1848–1849 revolutions, 210–255
Austria, 213, 242, 244, 245–251, 294
Bohemia, 213
death of, symbolic, 257
depression of the 1840s, 211
economic crisis, 211–213
evictions, 212
failure of, 250–255
France, 213–241, 251–252, 254, 323, 328, 363, 382, 417–418, 446–447
France (February 1848), xvi, 87–88, 207, 213, 226, 233, 238, 239, 312, 356
France (June Days, 1848), 236–241, 323
Germany, 213, 241–245, 250, 299–300, 301–304, 327–328, 329–330, 344–345, 351, 352
Hungary, 213, 244, 245, 247, 248–249, 250–251, 265, 266–269, 272–275, 368
“Hungry Forties”/food shortages, 12, 87, 210–212
impact on literature/ arts, 328
Ireland, 213
Mill (John Stuart) and, 88
Palermo, 213
political crisis, 212–213
radical thinkers, 221–222, 230
realism, 329
Romanticism, 328
women in, 237
Adam Bede (Eliot), 458–464
bucolic reconstruction of the past, 455, 459–461, 462
Carlyle (Jane Welsh) and, 463, 464
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 463
Christianity in, 458
Dickens and, 464
education through suffering, 462
impact on readership, 463–464
moral conversion/change of heart, 462, 464
payment for, 459
popularity, 460
primacy of feelings over doctrine, 461
publication of, 459
religion as damper on political action, 461
resistance to injustice, 462–463
seduction and betrayal, 461
simple, everyday folk, 462
Tolstoy (Leo) and, 463
unconscious motivations, 463
“Address to Working Men, by Felix Holt” (Eliot), 486
Agnes Grey (Brontë), 404, 405, 430
Agoult, Marie–Catherine–Sophie de Flavigny d’, Comtesse, 344
Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich, 120
Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich, 115
Aksakov, Sergey Timofeyevich, 119
Albert, Prince Consort, 375, 376–377
Aldridge, Ira, 286
Alexander I, Tsar, 97
Alexander II, Tsar: accession to throne, 286, 311
Herzen (Alexander) and, 325
Shevchenko and, 286
Alienation: Carlyle (Thomas) and, 32
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 32
Marx (Karl) on, 194–195, 196–197
Michelet on, 220
All the Year Round (magazine), 464
Alla Vittoria (Mameli). See Canto degli Italiani
Allingham, William, 21
Alov, V. (pseudonym), 102
American Notes (Dickens), 57
“Amos Barton” (Eliot), 455–457, 466
Anarchist individualism, 228–229
Anekdota (journal), 188
Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 473
Annenkov, Pavel Vasilyevich: on 1840s Russia, 129, 130
Belinsky and, 135
Botkin and, 133–134
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 135
on Gogol in Rome, 106
Anti–heroes, 107
Antoinette, Marie, 55
Antonelli, Pyotr Dmitrievich, 153
Apologia (Newman), 69
Apostle (Petöfi), 269–271
Arany, János, 265
Areopagitica (Milton), 422
Aristophanes, 123
Aristotle, 161
Arkwright, Richard, 14
Arnold, Matthew, 6, 78, 381, 481
Arnold, Thomas, 6
Arpád, Duke, 261
“Art and Revolution” (Wagner), 306
“Artistic Creation of the Future” (Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft) (Wagner), 306, 309
“Artistic Genius of the Future” (Wagner), 306
Ashley Ten–Hour Bill, 10
Associations for the diffusion of knowledge, 19
“At the End of September” (Petöfi), 266
Atta Troll (Heine), 363, 365–366
Auerbach, Gerthold, 187
Aufruf (“Summons”) (Herwegh), 343
“Auguries of Innocence” (Blake), 364
Austria:1848 revolution in, 213, 242, 244, 245–251, 294
Kossuth on, 241–242
Viennese radicals, 248
“Author’s Confession” (Gogol), 119
Autobiographical novels, 467
Autobiography (Kostomarov), 284–285
Autobiography (Mill), 68, 70–71, 79, 90
Babeuf, Françoise–Noël (Gracchus Babeuf), 208, 217
Bagehot, Walter, English Constitution, 383
Bakunin, Mikhail, 296–299
1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 302–303
appearance, 289
Belinsky and, 133
“circles” around, 129
commutation of death sentence, 311
Confession, 312–313
deportation to Siberia, 313
destruction in Nature, 298, 299
Deutsche Jahrbücher, 297
Engels and, 203
escape from Siberia, 313
exile, 315
expulsion from France, 203, 298
February Revolution (France, 1848), 298, 312
Feuer–bach (Ludwig) and, 298
“generation of the ’40s,” 238
Harney and, 380
Hegel and, 130, 132, 133, 297–298, 318
Herzen (Alexander) and, 313–314, 315, 322–323
humanization of the Absolute, 177
imprisonment, 310, 311–312, 315
influences on, 297–298
as “Jules Elisard,” 297
parents, 289
in Paris, 298
in Prague, 298
Proudhon and, 228, 229, 298, 322–323
Ranke and, 297
“Reaction in Germany,” 289, 297
revolutionary career, 132
Ruge and, 297
on Russia, 312–313
Wagner and, xvii, 289–290, 296–297, 298–299, 300, 301, 302–303, 303–304, 310–311, 314, 323
Werder and, 297
Bakunin (Huch), 327
Balzac, Honoré de:
Brontë (Charlotte) and, 394
Cousin Betty, 215
Dickens and, 44
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 140
energy of, 44
Eugénie Grandet, 140
Human Comedy, 465
and the “new novel,” 465
The Peasants, 466
visit to Russia, 140
Barbarossa. See Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Barbès, Armand: 1848 revolution in France, 235, 236
insurrection (May 12, 1839), 226
jailing of, 216
newspapers read by followers of, 222
Barnaby Rudge (Dickens), 48, 50, 54–56
Barnett, Bessie, 20
Barrett, Elizabeth, 78
“Barricades March” (Schumann), 294
Barrot, Odilon, 233
Batthyány, Count Lajos, 268
“Battle of Life” (Dickens), 42
Baudelaire, Charles, 216
Bauer, Bruno, 176, 177, 187, 344
Bauer, Edgar, 177
Bazard, Saint–Amand, 75
Beethoven, Ludwig van:Ninth Symphony, xvii, 290, 308
Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich, 129–143
Aksakov (Ivan Sergeyevich) on, 120–121
Annenkov and, 135
appreciation of Russian authors, 134
Bakunin and, 133
Blanc’s Histoire de dix ans, 133–134
childhood, 132
“circles” around, 129
Dmitri Kalinin, 132
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 135, 139, 140, 141–142, 146–147, 149, 150, 153
Dostoevsky’s Double, 146
Dostoevsky’s “Landlady,” 146
Dostoevsky’s “Mr. Prokharchin,” 143
Dostoevsky’s Poor People, 137–138, 141
father, 132
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 133
Fichte and, 132
French thought, 133
“generation of the ’40s,” 238
Gogol, letter to, 119–121
Gogol and, xvii, 100, 115, 116, 132, 134, 141
Gogol’s Dead Souls, 134
Gogol’s Inspector General, 100
Herzen (Alexander) and, 133
influences on, 132
Lermontov and, 134
mentor, 130
“natural school” of writers, 135
Notes of the Fatherland, 133
in Notes of the Fatherland, 135
personality, 134–135
Petrashevsky circle, 153
public debut as critic, 132
Sand and, 320
Schelling and, 132
Schiller and, 132
socialism, 134–135
Speshnev and, 151
Strauss and, 133
in Telescope, 132
Turgenev and, 134–135
Ukrainian/Ruthenian language to, 276
Bell, Acton (pseudonym), 404. See also Brontë Anne
Bell, Currer (pseudonym), 390, 404, 408, 417, 428. See also Brontë, Charlotte
Bell, Ellis (pseudonym), 404. See also Brontë, Emily
The Bell (Kolokol) (journal), 316, 325
Bem, General Josef: 1848 revolution in Austria, 245, 248, 251
Wagner and, 290
Benckendorff, Count Alexander Kristoforovich, 122, 124, 126–127, 318
Bentham, Jeremy, 16–19
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 80
class interests, 18
computer mentality of, 18
country estate, 68
Darwin and, 93
death, 86
industrialism to, 18
influences on, 17
laissez–faire as a law of Nature, 93
Marx (Karl) and, 17
Mill (James) and, 17, 18, 67, 69
Mill (John Stuart) and, 17, 67, 68–69, 71–72, 79, 80, 86
Owen and, 17
poetry to, 71
religious skepticism, 67
Széchenyi and, 257
Traité de Legislation, 68–69
universal suffrage, 18
wealth, 67
Westminster Review, 448
Bentham, Samuel, 69
Béranger, Pierre–Jean de, 257, 342, 344
Berg, Alban, Wozzeck, 340
Berliner Volksleben (Glassbrenner), 361
Berman, Marshall, vii Bernard, Claude, 460
Bernays, Karl, 203
Beust, Count Friedrich Ferdinand von, 299
Biblical exegesis, 171–172
Bichat, Marie–François–Xavier, 452, 460
Bildungsroman, 23
Birmingham, England, 22
“Black humor,” 109
Blackwood, John: “Address to Working Men, by Felix Holt,” 486–487
Eliot’s Adam Bede, 459
Lewes and, 456–457
Blackwood’s Magazine, 19, 394, 456
Blanc, Louis:1848 revolution in France, 233, 234, 235
address to the wealthy, 222–223
De L’organisation du Travail (On the Organization of Labor), 222
Eliot (George) and, 448
Histoire de dix ans, 1830–1840, 133–134, 223
Luxembourg Commission, 233, 234, 236
newspapers read by followers of, 222
parents, 222
Petrashevsky circle, 147–148
revolution by consent, 222–223
on socialism, 223
universal suffrage, 222
Blanqui, Auguste, 223–226
1848 revolution in France, 234, 235, 236
agitations of the 1840s, 221
attempted insurrection (May 1939), 199
biographer, 240
Buonarroti and, 217
February Revolution (France, 1848), 226
imprisonment, 226
insurrection (May 12, 1839), 226
jailing of, 216
July Revolution (1830), 223
on Louis–Philippe, 224
Marx (Karl) and, 223
newspapers read by followers of, 222
as a professional proletarian, 224
Ras–pail and, 224
secret societies, 225
on slavery, 225
Society of the Friends of the People, 223
Tocqueville on, 226
trial for “incendiary republicanism,” xvi, 224
Blum, Robert: 1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 243
1848 revolution in Austria, 245, 248, 249
execution of, 245, 249–250, 250, 295, 352
Freiligrath and, 352
last letter, xvii
Leipzig Theatre, 295
Bohemia: 1848–1849 revolutions in, 213
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de, 122
Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People (Kostomarov), 284
Borgo, Count Pozzo di, 222
Botkin, Vassily Petrovich, 133
Bourgeoisie:1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 329
1848 revolution in France, 328
the “bourgeois spirit,” 383
British, Engels on, 201
in Communist Manifesto, 208
French haute bourgeoisie, 214–215, 234
Hegel on bourgeois states, 166
Louis–Napoleon and, 384
Mill (John Stuart) on, 384
Romanticism, 328–329. See also Middle class, British
Boyd, Lieutenant Robert, 74
Branwell, Elizabeth:Calvinism of, 392, 432
death, 401
legacy left by, 403
moral imperfection, sense of, 397, 431
supervisory role, 393
support for Brontë sisters, 400
as surrogate mother, 391
Bray, John Francis, Labor’s Wrongs and Labor’s Remedies, 11
Bremer, Fredrika, 448
Brewster, David, 448
Briullov, Karl Pavlovich, 278–279
Brontë, Anne: Agnes Grey, 404, 405, 430
as Caroline Helstone in Shirley, 419–420, 429
Cowan Bridge school, 391
father’s hopes for, 393
Gondal, 395
poetry of, 430
pseudonym, 404
public vs. private life, 393
Roe Head (Miss Wooler’s school), 397
Brontë, Branwell: Angria narratives, 395, 430
career of failures, 397, 398–399, 403
education, 394
father’s hopes for, 393
instability, 397
precocity, 393
public vs. private life, 393
Royal Academy of Art, 397
as tutor, 403
writing, 397
Brontë, Charlotte, 391–429
1848 revolution in France, 417–418
Angria narratives, 398, 400, 430
appearance, 391
aunt’s Calvinism, 432
Balzac and, 394
biographer, 390
Blackwood’s Magazine, 394
in Brussels, 400–403, 405, 406, 419, 427
Byron and, 394
Catholics/Catholicism, 401, 402
creative growth, 405
crossroads in life, 404–405
death of siblings, 417
“doctrine of endurance,” 393
Duke of Zamorna character, 394, 395, 398
Emily’s “bleak solitudes,” 430–431
Emily’s poetry, discovery of, 403–404, 405, 430
Emily’s Wuthering Heights, 434, 439
father’s hopes for, 393
Heger (M. Constantin) and, 401–403, 427
Jane Eyre (see Jane Eyre)
knowledge of factory work, 425
Lewes and, 390
loss of illusions, 403
moral imperfection, sense of, 397–398
Nussey and, 394, 397–398, 399, 401–402
Professor (see Professor)
public vs. private life, 393
“Reason,” 402
Roe Head (Miss Wooler’s school), 394, 395, 397, 398, 399
Sand and, 394
self–abnegation, 393
Shirley (see Shirley)
shyness, 397
Southey and, 399
“superfluous men,” 405
Taylor (Mary) and, 394, 399, 429
themes, 405
Vilette, 403
Wooler and, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 418
writing, 398, 399–400, 428–429
Brontë, Elizabeth, 391
Brontë, Emily, 430–439
aunt’s Calvinism, 432
“bleak solitudes” of, 430–431
bulldog of (Keeper), 439
Byron and, 434
employers of, 395
father’s hopes for, 393
on God, 431
Gondal, 395
as governess, 397
Heger (M. Constantin) and, 431
Heger pensionnat, 400–401
Imagination, 433
interior life, 430–431
isolation, sense of, 431–432
Le Papillon (The Butterfly), 431
moral imperfection, sense of, 397, 430–431
Nature, 433–434
on Nature, 431
poetry of, discovery of, 403, 405, 430
pseudonym, 404
public vs. private life, 393
religion, 432–433
Roe Head (Miss Wooler’s school), 397
Sand and, 434
Scott and, 434
as Shirley Keeldar in Shirley, 419–420, 429
shyness, 397
teaching career, 398
themes, 405
Wooler and, 397
Wuthering Heights (see Wuthering Heights)
Brontë, Maria: Cowan Bridge school, 391, 409
death, 409
father’s hopes for, 393
as Helen Burns in Jane Eyre, 393, 409
self–abnegation, 393
Brontë, Patrick: aloofness, 393, 430
cataracts/ vision, 403, 404, 430
faith of, 392
personality, 391
Brontë family: Angria narratives, 430
burial place, 391
Haworth village, 390–392
religiosity, 392
secrecy in, 430
surrounding moors, 395
Tabby (maid), 391, 393, 394. See also Branwell, Elizabeth
Brontë sisters: childhood years, 395–396
decision to open school, 400, 402
exposure to politics, 394
father’s hopes for, 393
as governess, 397–399
household duties, 393
Mill (John Stuart) on, 91
need to make a living, 489
Poems, 404
pseudonyms of, 404
reading, 394
surrogate mother, 391
Bronterre O’Brien, James, 9, 11, 37, 380
“Bronze Horseman” (Pushkin), 112, 146
Brooks, Cleanth, xv
“Brother and Sister” (Eliot), 467–468
Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 284–285
Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky), 140, 143, 151, 152
Brougham, Henry, Lord, 88, 212
Browne, Hablot Knight (“Phiz”), 44
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, Sonnets from the Portuguese, 271
Brussels: Brontë (Charlotte) in, 400–403, 405, 406, 419, 427
Brontë (Emily) in, 400–401, 431
Marx (Karl) in, 203, 204, 206–207, 228
Brussels Correspondence Society, 207
Bryant, William Cullen, 353, 448
Buch der Lieder (Heine), 260
Buchez, Philippe–Joseph–Benjamin, 226
Büchner, Georg, 330–341
birth, 331
confraternity with human beings, 340, 341
Danton’s Death, 331, 334, 335, 336–338
determinism, static, 336–338, 340
doctoral dissertation, 334
family, 331
Fatality, acceptance of, 337–338
