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A
ACTU 365, 369, 379
‘Advance Australia Fair’ 524
Advertiser (Adelaide newspaper) 550
Advisory War Council: first meeting 392–93; Labor membership 395; effect on JC’s defence approach 399, 413; inquires into Australia’s defence position 399–400; opposition to Menzies’s absence 411; JC continues after becoming PM 421; Fadden proposes replacement by Supreme War Council 435–36; rejects black American troops 441; reacts to Japanese attack on Darwin 450; recalls troops from Burma 453; Macarthur addresses 463; reacts to Battle of the Coral Sea 472; response to Japanese landings in New Guinea 477; UAP withdraws from 529–30
Age (Melbourne newspaper) 84–85, 417, 533–34, 541
AJA see Australian Journalists’ Association (AJA)
Alexander, A.V. 542
Alexander, Fred 182, 290, 332
ALF see Australian Labour Federation (ALF)
All Australian Trades Union Congress (1921) 271–72
Allied Works Council 449, 466–67, 508
Amalgamated Miners’ Association 10
Amalgamated Society of Railway Employees (ASRE) 134
Anstey, Frank: meets JC 63–64; influence on him 64–66; tours with Mann 69; 1907 Victorian elections 103; opposes compulsory military training 115; backs Hyett 135; elevated to federal parliament 138; defence policy 139; prevails on JC to stand for 1914 elections 182; opposes the war 189, 197–99; and conscription 221, 225; encourages JC 221–22; and supports his move to Perth 235; The Kingdom of Shylock 249; praises the Russian revolution 286; urges JC to stand for 1925 elections 293, 297; minister in Scullin’s government 311; economic policy proposals 316, 317; opposes Premiers’ Plan 320; turns to alcohol 321; JC’s plan to leave Perth 325; JC forgives 326; considers retirement 334–37; presses JC to take over electorate 337; but alienates him 342–43; retires 357; dies 391
Anti-Comintern Pact 375
Anzac agreement (1944) 527–28, 537–38
Arbitration Act amendments (1913) 164
Argus (Melbourne newspaper) 156, 282, 460, 565
ASRE (Amalgamated Society of Railway Employees) 134
Attlee, Clement 542
Australia, HMAS 339
Australian Communist Party: formation 271, 278; formed 271, 278; influence increases 319; banned 382–83, 408–9; support grows 561
Australian Federation of Labor proposed 171
Australian Journalist 276–77
Australian Journalists’ Association (AJA) 248, 269, 275–76, 280–82, 296–97, 346, 583
Australian Labor Party see Labor Party
Australian Labour Federation (ALF) 246, 247–48, 278, 287, 292
Australian Natives’ Association 223
Australian Peace Alliance 190
Australian Workers’ Union (AWU): conference on Bush Union 161–62; ineffective agent of revolution 170; calls for union amalgamations 200; JC gets position with 215; passes anti-conscription resolution 219; rejects One Big Union concept 262–63; takes control of Westralian Worker 263; controls the WA Labor Party 280; gains preference in government employment 288–89; JC supports 336; JC warns of Australia’s position 399–400
B
Balaclava electorate 182
Banking Bill 562–63
banks, nationalisation of 311–12
‘Battle for Australia’ (revue) 482–83, 498
Battle of the Somme (film) 231
BBC 444–45
Beasley, Jack: rejects loan repudiation proposal 318; moves against Scullin 321; ALP rescinds expulsion 349; forms the Non-Communist Australian Labor Party 379; serves on Advisory War Council 392, 400; returns to Labor 395; receives cabinet post 417–18; attacks Theodore 449; responds to Japanese attack on Darwin 450; announces coal miners’ holiday restrictions 520
Bennett, Chris 213
Bennett, Scott 79
Bergin, Senior Constable Thomas 6–7
Bevin, Ernest 542
Bismarck Sea 500
Black, David 48, 289, 327
Blackburn, Maurice: JC clashes with 143–44; outbreak of war 187; JC’s trial 232; tempers Labor’s socialisation objective 273; praises the Russian revolution 286–87; hopes to succeed Anstey 334–35; votes for JC as Scullin’s replacement 341; predicts Evatt will oust JC 388; prediction of split proved wrong 394–95; rejects appointments to Works Council 449; loses seat 515; dies 532–33
