Index

All index entries shown here correspond to the page numbers within the printed edition only. Within this digital format these page numbers allow for cross referencing only.

Abram, David 158, 161, 167

Adams, Ansel 3, 4

Adorno, Theodor 158

Aesop’s fables 42

aesthetic style 5

Allan, Robin 35, 37, 99, 106

Allen, Woody 44, 130

animals; see also Snow White; Cinderella

animal toys 27–8

communication between 152

as helpers of human characters 8, 31, 35, 38

and natural environment 163, 164–5, 166

as seen in films 7–8, 149–52

and young viewers 119

animation

animators 3

accurate portrayal of jungle 122–3

use of colour in nature 88, 106

of artefacts 157–8

fairy tales and nature 163–4

in Finding Nemo 129–30

and humans 166

interface between human, animal and machine 53–4

key phases in 13–14

modes of configuring the world 166

and past 166

significant developments 162

viability of 7

Annie Hall 44

anthropomorphism 149–52, 164

Apple Mac computers 155

Arcadia 61

Arcadia (literature) 9–10

Aristocats 79

Attenborough, David 165

awareness of environment shaped by art 2

Bachelard, Gaston 107–8, 133, 145–6

Ball, Doug 123

Balsamo, Anne 53

Bambi 1, 3–4, 16, 61–77, 79, 80, 106, 141

and anti-war policies 74

apocalyptic ending 136

association with animal protection 4–5

audience and environmental issues 73–4

and concept of nest 108

and conservation 61–77

contrast with WALL•E 141–2

Eden myth 61–3

environments 7, 15, 63, 106

and hunting lobby 73–4

man disturbing natural harmony 64, 141

natural world depicted in 112, 142, 162

at odds with wartime sensibilities 4

pastoral genre in see pastoral

realism in 6, 61, 74–5

release of 33, 61, 81

significance of fire 72–3

significance of mother’s death 76–7

story line 61

use of multi-plane cameras 6

variety of animal species in 24–5

and wild nature 61

and Yosemite National Park 65–8

bananas, significance of 110–12

‘Bare Necessities’ 108–9

Barney, Richard 104–5

Barrell, John 10

Barrier, Michael 5

Baudrillard, J. 89

Beatrix Potter, compared to Disney 35

Beauty and the Beast 14, 41, 47; see also characters, the Beast; characters, Belle