France, 331–332
frustration, 292
and Hegelian “cunning of Reason,” 337
Herwegh’s elegy, 330–331
Hessian Courier (Hessische Land–bote), 331, 332–334
Hugo and, 334
July Revolution (1830), 333
Leonce and Lena, 331, 335, 341
on Life, 336
the “little man,” 339–340, 341
materialism, 336
on Nature, 336
peasants to, 333
Pietro Aretino, 335
rediscovery of, 359
on Revolution, 337
social and philosophical outlook, 335–336
talents, 331
as university lecturer, 331
on violence, 336
warrant for arrest, 334
wife of (Minna Jaeglé), 332, 335
Weidig and, 332–333
Woyzeck, 334, 335, 336, 339–340
Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, 233
Bulletin de la République, 235
Bülow, Hans von, 291
Bulwer–Lytton, Edward George. See LyttonBulwer
Bunyan, John, 8
Burckhardt, Jacob, 474
Burdett–Coutts, Angela, 59
Buret, Eugène, 387
Burgraves, Les (Hugo), 292
Burns, Robert: “auld lichts” vs. “new lichts,” 21
Freiligrath and, 348, 351, 353
Herwegh and, 342
as international poet, 288
literary heirs of, xvii
Bute, John Patrick Crichton–Stuart, 3rd Marquess of, 384
”The Butterfly” (Le Papillon) (Brontë), 431
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron: among Romantics, 260
appreciation abroad, 59
Brontë (Charlotte) and, 394
Brontë (Emily) and, 434
Eliot (George) and, 443
Medievalism of, 39
Petöfi and, 257
Cabal and Love (Schiller), 132
Cabet, Étienne: agitations of the 1840s, 221
newspapers read by followers of, 222
Petrashevsky circle, 147–148
Proudhon and, 227
Voyage en Icarie, 130
Canning, George, 385
Canto degli Italiani, Il (Mameli), xvi, 253, 508n. 76
Canuts, 215–216
Carlile, Richard, 9
Carlyle, Dr. John Aitken, 33, 76
Carlyle, Jane Welsh: Eliot’s Adam Bede, 463, 464
maid, 20
Mill (John Stuart) and, 33
personality, 20
residence, 20
Sand and, 78
visitors to, 33
Carlyle, Thomas, 20–41
absence of God, 50
achievements, 41
alienation, 32
appearance, 20
Aristocracy of the Moneybag, 37
Bentham (Jeremy) and, 80–81
on Birmingham, 22
“cash nexus,” 38–39, 63, 470 (see also “cash nexus”)
Chartists, 53–54
Communist Manifesto, 208
despair/self–doubt/moral crisis, 21–23, 28–29
Dickens and, 40, 43, 59–60, 63
as Diogenes Teufelsdröck, 29–32
on Disraeli, 40
in Edinburgh Review, 26
Eichthal and, 27
Eliot (George) and, 40, 443, 446–447, 453
Engels and, 39
Entsagen (renunciation), 25, 31
Ewen’s manuscript about, x, xiv
Eyre case, 80
faith in religion, possibility of, 38
fame of, 37–38
on franchise for voting, 56
freedom, attainment of, 32
French Revolution (see French Revolution (Carlyle))
on French Revolution, 34–35
German idealistic transcendental philosophy, 32
German writers, 22–23
Goethe’s Sorrows of Young Werther, 22
Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister, 21, 23, 26
Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Apprenticeship), 25–26
Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Travels), 22
greed and materialism, attacks on, 37
Heroes and Hero–Worship, 80
influence on others, 40
interpretation of German letters, 21
Jews, 40
Jocelin of Brakelond and, 38
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 31, 34
legacy, 41
on Lewes, 452
Lewes on, 41
Life of Schiller, 29
love, 41
maid, 20
Martineau on, 41
Mill (John Stuart) and, xvi, 33, 74, 75, 78, 80
mysticism, 40
“Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question,” 40–41, 80
on parliament, 56
Past and Present, 38–39, 191, 200–201, 206
on political revolution, 26
prejudices, 40
primitivism, 25
Progress, 38
property, 39–40
as prophet, 50
racism of, 40
on reform, 56
residence, 20
Saint–Simonianism, 27
Saint–Simon’s Le Nouveau Christianisme, 27
Samson and, 38
Sand and, 78
Sartor Resartus, 19, 22, 27, 28–33
Schiller and, 21
self–limitation, 25
“Signs of the Times,” 26–27, 75, 206
social petrification of his thought, 40
Socialism, 27
on Taylor (John), 76
Thoughts on Clothes, 29
“Tory Romanticism” of, 38–39
on Utilitarianism, 19
visitors to, 33
women’s role, 40–41
Wotton Reinfred, 26
Cartwright, William, 419
“Cash nexus”: Carlyle (Thomas) and, 38–39, 63, 470
Eliot’s Mill on the Floss, 470
Mill (John Stuart) and, 80. See also Marx (Karl), money’s role in dehumanization
“Caucasus” (Shevchenko), 282
Cavaignac, Eugène: 1848 revolution in France, 236, 237, 238, 323
1849 revolution in Italy, 244, 251
barricades against, xvi Cavaignac, Godefroy, 223
Censorship: of Feuerbach (Ludwig), 178
of Glassbrenner, 361
of Gogol, 107, 113, 115, 117, 119
of Marx (Karl), 190
Marx (Karl) on, 188
in Prussia, 188
in Russia, 97, 101, 107, 113, 115, 117, 119, 122–123, 124–125, 126–127, 147–148, 285
of Shevchenko, 285
of Turgenev, 122–123
Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote, 44, 45, 107
Chaadaev, Pyotr Yakovlevich: “Philosophical Letters,” 129–130
Chamberlain, John, 384
Chant des Ouvriers (Dupont), 216
Chapman, John: Eliot (George) and, 447–448, 450, 452, 453, 454
Engels and, 450
Westminster Review, 447–448
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 213, 244, 252, 254–255
“Chartism” (Carlyle), 34–35, 39
Chartism/Chartists: Arnold (Matthew) on, 381
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 53–54
demonstration (April 10, 1848), 379–382
Dickens and, 53–54
Dickens’s Barnaby Rudge, 55
Dickens’s Chimes, 60
Eliot (George) and, 443
in Eliot’s Felix Holt, 484–485, 486
Great Charter, 379
“Hungry Forties,” 12
in Lancashire, 11
leadership, 11
legislative response to, 382
Louis–Napoleon and, 381
“People’s Charter”/Charter of 1838, 7, 11, 12
petitions, 11–12
Reform Bill (1867), 474
Second Petition, 12
universal suffrage, 56, 379, 382
Wellington and, 381
in Yorkshire, 11
Chernyshev, Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich, 100
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich, 101, 286
Chesterton, Gilbert K., 47 Chimes (Dickens), 59, 60
Chinovniks, 112–113
Chojecki, Charles–Edmond, 150
Chopin, Frédéric, 33
Christian Observer (magazine), 443
Christian Year (Keble), 443, 470
Christmas Stories (Dickens), 60
Cieszkowski, August, Prolegomena zur Historiographie, 130
Class consciousness: Bentham and, 18
class antagonisms in France, 235–236, 237
class conflict in England, 3–12, 19, 38, 55–56 (see also Chartism/Chartists)
personification of English middle class, 44
Utilitarianism, 18–19
Coal Mines Act (1842), 389
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: conservatism of, 75–76
“Dejection, an Ode,” 71
emotional life, desiccation of his, 71
interpretation of German letters, 21
Lyrical Ballads, 260
Mill (John Stuart) and, 75–76, 79, 86
Schiller’s Robbers, 127
Unitarianism, 77
Collected Works (Gogol), 116
Combe, George, 453
Communism/Communists: anti–Communist trial (Cologne, 1852), 352
Cologne anti–Communist trial (1852), 354
Freiligrath and, 351
Heine (Heinrich) on, 217
Marx (Karl) and, 197
Mill (John Stuart) on, 89
socialism and, 217
Weerth and, 354
Communist League (League of Communists), 216, 351, 356
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 207–209
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 208
Chartists Third Petition, 382
February Revolution (France, 1848), 207
influence of, 207–208
knowledge of, 150
principles embodied in, 208–209
Saint–Simon’s influence on, 208
Speshnev and, 150
year of publication, 88, 170, 207
Comte, Auguste: Course of Positive Philosophy (Système de politique positive), 72, 84–85
Eliot (George) and, 448–449, 465, 481
human selfishness, 481
intellectual mediocrity of the majority, 481
Mill (John Stuart) and, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 81, 84–85
moral reformation preceding political reform, 481
social physics/sociology, 73, 85
speaking to crowds, 230
theological/metaphysical speculation, 448
on women, 85
“Condition of England” (Engels), 200
Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels): Carlyle’s (Thomas) influence, 39
as complement to Marx’s theories, 205–206
Petrashevsky circle, 148
writing of, 203
Confession (Bakunin), 312–313
Confession of Faith (Glaubensbekenntnis) (Freiligrath), 346, 347–348
Considérant, Victor–Prosper, 128, 191
Conspiracy for Equality (Conspiration des Égaux) (Buonarroti), 217
Contemporary (journal), 100, 119
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Marx and Engels), 450
Cooper, Thomas, 11
Corn Laws, repeal of (1846), 10, 378, 379, 383
Cornelius, Peter, 295
Cornhill Magazine, 474
Cornwall, Barry, 350
Cosmopolite (newspaper), 9
Course of Positive Philosophy (Système de politique positive) (Comte), 72, 84–85
“Court” (“Gericht“) (Weerth), 358
Cousin Betty (Balzac), Crevel in, 215
Coventry, England, 443–444
“Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” (Marx), 185, 191
Dale, David, 14
Daniel Deronda (Eliot), 487–494
epigonal Romanticism, 494
feelings in the marriage mart, 490
individual and society, 476
individual solutions to a collective problem, 493
issues of contemporary life, 482
Jewish protagonist, 487–488, 494
a literary cul–de–sac, 475
to modern readers, 482
opening, 482–483
period of publication, 475
person become property, 489, 490, 492
polarization, 483
scope compared to earlier novels, 455, 475, 482
search for common bonds, 488
setting, 475
transmutation of the self, 482, 488, 492–493
two novels in one, 487
Danilevsky, Nikolai Yakovlevich, 105
Danton, Georges Jacques, 36, 337–338
Danton’s Death (Büchner), 331, 334, 335, 336–338
Darwin, Charles, Origin of Species, 93, 459–460
Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft (“Artistic Creation of the Future”) (Wagner), 306, 309
David Copperfield (Dickens), 48, 50, 60, 64–66
“Day of Judgment” (Petöfi), 256
De L’organisation du Travail (On the Organization of Labor) (Blanc), 222
Dead Souls (Gogol), 106–112, 114–116
antecedents and analogues, 107
Belinsky on, 134
Captain Kopeikin episode, 113
censorship of, 107, 113, 115, 117
depiction of middle gentry, 112
destruction of, 117, 119, 121–122
Gogol on, 117
ineffaceability of, 122
Nabokov on Chichikov, 117
new era of literature, 135
Pushkin and, 107
on Russia, 97
second part, failure to complete, 119
“The Dead to the Living” (Die Toten an die Lebenden) (Freiligrath), 351
Decembrists: Herzen (Alexander) and, 128
Nicholas I and, 124
Saint–Simonianism, 128
Utopian Socialist, 128
“Dejection, an Ode” (Coleridge), 71
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 56, 72, 81–84, 147
Der Geächtete (The Outlawed) (journal), 329
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher (journal), 190–191, 200, 364
Deutsche Jahrbücher (journal), 187, 190, 297, 320
Deutsche Mythologie (Grimm), 293
Deutschen Kleinstädter, Die (German Provincials) (Kotzebue), 101
Deutschland:
Ein Wintermärchen (Germany:
A Winter’s Tale) (Heine), 364, 366–367
“Diary of a Madman” (Gogol), 105, 112–113
Dickens, Charles, 42–66
1848 revolution in France, xvi, 65–66
All the Year Round, 464
American Notes, 57
Americans, view of, 57
anger/violence in, 51
appreciation abroad, 59
avenging angels in, 58
Balzac and, 44
“Battle of Life,” 42
blacking factory, employment in, 43, 44, 60, 64, 386
Burdett–Coutts and, 59
capitalism, novel of, 61
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 40, 43, 59–60, 63
Carlyle’s French Revolution, 54
Chartists, 53–54
Chartists in, 60
childhood and youth, 43–44, 48, 64
childhood to, 48–50, 61–62, 64
Christmas Stories, 60
copyright protection, 57
on cotton mills in Manchester, 52–53
David Copperfield, 48, 50, 60, 64–66
“Dinner at Poplar Walk,” 43
Dombey and Son, 48, 49–50, 60–65
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 54, 140
education, 43
Eliot (George) and, 458, 464, 481
Eliot’s Adam Bede, 464
Engels and, 199
Evening Chronicle, 43
evil around him, 43
Ewen’s
on factory system, 53
fame of, 59
February Revolution (France, 1848), xvi
“Fine Old English Gentleman,” 53
first published work, 42–43
French language, xvi
girl–mother figures, 62
Gogol and, 65
the grotesque, 49
historic changes, understanding of, 55–56
humanitarian benevolence, 51–52
humorous characters, 65
hypocrisy, hatred of, 47
the “insulted and injured” in, 54
Little Dorrit, 386
Mann and, 61
marriage, 452
the masses, fear of, 54
memory, 44
middle–class consciousness, personification of, 44
Morning Chronicle, 43
Mudie’s Lending Library, 63
Nicholas Nickleby, 48, 50, 52–53, 56
Old Curiosity Shop, 50, 51, 53, 54
pathos, 54
personal life, 51
psychological insight, 64
“Ragged Schools,” 59
on railroads, 60
realism of, 65
“Sonnet to Charles Dickens,” 51–52
struggle of Good and Evil, 50, 52
theatre, 44
transcendentalism to, 59–60
United States, visit to, 50, 56–57, 58
Utilitarianism to, 59
wife, 51
young girls, 51
Dickinson, Emily, 494
Dictionary of Foreign Words (Petrashevsky), 147, 148, 151
Die deutschen Kleinstädter (German Provincials) (Kotzebue), 101
Die Feen (The Fairies) (Wagner), 290
Die Religion des Alten Testaments (Vatke), 171
Die Toten an die Lebenden (“The Dead to the Living”) (Freiligrath), 351
“Dilettantism in Science” (Herzen), 319
“Dinner at Poplar Walk” (Dickens), 43
“Disputation” (Heine), 369
Disraeli, Benjamin, 4, 39, 487
Dmitri Kalinin (Belinsky), 132
Dobrolyubov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich, 286
“Doktrin” (Heine), 363
Döllinger, Ignaz, 243
Dombey and Son (Dickens), 48, 49–50, 60–65
Don Carlos (Schiller), 127, 132, 343
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 44, 45, 107
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 135–155
Annenkov and, 135
anxieties, perpetual, theme of, 138
appearance, disreputable, theme of, 138
arrest and death sentence, 154
in avant garde periodicals, 130
Balzac and, 140
Belinsky and, 135, 139, 140, 141–142, 146–147, 149, 150, 153
Belinsky’s letter to Gogol, 121, 153
Brothers Karamazov, 140, 143, 151, 152
childhood of, 140
commutation of death sentence, 154
“dangerous” areas of human behavior, 141–142
doubles in, 143–144
dreamers in, 145–146
early works, 146
emptiness of life, theme of, 138
“Faint Heart,” 144–145
fantasy in, 146
father, murder of, 139–140
favorite authors, 140
firing squad incident, xvii, 154–155
on German idealism, 150
Gogol compared to, 135, 136–137, 141
Grigorovich and, 138
Hegel and, 132
The House of the Dead, 155
the “insulted and injured” in, 138
Insulted and the Injured, 139
Lewes and, 452
“little people of no account,” 136
loneliness, theme of, 138