Blamey, General: JC rejects requests for more Middle East troops 412; JC recalls from the Middle East 423; and resolves to recall troops from there too 453; arrives in Australia 464–65; in danger of dumping by MacArthur 477; checks defence of Port Moresby 484–86; MacArthur criticises 487–88; accompanies JC overseas 534, 535, 539, 540; JC’s illness 556; Tarakan Island landing 569
Boer War 57–58
Boote, Henry E. 323, 343, 457–58, 492
Booth, General William 78
Boothby by-election (1941) 404
Bourke, Con 33, 36, 42, 318
Bourke, John 5, 14, 33
Bourke, Mary (nee Egan) 33
Bowers, R. 162
Brand, J.C. 350
Brett, General George 441, 477
Brinton, Catherine 6–8
Brinton, Irwin 6–9
‘Brisbane Line’ 503–5, 508
British assisted immigration policy: opposed by labour movement 165–66; supported by WA Labor Party 294; temporary suspension of scheme 309–10
British War Cabinet 410–11, 443
Broken Hill miners, lockout of 116–17, 124–25, 135
Bruce family 92, 103, 118–19, 126, 428
Bruce, Mrs 101
Bruce, Beryl (‘Bobbie’, later Glenie) 92, 103, 146, 396, 428, 556
Bruce, Jennie (Jen) 92, 103, 126
Bruce, Stanley Melbourne: receives report on international labour conference 286; plans to amend the Immigration Act 295; portrays the Labor Party as Bolsheviks 298; establishes commissions to avoid decision-making 303; calls 1928 election 303; grapples with industrial relations 307; supporters rebel 307–8; loses seat 308; entreated to return as PM 367; in London 376, 420, 540; Churchill enlists support 448; supports Page’s proposal to divert troops to Ceylon 456
Bruce Government 295, 298, 303, 307
Brunswick: the Curtins move to 25–26; they leave 33; and return 44, 45–47; Boer War 57; Federation celebrations 58–59; the Curtins move house 126; post-Gallipoli recruiting drive 197; petition supporting conscription 223; anti-conscription street meetings disallowed 225
Brunswick and Coburg Leader (newspaper) 223
Bulletin magazine 184, 272
Burma, AIF troops diverted to 453–55, 457
Burns, Paul 504
Bush Union proposed 161–62
Byrnes, James 536
C
Cain, Jack 189
Cairo conference (1943) 521–22
Calwell, Arthur: party’s decimation 323; 1940 election 389; favours challenge to Fadden 412; ALP in power 418; opposes conscription 427, 501; JC proposes to circumscribe conscript territory 491; elected to ministry 517; made Information Minister 517; tries to replace national anthem 523–24; instigates censorship 536; JC’s illness 556, 573
Cameron, Archie 413
Cameron, Clyde 400
Cameron, Don 238, 246, 491
Canada, JC visits 546
Canberra: JC moves to 306; life in 312–13; JC decides to make a proper capital 473
Casey, Richard 374, 377, 409, 420, 462
Catholic Worker (newspaper) 372
Catholics: Irish see Irish Catholics; versus Protestants see sectarianism
Ceylon, AIF troops directed to 455–56
Champion, Henry Hyde 68–69, 79, 109
Charlton 33, 34–42, 228
Charlton, Matt 293
Charlton, Peter 569
Charlton Literary Society 38
Chester, Alan 247, 334, 348
Chifley, Ben: begins friendship with JC 312–13; appointed to banking commission of inquiry 343; returned to parliament (1940) 389; JC relies on 396; becomes Treasurer 417; JC’s depression 468; Banking Bill 562; JC’s chosen successor 568; JC’s illness 570, 573, 574; and death 575, 576
Chomley, Chief Commissioner 24
Christian Brothers 29–31
Churchill, Winston: refuses to consider peace with Germany 377; promises help 399; gets commitment from Menzies for Australian troops 401; JC assures of cooperation 419–20; Singapore strategy 422–23; unreliable 432; promises Menzies aerial support for Singapore 437; suggests shifting Australian troops from Middle East to India 438, 581; outraged by JC’s Christmas message 438–39; JC’s frustration with 440; fobs off requests for reinforcements 442–43; abandons Singapore 444; which falls 448; redirects Australian troops to Burma 452–55; fobs off call for Pacific War Council 459; public spat with JC over Casey’s appointment to War Cabinet 460–61; JC appeals for reinforcements 466, 483–84, 496–97, 582; meagre contribution 474; presses JC to leave troops in the Middle East 489; Evatt tries to extract air commitment 511; JC seeks information 520–21; JC meets with 540–41; opposes JC’s proposal for closer imperial cooperation 543; Prime Ministers’ conference 545–46
