersection of Body and Mind Symposium, San Diego, August 20, 2002).
7. P. McCarron et al., “Temperament in Young Adulthood and Later Mortality: Prospective Observational Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57, no. 11 (November 2003): 888–92; LeShan, “Cancer Mortality Rate: Some Statistical Evidence of the Effect of Psychological Factors”; Sabrina Paterniti et al., “Sustained Anxiety and 4-Year Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 21 (2001): 136–41.
8. Ed Diener and Micaela Chan, “Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 3, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–43.
9. Ibid.
10. Yoichi Chida and Andrew Steptoe. “Positive Psychological Well-Being and Mortality: A Quantitative Review of Prospective Observational Studies,” Psychosomatic Medicine 70, no. 7 (September 2008): 741–56.
11. Michael Lemonick, “The Biology of Joy,” Time, January 9, 2005.
12. Joshua Wolf Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy?” Atlantic, January 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what—makes—us—happy/7439/#.
13. Bernie S. Siegel, Love, Medicine & Miracles (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 76.
14. Christopher Peterson, Martin E. Seligman, and George E. Vaillant, “Pessimistic Explanatory Style Is a Risk Factor for Physical Illness: A Thirty-Five-Year Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55, no. 1 (July 1988): 23–27.
15. Lisa G. Aspinwall and Richard G. Tedeschi, “The Value of Positive Psychology for Health Psychology: Progress and Pitfalls in Examining the Relation of Positive Phenomena to Health,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 39, no. 1 (February 2010): 4–15.
16. Erik J. Giltay et al., “Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Elderly Dutch Men and Women,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 11 (November 2004): 1126–35.
17. Sheldon Cohen et al., “Positive Emotional Style Predicts Resistance to Illness after Experimental Exposure to Rhinovirus or Influenza A Virus,” Psychosomatic Medicine 68, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 809–15.
18. Lemonick, “The Biology of Joy.”
19. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1991).
20. Christopher Peterson and Mechele E. De Avila, “Optimistic Explanatory Style and the Perception of Health Problems,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 51, no. 1 (January 1995): 128–32; Kymberley K. Bennett and Marta Elliott, “Pessimistic Explanatory Style and Cardiac Health: What Is the Relation and the Mechanism that Links Them?” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 239–48; Katri Räikkönen et al., “Effects of Optimism, Pessimism, and Trait Anxiety on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Mood During Everyday Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 1 (January 1999): 104–13.
21. Christopher Peterson, “Explanatory Style as a Risk Factor for Illness,” Cognitive Therapy and Research 12, no. 2 (1988): 119–32.
22. Laura D. Kubzansky and Rebecca C. Thurston, “Emotional Vitality and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: Benefits of Healthy Psychological Functioning,” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 12 (December 2007): 1393–1401.
23. Shelley E. Taylor et al., “Are Self-Enhancing Cognitions Associated with Healthy or Unhealthy Biological Profiles?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 4 (October 2003): 605–15.
24. Christopher Peterson and Martin E. Seligman, “Causal Explanations as a Risk Factor for Depression: Theory and Evidence,” Psychological Review 91 no. 3 (July 1984): 347–74.
25. Chida and Steptoe, “Positive Psychological Well-Being and Mortality.”
26. M. A. Visintainer, J. R. Volpicelli, and M. E. Seligman, “Tumor Rejection in Rats after Inescapable or Escapable Shock,” Science 216, no. 4544 (April 23, 1982): 437–39.
27. M. Seligman and M. Visintainer, “Tumor Rejection and Early Experience of Uncontrollable Shock in the Rat,” in Affect, Conditioning, and Cognition: Essays on the Determinants of Behavior, ed. F. R. Brush and J. B. Overmier (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1985), 203–5.
28. Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin, “Effects of Choice and Enhanced Personal Responsibility for the Aged: A Field Experiment in an Institutional Setting,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34, no. 2 (1976): 191–98.
29. Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment (New York: Free Press, 2003).
30. Deborah D. Danner, David A. Snowdon, and Wallace V. Friesen, “Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80, no. 5 (May 2001): 804–13.
31. R. Veenhoven, “Healthy Happiness: Effects of Happiness on Physical Health and the Consequences for Preventive Health Care,” Journal of Happiness Studies 9, no. 3 (September 2008): 449–69.
32. Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Hostile Marital Interactions, Proinflammatory Cytokine Production, and Wound Healing,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 12 (December 2005): 1377–84; Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Emotions, Morbidity, and Mortality: New Perspectives from Psychoneuroimmunology,” Annual Review of Psychology 53 (February 2002): 83–107.
33. J. Licinio, P. W. Gold, and M. L. Wong, “A Molecular Mechanism for Stress-Induced Alterations in Susceptibility to Disease,” Lancet 346, no. 8967 (July 1995): 104–6; Ryan T. Howell, Margaret L. Kern, and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “Health Benefits: Meta-Analytically Determining the Impact of Well-Being on Objective Health Outcomes,” Health Psychology Review 1, no. 1 (July 2007): 83–136.