mental/physical distresses experienced by, 152
“Mr. Prokharchin,” 141, 142–143
monetary distress, 140, 150, 152
Nekrasov and, 135
Netochka Nezvanova, 140
in Notes of the Fatherland, 133
“Novel in Nine Letters,” 150
Orlov and, 153
“outsiders” in, 142–143
parricide, theme of, 140
pathos, 54
personality of, 147
Petrashevsky circle, 147, 149, 153–154
Poor People, 135–138, 140, 141
Pushkin and, 140
rebirth, 154–155
St. Petersburg in works by, 146
St. Petersburg School of Engineering, 139
Sand and, 140
scandals created by characters, 143–144
Scott and, 140
self–abasing buffoons in, 144
sentimentality in, 136
shame, theme of, 138
Speshnev and, 151–152
Stankevich circle, 132
translations by, 140
Turgenev and, 139
“underground” beings in, 142
“White Nights,” 145
Dostoevsky, Mikhail Andreyevich, 139
Double (Dostoevsky), 141, 143–144, 146
“The Dream” (Shevchenko), 282, 285
Droysen, Johann Gustav, 243
Du Thil, Karl Wilhelm Heinrich, Freiherr Du Bos, 331
Dubelt, Leonti Vasilyevich, 120, 127, 318
“Dubrovsky” (Pushkin), 113
Duncker, Max, 243
Dupont, Pierre, 213–214, 216, 236–237, 253
Dupont de l’Eure, Jacques–Charles, 75
Durov, Sergey, 149–150, 153, 155
“Easter 1916” (Yeats), 237
Edinburgh Review (journal): Carlyle (Thomas) in, 26
conservatism, 17
on laws of political economy, 10
Mill (James) and, 68
review of Democracy in America, 83
rivals, 448
Egressy, Gábor, 274
Eichthal, Gustave d’, 27, 72, 73–74
Eliot, George (pseudonym for Mary Ann [Marian] Evans), 441–495
1848 revolution in France, 446–447
on 1857, 459
Adam Bede (see Adam Bede)
“Address to Working Men, by Felix Holt,” 486–487
adulation of, 494
aesthetic of, 454–456
on art, 456
in Blackwood’s Magazine, 456
Blanc and, 448
Bray (Charles and Caroline) and, 444, 451
Bremer and, 448
Brewster and, 448
“broken lives,” 456
brother, 443
“Brother and Sister,” 467–468
Bryant and, 448
Byron and, 443
Carlyle (Jane Welsh) and, 464
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 40, 443, 446–447, 453, 464
Change, 475
Chapman and, 447–448, 450, 452, 453, 454
Chartism/Chartists, 443
in Christian Observer, 443
Combe on, 453
in Cornhill Magazine, 474
Daniel Deronda (see Daniel Deronda)
Darwin’s Origin of Species, 459–460
death, 495
on England, 447
English servility, 385
epic/triadic novels of, 475, 476
Ewen’s manuscript about, x
and the “experimental novel,” 466
on fame, 467
Felix Holt (see Felix Holt)
Feuer–bach (Ludwig) and, 458
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 177, 449, 450–451, 454
Freiligrath and, 348
Greeley and, 448
Heine (Heinrich) and, 454
Hennell’s Inquiry into the Origins of Christianity, 444
on her writing, 466
human selfishness, 481
husband, 447
Huxley and, 448
income, 474
inner compasses, 475
intellectual mediocrity of most people, 481
intelligence, 443–444
“Janet’s Repentance,” 456, 457, 458, 466
Keble’s Christian Year, 443
languages spoken, 443
Leroux and, 448
Lewes and, 448, 449, 451, 452–454, 455, 459, 460*, 464, 474, 475, 495
Lewis (Maria) and, 444
on Louis–Philippe, 447
love, 452
Mackay’s Progress of the Intellect, 448
Middlemarch (see Middlemarch)
Mill (John Stuart) and, 448, 454, 464–465, 493–494
Mill on the Floss (see Mill on the Floss)
“Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story,” 456, 459, 466
moral credo, 458
moral ideal, her, 464
naturalistic view of the world, 459–460
Norton and, 495
nostalgia for simpler past, 483
on ordinary human life, 479
paradox of, 480
Parkes and, 445
passionate nature, 446
on peasants, 465–466
philosophy of life, need for, 446
political activity, deprecation of, 480–481, 485
Raspail and, 452
reading, 443
realism, 456
on relation between morality and social situation, 481
religion/religiosity, 441–443, 444, 458
renunciation, her philosophy of, 470
Romola, 474
Rousseau and, 446
Rubinstein and, 453
St. Paul, 443
Scenes from Clerical Life (see Scenes from Clerical Life)
Schiller and, 443
science, interest in, 460*
Shelley (Percy Bysshe) and, 443
Sibree and, 446–447
Silas Marner, 474
Smith (George) and, 474
Spinoza and, 453
Spinoza’s Ethics, 454
Stowe and, 494
Strauss’s Life of Jesus, xvii, 171, 444, 445
strengths and weaknesses as a novelist, 474
study of society, 464–465
theological/metaphysical speculation, 448
on thinkers, 448
Thomas à Kempis’s Imitation of Christ, 443
Tilley and, 448
translations by, xvii, 445, 446, 447, 449, 453, 454
understanding of historical movements of her day, 474
Unitarianism, 442
Victoria (Queen) and, 447, 494
Westminster Review, 448
Whitman and, 493
women characters, 456
on women in France, 449
on working class, 481
Zola and, 466
Elliot, Ebenezer, 348
Enfantin, Prosper, 74–75
“Enfranchisement of Women” (Taylor), 78–79
Engelhardt, Count Vassily, 277, 278, 279
Engels, Freidrich, 197–209
Bakunin and, 203
in Barmen, 203
birth, 197
on British bourgeoisie, 201
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 39
Carlyle’s Past and Present, 191, 200–201
“cash nexus,” 208
Chapman and, 450
Communist Manifesto (see Communist Manifesto)
“Condition of England,” 200
Condition of the Working Class in England (see Condition of the Working Class in England)
contradiction between forces of production and social relations, 205
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 450
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, 191, 200
Dickens and, 199
Doktorenklub, 199
education, 197–198
on England, 5
Feuer–bach (Ludwig) and, 202
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 177, 185
Fraternal Democrats banquet (1847), 381
as “Friedrich Oswald,” 198
German Ideology, 204
Graeber and, 175
Harney and, 200
Heine (Heinrich) and, 198, 203
Hess and, 203
historical materialism, 192, 204
history, his conception of, 205–206
on industrial revolution, 5
influences on, 199
International Working Men’s Association, 345
League of the Just, 207
Letters from England, 200
in London, 382
on man, 204
Marx (Karl) and, 188–189, 191, 192, 198, 199–200, 202–209, 450
The New Moral World, 200
Outlines of a Critique of National Economy, 200
pietism, 197
proletariat, 205
religious crisis, 197
Sand and, 199
Shelley (Percy Bysshe) and, 199
Strauss and, 175
Strauss’s Life of Jesus, 198
Sue and, 199
in Vorwärts, 201
working class, British, 200
England:1830s, 26
1848–1849 revolutions in, 213, 251, 379
between 1849 and 1870 (see Victorianism/Age of Victoria)
America compared to, 84
Birmingham, 22
class conflict in, 3–12, 19, 38, 55–56 (see also Chartism/Chartists)
Coventry, 443–444
disturbances (1811–1823), 418–419
Eliot on, 447
Engels on, 5
“Gordon Riots” (1780), 54–55, 56
Haworth village, 390–392
“Hungry Forties,” 12
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 5–6, 74
landowners, 4
Liverpool, 388
Luddites, 418–419, 423–425, 429
Manchester (see Manchester, England)
middle class (see Middle class, British)
Reform Bill (1832) (see Reform Bill)
stamp tax on newspapers, 8
“tax on knowledge,” 8
working class (see Working class, British). See also Victorianism/Age of Victoria
English Constitution (Bagehot), 383
Entsagen (renunciation), 25, 31
Ernani (Verdi), 253
Espartero, Baldomero, 347
“Essay on Government” (Mill), 16
Essence of Christianity (Feuerbach), 179–186
Alienation of Man in Religion, 179, 192
Annenkov on, 130
on divine being, 451
on ego, 451
Eliot (George) and, xvii, 177, 449, 450–451, 454
on God, 179, 181–182, 183, 184, 451
Hegel and, 177
Herzen on, 318
“Homo homini Deus est,” 179, 184, 451
implications of, 185
on individuals vs. species, 184
on Intelligence, 184
on Love, 182
on marriage, 450
materialist theory of the universe, 184
on Matter, 184
Petrashevsky and, 148
on productive activity, 185
Reason, 179
religion as projection of humanity’s wishes, 181
sources of religious thought, 180–181
Strauss on, 185
on thou, 450–451
on the Trinity, 182–183
Wagner and, 177
Ethics (Spinoza), 454
Eugénie Grandet (Balzac), 140
“Europe: The 72nd and 73rd Years of These States” (Whitman), xviii
European republics, 210
Evans, Isaac, 443
Evans, Mary Ann (or Marian). See Eliot, George
Evening Chronicle (newspaper), 43
Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (Gogol), 101–102, 103–104
Ewen, Frederic: birthplace, viii
critical approach of, vii, xv–xvi
death, viii
emigration to U.S., viii
executor, viii
Half–Century of Greatness, vii–xiv, xvi–xviii
lessons of, xv
Marxism, vii
son, viii Ewen, Joel, viii, xii
Examiner (newspaper), 75
“Experimental Novel,” 465–466
Eyre, Edward John, 80
“Faint Heart” (Dostoevsky), 144–145
Fallersleben. See Hoffmann von Fallersleben
“Fate, Open for Me a Field” (Petöfi), 264–265
Faust (Goethe): Carlyle (Thomas) and, 21, 23
Faust character, 22, 160–161, 166–167, 431
Feelings, social history of, 137
Felix Holt (Eliot), 482–486
artistic failure, 486
“Author’s Introduction,” 483
Chartists, 484–485
domestic tragedy in, 476
individual and society, 476
issues of contemporary life, 482
to modern readers, 482
opening, 482
parallels to Eliot’s life, 455
polarization, 483
political activity, deprecation of, 485
scope compared to earlier novels, 482
setting, 475
transmutation of the self, 482
understanding of historical movements of the day, 474
year of publication, 481
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 245, 246, 251, 268
Ferdinand II, King of Naples and the Two Sicilies, 213, 255
Feuerbach, Anselm, 177
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 176–186
Bakunin and, 298
Belinsky and, 133
in Berlin, 178
censorship of, 178
critique of religion, 189
death, 185–186
education, 178
Eliot (George) and, 458
Engels and, 202
Essence of Christianity (see Essence of Christianity)
Hegel and, 162, 168, 178, 179–180, 183–184
Hegelianism, 178–179
Herzen (Alexander) and, 133
his family, 177–178
influence in Russia, 128
influence on others, xvii, 202
marriage, 178
Marx (Karl) and, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194, 202, 449–450
Ogarev and, 133
Petrashevsky and, 148
on religion, 179
Speshnev on, 150
on suffering, 466
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx), 204
Thoughts on Death and Immortality, 178
Weerth and, 355
Westminster Review, 454
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 132, 150, 186
“Fine Old English Gentleman” (Dickens), 53
“First International” (Marx), 188
Fischoff, Dr. Adolf, 246
Flaubert, Gustave, 328
Flotow, Friedrich von, Martha, 294
Flower, Sarah, 77
Flying Dutchman (Wagner), 290, 291, 310, 453
Fonvizin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 152
“For A’ That” (Burns), 348, 351, 353
“Foundation of Rome and the Reign of Romulus” (Mombelli), 148
Fourier, Charles: agitations of the 1840s, 221
birthplace, 226
gradualism, 150
influence in Russia, 128, 130, 131, 133
Petrashevsky circle, 147, 148–149
Phalanstery, 147
Proudhon and, 227
Speshnev and, 150
Fox, William James, 76–78
Fox, William Johnson, 76
France: 1848–1849 revolutions in, 213–241, 251–252, 254, 323, 328, 363, 382, 417–418, 446–447
Banquets and 1848
revolution, 231–232
Blanqui on, 225
canuts, 215–216
class antagonisms, 235–236, 237
Constituent National Assembly, 235–236, 238
electors in, 214
February Revolution (1848), xvi, 87–88, 207, 213, 226, 233, 238, 239, 312, 356
Franco–Prussian War (1870–1871), 345, 361
French Revolution (see French Revolution)
July Revolution (see July Revolution)
June Days of 1848, 236–241, 323
mangeurs and mangés in, 214
Mill (John Stuart) on, 87
National Assembly, 235–236, 238
oligarchy in, 384
poverty, 215
proclamation of Second Republic, 380
Provisional Government, 234–235, 380
Romanticism in, 292
Second Republic, proclamation of, 380
slavery in, 225
underground societies, 216
universal suffrage decree, 233
women in, 449
Franco–Prussian War (1870–1871), 345, 361
Frankenstein (Shelley), 394
Franz I, Emperor of Austria, 245
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 251, 255, 272
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Barbarossa), 293, 305, 367
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia: 1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250
accession to kingship, 176
attempted assassination of, 203
crown of Germany, 243–244
Freiligrath and, 349
Hegelianism, 176–177
Heine (Heinrich) and, 364–365
hopes for, 176
Marx (Karl) and, 187
press, attitude toward, 190
on relationship between a prince and his people, 241
support for, 243
Victoria and, 242
“Free Press” (Freie Presse) (Freiligrath), 349
Free Russian Press in London, 325
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 346–353
on 1848 revolution in Austria, 250
Blum and, 352
Bryant and, 353
Burns’s “For A’That“, 348, 351, 353
Confession of Faith (Glaubensbekenntnis), 346, 347–348
death, 353
early poetry, 346
Elliot and, 348
exile, 344
Frankfurt Assembly, 351
Frederick William IV and, 349
“Free Press” (Freie Presse), 349
“Hamlet,” 348
Herwegh and, 347
Hoffmann von Fallersleben and, 348
Hugo and, 353
“In the Highlands the first shot rang” (Im Hochland fiel der erste Schuss), 350
Liszt and, 348
Marx (Karl) and, 348, 350, 351, 353
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 351–352
Neuere politische und soziale Gedichte, 352
Preuss and, 353
“Revolution,” 349
Tennyson and, 350
“The Dead to the Living” (Die Toten an die Lebenden), 351
trial of, 351
Whitman and, 353
French Revolution: Carlyle on, 34–35
memories of, 217–218
Michelet on, 219–220
French Revolution (Carlyle), 33–37
Dickens’ Barnaby Rudge, 54
exemplification of Carlyle’s ideas, 29
influence, 35
manuscript destroyed by Mill (John Stuart), xvi, 33–34
Mill’s review (John Stuart), 80
sources, 34
as a warning, 378
French Revolution (Michelet), 221
Friedrich August II, King of Saxony, 290, 299–300, 302
Fries, Jakob Friedrich, 168
Fröbel, Julius, 248
Froebel, Karl, 191
From the Other Shore (Herzen), 326
Füster, Anton, 246
Gagern, Heinrich von, 243
“Gangman system,” 389
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, xvi, 253, 254
Gaskell, Elizabeth, 91, 390–392, 399, 402
Gautier, Théophile, 363
Gedichte eines Lebendigen (Poems of One Alive) (Herwegh), 341, 343
Geffroy, Gustave, 240
General Union of Carpenters, 11
“Generation of the ’40s,” 238
“Gericht” (“Court”) (Weerth), 358
German idealism. See Transcendental idealism, German
German Ideology (Marx and Engels), 204