Cleaver, Horace 397–98
Cleland, Rachel 553–54
Colebatch, Hal 261–62
Coles, Arthur 384
Coles, A.W. 409, 412, 414, 529
Collier, Philip: meets JC 63; leaves Melbourne for Perth 238; becomes Labor leader 240, 246; fined 251; attends G-G’s 1918 conference 256; sacks Simons 283; leads Labor Party back to power 288–90; voted premier 297; supports British immigration 294; swept from power 312; JC supports 330; view of JC 332
Collins, John 554
Commonwealth Bank 164, 314, 562–63
Commonwealth Council of Federated Unions 280
Commonwealth Grants Commission 330, 333
Commonwealth of Australia established 57–59, 60
Communist Party see Australian Communist Party
compulsory military training: Labor Party support 115–16, 127, 138–39, 181; extension of age 138–39; trade union attitude 172; Labor rescinds support 258–59
Congress of Australian Trade Unions (1916) 220
conscription
First World War: introduction of War Census Bill 204–5; VSP introduces No Conscription Fellowship 205; anti-conscription activities by VSP 212–13, 216–21, 224–32; Labor Party’s weakening resolve 220; opposition by trade union movement 221; 1916 referendum 224; defeated 231–32; and defeated again in 1917 250–51
Second World War: JC refuses introduction in 1941 427–28; introduction of industrial conscription 466–67; JC forces modification in 1943 489–92, 493; through Militia Bill 497–98, 500
Constitutional Convention (1942) 549
Cook, Sir Joseph 285–86
Coral Sea, Battle of 469–70, 471–72
Corio by-election (1940) 377–78
Cosmopolitan Committee of the VSP 111
Costello, Father Michael 36
Cottesloe 267–68, 284, 299–302, 458, 467
Council of Action (1921) 272
Country Party: 1937 campaign 352; returns to coalition with the UAP 377; takes over government from UAP 412–14; remains in Advisory War Council 530
Courier-Mail (Brisbane newspaper) 445, 517
Courtney, Victor 239
Cox, E.H. 560
Crawford, Senator 531
Creswick: JC’s father transferred to 2–3, 9–13; JC’s early life 19–20; and childhood 23–24; the Curtins leave 25; 1937 election campaign 355
Cripps, Sir Stafford 541–42
Cross, Sir Ronald 533
Curtin, Dennis (JC’s uncle) 3–4
Curtin, Elsie (JC’s daughter): born 251; childhood 300–301, 302; teenage years 328; grown up 347; attends Thelma Southwell’s wedding 445; and her own 488–89; spends time with JC in Canberra 499; plans to visit him in Melbourne 557; JC’s recovery 559, 561
Curtin, Elsie (nee Needham, JC’s wife): early life 146, 148–49; meets JC 149–51; in JC’s thoughts 153–54; JC fails to court 163; but finally proposes 185; leaves for South Africa 185; JC feels absence 201; nature of JC’s relationship with 203; JC’s letters to 207, 208–9, 214, 215; returns to Australia 209–10; JC’s imprisonment 234; marries JC in Perth 242–43; married life 246, 249; birth of daughter 251; parents move in 264; JC’s breakdown 265–66; moves to Cottesloe 268; takes charge of family finances 284; treasurer of Fremantle Labor Women’s Committee 293; everyday life in Cottesloe 301–2; 1928 campaign 304; Westralian Worker farewells 305; moves to Canberra 306; JC’s maiden speech 307; returns to Perth 310; JC’s election defeat 326; urges JC to reject government position 328; JC’s elevation to leadership 347; JC becomes PM 416; moves to Canberra again 419; Christmas 1941 434; 25th wedding anniversary 467; JC’s reasons for her remaining in Perth 467–68; JC’s depression 468; JC’s tribute to 479; 1942 birthday 487; daughter’s wedding 488; follows JC to Melbourne 516–17; accompanies JC overseas 533, 535–39, 546–47; returns to Perth 548; JC’s heart attack 555–58; in Canberra for JC’s illness 561, 567–68, 572, 574–75; and his death 575