contrasted with Snow White 44

Fascist imagery 45

image of bygone age 56

image of rural life 44–5

love parable 48–50

move away from idealized American location 45

and natural world 162, 163

technological background in 54

Beaver Valley 34

Beck, Ulrich 142, 154

The Bee Movie 164, 165

Beecher, Catherine 30

La Belle et la bête 48

Benjamin, Walter 53–4

Bennett, Jane 155, 157–7

Berardinelli, J. 135

Berger, John 126

Blake, William 158

The Blue Planet 129

Bonnett, Michael vii, 2

Bourdieu, Pierre 153

Braudy, Leo 93, 118, 127, 129, 134

Brer Rabbit stories 7

Brockmeier, J. 64

Brooks, Albert 130

Brother Bear 1, 15, 94–5, 119, 163, 166

buddy relationships 16, 130

Buell, Lawrence 10–11

A Bug’s Life 119, 129, 149

Bull, John 10

Burroughs, Edgar Rice 104, 120, 125

racist image of Black Africans 125

Burt, Jonathan 79

Byrne, E. 24, 83–4

Call of the Wild 80

cameras, multi-plane 6

Carson, Rachel 4, 79

Chaplin, Charlie 150, 156

characters

Ariel

challenging authority figure 40–41

desire for human world 43

marriage to Prince Eric 42

as modern heroine 40

sense of rootlessness 40–41

Aurora 36–8

Bagheera 16, 101, 105, 107, 113–15

Baloo 16, 100, 104–5, 107–10, 113–15

Bambi

growing up 61

vulnerability of 68

the Beast 45, 47

character of 48

contrasting civilized and wild aspects of character 51–2

as organic cyborg 54

preferred by children to human 52

seen as phallic symbol 50

symbolizing lost innocence 50

sympathy from Belle 49–51

Belle 41, 54

character of 45–7

indifference to animals 48

sympathy to Beast 49–51

Cinderella

affiliations with nature 34

idealized figure of 35, 39, 57

Cogsworth 54–5

Colonel Hathi 104

Cruella De Vil 1

Donald Duck 7

Dory 130, 133–4

EVE 142–3, 150, 152, 154, 156–7

Flic 150

Gaston 45

character of 47–8

good fairies (Fauna, Flora, Merryweather) 36–7

Hal 149–52

Jane 121–2, 125–6

Jiminy Cricket 149

Kaa 102, 107

Kenai 94

King Louie 101, 110

King Triton 40–41

Louis (Little Mermaid) 41

Lumière 55

Marlin 16, 130, 133–4

Maurice (Belle’s father) 54

Meeko 150

Mickey Mouse 7, 53

Mrs Potts 55

Mr Ray 131–2

Mowgli 16, 40, 100–101

Baloo and Bagheera as father figures 115

as child of nature 101, 103

dependence on larger creatures 103

desire to imitate animals 104

facility for mimicry 121

theme of survival 101–2

vulnerability 107

Mumble 165

Nemo 130

Pocahontas 15, 45, 82–95, 150, 163

Prince Eric 41–2

Queen Maleficent (Sleeping Beauty) 36

the Queen (Snow White) 8

compared to Ursula 43

contrasted with Snow White 21

image portrayed 20, 21, 23

in witch role 20

Rapunzel 163

Scar 128

Sebastian the crab 41–4, 149

servant/utensils (Beauty and the Beast) 52–3

Seven Dwarfs 12, 22, 26, 28–9, 32, 51

Grumpy 32

seen as children by Snow White 31

Shere Khan 102

as melodramatic villain 121

Snow White

in Arcadian setting 7, 19

and cleanliness 28–32, 51

contrasted with Queen 21

development of 20

journey of self discovery 12

nature subsumed by Queen 21

relationship with animals 26–7, 31

as role model 32

Tarzan 101, 120

facility for mimicry 121

relationship with Jane 121–2, 125–6

Ursula the Sea Witch 40, 43–4

WALL•E 142–57

Chicken Little 164

Christov, Anthony 143, 146

Cinderella 8, 24

Chinese version of story 34

compared to Beatrix Potter 35

compared to Grimm story 35–6

compared to Sleeping Beauty 36

compared to Snow White 35

homemaker stereotype 40

and period values 34

release of 34

and wild nature 34

Clare, John 10

cleanliness, significance in Snow White 28–32, 51

Clements, Ron 163

Cocteau, Jean 48

Cold War social values 33–4, 39

Collins, Lindsey 143

Collins, Phil 127

colours used to depict nature 88, 106

comic sideshows to main themes 86

communication see WALL•E

conservation 65

consumerism 141, 143, 145–6, 152–3, 157

The Country and the City 9

Crocodile Dundee 163

Cubitt, Sean 151

cyborgs 53–4

dance 155–7, 158–9

Darwinian theory 102–3, 127–8

de Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Leprince 46

DeGeneres, Ellen 130

The Deserted Village 9

Dinosaur 80, 119, 128, 166

and Darwinian theory see Darwinian theory

Disney Corporation 2; see also Eisner, Michael

dominance in animated features 5

and environment 80–81, 161–7

films after 1990 119

golden years 33

legal copyright issues 126

1950s social values 33–4, 112

response to public perceptions 80

size of 113

values 142

Disney, theme parks 123–4

Disney, Walt