German Provincials (Die deutschen Kleinstädter) (Kotzebue), 101
Germany: 1840s, 341
1848–1849 revolutions in, 213, 241–245, 250, 299–302, 301–304, 327–328, 329–330, 344–345, 352, 361
anti–Communist trial (Cologne, 1852), 352
bourgeoisie, 329
censorship in, 178
Constitution, 244
Franco–Prussian War (1870–1871), 345, 361
Frankfurt Parliament/Assembly, 243–244, 245, 294, 351
generation of the 1830s, 330
Hegelianism (see Hegelianism)
Higher Criticism of the Bible, 171–172
Huch on, 327
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 169
Marx (Karl) on, 193–194
oligarchy in, 384
philosophical controversy in 1840s, 176–178
revolt of Silesian textile workers, 364
Sadowa victory (1866), 474, 493
self–contempt, 329–330
theology in, 178
transcendental idealism, 127, 132
Weerth on, 357–358
Weltschmerz, 329
Young Germany, 290
Germany:
A Winter’s Tale (Deutschland Ein Wintermärchen) (Heine), 364, 366–367
Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, 243
Gideon, Miriam, viii Gioberti, Abbé Vincenzo, 252, 254
Gladstone, William Ewart, 79, 384
Glassbrenner, Adolf, 360–363
antiwar stance, 361
Berlin dialect, 360
censorship of, 361
German bourgeoisie, contempt for, 360–361
“Peep–show Man” (Guckkästner), 361–363
Glaubensbekenntnis (Confession of Faith) (Freiligrath), 346, 347–348
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de, 474
Godwin, William, 14
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: Bildungsroman, 23
biography in English, 41
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 21–22, 23, 25, 28
death, 160
English biography, 41
Entsagen (renunciation), 31
Faust (see Faust)
Götz von Berlichingen, 132
Kulturstaat, 25
Mill (John Stuart) and, 72
Napoleon and, 160
Reverence, 24–25
Sorrows of Young Werther, 22, 136
Sturm and Drang in, 160
in Weimar, 453
Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Apprenticeship), 23–24, 25–26
Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Travels), 22, 23, 24–25
Gogol, Nikolay Vasilyevich, 97–123
absolutism, 118
Aksakov (Konstantin Sergeyevich) and, 115
Aksakov (Sergey Timofeyevich) and, 119
Annenkov and, 106
anti–heroes, 107
on Antichrist, 121
“Author’s Confession,” 119
Belinsky and, xvii, 100, 115, 116, 132, 134, 141
Belinsky’s letter to, 119–121
“black humor,” 109
censorship of, 107, 113, 115, 117, 119
Chernyshevsky and, 101
chinovniks in, 112–113
in classroom, xvii
Collected Works, 116
Dead Souls (see Dead Souls)
death, 122–123
devils, 103–104
“Diary of a Madman,” 105, 112–113
Dickens and, 65
Dostoevsky compared to, 135, 136–137, 141
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 112, 140, 153
escape from commitment, 104
Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka, 101–102, 103–104
family estate, 102
father, 102
the grotesque, 49, 104, 109–110, 136
Hans Küchelgarten, 102–103, 116
idealization of the past, 122
influence on later writers, 123
Inspector General (see Inspector General)
“insulted and injured” in, 112–113
“Ivan Shponka,” 104
laughter, 101
legacy, 123
“little nobodies,” 104–105
Mickiewicz and, 105
Mirgorod, 102
mysticism, 117
Nekrasov on, 124
“Nose,” 105
on novelists, 111
obituary, 122–123
“Overcoat”(see “Overcoat”)
Pogodin and, 100–101, 105, 106
political events to, 106
“Portrait,” 121
prophetic/apocalyptic urges, 116
pseudonym used by, 102
reinterpretation of his own works, 117–118
Russian aristocratic families, 106
Russian literature, 103
in St. Petersburg, 102, 104–105
Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends, 118–119, 122
self–destruction, 121
self–mortification, 116
spiritual mentor to, 121
starvation, deliberate, 122
the supernatural, 103–104
as teacher, 105
“A Terrible Vengeance,” 103–104
Tolstoy (Count A. P.) and, 121, 122
travels/ Wander–lust, 103, 105–106, 111–112, 121
“underground” man in, 114
Vielgorsky and, 117
Vladimir Cross, 101
witchcraft, 103–104
women, 104
writer’s block, 116
Zhukovsky and, 101–102, 105, 106, 107, 111
Golokhvastov, Dmitri Pavlovich, 107
Goncharov, Ivan, 130, 134, 321
Gordon, George, Lord, xvi, 54–56
“Gordon Riots” (1780), 54–55, 56
Görgei, Artur, 251
Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe), 132
Governesses, English, 397, 399
Grabbe, Christian, 292
Graeber, Wilhelm, 175
Graetz, Heinrich, 487
Grand General Union of Cotton Spinners, 11
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 15–16
Granovsky, Timofey Nikolayovich, 128, 130, 322
Great Britain. See England
Ireland
Greeley, Horace, 448
Griboedov, Alexander Sergeyevich, 97, 122–123
Grigorev, Apollon Aleksandrovich, 151
Grigoriev, Nikolai Petrovich, xvii, 151, 154
Grigorovich, Dmitry Vasilyevich, 138
Grillparzer, Franz, 292
Grimm, Jakob, 243
Grimm, Jakob, Deutsche Mythologie, 293
Grote, George, 69
The grotesque: in Dickens, 49, 58
in Gogol, 49, 104, 109–110, 136
Grün, Anastasius, 243
Guckkästner (“Peep–show Man”), 361–363
Guizot, François: Bernays, jailing of, 203
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, 191
in England, 213
juste milieu policies, 214
mangeurs and mangés, 214
possibility of revolution, 214, 215, 216, 232
Gutzkow, Karl, 198, 334, 336, 338
Haidamaks (Ukrainian epic), 280
Half–Century of Greatness (Ewen), vii–xiv, xvi–xviii
Hallesche Jahrbücher (journal), 188
“Hamlet” (Freiligrath), 348
Handwerkburschenlieder (Workmen’s Songs) (Weerth), 358
Hans Küchelgarten (Gogol), 102–103, 116
“Happiness,” 16–19
Harney, George Julian, 11, 200, 207, 380
Haworth, England, 390–392
Haym, Rudolph, 174–175
Haynau, General Julius von (“Hyena of Brescia”), 251, 272, 295
Hebbel, Friedrich, 292 “Hebrew Melodies” (Heine), 369
Hecker, Friedrich, 243, 344–345
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 159–170
on Absolute Idea, 172, 174, 177, 179–180
on Absolute Truth, 162
Bakunin and, 130, 132, 133, 297–298, 318
on Becoming, 163
on Being, 163
Belinsky and, 130, 132–133, 318
on bourgeois states, 166
on Change, 162–164
critics of, 168
“Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” (Marx), 185, 191
“Cunning of Reason,” 164, 289, 337
De Wette and, 168
on Death, 163
death of, 170
dialectical movement, 162–164, 189, 192, 227, 297–298
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 132
“exoteric” vs. “esoteric,” 177
as Faust, 161
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 162, 168, 177, 178, 179–180, 183–184
on figurative thought, 172
on French Revolution, 166, 167
Fries and, 168
Haym and, 174
Heine (Heinrich) and, 162, 168, 365
on Heroes, 164
Herzen (Alexander) and, 133, 318–319
Hess and, 170
Hölderlin and, 167
Humboldt and, 168
Ibsen and, 168
on Idea, 180
influence in Russia, 128, 317–318
influence on others, 167–168
on Jewish people, 167
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 169
Kierkegaard and, 168
Marx (Karl) and, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194
on the masses, 172
to Mill (John Stuart), 72
Napoleon and, 160
on Non–Being, 163
on Perfectibility, 162
Phenomenology of the Mind, 160, 170, 318
Philosophy of History, 159
property to, 195
“prose of the world,” 328
on Reason as Activity, 163
religion and philosophy, 172
Schopenhauer and, 168
Speshnev and, 150
on Spirit, 164
Stankevich and, 130
on the State, 166
Strauss and, 162, 168, 169, 170–171
as a teacher, 162
thesis and antithesis, 297–298
Tübingen Seminary, 167
Turgenev and, 130
on Universality, 164
University of Berlin, 161–162, 168
on World Spirit, 164, 165, 168–169, 269
Hegelianism: equation of religion and philosophy, 180
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 178–179
Frederick William IV and, 176–177
influence in Russia, 129, 317–318
Left Hegelians, 169
Petöfi and, 269
philosophical controversy in 1840s Germany, 177–178
Proudhon and, 227
Right Hegelians, 169
Strauss’s Life of Jesus, 173–175
Young Hegelians, 160, 178–179, 187, 189, 192, 193, 202, 364. See also Transcendental idealism, German
Heger, M. Constantin, 401–403, 427, 431
Heger pensionnat, 400
Heine, Amalie, 370
Heine, Heinrich, 363–371
1848 revolution in France, 242, 363
“Art Epoch” of German literature, 160
Buch der Lieder, 260
on Communism, 217
contempt for fellow–Germans, 329
“Disputation,” 369
“Doktrin,” 363
on early 1840s, 215, 216–217, 221
Eliot (George) and, 454
France, order for expulsion from, 203
Frederick William IV and, 364–365
Gautier and, 363
Germanism of, 368
Germany:A Winter’s Tale (Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen), 364, 366–367
on Germany philosophy, 159
health, 363
“Hebrew Melodies,” 369
“Hymns of Praise,” 365
“Jehuda Halevi,” 369
and Judaism, 369
“Lazarus,” 369
Ludwig I and, 365
Neue Gedichte, 363
“October 1849,” 368
the people, 370
Platen and, 330
on power of poets, 367
“Princess Sabbath,” 369
private property, 365
revolt of Silesian textile workers, 364
revolution, 370
Ruge and, 364
satire, 364
Society of the Friends of the People, 223
wife, 363
wit, 364
Young Hegelians, 364
Heine, Solomon, 369
Heine, Therese, 370
Hennell, Charles Christian, 444, 445
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 161, 219, 453
“The Heretic” (Shevchenko), 282, 283
Hero of our Time (Lermontov), Pechorin in, 321
Heroes: anti–heroes, 107
Hegel and, 164
Heroes and Hero–Worship (Carlyle), 80
Heroic Imagination (Ewen), vii, xv
Herwegh, Georg, 341–345
1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 245, 344–345
d’Agoult and, 344
Bauer (Bruno) and, 343
Börne and, 191
Burns and, 342
elegy on Büchner (Georg), 330–331
February Revolution (France, 1848), 233
on Feuerbach’s death (Ludwig), 185–186
Franco–Prussian War (1870–1871), 345
Frederick William IV, 342, 343, 344
Freiligrath and, 347
Heine (Heinrich) and, 342, 343, 344
Herzen (Alexander) and, 322, 342
Hugo and, 344
influences on, 342
Keller and, 341–342
Liszt and, 342
Marx (Karl) and, 191, 342, 343, 344
Poems of One Alive (Gedichte eines Lebendigen), 341, 343
Sand and, 344
Shelley (Percy Bysshe) and, 342
Siegmund and, 343
“Summons” (“Aufruf”), 343
Vogt and, 344
Wagner and, 342
Weitling and, 342
Zeppelin (Count) and, 345
Herzen, Alexander (Aleksandr Ivanovich), 314–326
1848 revolution in France, 238–239
Alexander II and, 325
Annenkov on, 130
arrest, 317
in avant garde periodicals, 130
Bakunin and, 313–314, 315, 318, 322–323
on Belinsky’s letter to Gogol, 121
birth, 315
Chaadaev’s “Philosophical Letters,” 130
“circles” around, 129
Decembrists, 128
departure from Russia (1847), 314, 322
“Dilettantism in Science,” 319
education, 315–316
in England, 324
Ewen’s manuscript about, x
father, 315
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 133
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 318
Free Russian Press in London, 325
French thought, 320
From the Other Shore, 326
“generation of the ’40s,” 238
Gogol’s Dead Souls, 115–116
Granovsky and, 322
in Italy, 323
June Days of 1848 (France), 323
“Letters on the Study of Nature,” 319
on marriage, 322
Mickiewicz and, 324
mother, 315
My Past and Thoughts (Memoirs), 125, 315, 323, 326
Nicholas I and, 317, 318, 322, 324–325
nonviolent revolution in Russia, 325–326
in Notes of the Fatherland, 319, 320
Ogarev and, 125, 131, 314, 316–317, 321
Oken and, 316
Pavlov (Mikhail Grigorievich) and, 316
The Polar Star (Polnaya zvezda), 316, 325
as publicist, 324
Sand and, 320
Schelling and, 316
on Schiller, 132
Schiller and, 316
Slavophiles, 322
Strauss and, 133
“superfluous men,” 321–322
Tribune des peuples, 324
university days, 125
Who Is To Blame? (Kto vinovat?), 320–322
wife (see Herzen, Natalie)
Yakovlev (Aleksey Aleksandrovich) and, 316
Herzen, Natalie (née Natalya Alexandrovna Zakharin): correspondence, 318
death, 324
illegitimacy of, 316
in Italy, 323
marriage, 317
Who Is To Blame? (Kto vinovat?) and, 320
Hess, Moses: Engels and, 203
fulfilment of his work, 202
Hegel and, 170
humanization of the Absolute, 177
Sacred History of Mankind, 187
Strauss and, 198
Hessian Courier (Hessische Landbote) (Büchner), 331, 332–334
Heuber, Otto Leonhard, 303–304
Higher Criticism, 445
Higher Criticism of the Bible, 171–172
Histoire de dix ans, 1830–1840 (Blanc), 133–134, 223
Historical materialism, 192, 204
History of England (Macaulay), 378
History of France (Michelet), 219
History of the Girondins (Lamartine), 217, 231
Hobsbawm, Eric, 4
Hoffmann, E. T. A., 103, 140, 141, 434
Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Heinrich, 348
Hogarth, Mary, 51
Holbach, Paul–Henri–Dietrich, 187
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 167
Holy Family (Marx), 192
Hood, Thomas, 350
House of Rothschild, 214
House of the Dead (Dostoevsky), 155
Hugo, Victor: 1848 revolution in France, 240
birthplace, 226
Büchner (Georg) and, 334
Freiligrath and, 353
Herwegh and, 344
Les Burgraves, 292
Human Comedy (Balzac), 465
Humanization of the Absolute, 177
Humboldt, Alexander von, 161, 168
Humphrey, Miss Cecil Frances, Hymns for Little Children, 385–386
Hungary: 1848–1849 revolutions in, 213, 244, 245, 247, 248–249, 250–251, 265, 266–269, 272–275, 368
Twelve Point Proclamation, 268
“Hungry Forties”: food shortages, 12, 87, 210–212
potato blight in Ireland, 211–212
Hunt, Thornton, 453
Hus, Jan, 283
Huxley, T. H., 448
“Hymn of the Nuns” (Shevchenko), 287
Hymns for Little Children (Humphrey), 385–386
“Hymns of Praise” (Heine), 365
Icarie (Cabet), 130
Idealism. See transcendental idealism, German
“Idiot” (Shevchenko), 288
Im Hochland fiel der erste Schuss (“In the Highlands the first shot rang”) (Freiligrath), 350
Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis), 443, 450, 470
Immermann, Karl, 329
“In the Highlands the first shot rang” (Im Hochland fiel der erste Schuss) (Freiligrath), 350
Industrial Revolution: Engels on, 5
Luddites, 418–419, 423–425, 429
in Shirley, 426
Inquiry into the Origins of Christianity (Hen–nell), 444
Inspector General (Gogol), 97–101
allegory in, 117
Belinsky and, 100
depiction of middle gentry, 112
Gogol on, 117
ineffaceability of, 122
period of publication, 279
year published, 105
The “insulted and injured”: in Dickens, 54
in Dostoevsky, 138
in Gogol, 112–113
Insulted and the Injured (Dostoevsky), 139
Intellectual powers, 16
International Working Men’s Association, 345
Ireland: 1848–1849 revolutions in, 213
evictions, 212
potato blight, 211–212
Potato Famine (1845–1847), 10
victim of English persecution, 382.