Curtin, Frank (JC’s nephew) 318–19, 556
Curtin, George (JC’s brother) 15, 46, 52, 201, 575
Curtin, Hannah Frances (JC’s sister) 15
CURTIN, JOHN (JACK)
childhood: birth (1885) 15–16; baptismal name 16; effect of father’s illness 18–20, 25; growing up in Creswick 21–23; moves to Melbourne 28; St Francis’s Boys School 29–30; moves to Charlton 33; friendships for life 36, 42; Charlton state school and enlightenment 37–41; develops interest in sport 42; exposed to non-Catholic society 43; changes homes again 43–44; final retreat to Brunswick 44–47; peripatetic education 48; poverty and hardship 50–52; early interest in politics 60
early working life: enters workforce at age 14 47; office boy with The Rambler 49; apprentice at Brunswick Potteries 49; copy boy at the Age 49; page boy at Reform Club 49–50; the family breadwinner 52; gains permanent position as clerk at Titan Manufacturing Company 72–73; and becomes member of Tinsmiths’ Union 74
Catholicism: breaking the ties 43, 47, 131–32; association with Salvation Army 53–55; embraces socialism 55–56; turns to rationalism 131–32; deathbed 572–73
family and personal life: sweethearts with Annie Gunn 93; till her untimely death 98; letters to Jessie Gunn 103–7, 110, 112–14, 118–20, 121–23, 126–27, 129–30, 132–34; death of aunt 121; subject to bipolar disorder 123; battle with alcohol 145, 180, 183–84, 221–22, 302–3, 308, 311, 319, 321, 332–33, 348, 365–66, 396–97; friendship with Needham family 148–55; courts Elsie Needham 162–63; proposes to her 185; bachelorhood 201; marries Elsie 242–43; moving up in Perth 243, 246, 267–68, 284, 368; birth of daughter, Elsie 251; death of father 260; death of Frank Hyett 260–61; breakdown and depression 265–66; ill again 268–69; birth of son, John Francis 273; effect of party leadership on home life 347–48; death of mother 361; death of Frank Anstey and Tom Mann 391; collapses under strain 394; friends and colleagues 395–98; contracts pneumonia 407–8; moves into the Lodge 418–19; debilitating effect of the war on health 455, 456–58, 468, 480; Elsie remains in Perth 467–68; separation from children 499; health deteriorates 520
the socialist path: influence of Frank Anstey 63–66; and Tom Mann 67–71; fellow acolyte with Frank Hyett 71–72; utopian visions 73–74; Sunday socialism 79, 81, 84, 86, 89–91, 94, 96; reality in slums survey 82; member of Social Questions Committee 82; prominence in VSP 87; contributor to the Socialist 88, 103, 116, 126, 129, 138; socialism provides an alternative ‘religion’ 89–91; an extended ‘family’ 91–92; and close personal attachments 92–93; straddles the political fence 102–3; against compulsory military training 115–16, 139, 181; loses Tom Mann 127–28; becomes Secretary of the VSP in 1910 140–41; resigns in 1911 141; clashes with radicals 143–44
Timber Workers’ Union: appointed as secretary in 1911 142; successes and setbacks 142–43; strives for amalgamation of related unions 143, 160–62, 171, 178, 200, 209; influence increases 155–56; establishes the Timber Worker 157; elected as federal president in 1913 162; publishes articles against immigration 165–66; and employment of women 166–67, 202; growing strength of union 168; reelected as secretary in 1913 170; frustrated with pace of revolutionary change 170–72, 176–77, 178; Secretarial Tour 174–77; Eight-Hour Day procession in 1914 177–78; re-elected as federal president in 1914 178; agitation versus administration 178; stands as Labor candidate in 1914 election 182–84; First World War and antiwar stance 186–89, 199–201; pro-internationalism 190; against profiteering 191; calls for solutions to unemployment 191–92; and urges ‘collective study’ of socialism 192; Eight-Hour Day procession in 1915 193–94; decline in union membership 206; and revenue 206; embezzlement by Schunke 207; resigns as secretary 208–11, 213–14