biography by Schickel 5, 74

death of 40, 79–80

formative years 13, 81

as head of company 13

self image of 13

domestic role of heroines 56–7

domestic settings for films 79

Douglas, Mary 28–30

Dumbo 7, 33

Durham, Jimmy 147–8

dystopia 142–4, 152, 159

Eagleton, Terry 32

Ebert, R. 135

ecological imbalance 128

Edelstein, David 129

Eden myth 61, 62, 63; see also Bambi

Egglestone, Ralph 143

Eisenberg, E. 61, 128

Eisenstein on Disney 1

Eisenstein, Sergei 1, 5

Eisner, Michael

changes to Disney Corporation 118

and Environmental Media Association 13, 80

films produced during Eisner era 14–15, 117

as head of company 13, 117

Eliade, Mircea 21–2

Eliot, M. 13

enchantment 156, 159

engagement through sentiment 2–4

environment; see also nature

adaptation to 144, 166

agenda 141–51, 152–3

politics of 161

rise in concern for 79–80

Environmental Media Association see Eisner, Michael

fairy tales

adaptations 14

and morals 46

and nature 163

Fantasia 7, 33

pastoral genre in see pastoral themes

Pastoral Symphony 88

Farley, Paul 145, 146

feelings of audience 2

Feinberg, Daniel 143

female

aspirational heroines 41

attractiveness of characters 45

evil nature of 24

homemaker stereotype 32, 40, 56–7

role in films 14, 24, 32, 40

Finding Nemo 1, 15–16, 119, 149, 162, 165

animal behaviour in 132–3

appeal linked to water sports 135

dark side of 133–4, 136

human effects on ocean ecology 135–6

image of sadistic child 135

images of natural world 136

integration of accuracy and fantasy 133

as morality tale 129

ocean as source of wonder 137

Pixar animation in 106

quality of animation 129–30

realism of 6, 130

relationship with environment 162

story line 130

theme of knowledge 130–31

wild ocean and aquarium parallels 134

forest fires 70–73

The Fox and the Hound 80, 106

Freebay 145

Freeganism 145

French, Philip 130

Freud, Sigmund 19

Fritzke, Sue 71

frontier, concept of 89–90, 92

Galbraith, J.K. 113

Garrard, Greg. 136

Gauguin, Paul 106, 123

gender stereotypes 32, 40, 56–7, 154

Gifford, T. 9

Giroux, Henry 4, 84

globalization 117–18, 165

Golden Age 61

Gonzalez, Jennifer 54–6

Gorillas in the Mist 125

Graves, Robert 158

Grimell, Joseph 67–8

Grimm, brothers Jacob and Wilhelm 19, 21, 23, 28, 34–5

Hamlet 129

Hansen, Miriam 53

Happy Feet 165–6

Haraway, Donna 53, 55

Hardy, Thomas 9, 10, 44

Harré, R. 64

Harris, Daniel 153

Heaney, Seamus 10

Hello, Dolly 155–6

Henry IV 129

Herrick, Robert 46

historical contexts 4–5

Holland, Bert 144

Holland, Daniel 144

home, as key issue in films 8

Home on the Range 164

Horkheimer, Max 158

Hoy, S. 30

Hughes, Ted 10

human identity, in Tarzan and Jungle Book 120–21

101 Dalmations 79

Hunter, Jeffrey 130

Ice Age films 102, 166

identity see human identity

immersion, significance of in Snow White 21–2

Indians see North American Indian

Ingold, Tim 127

Ingram, David 80, 83–4, 89

insects see animals

Ivakhiv, Adrian 152

Jacoby, Karl 69–71

Jacques, Zoe 155

Jameson, Fredric 165

Jaws 130

Jobs, Steve 155

The Jungle Book 1, 15–16, 40, 64, 67, 79, 162, 166

bananas 110–12

central survival theme 101–2

colours of Gauguin in 106

and concept of nest 108

and Darwinian theory see Darwinian theory

Disney’s treatment of Kipling’s story 99–100

protection of young 107

relationship with environment 162

relationships between characters 105, 108

theme of home 105–7

unrealistic animal characters in 100

Keane, Glen 88

Keaton, Buster 151

Kipling, Rudyard 99–100, 102

Kirikou 163

Klocek, Noah 144

Knott, John 11, 22

Knowledge of Angels 103

Krech, Shepard, III 85

Ktaadn 12

Kuenz, Jane 52

Lady and the Tramp 79

language

absence of 151–2

repositioning 152

Lasky, Jeremy 144

Lawrence, D.H. 131–2

L’Horlogère 55

The Lion King 1, 15–16, 64, 67, 80–81, 119, 128

parallels with Elizabethan drama 128–9

realism 130

The Little Mermaid 14, 39–57, 129, 149, 163, 166

introduction of modern heroine 40

The Living Desert 79

London, Jack 80

Louv, Richard 167

Lutts, Ralph 5, 73, 75, 80

Mabey, Richard 148–9, 167

Maclean, Sorley 10

Macnaghten, P. 79, 121

Madagascar 164–5

Marx, Karl 155, 158

McQuillan, M. 24, 83–4

Means, Russell 83

Meeker, Joseph 62, 128

Milton, Kay 76

Miyazaki, Hayao 25, 163, 166

Mühlhäuser, P. 64

Muir, John 3, 4, 67–8

multi-plane cameras 6

Murphy, Patrick 5, 24, 42, 100

Musker, John 163

Naess, Arne 25, 87

National Parks 70–72