Irish: in London slums, 388
Irish Coercion Bill (1846), 10
Italy: 1848–1849 revolutions in, 213, 245, 251–255
“Ivan Shponka” (Gogol), 104
Ivanov, Alexander Andreyevich, 117
Jane Eyre (Brontë), 408–417
and Charlotte Brontë’s Brussels experience, 403, 405
conclusion, 416
Cowan Bridge school, 393
criticism of the Church, 428
dramatic form, 409
earnings from, 408
first–person narrative, 419
“leap” from Professor, 405
Lowood Institution, 408–409, 428
marriage to Rochester, 415–416
reviews, 417
self–abnegation in, 393
as “three–decker,” 404
women’s place, 410
year of publication, 430
“Janet’s Repentance” (Eliot), 456, 457, 458, 466
János Vitéz (Petöfi), 262
“Jehuda Halevi” (Heine), 369
Jelačič, Joseph, 246, 247–248, 268
Jews: Carlyle (Thomas) and, 40
in Daniel Deronda, 487–488, 494
Eliot (George) and, 487–488, 494
Hegel on, 167
Heine’s relation to, 369
in London slums, 388
Marx’s (Karl) relation to, 189
Messiah figure, conception of, 173. See also Fischoff, Dr. Adolf
Gordon, George, Lord
Jellinek, Hermann
Jocelin of Brakelond, 38
Jókai, Mór, 259, 264, 265, 268
Journal des Débats, 216
Journet, Jean, “Triomphe des travailleurs,” 231
July Revolution (France, 1830): Blanqui and, 223
Büchner and, 333
Carlyle’s response, Thomas, 31, 34
Germany’s response, 169
Hegel’s response, 169
Herzen–Ogarev circle’s response to, 316
Mill’s response, John Stuart, 74
Röckel and, 294
Tennyson’s response, 74
Vörösmarty and, 259
Weerth on, 356
Welling–ton’s response, 6
Kahn, Lothar, xv–xvi
Kankrin, Count Yegor Frantsevich, 100
Károlyi, Count Ludwig, 263
Keble, John, Christian Year, 443, 470
Keller, Gottfried, 177, 341–342, 348
Kertbeny, Karl Maria, 260, 274
Khanykov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, 148
“King Steam” (Mean), 3
Kingsley, Charles, 375, 377, 378, 454
Kireevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich, “Nineteenth Century,” 126
Klemm, Gustav, 334
Kölnische Zeitung (newspaper), 190
Konstantinovsky, Matvey, 121–122
Kossuth, Lajos: call for national resistance, 272
influence and prestige, 251
Lewes and, 452
Petöfi and, 261
speech about Austrian monarchy, 241–242, 246
Széchenyi and, 257
Kostomarov, Mikola, 284–285
Kotzebue, August von, Die deutschen Klein–städter (German Provincials), 101
Kraevsky, Andrei Alexandrovich, 150, 318
Kraft und Stoff (Matter and Energy) (L. Büchner), 331
Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 229
Kuhl (informer), 334
La Réforme (newspaper), 222
La Républicaine (Dupont), 213–214
Labor’s Wrongs and Labor’s Remedies (Bray), 11
Lamartine, Alphonse de: 1848 revolution in France, 233, 234, 235, 237, 240, 242
History of the Girondins, 217, 231
Marx (Karl) and, 191
Lamb, Charles, 43
Lamberg, Ferenc, 268
Lamennais, Hughes–Félicité–Robert de, 147–148, 191, 226, 316
“Land and Freedom,” 325
“Landlady” (Dostoevsky), 141, 146, 150
Lansdowne, Henry Petty–Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of, 384
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 345
“Last Days of Pompei” (Briullov), 279
Latour, Count Theodor von, 247
Laube, Heinrich, 243
“Lazarus” (Heine), 369
Le National (newspaper), 222
Le Nouveau Christianisme (Saint–Simon), 27
Le Papillon (The Butterfly) (Brontë), 431
Le Peuple (The People) (Michelet), 220
Le Siècle (newspaper), 222
League of Communists (previously League of the Just). See Communist League
League of the Just (later League of Communists), 207, 216
Leeds Mercury (newspaper), 394, 419
“The Left,” vii
Lehel, Duke, 261
Lenau, Nikolaus, 260
León, General Diego de, 347
Leonce and Lena (Büchner), 331, 335, 341
Leopardi, Count Giacomo, 260
Leopold I, King of Belgium, 382
Lermontov, Mikhail: Belinsky and, 134
farewell to Russia, 124
Hero of our Time, Pechorin in, 321
Leroux, Pierre, 150, 221, 226, 448
Les Burgraves (Hugo), 292
Les Journées de Juin (Dupont), 236–237
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 187
Letters from England (Engels), 200
“Letters on the Study of Nature” (Herzen), 319
Lewes, George Henry: Blackwood and, 456–457
Brontë (Charlotte) and, 390
on Carlyle (Thomas), 41
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 452
Change, 475
death, 495
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 452
Eliot (George) and, 448, 449, 451, 452–454, 455, 459, 460*, 464, 474, 475, 495
Goethe and, 449
Goethe biography, 41
human selfishness, 481
on intellectual mediocrity, 481
Kossuth and, 452
The Leader, 452
Liebig and, 459
Mazzini and, 452
Moleschott and, 459
Physiology of Common Life, 459
Raspail and, 452
Rubinstein and, 453
science, interest in, 452, 460* Lewis, Maria, 444
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, Monk, 394, 434
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max, 356, 357
Liebesverbot (Love Prohibited) (Wagner), xvi, 290
Liebig, Justus von, 459
Lieder aus Lancashire (Songs from Lancashire) (Weerth), 358
Life and Deeds of the Renowned Knight Schnapphahnski (Weerth), 356–357, 360
Life of Jesus (Strauss), 171–175
Bauer and, 176
Christ as Man–God, 173, 175, 445
concurrent studies, 293
Eliot (George) and, xvii, 171, 444, 445
Engels and, 198
as a first act in a three–act drama, 177
Grimm’s Deutsche Mythologie, 293
Hegelianism, 173–175
historical development, 175
historicity of the Gospels, 171
influence, 171
Jesus in, 445
Messiah figure, 173
Myth in Christianity, 172, 176, 445
period of publication, 293
Petrashevsky circle, 148
scandal over, 176
unity of opposites, 173
Life of Schiller (Carlyle), 29
Liprandi, General Ivan Petrovich, 153
Lisle, Rouget de. See Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph
Liszt, Franz: daring act by, 294
Freiligrath and, 348
Herwegh and, 342
Tannhäuser, 304
Little Dorrit (Dickens), 386
Liverpool, England, 388
“Living Statue” (Petöfi), 259
Locke, John, 17
Lohengrin (Wagner), 290, 293, 453
London and Westminster Review (journal), 83
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 350, 353
Louis–Napoleon (Napoleon III): 1848 revolution in France, 235
1849 revolution in Italy, 251, 254
bourgeoisie and, 384
Chartist demonstration (April 10, 1848), 381
uncle, 235
Louis–Philippe of France: abdication, 380
Blanqui on, 224
Eliot on, 447
fall of, 231
flight from Paris, 294
juste milieu policies, 214
Lamartine’s prediction, 231
Marx (Karl) on, 215
Mill (John Stuart) and, 74
offer to abdicate, 233
possibility of revolution, 232
Louis XVI, King of France, 36
Loveless, George, 8
Lovett, William, 11
Lowe, Robert, 481
Löwy, Michael, vii
Ludd, Capt. Nedd, 418
Luddites, 418–419, 423–425, 429
Lüders, Alexander, 274
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 241, 365
Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hessen, 331
Luise (Voss), 103
Lukacs, George, vii
Lüttichau, Baron von, 295
Lüttichau, Frau von, 311
Luxembourg Commission, 233, 234, 236
Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge), 260, 261
Lytton–Bulwer, Edward George, 350
Macaulay, Thomas Babington: on the Crystal Palace, 376
History of England, 378
on Reform Bill of 1832, 6
“Sir James Mackintosh,” 377
on universal suffrage, 56
“world of prose,” 328
Mackay, Robert William, Progress of the Intellect, 448
“Madman” (Petöfi), 262–263
Maistre, Joseph Marie, Comte de, 122
Manchester, England: in 1830s, 11
cellar dwellers, 388
Chartist demonstration (September 1838), 12
cotton mills in, 52–53
Dickens on, 52–53
gulf between rich and poor, 8
population, 377
subsistence levels, 11
Tocqueville on, 4
Mangeurs and mangés, 214
Marat, John Paul, 36
March of the Marseillese (Rouget de Lisle), 36
Marmontel, Jean François, Memoirs, 71
Marriage (Gogol), 101, 104, 111
Martha (Flotow), 294
Martin Chuzzlewit (Dickens), 50, 57–59
Martineau, Harriet, 41, 448, 453
Marx, Jenny (née Jenny von Westphalen), 186, 188, 190–191
Marx, Karl, 186–197
1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 344, 345, 352
1848 revolution in France, 239
academic career, 187
on alienation, 194–195, 196–197
anticipation of, 27
Bauer (Bruno) and, 187
Bentham (Jeremy) and, 17
in Berlin, 186
Blanqui and, 223
in Bonn, 186
in Brussels, 203, 204, 206–207, 228
censorship of, 190
class struggle, 196
commodification of workers, 195
communism, 197
Communist Manifesto (see Communist Manifesto)
concentration of economic power, 195
on consciousness, 196
contradiction between forces of production and social relations, 205
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 450
“Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” 185, 191
daughter, 191
on dehumanization, 195
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, 190–191, 364
in Deutsche Jahrbücher, 187
doctorate, 186
Doktorenklub, 186–187
early writings, 187–188
economic hardship of, 188
Engels and, 188–189, 191, 192, 198, 199–200, 202–209, 450
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194, 202, 449–450
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 177, 185
Fichte and, 186
“First International,” 188
France, expulsion from, 203
Fraternal Democrats banquet (1847), 381
Frederick William IV and, 187
freedom, goal of, 192
Freiligrath and, 348, 350, 351, 353
German Ideology, 204
on Germany, 193–194
Hegel and, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194
Heine (Heinrich) and, 187, 364
Herwegh and, 191, 342, 343, 344
historical materialism, 192, 204
on history, 196
Holy Family, 192
International Working Men’s Association, 345
Judaism, 189
on July Monarchy, 214
Kant and, 186
League of the Just, 207
in London, 382
on Louis–Philippe, 215
marriage, 190
materialism, 189
money’s role in dehumanization, 195
mother, 188
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 244, 351–352
“Paris” manuscripts (1844), 192, 202
on philosophers, 159
Poverty of Philosophy (Misère de la Philosophie), 148, 150, 229–230
private property, 195, 196–197
on production, 196
Proudhon and, 203, 227, 228–230
Prussia, expulsion from, 352
Prussian censorship, article on, 188
“reform of consciousness,” 270
reform of consciousness (slogan), 192
Rheinische Zeitung, 189–190, 343, 352
Ruge and, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 364
self–criticism, 188
“specter” evoked by, 328
on Spirit, 196
on theory vs. practice, 159, 189
Theses on Feuerbach, 204
in Trier, 186
Young Hegelians, 186, 189, 192, 193
“Mary” (Shevchenko), 287
Massey, Gerald, 379
Matter and Energy (Kraft und Stoff) (Ludwig Büchner), 331
Maurice, Frederick Denison, 454
Mazzini, Giuseppe: 1849 revolution in Italy, 252, 253, 254
Carlyles, visits to the, 33
Lewes and, 452
Mean, Edward P., “King Steam,” 3
Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), xvi, 290
Medievalism, 38, 39, 160, 201, 292, 367. See also Romanticism
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount, 385
Memoirs (Marmontel), 71
Memoirs (My Past and Thoughts) (Herzen), 125, 315, 323, 326
Ménard, Louis, 240–241
Messenhauer, Caesar Wenzel, 248, 249
Metternich, Prince Clemens Lothar Wenzel: atheistic literature, 172
in England, 213
Gogol and, 122
“Peep–show Man” and, 362
revolutions of 1848, 241, 242, 246
sang–froid of, 340
warning to France, 172
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 292
Michelet, Jules, 219–221
alienation and mechanization, 220
belief in the future, 230
education, 219
French Revolution, 219–220
French Revolution, 221
Herder and, 219
History of France, 219
Le Peuple (The People), 220
Man, 221
Petrashevsky circle, 147–148
revolution in historical understanding, 474
Vico and, 219
Mickiewicz, Adam, 105, 219, 288, 324
Middle class, British: 1848 revolution in France, 382
contempt for, 385
fear of lower classes, 481
Mill (James) on, 18
Mill (John Stuart) on, 84, 86–87, 92
personification of, 44
Middlemarch (Eliot), 475–482
betrayal of personal integrity in the name of success, 476
Death commanding Life, 480
Dickinson and, 494
Eliot’s novelistic strengths and weaknesses, 474
freedom, attaining, 491
individual and society, 476, 482
musicians in, 490
ordinary human life, 479
the other side of silence, 479–480
parallels to Eliot’s life, 454–455
period of publication, 475, 480–481
political activity, deprecation of, 480–481
search for truth, 476
shortcomings of, 480
Midland Counties Illuminator (journal), 11
“A Mighty Sea Has Risen” (Petöfi), 268
Mill, Harriet Taylor (formerly Harriet Taylor), 78–79, 89
Mill, James: on aristocrats, 16
Bentham (Jeremy) and, 17, 18, 67, 69
on Britain’s colonial empire, 385
creed of, 69
Darwin and, 93
death, 86
East India Company, 69
Edinburgh Review, 68
“Essay on Government,” 16
on God destroying men, 19
on intellectual powers, 16
laissez–faire as a law of nature, 93
marriage, 68
on the “middle rank,” 18
Mill (John Stuart) and, 16, 68, 70, 71–72, 74, 86
religious skepticism, 67
Ricardo and, 19
son, 16
wife, 68
Mill, John Stuart, 67–94
1848–1849 revolutions, 88
American Civil War, 89–90