34. Lemonick, “The Biology of Joy”; Erin S. Costanzo et al., “Mood and Cytokine Response to Influenza Virus in Older Adults,” Journals of Gerontology 59, no. 12 (December 2004): 1328–33; Marian L. Kohut et al., “Exercise and Psychosocial Factors Modulate Immunity to Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Individuals,” Journals of Gerontology 57, no. 9 (September 2002): 557–62.
35. R. W. Bartrop et al., “Depressed Lymphocyte Function after Bereavement,” Lancet 1, no. 8016 (April 16, 1977): 834–36.
36. D. M. Byrnes et al., “Stressful Events, Pessimism, Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity, and Cytotoxic/Suppressor T Cells in HIV+ Black Women at Risk for Cervical Cancer,” Psychosomatic Medicine 60, no. 6 (November/December 1998): 714–22.
37. Peter Kirsch et al., “Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans,” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 49 (December 7, 2005): 11489–93; C. Sue Carter, “Neuroendocrine Perspectives on Social Attachment and Love,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 23, no. 8 (November 1998): 779–818.
38. Tiina-Mari Lyyra, “Predictors of Mortality in Old Age: Contribution of Self-Rated Health, Physical Functions, Life Satisfaction and Social Support on Survival among Older People,” University of Jyväskylä: Studies in Sport, Physical Education and Health 119 (2006).
39. Diener and Chan, “Happy People Live Longer”; Lemonick, “The Biology of Joy”; Chida and Steptoe, “Positive Psychological Well-Being and Mortality.”
40. S. Levy et al., “Survival Hazards Analysis in First Recurrent Breast Cancer Patients: Seven Year Follow Up,” Psychosomatic Medicine 50, no. 5 (September/October 1988): 520–28.
41. Veenhoven, “Healthy Happiness”; Leonard R. Derogatis, Martin D. Abeloff, and Nick Melisaratos, “Psychological Coping Mechanisms and Survival Time in Metastatic Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association 242, no. 14 (October 5, 1979): 1504–8.
42. Frits Van Dam, “Does Happiness Heal,” in How Harmful Is Happiness? Consequences of Enjoying Life or Not, ed. R. Veenhoven (The Netherlands: Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1989), 17–23.
43. Richard E. Lucas et al., “Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 3 (March 2003): 527–39.
44. Sonja Lyubomirsky, Kennon M. Sheldon, and David Schkade, “Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change,” Review of General Psychology 9, no. 2 (June 2005): 111–31.
45. S. W. Cole et al., “Accelerated Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Gay Men Who Conceal Their Homosexual Identity,” Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 3 (May/June 1996): 219–31.
Chapter 8
1. “Easy Ways to Take the Edge Off,” ABC News Video, April 22, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndexid=7392433.
2. “Eliciting the Relaxation Response,” Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, accessed May 15, 2012, http://www.massgeneral.org/bhi/basics/eliciting_rr.aspx.
3. Richard J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (July/August 2003): 564–70.
4. Bonnie Horrigan, “Meditation Reduces Pain Scores,” Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing 7, no. 4 (July/August 2011): 215–16; R. Manocha et al., “A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Meditation for Work Stress, Anxiety and Depressed Mood in Full-Time Workers,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (June 7, 2011); W. P. Smith, W. C. Compton, and W. B. West, “Meditation as an Adjunct to a Happiness Enhancement Program,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 51, no. 2 (March 1995): 269–73; A. Nesvold et al., “Increased Heart Rate Variability during Nondirective Meditation,” European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 773–80; F. Zeidan et al., “Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognition: Evidence of Brief Mental Training,” Consciousness and Cognition 19, no. 2 (June 10, 2010): 597–605; L. Fortney and M. Taylor, “Meditation in Medical Practice: A Review of the Evidence and Practice,” Primary Care 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 81–90; R. Walsh and S. L. Shapiro, “The Meeting of Meditative Disciplines and Western Psychology: A Mutually Enriching Dialogue,” American Psychologist 61, no. 3 (April 2006): 227–39; Maura Paul-Labrador et al., “Effects of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects with Coronary Heart Disease,” Archives of Internal Medicine 166, no. 11 (June 12, 2006): 1218–24; S. I. Nidich et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Transcendental Meditation on Quality of Life in Older Breast Cancer Patients,” Integrative Cancer Therapy 8, no. 3 (September 2009): 228–34.
5. F. Zeidan et al., “Effects of Brief and Sham Mindfulness Meditation on Mood and Cardiovascular Variables,” Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16, no. 8 (August 2010): 867–73.
6. Ann MacDonald, “Using the Relaxation Response to Reduce Stress,” Harvard Health Publications, November 10, 2010, http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/using-the-relaxation-response-to-reduce-stress-20101110780.
7. Jeffery A. Dusek et al., “Genomic Counter-Stress Changes Induced by the Relaxation Response,” PLoS ONE 3, no. 7 (July 2008).
8. “Almost a Quarter of All Disease Caused by Environmental Exposure,” World Health Organization, June 16, 2006, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr32/en/index.html.
Chapter 9
1. Kelly Ann Turner. “Spontaneous Remission of Cancer: Theories from Healers, Physicians, and Cancer Survivors,” Fall 2010, http://www.shuniyahealing.com/offer/research.html.