Native Americans see North American Indian

nature; see also Pocahontas; Spirit; WALL•E

American preoccupation with 118

colours used to portray 88, 106

false image of 5–6, 87

genre of nature 118

images portrayed in Snow White 20

perceptions of 162

repressed values of 134

sympathetic 19–20

in Tarzan 124

wild nature 1, 24, 33–4, 36, 40, 49, 61, 64, 80–81, 134, 136, 164

‘nature-deficit disorder’ 167

nest

concept of 107–8

in Bambi 108

in Jungle Book 108

North America

frontier, concept of 90

wilderness see wilderness

North American Indians

and buffalo 90–91

contrasted with white settlers 89

culture 15, 70–71, 83–6

distortion in films 84–6

idealized 84–6, 91

oceans 137, 165–6

Ocelot, Michel 163

Over the Hedge 164

pastoral

American 10–11

association with wilderness 11–12

genre in animated films 8–10

in heroine’s existence 57

mode 9

seen by Georgian poets 9–10

seen by twentieth-century poets 10

seventeenth century 36

The Penguin Book of English Pastoral Verse 10

Pinocchio 7, 14, 33

Pixar 106, 119, 129

place, iconography of 143

Plumwood, Val 151

Pocahontas 15, 79–95, 118–19

best film on American Indians 83

conflict between cultures 82

criticized for sentimentality 83–4

distorted view of nature 87

ideologies in 84

physical image of Pocahontas 88–9

story line 81–3

treatment of animals in 87

Pom Poko 164

Ponyo 163, 166

Pound, Ezra 10

predatory instincts 67

The Princess and the Frog 162–3

Princess Mononoke 108

product placement 155

Pyne, Stephen 70

Raby, P. 125

Ratatouille 164

realism 5–7

The Reef 165

robots 142–57

Roe, Frank 92

Romanticism 153

Roszak, Theodore 114–15

Rountree, Helen 82, 84–6

Rousseau, Le Douanier 16, 101, 106, 123

Rudnick, Paul 88

Runte, A. 66

St Pierre, Dan 123

Salten, Felix 61, 67, 68, 75

Scanlon, J. 31

Schama, Simon 94, 100

Schickel, Richard 5, 29, 74

Schullery, Paul 75

science-fiction see WALL•E

Seal Island 33

The Searchers 130

The Secret Garden 101

Sells, L. 43

sentiment in animations 3–4

Shakespeare, William 166

Shark Tale 165

The Shining 130

Shrek series 14, 162–3

Sidney, Sir Philip 9–10

silent films 151, 152

Silent Spring 4, 79

Sleeping Beauty 7, 24, 36

homemaker stereotype 40

and imagery 36, 37

Slotkin, Richard 90

Snow White

compared with Cinderella 35

and fairy tale adaptation 19–38

homemaker stereotype 40

key elements 12

key values 20

and pastoral 8, 12, 62, 163

release of 33, 39

Seven Dwarfs, representation of 12

variety of animal species in 24–5

views of nature 1, 23, 161, 162

Snow-drop 19

Snyder, Gary 67

Solnit, Rebecca 65, 66–7, 71

Song of the South 7, 67

Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron 15, 89–93

Stanton, Andrew 129–30, 134, 141, 147, 149

Star Wars series 152

stereotypes see gender stereotypes

Strong, Pauline Taylor 83–4, 88

survival, as central theme in Jungle Book 101–2

swampland, significance of in Snow White 22

The Sword in the Stone 129

Symmons Roberts, Michael 145, 146

Tangled 162, 163

Tarzan 15–16, 64, 80, 119, 121–37

background realism 123

Darwinian theory see Darwinian theory

image of scientists 125

nature-orientated primitive 127

nature theme 124

representations of animals 125–6

story line 120

Tatar, Maria 23, 25–6, 46

Taylor, D. 64

technological background in films 54

The Tempest 166

Tess of the d’Urbervilles 9

Thoreau, Henry 3–4, 11–12, 22

Tilton, R. 82

Toy Story 135

toys, animal 27–8

The Trespasser 131–2

tropical settings 15–16, 64, 99–115, 119

True-Life Adventures 33–4

A Turtle’s Tale 165

underwater environment 40, 134

in fiction 129

Up 166

Urry, J. 79, 121

Vallone, Lynne 30

Viyakovic, Peter 102

WALL•E 141–60

communication 151–3

and consumerism 141, 143, 145–6, 153, 157

contrast with Bambi 141–2

dance 155–8, 160

and environmentalist agenda 141, 162, 164–5

and science fiction 142

waste 142–51, 154–5

WALL•E see characters, WALL•E

Walsh, Jill Paton 103

Ward, Annalee 128

Warner, Marina 23, 27–8, 34, 39, 42, 47, 50

Wasko, Janet 113

waste see WALL•E

Watts, Steven 33–4

Wayne, John 130

Weber, Max 155

Wells, Paul 5, 7, 10

‘Whistle While You Work’ 25

The Wild 164–5

Wild Fang 80

wild nature see nature

wilderness; see also Pocahontas; Spirit

North American 15, 64–5, 92

and pastoral 11–12

Williams, Raymond 9–10, 84

Women in Love 132

Woodward, Grace 82, 84

Woolverton, Linda 52

Yosemite National Park see Bambi

Zipes, Jack 23–4, 28, 46