appearance, 76
art, 71
Autobiography, 68, 70–71, 79, 90
Bentham (Jeremy) and, 17, 67, 68–69, 71–72, 79, 80, 86
Bentham (Samuel) and, 69
Bentham’s Traité de Legislation, 68–69
bourgeoisie, 93
British workers’ response to American Civil War, 89
“canting England,” 454
Carlyle (Thomas) and, xvi, 74, 75, 78, 80–81
Carlyles, visits to the, 33
Carlyle’s French Revolution, xvi, 33–34
“cash nexus,” 80
childhood, 68
Communism, 89
Comte and, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 81, 84–85
Darwin and, 93
death, 90
Debating Society, 72
delegation to France, 5
depression, clinical, 70–71, 72
on difference between England and America, 84
on divorce, 85
Eliot (George) and, 448, 454, 464–465, 493–494
emotional life, desiccation of his, 71
on England’s aristocracy, 83–84
English inequality, 84
English insularity, 81
Ewen’s manuscript about, xiv
in Examiner, 75
Eyre case, 80
father (see Mill, James)
February Revolution (France, 1848), 87–88
Fox and, 76–77
on France, 87
freedom of discussion, 69
French influences on, 72–73, 75, 81
French Revolution (Carlyle), xvi
future, faith in, 73
German thought, 72
Gladstone on, 79
on God, 80
Goethe and, 72
governmental powers, 92
Greatest Happiness Principle, 17–18, 68–69
health, 89
Hegel to, 72
history, laws of, 73–74, 81–83, 85–86
influence on others, 93
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 74–75
labor’s ills, remedy for, 88
laissez–faire as a law of nature, 93
landed interests, oligarchy of, 93
loneliness, 74
Louis–Philippe and, 74
Marmontel’s Memoirs, 71
marriage as an institution, 84–85
marriage to Harriet Taylor, 89, 452
on middle class, 84, 86–87, 92
Mill (James) and, 74
music, 71
Necessitarianism, 72
on need for revolution in England, 87
“On Liberty,” 81, 89, 90, 91–93
on Owenism, 87
as “Paladin of Liberalism,” 79–80
Principles of Political Economy, 79, 88–89, 90
private enterprise to, 88
private property, 84–85, 86, 88, 89
radicalization of, 75–76
Reform Bill (1832), 86
Reform Bill (1867), 89
representative government, 69
“Representative Government,” 81
Saint–Simonianism, 72–73, 74–75, 76, 79
Say and, 69
sexual equality, 85
social physics/sociology, potential for, 85
socialism, 88
“Spirit of the Age,” 75
a State, worth of, 92–93
“State of the Public Mind and Affairs in Paris,” 75
step–daughter (Helen), 89
Subjugation of Women, 79, 89–91
supporters, 74
System of Logic, 90
Taylor (Harriet) and, xvii, 33, 74, 76–77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90
theory of labor, 88
Tocqueville and, 83
Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, 81, 83–84
transcendentalism, 72
upbringing, 67
Utilitarianism, 68, 72, 79, 81
Weber’s music, 71
women, nature of, 84
women’s suffrage, 494
working class, British, 88, 89, 93
Mill on the Floss (Eliot), 466–473
on age of steam, 466
attitude toward women, 472
as autobiographical novel, 467–468
“cash nexus” in, 470
conversion of humans into things, 471–472
“death of the heart,” 473
depiction of a child’s life, 64
ending, 473
freedom, attaining, 491
interaction of individual and environment, 468, 469, 472–473
James and, 473
Maggie Tulliver’s unchangingness, 475
mainstays of society in, 472–473
parallels to Eliot’s life, 455
private property, 471
reviews of, 473
success of, 473
Thomas à
Kempis’s Imitation of Christ, 450
Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, 473
as tragedy of a stunted life, 469
Victorian womanhood, 467–468
Miller, Adam, 122
Miners Association of Great Britain, 11
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Rigueti, Comte de, 36
Mirgorod (Gogol), 102
Misère de la Philosophie (Poverty of Philosophy) (Marx), 148, 150, 229–230
“Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story” (Eliot), 456, 459, 466
“Mr. Prokharchin” (Dostoevsky), 141, 142–143
Modern Painters (Ruskin), 456
Moleschott, Jacob, 459
Mombelli, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 148, 154
Monckton–Milnes, Richard, 350
Montague, Elizabeth, 56
Montalambert, Charles, Comte de, 235
Monthly Magazine, 42
Monthly Repository (journal), 77, 78, 79
Morning Chronicle (newspaper), 43, 387
Morris, William, 39
Mudie’s Lending Library, 63
Murdoch, D. D., xvi Musset, Alfred de, 260
Mutualism, 229
“My Heart Leaps Up” (Wordsworth), 42
My Life (Wagner), 296
My Past and Thoughts (Memoirs) (Herzen), 125, 315, 323, 326
Nabokov, Vladimir, 117
Nadezhdin, Nikolai, 129
Napier, Charles, 382
Napier, William, 6
Napoleon III. See Louis–Napoleon
Nature: Brontë (Emily) and, 431, 433–434
Büchner (Georg) on, 336
in Essence of Christianity, 179, 184
glorification of, 277
laissez–faire as a law of, 93
in Pickwick Papers, 45–46
Reason as the underlying reality, 319
Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseyevich: in avant garde periodicals, 130
Belinsky and, 134
beloved of, 139
Dostoevsky’s Poor People, 135, 137–138
Petersburg Almanac, 135
“Who Can Be Happy in Russia?”, 124, 130, 134
“Neophytes” (Shevchenko), 287
Netochka Nezvanova (Dostoevsky), 140
Neue Gedichte (Heine), 363
Neue Rheinische Zeitung (newspaper), 244, 351–352, 356–357, 358
Neuere politische und soziale Gedichte (Freiligrath), 352
New Criticism, xv
“New Europe” (Glassbrenner), 361
The New Moral World (journal), 200
Newman, Ernest, 303
Newman, John Henry, Apologia, 69
Newton, Isaac, Principia, 21
Nicholas I, Tsar: Bakunin and, 311–312, 313
Bakunin’s Confession, 312–313
cruelty of, 154
Decembrist uprising, 124
Gogol’s Inspector General, 97, 100
hatred of, 148
Herzen (Alexander) and, 317, 318, 322, 324–325
New Lanark visit, 14
Petrashevsky circle, 148, 153–154
on possibility of revolution in Russia (1848), 149
on revolution in Russia, 152
Shevchenko and, 285
Nicholas Nickleby (Dickens), 48, 50, 52–53, 56
Nikitenko, Aleksandr, 100, 107
“Nineteenth Century” (Kireevsky), 126
Ninth Symphony (Beethoven), xvii, 290, 308
Northern Star (newspaper), 11
Norton, Charles Eliot, 495
“Nose” (Gogol), 105
Notes of the Fatherland (journal), 133, 135, 319, 320
Nouveau Christianisme, Le (Saint–Simon), 27
Novalis (Baron Freidrich Leopold von Harden–berg), 21, 39
“Novel in Nine Letters” (Dostoevsky), 150
Nussey, Ellen, Brontë (Charlotte) and, 394, 397–398, 399, 401–402
Oberländer, Martin Gotthard, 299
Oblomov (Goncharov), 321
O’Brien. See Smith O’Brien
“Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question” (Carlyle), 40–41, 80
O’Connor, Feargus, 11, 257, 380, 382
“October 1849” (Heine), 368
“Ode to the West Wind” (Shelley), 257, 288
Odoevsky, Prince Vladimir Fyodorovich, 139
Ogarev, Nikolay Platonovich: arrest, 317
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 133
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 318
in Germany, 318
Herzen (Alexander) and, 125, 131, 314, 316–317, 321
Lamennais and, 316
Pavlov (Mikhail Grigorievich) and, 316
petition for a national assembly, 326
The Polar Star, 325
Russian socialism in the 1840s, 131
Schelling and, 316
Schiller and, 316
Strauss and, 133
Sungurov and, 317
Old Curiosity Shop (Dickens), 50, 51, 53, 54
Oligarchy, 384
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 48–50, 487
“On Liberty” (Mill), 81, 89, 90, 91–93
On the Organization of Labor (De L’organisation du Travail) (Blanc), 222
“Opera and Drama” (Wagner), 306
Operative Builders Union, 11
Origin of Species (Darwin), 93, 459–460
Orlai–Petrich, Soma, 260
Orlov, Prince Alexey Fyodorovich: Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 153
influence in Russia, 127
Nicholas I and, 153, 285, 312, 313
Petrashevsky circle, 153
Shevchenko and, 285
“Third Section” (political police), 124–125
Oudinot, General Charles, 254
Outlines of a Critique of National Economy (Engels), 200
Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, 117
“Overcoat” (Gogol), 113–115
in Collected Works, 111–112
critics on, 117
ineffaceability of, 122
Owen, Robert, 13–16
agitations of the 1840s, 221
Bentham (Jeremy) and, 17
influence in Russia, 128
influence on working class, 15
Mill (John Stuart) on, 87
political legacy, 8
“Report to the County of Lanark,” 14
restraint on profits, 15
rise of, 13–14
on society, 14
wife, 14
Owenite Hymn No. 129, 13
Oxford Movement, 444–445
Palermo, Sicily, 213
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 4, 378
Panaeva, Avdotya, 139
Papillon, Le (The Butterfly) (Brontë), 431
Paradise Lost (Milton), 423
“Paris Manuscripts of 1844” (Marx), 192
Parkes, Joseph, 445
Parole d’un croyant (Lamennais), 148
Paskevich, General Ivan Fyodorovich, 152
Past and Present (Carlyle), 38–39, 191, 200–201, 206
Pater, Walter, 474
Paulus, Heinrich, 444
“Pauper Press,” 8–9
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 452
Pavlov, Mikhail Grigorievich, 127, 316
Paxton, Joseph, 375
The Peasants (Balzac), 466
“Peep–show Man” (Guckkästner), 361–363
People, The (Le Peuple) (Michelet), 220
Pepe, General Guglielmo, 255
Perczel, General Mór, 248
Pestel, Pavel, 316
Peter the Great, 282–283
Petersburg Almanac (journal), 135
Petöfi, Sándor, 256–275
on 1848, 210
1848–1849 revolutions in Hungary, 266–269, 272–275
as abstractor of parliamentary debates, 261
acting career, 257–259
The Apostle, 269–271
appearance, 260
“At the End of September,” 266
birthplace, 257
Byron and, 257
“Day of Judgment,” 256
Death to, 266
depression, 264–265
emotional life, 264
“Fate, Open for Me a Field,” 264–265
hatred of kings and emperors, 269
Hegelianism, 269
Heine (Heinrich) and, 257, 260, 274
Hungarian radicals, 251
intellectual growth, 257
as international poet, 288
János Vitéz, 262
journalism, 261
Kossuth and, 261
“Living Statue,” 259
“Madman,” 262–263
“A Mighty Sea Has Risen,” 268
parents, 257
Poems of Petöfi, 260
poetic growth, 257
poetry of, 258–261, 269, 271–272
revolutionary heroes of, 264
Schiller and, 257
Scott and, 257
second wave of Romanticism, 256
self–division of, 263
sensitivity, 262
Shakespeare and, 257
Shelley (Percy Bysshe) and, 257, 269
Society of Ten, 265
“Summons,” 259
Tisza River, 265
Twelve–Point Proclamation, 268
Vörösmarty and, 259–260
wanderings/travels, 258
wife of (Júlia Szendrey), 263–264, 265, 272, 274
Petrashevsky, Mikhail Vasilyevich, 147–148, 151, 154
Petrashevsky circle, xvii, 147–149, 152–154
Petrovics, István, 257
Phenomenology of the Mind (Hegel), 160, 170, 318
“Philosophical Letters” (Chaadaev), 129–130
Philosophy of History (Hegel), 159
Philosophy of Manufactures (Ure), 3
Philosophy of Necessity (Bray), 444
Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 191, 199
Physiology of Common Life (Lewes), 459
Pickwick Papers (Dickens), 44–48, 50
Pietro Aretino (Büchner), 335
Pius IX, Pope, 212, 244, 252–253, 253–254
Planer, Christine Wilhelmine (Minna), 290, 303, 304
Platen, August von, 330
Pleshcheyev, Aleksey Nikolaevich, 148, 149
Poems (Brontë sisters), 404
Poems of One Alive (Gedichte eines Lebendigen) (Herwegh), 341, 343
Poems of Petöfi (Petöfi), 260
Poet as “hero” of the age, 269
Pogodin, Mikhail, 100–101, 105, 106
Polar Star (Polnaya zvezda) (journal), 316, 325
Polish Revolution (1830–1831), 7, 259, 278, 290, 316, 330
Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), 10, 49
Poor Man’s Guardian (journal), 9, 10
Poor People (Dostoevsky), 135–138, 140, 141
“Portrait” (Gogol), 121
Possessed (Dostoevsky), 146, 152
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. See Pickwick Papers
Poverty of Philosophy (Misère de la Philosophie) (Marx), 148, 150, 229–230
Preuss, Hugo, 353
Price, Richard, 77
Priestly, Joseph, 77
“Princess Sabbath” (Heine), 369
Principia (Newton), 21
Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 79, 88–89, 90
Private property: Carlyle (Thomas) and, 39–40
Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, 489, 490, 492
Eliot’s Mill on the Floss, 471
evictions, 212
Hegel and, 195
Heine (Heinrich) and, 365
Mill (John Stuart) and, 84–85, 86, 88, 89
Proudhon’s What Is Property?, 227, 228
Saint–Simonianism, 73
as theft, 227
Utilitarians, 19
Producteur (journal), 72
Professor (Brontë), 405–407
Belgium, description of, 400
Charlotte Brontë’s Brussels experience, 403, 405
first–person narrative, 419
rejection by publishers, 404
Progress of the Intellect (Mackay), 448
Prolegomena zur Historiographie (Cieszkowski), 130
“Prologue d’une Révolution” (Ménard), 240
Promenades dans Londres (Tristan), 388–389
Prométhée (Quinet), 218
Property. See Private property Proudhon, Pierre–Joseph, 226–230
1848 revolution in France, 237
agitations of the 1840s, 221
anarchist individualism, 228–229
anti–theism, 226
Bakunin and, 228, 229, 298, 322–323
birthplace, 226
Cabet and, 227
class struggle, disbelief in, 229
De la propriété, 130
Fourier and, 227
Hegelianism, 227
Heine (Heinrich) and, 228, 365
Herzen (Alexander) and, 320, 322–323
influence on others, 229
Marx (Karl) and, 203, 227, 228–230
mutualism, 229
parents, 222
Petrashevsky circle, 147–148
political action, dis–belief in, 229
Ruge and, 228
Saint–Simonianism, 227
socialism, 227
The System of Economic Contradictions, or, the Philosophy of Poverty, 229, 318
universal suffrage, disparagement of, 230
Punch (journal), 397
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich: Belinsky and, 132, 134
Caucasus to, 283
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 140
“Dubrovsky,” 113
Gogol’s Dead Souls, 107
Gogol’s Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka, 102
Gogol’s Inspector General, 100, 101
influence on later writers, 123
as international poet, 288
Russian literature, 103
Quarterly Review (journal), 17, 448
Rabelais, François, 123
Radetzky, Count Joseph, 246, 251, 252, 254–255
The Radical (newspaper), 249
Ramsden, Sir John, 384
Ranke, Leopold von, 297
Raspail, François Vincent: 1848 revolution in France, 235
Blanqui and, 224
Eliot (George) and, 452
on European republic, 210
Lewes and, 452
Society of the Friends of the People, 223, 224
“Reaction in Germany” (Bakunin), 289, 297
Realism: 1848–1849 revolutions, 329
of Dickens, 65
of Eliot, 456
“Reason” (Brontë), 402
Recollections (Tocqueville), 214
Redesdale, John Thomas Freeman–Mitford, 2nd Baron, 375
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 77
Reform Bill (1832): agitation for, 5, 6–7
disenchantment with, 42, 56, 86, 379
House of Commons, control of, 384
Macaulay on, 6
Mill (John Stuart) and, 86
Oxford Movement, 444–445
Reform Bill (1867), 89, 383, 474, 481
Reform Club, 76
“Reform of consciousness,” 270
Reichel, Adolf, 322–323
Reinhardt, Max, 338
Religion: Brontë (Emily) and, 432–433
Brontë’s (Charlotte) Shirley, 423, 428
Eliot (George) and, 441–443, 444, 458
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 189
Hegel and, 172
Higher Criticism, 445
Marx (Karl) and, 185, 189, 193, 450
Oxford Movement, 444–445
Shevchenko and, 286
Strauss’s Life of Jesus (see Life of Jesus)
Vatke’s Die Religion des Alten Testaments, Die (Vatke), 171
Renan, Ernest, 171
Repnin, Prince Anikita Ivanovich, 281
Repnin, Princess Varvara, 276, 286
“Report to the County of Lanark” (Owen), 14
“Representative Government” (Mill), 81
Républicaine, La (Dupont), 213–214
“Revolution” (Freiligrath), 349
“Revolution” (Wagner), 289, 300–301
Revolutions of 1848–1849. See 1848–1849
revolutions Revue britannique (journal), 27
Revue indépendante (journal), 150
Rheinische Zeitung (newspaper): audience for, 176
cessation of publication, 190
founding, 176
Marx (Karl) and, 189, 343, 352
readership, 189–190
Richardson, Samuel, 136
Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich, 21, 29
“The Right,” vii
Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner), 309, 311
Robbers (Schiller), 21, 127, 132
Robertson, Hammond, 419
Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore de, 36, 217, 222, 337–338
Röckel, August: 1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 303
Bakunin and, 296, 297, 298–299
imprisonment, 310
July Revolution (1830), 294
refuge in Bohemia, 299–300
in Saxon House of Deputies, 295
Wagner and, 294, 300, 303, 310–311, 314
Roland, Madame (Jeanne Marie Roland de la Platierre), 80
Roland, Romain, 223
Romanticism: 1848–1849 revolutions, 328
anti–capitalism and, vii
bourgeoisie, 328–329
death–rattle of, 340
end of, 328
epigonal Romanticism, 329, 494
in France, 292
“the Left,” vii
Marxism, vii
political romanticism, 293
“the Right,” vii
second wave of, 257
Shevchenko and, 277
in theater, 292
“Tory Romanticism,” 38–39
Volksgeist, 293
Wagner’s as belated, 292
Wanderlust, 103
Weltschmerz, 103
Wordsworth and, 277. See also Medievalism
Nature Romanzero (Heine), 360, 369–370
Romilly, Samuel, 68 Romola (Eliot), 474
Roselli, General Pietro, 254
Rossi, Pellegrino, 254
Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph. La Marseillaise, 36
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 48, 136, 187, 446
Rubinstein, Anton, 453
Ruge, Arnold: 1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 243
Bakunin and, 297
controversies of the time, 177
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, 190–191, 364
Deutsche Jahrbücher, 187, 190, 297
France, order for expulsion from, 203
Hallesche Jahrbücher, 188
Heine (Heinrich) and, 364
humanization of the Absolute, 177
Marx (Karl) and, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 364
Proudhon and, 228
Russell, John, 1st Earl, 56, 385
Russia, 124–135
1825–1849 period, 125–126
1830s, 127–128
1848–1856 period, 324
absolutism, 118
Bakunin on, 312–313
Balzac’s visit, 140
Blanc’s influence in, 131, 133
Cabet’s influence in, 131, 133
censorship in, 97, 101, 107, 113, 115, 117, 119, 122–123, 124–125, 126–127, 147–148
chinovniks, 112–113
corruption in, 101
Crimean War (1853), 325
in Dead Souls, 97
Decembrists, 128
emancipation of serfs, 126, 325–326
Feuerbach’s influence in, 128
Fourier’s influence in, 128, 130, 131, 133
“generation of the 1840s,” 128–131
Hegel’s influence in, 128, 129, 317–318
intelligentsia, 129
literary “circles”
in, 128–130
Orlov’s influence in, 127
Owen’s influence in, 128
peasant reform, 126
Proud–hon’s influence in, 128, 133
Russian Orthodox Church, 118, 119
Saint–Simon’s influence in, 125, 128, 131
Sand’s influence in, 129, 131, 133
Schelling’s influence in, 128, 316
Schiller’s influence in, 127, 129, 132
Strauss’s influence in, 128
Westerners, 129
Russky Invalid (journal), 102
Ryleev, Kondraty Fyodorovich, 316, 325
Sacred History of Mankind (Hess), 187
Sadowa, Battle of (1866), 474, 493
Saint–Just, Louis Antoine Léon Florelle de, 20
St. Paul, 443
Saint–Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de: influence in Russia, 131
influence on Communist Manifesto, 208
Le Nouveau Christianisme, 27
Mill (John Stuart) and, 69, 81
philosophic idealism, 316
Saint–Simonianism: Carlyle (Thomas) and, 27
Carlyle’s“Signs of the Times,” 26–27
Decembrists and, 128
equality of men and women, 73
influence in Russia, 128
Mill (John Stuart) and, 72–73, 74–75, 76, 79
Petrashevsky circle, 147–148
private property, critique of, 73
Proudhon and, 227
relicts of as stimulus to 1848 revolutions, 221
theory of history, 27
Wagner and, 301
Saltykov–Shchedrin, Mikhail, 131
Samson, Abbott, Lord, 38
Sand, George: 1848 revolution in France, 235, 238
agitations of the 1840s, 221
Belinsky and, 320
Brontë (Charlotte) and, 394
Brontë (Emily) and, 434
Brontë
sisters, 404
Bulletin de la République, 235
Carlyle (Jane Welsh) and, 78
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 78
denunciation of France, xvi
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 140
Engels and, 199
feminism, 78
Herwegh and, 344
Herzen (Alexander) and, 320
influence in Russia, 129, 131, 133
mentor of, 226
Mill (John Stuart) and, 91
Monthly Repository, 79
Szendrey and, 263
Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 19, 27, 28–33
Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 186
Say, Jean Baptiste, 69
Sayn–Wittgenstein, Princess Carolyne, 453
Sayre, Robert, vii
Sazanov, Sergey Dmitriyovich, 322
Scenes from Clerical Life (Eliot), 454–459
appearance in book form, 458
“broken lives,” 456
bucolic reconstruction of the past, 455
Eliot’s self–revelation, 464
England’s bucolic past, 459
germinal stories, 457
“Janet’s Repentance,” 456, 457, 458, 466
“Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story,” 456, 459, 466
“ordinary” people, 456–457
parallels to Eliot’s life, 454–455
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von: Bakunin and, 177, 297
Belinsky and, 132
Herzen (Alexander) and, 316
influence in Russia, 127, 128, 316
Kierkegaard and, 177
Ogarev and, 316
Philosophy of Revelation, 177, 199
Tübingen Seminary, 167
Schiller, Friedrich: on artists, 127
Belinsky and, 132
biography of, 21
Cabal and Love, 132
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 21
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 132, 140
Eliot (George) and, 443
Herzen (Alexander) and, 316
Herzen on, 132
on History, 34
influence in Russia, 127, 129, 132
Ogarev and, 316
Petöfi and, 257
Wallenstein, 132
in Weimar, 453
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 170
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 168, 309, 340, 450
Schröder–Devrient, Wilhelmine, 292
Schumann, Clara, 453
Schumann, Robert, “Barricades March,” 294
Scienza Nuova (Vico), 219
Scott, Sir Walter: appreciation abroad, 59
Brontë (Emily) and, 434
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 140
Petöfi and, 257
success, 394
Scribe, Eugène, 292
Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends (Gogol), 118–119, 122
Self–Help (Smiles), 378
Semper, Gottfried, 300
Senior, Nassau William, 10
Seymour, Robert, 44
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of, 377, 383
Shakespeare, William, xvi, 59, 257, 290
Shaw, George Bernard, 44
Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein, 394
Shelley, Percy Bysshe: among Romantics, 260
Eliot (George) and, 443
Engels and, 199
Herwegh and, 342
literary heirs of, xvii
Medievalism of, 39
“Ode to the West Wind,” 257, 288
optimistic rationalism, 14
Shevchenko, Taras Hryhorovych, 275–289
Academy of Art (St. Petersburg), 279, 281, 286
Aldridge and, 286
Alexander II and, 286
arrest of, 286
Briullov and, 278–279
Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 284–285
Burns and, 280
“Caucasus,” 282
Caucasus to, 283
censorship of, 285
Chernyshevsky and, 286
Christianity of, 286–288
death, 288
Decembrists to, 287
Dobrolyubov and, 286
exile, 285–286
“Hymn of the Nuns,” 287
Kostomarov and, 284–285
Kulish and, 281
literary inspirers, 279
“Mary,” 287
nationalism of, 280
“Neophytes,” 287
Nicholas I and, 285
Orsk fortress, 285–286
as painter/artist, 279
poetic career, 279–280
Poles and, 281
religion, 286
Repnin (Princess) and, 286
Romanticism, 277
self–education, 279
smuggled notepapers, xvii
“Testament,” 284
Tsarism, 281–283
Ukraine/Ukrainians, 276–277, 280, 284
Zhukovsky and, 279
Shilling Magazine, 51–52
Shirley (Brontë), 417–429
Anne Brontë
appearing as Caroline Helstone, 419–420, 429
change in Brontë’s writing, 419–420
Charlotte Brontë’s Brussels experience, 403, 427
curates, descriptions of, 428
Emily Brontë appearing as Shirley Keeldar, 419–420, 429
industrialism, 426
Joshua Taylor appearing as Hiram Yorke, 405
Luddites, 418–419, 423–425, 429
“mercantile spirit,” 426
occupying existence, 404
a place in the world, 404
polarities of characters, 420
Rev. Hammond Robertson appearing as Rev. Matthew Helstone, 419
reviews, 428
style of, 420
Victorian womanhood, 420–423
Waylor family appearing as Yorke family, 419
William Cartwright appearing as Gerard Robert Moore, 419
“woman question,” 427
working class disturbances (1811–1823), 418
Sibree, John, Jr., 446–447
Siegfried’s Death (Siegfrieds Tod) (Wagner), 294, 304–305, 309, 310
“Signs of the Times” (Carlyle), 26–27, 75, 206
Silas Marner (Eliot), 474
“Sir James Mackintosh” (Macaulay), 377
Sketches by Boz (Dickens), 43, 44, 112
Smiles, Samuel, Self–Help, 378
Smirnova, Princess Aleksandra, 101, 106, 117
Smith O’Brien, William, 382
Socialism: Belinsky and, 134–135
Blanc on, 223
Communism and, 217
Mill (John Stuart) and, 88
Taylor (Harriet) and, 88
Utopian socialists, 301
working class, British, 200
Society of Aide–Toi, 75
Society of Ten, 265
Society of the Families, 225
Society of the Friends of the People, 223, 224
Society of the Seasons, 216, 225, 226
Sologub, Count Vladimir Aleksandrovich, 139
“Song of the Poor Tailor” (Weerth), 359
Songs from Lancashire (Lieder aus Lancashire) (Weerth), 358
“Sonnet to Charles Dickens,” 51–52
“Sonnets from the Portuguese” (Browning), 272
Sorrows of Young Werther (Goethe), 22, 136
The Spell (Brontë), Duke of Zamorna in, 394
Speshnev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich, 149–155
Spinoza, Baruch, 446, 453, 454
“Spirit of the Age” (Mill), 75
Spohr, Ludwig, Sextet, opus 140, 294–295
Staël, Madame de (Anne Louise Germaine de Staël), 91
Stankevich, Nikolai Vladimirovich, 128, 129, 130, 132–133
“State of the Public Mind and Affairs in Paris” (Mill), 75
Stendahl (Marie–Henri Beyle), 400
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 494
Strauss, David Friedrich, 170–175
academic career, 175
Belinsky and, 133
Eliot (George) and, 444, 447, 459
Engels and, 175
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 185
Hegel and, 162, 168, 169, 170–171
Herzen (Alexander) and, 133
Hess and, 198
influence in Russia, 128
influence on others, xvii
Jesus as Messiah, 173
Life of Jesus (see Life of Jesus)
Ogarev and, 133
religion to, 189
Schleiermacher and, 170
Tübingen Seminary, 170
Vatke and, 171
Strindberg, August, 340
Struve, Gustav von, 243, 344–345
Subjection of Women (Mill), 79, 89–91
Suffrage. see Universal suffrage
“Summons” (Aufruf) (Herwegh), 343
“Summons” (Petöfi), 259
Sungurov, Nikolai Petrovich, 317
“Suona la Tromba” (Mameli), xvi
“Superfluous men,” 321–322, 405
Sutherland, George Sutherland–Granville–Leveson Gower, 3rd Duke of, 384
Symonds, John Addington, 474
System of Economic Contradictions, or, the Philosophy of Poverty (Proudhon), 229, 318
System of Logic (Mill), 90
Système de politique positive (Course of Positive Philosophy) (Comte), 72, 84–85
Széchenyi, Count István, 257
Szendrey, Júlia, 263–264, 265, 272, 274
Taine, Hippolyte, 37
Tale of a Tub (Swift), 29
Táncsics, Mihály, 268
Tannhäuser (Wagner): completion of the score for, 290, 293
Eliot (George) and Lewes, 453
Liszt and, 304
October 1845
production, 292
Woman of the Future in, 310
“Taras Bulba” (Gogol), 102, 105, 279
Taylor, Harriet (later Harriet Taylor Mill), 76–78
Carlyle (Jane Welsh) and, 76
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 76
Carlyles, visits to the, 33
Comte’s attitude toward women, 85
death, 89
February Revolution (France, 1848), 87
feminism, 78
first husband (see Taylor, John)
health, 89
life interest in John Taylor’s property, 89
on marriage and divorce, 78–79
Mill (John Stuart), her influence on, xvii, 77, 79, 88
Mill (John Stuart) and, 33, 74, 76–77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90
on opinion of society, 78
radicalism of, 78
separation from John Taylor, 81
socialism, 88
Unitarianism, 77
upper–class interests, nature of, 88
in Westminster Review, 78–79
Taylor, Mary, 394, 399, 419, 420–421, 429
Telegraph für Deutschland (newspaper), 198
Telescope (journal), 132
Ten Hours Law (1847), 389
Tennyson, Alfred: on Ancients of the earth, 441
Carlyles, visits to the, 33
dreams of, 441
Freiligrath and, 350
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 74
“slough and crust of sin,” 446
“Ulysses,” 108
“Walking to the Mail,” 379
“A Terrible Vengeance” (Gogol), 103–104
“Testament” (Shevchenko), 284
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 34
The Leader (weekly newspaper), 452
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx), 204
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, 316
Thomas, Emile, 234
Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ, 443, 450, 470
Thompson, E. P., vii
Thoughts on Clothes (Carlyle), 29
Thoughts on Death and Immortality (Feuer–bach), 178
Tichatschek, Joseph, 292
Tilley, Elisabeth, 448
Timkovsky, Konstantin I., 149
“To a Foil’d European Revolutionnaire” (Whitman), 327
“To the Princes” (Wagner), 300
Tocqueville, Alexis de: 1848–1849 revolution, 219, 233, 237–238, 239
on Blanqui, 226
Democracy in America, 56, 72, 81–84, 147
February Revolution (France, 1848), 233
on July Revolution (1830), 214, 233
June Days of 1848 (France), 237–238
on Manchester, 4
on march of democracy, 218–219
Mill (John Stuart) and, 83
on possibility of revolution, 232
Recollections, 214
Tolstoy, Count A. P., 121, 122
Tolstoy, Leo, 229, 463, 473, 474
Torrijos, General José María, 74
Tractatus Theologico Politicus (Spinoza), 446
Traité de Legislation (Bentham), 68–69
Transcendental idealism, German: anthropotheism, 150
Carlyle (Thomas) and, 32
Dickens and, 59–60
Dostoevsky on, 150
“Götterdämmerung des deutschen Idealismus,” 169–170
Mill (John Stuart) and, 72
Speshnev on, 150
Tribune des peuples (Mickiewicz), 324
Tribune des peuples (periodical), 324
Tristan and Isolde (Wagner), 310
Tupper, Martin, 376
Turgenev, Ivan: arrest of, 123
in avant garde periodicals, 130
Belinsky and, 134–135
censorship of, 122–123
Dostoevsky (Fyodor) and, 139
“generation of the ’40s,” 238
Hegel and, 130
recollection of history professor, xvi–xvii
wanderings, 315
Tyszkiewicz, Count Wincenty, 290
Uhland, Ludwig, 243
Uhlig, Theodor, 311
“Ulysses” (Tennyson), 108
“Underground” man, 114
Unitarianism: Coleridge and, 77
Eliot (George) and, 442
emancipation of women, 77
Fox and, 77
journal of, 79
Taylor (Harriet) and, 77
Universal suffrage: Bentham (Jeremy) and, 18
Blanc and, 222
Chartism/Chartists, 56, 379, 380
in France, 233
Macaulay on, 56
Mill (John Stuart) and, 86, 89, 494
Proudhon and, 230
University College, London (later University of London), 17, 19, 76
Utilitarianism and Utilitarians, 16–19
Carlyle (Thomas) on, 19
class interests, 18–19
to Dickens, 59
Greatest Happiness Principle, 17–18, 68–69
“hedonistic calculus,” 18
historical elements favoring, 17
leaders, 16
Mill (John Stuart) and, 68, 72, 79, 81
poetry, suspicions of, 71
private property, 19
progress, idea of, 72
Victorian liberalism, 16
working class, British, 18–19
Utopian Socialists, 128, 221, 301
Uvarov, Sergey Semionovich, 117, 122, 126
Vasvári, Pál, 265
Vatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, Die Religion des Alten Testaments, 171
Venedy, Jakob, 329
Véron, Louis–Desiré, 234
Viazemsky, Piotr Andreyevich, 100
Vico, Giambattista, Scienza Nuova, 219
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, 255
Victoria, Queen: ascendancy to throne, 3
Ashley Ten–Hour Bill, 10
Chartist demonstration (April 10, 1848), 382–383
Frederick William IV and, 242
Leopold I and, 382
on opening of Crystal Palace (May 1, 1851), 376
Victorianism/Age of Victoria, 375–389
agricultural workers, 389
aristocrats, 384–385
Ashley Ten–Hour Bill, 10
“bourgeois spirit,” 383
capitalists, 9
Chartism (see Chartism/Chartists)
child labor, 425–426
Church–State question, 444–445
Coal Mines Act (1842), 389
coercive legislation, 10
commencement, 3
commercial classes/manufacturers, 383, 384–385
Corn Laws, repeal of (1846), 10, 378, 379, 383
deference/servility, 385–386
effect of 1848
revolution in France on, 382
Eliot on, 447
English commercial and industrial, 211
fear of democracy, 56
“gangman system,” 389
gap between rich and poor, 84
general commercial and industrial crisis, 211
heyday of, 481
“Hungry Forties,” 87
inequality in, 84
Kingsley on, 378
life expectancy, 392
Manchester (see Manchester, England)
middle class (see Middle class, British)
oligarchy in, 384
Palmerston on, 378
“Pauper Press,” 8–9
personal affection in England, 70
population density of Liverpool, 388
prisons, 54
prosperity, 377–378
prostitution, 388
Reform Bill (1867), 89, 383, 474, 481
reforms enacted, 9–10
Ten Hours Law (1847), 389
the “two nations,” 4
“Victorian” defined, 383
the “Victorian dilemma,” 5, 93
Victorian liberalism, 16
“Victorianism” defined, 383
womanhood, 420–423, 449, 467–468
workhouses, 49
working class (see Working class, British)
world capitalism, development of, 384
Vielgorsky, Count Mikhail (Mihal Wielhorski), 117
Vilette (Brontë), 403
Vladimir Cross (Gogol), 101
Vogt, Karl, 133, 322, 323, 344
Volkonsky, Princess Zinaida, 106, 117
Volksblätter (newspaper), 300–301
“Volksgeist,” 293
Vörösmarty, Mihály, 259–260
Vorwärts (newspaper), 201, 203, 364
Voss, Johann Heinrich, Luise, 103
Voting. see Universal suffrage
Women’s suffrage
Voyage en Icarie (Cabet), 130
Wagner, Richard, ix, xvii, 289–314
1848–1849 revolutions in Germany, 294–296, 300–304, 309
appearance, 289
“Art and Revolution,” 306
“Artistic Creation of the Future” (Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft), 306, 309, 310
“Artistic Genius of the Future,” 306
Artists, 309
Bakunin and, xvii, 289–290, 296–297, 298–299, 300, 301, 302–303, 303–304, 310–311, 314, 323
Bem and, 290
Bülow and, 291
Christianity to, 307
Die Feen (The Fairies), 290
Dresden, as Kapellmeister in, 291–292, 295
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 301, 306, 309
Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity, 177
Flying Dutchman, 290, 291, 310, 453
on Greeks (ancient), 306–307
Grimm’s Deutsche Mythologie, 293
Herwegh and, 342
July revolution (1830), 290, 294
Liebesverbot (Love Prohibited), xvi, 290
Man, 308
marriage, 290
Medievalism, 292
My Life, 296
mythic world, 292, 293, 305–306
“Opera and Drama,” 306
in Paris, 290–291
the people, 308
Polish refugees, inspired by, 290
revolution in drama and music, 292–298
Revolution to, 307
Ring of the Nibelungs, 309, 311
Röckel and, 294, 296, 300, 303, 310–311, 314
Romanticism, belated, 292
Siegfried’s Death (Siegfrieds Tod), 294, 304–305, 309, 310
the State, 308
Symphony in C major, 290
Tannhäuser (see Tannhäuser)
theatre to, 308
theoretical essays (1849–1852), 306–309
“To the Princes,” 300
Tristan and Isolde, 310
Volksblätter, 300–301
wife of (Minna Planer), 290, 303, 304
Woman of the Future, 310
Young Germany, 290
“Walking to the Mail” (Tennyson), 379
Wallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von, 127
Wallenstein (Schiller), 132
Wanderlust, 103
Watts, Charles, 207
Weber, Carl Maria von, 71
Wedekind, Frank, 340
Weerth, Georg, 353–360
Communism/ Communists, 354
“Court” (“Gericht“), 358
Feuerbach (Ludwig) and, 355
on Germany, 357–358
Heine (Heinrich) and, 355, 357–358, 360
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 356
Life and Deeds of the Renowned Knight Schnapphahnski, 356–357, 360
“Song of the Poor Tailor,” 359
Songs from Lancashire (Lieder aus Lancashire), 358
Workmen’s Songs (Handwerkburschenlieder), 358
Weidig, Friedrich Ludwig, 332–333, 334, 335, 338
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of: to the Brontës, 394–395
Chartist demonstration (April 10, 1848), 381
doubts about England’s future, 379
July Revolution in France (1830), response to, 6
preparation for war with France, 380
on Second Petition, 12
Welsh, Edward, 16
Werder, Professor Karl, 297
Westerners, 129
Westminster Review (journal): Bentham (Jeremy) and, 448
Chapman and, 447–448
editors, 448
Eliot (George) and, 448
on Feuerbach (Ludwig), 454
founding, 17
Mill (John Stuart) and, 69, 448
Taylor (Harriet) in, 78–79
Westphalen, Jenny von (later Jenny Marx), 186, 188, 190–191
Westphalen, Ludwig von, 188
Weydemeyer, Joseph, 208
What Is Property? (Proudhon), 227, 228
Whewell, William, 376
“White Nights” (Dostoevsky), 145
Whitman, Walt, xviii, 327, 353, 493
“Who Can Be Happy in Russia?” (Nekrasov), 124, 130, 134
Who Is To Blame? (Kto vinovat?) (Herzen), 320–322
Wielhorski, Mihal (Mikhail Vielgorsky), 117
Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), 21, 23, 26
Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Apprenticeship) (Goethe), 23–24, 25–26
Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Travels) (Goethe), 22, 23, 24–25
Williams, William Smith, 408, 417, 419, 429
Wilson, Carus, 393
Windischgrätz, Count Alfred: 1848 revolution in Austria, 248, 269
Prague uprising, 246, 295, 298
Wit Work Woe (Griboedov), 97
Wolin, Richard, vii
Women: in 1848–1849 revolutions, 237
Brontë’s Jane Eyre, 410
Brontë’s Shirley, 420–423
Brontë (Charlotte) on “woman question,” 427, 429
Carlyle (Thomas) on, 40–41
Comte on, 85
Eliot’s Mill on the Floss, 472
as characters in Eliot, 456
emancipation of, 77
in France, 449
Gogol and, 104
Mill (John Stuart) and, 79, 84, 89–91, 494
Saint–Simonianism, 73
Taylor (Harriet) on, 78–79
Unitarianism, 77
in Victorian age, 449, 467–468
and vote, 494
“Woman of the Future” (Wagner), 310
Wooler, Miss Margaret: Brontë (Anne) and, 397
Brontë (Charlotte) and, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 418
Brontë (Emily) and, 397
Woolner, Thomas, 453
Wordsworth, William: childhood to, 48
formative forces in life, 472–473
glorification of Nature, 277
Mill (John Stuart) and, 71, 79, 86
“My Heart Leaps Up,” 42
Romanticism, 277
Working class, British: “Address to Working Men, by Felix Holt” (Eliot), 486
class consciousness, 93
Condition of the Working Class in England (see Condition of the Working Class in England)
defeat of Chartism, 383
demonstrations by, 7–8, 9–10, 418–419
disenchantment with Reform Bill (1832), 418
Eliot on, 481
Engels and, 200
fear of, 481
inferiority to French, 381, 447
International Working Men’s Association, 345
literacy of, 8
Mill (John Stuart) and, 88, 89, 93
in Nottinghamshire, 418
Owens’s influence, 15
in Shirley (Brontë), 418
socialism, 200
Utilitarianism and Utilitarians, 18–19
in Yorkshire, 418
Workingmen’s Association, 345
Workmen’s Songs (Handwerkburschenlieder) (Weerth), 358
World as Will and Idea (Schopenhauer), 450
Wotton Reinfred (Carlyle), 26
Woyzeck (Büchner), 334, 335, 336, 339–340
Wozzeck (Berg), 340
Wrangel, General Friedrich von, 250
Wuthering Heights (Brontë), 434–439
acceptance by publisher, 404
Charlotte Brontë and, 434, 439
literary sources, 434
redemptive power of Passion, 434, 438–439
secret writing of, 405
as tragedy, 434, 435, 436, 438
violence, sense of, 434–435
year of publication, 430
Yakovlev, Aleksey Aleksandrovich, 316
Yakovlev, Ivan Alekseyevich, 315
Yanovsky, Stefan Dmitrievich, 152
Yeast (Kingsley), 375
Yeats, William Butler, “Easter 1916,” 237
Zakharin, Natalya Alexandrovna. See Herzen, Natalie
Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, 345
Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreyevich: Gogol and, 101–102, 105, 106, 107, 111
Shevchenko and, 279
Zola, Emile, 466
Zunz, Leopold, 487