Australian Workers’ Union: continues anti-war rhetoric 213; becomes consultant in 1915 215; One Big Union 215; anti-conscription campaign 218–21, 224–31; arrest and gaol 232–33
Westralian Worker: appointed as editor in 1917 235; early editorials 239–41; support for White Australia Policy 243–44; increasing role with WA Labor Party 246–48; joins the AJA 248; leading proponent in anti-conscription campaign 250–51; peace propaganda 254–58; One Big Union issue continues 263, 268–69; stands for seat of Perth in 1919 263–65; elected president of AJA in WA 269; attends All Trades Union Congress 271–72; education for journalists 275–76, 299–300; combined with political spruiking 276–77; social revolution versus parliamentary reform 274–78; reform wins and JC moves to Labor 278, 288; politicising the AJA 280–83, 297; delegate to international labour conference in 1924 284–86; admiration for Bolshevik revolution 286–87; Seamen’s Union dispute and attack on JC 290–96; stands for seat of Fremantle in 1925 293, 297–98; interest in AJA wanes 296–97; routine and domesticity 299–303; appointed to royal commission on child endowment 303; stands again for Fremantle in 1928 303–4
Member for Fremantle: elected in 1928 304; maiden speech 307; elected again in 1929 308; rejected as cabinet member 308; on the backbench 309; Canberra and the ‘South Caucus’ 312–14; economic and political turmoil 314–18; denounces Lang 319; and Scullin 320; loses seat in 1931 election 322–23; looks to the east 323–24; but remains in the west 325–26; as journalist 327; as Labor publicity officer 327; and as parent 328; immerses himself in WA state election campaign 330; rejects Anstey’s federal seat 334–37; wins Fremantle back in 1934 election 337; appointed to Opposition frontbench and caucus 339; defence and international relations policy 339–41; stands for leadership of the Party 341
Leader of the Labor Party in Opposition: elected in 1935 341–42; falls out with Anstey 342–43; local versus imperial defence 345–46, 350–53, 358; 1937 federal election 354–56; threat from Japan 358–59, 375; war with Germany looms 359–61, 362, 366–67, 370; opposition to involvement in war 360–61, 362–63, 365; moves no-confidence motion in Lyons 363–64; Menzies assumes government 367–68, 369; national register of manpower 369; earns ‘Jaded Jack’ epithet 370; Menzies commits Australia to war 371–72; which JC opposes but recognises inevitability 372–73; resists national government proposal 373, 380–81, 387, 390–91, 404, 406–7; military effort and deficiencies 375–76; prime minister potential recognised 377; NSW Labor factional strife 378–79, 383; Australia’s strategic vulnerability 380, 381; fall of France 380; Italy enters the war 380; relationship with Menzies 382; narrowly wins back seat in 1940 election 384–85; new blood on the frontbench 387–89; participates in Advisory War Council 391, 392–93, 399, 400, 413; reunifies Labor Party 394–95; relationship with Fadden 398; Singapore Strategy 398–400; new stage of urgency 400–402; Evatt conspires 403–4; Menzies appeals 404; taking the long view 405–6; Menzies’s political ambition 409–11; precipitates his resignation 412; Fadden also resigns 414; Curtin has the numbers 414–15
Prime Minister: appointed in 1941 23, 415; ministry 417–18; continuing the war effort 419–22; establishment of production executive 421; turning to America 422; presages of war with Japan 422–24, 428–29; nationalism replaces internationalism 425–26; refuses to introduce conscription 426–27; loss of Sydney 427–28; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor 430; state of Australian defences 431–32; challenges Anglo-American agreement 432–33, 438–39, 473–74; war in the Pacific 434–37; ‘clarion call to nationhood’ 438–39; frustration with Churchill 438–39, 440, 442–43; America sends troops 441; of which some are black 441–42; failure of Singapore Strategy 442–43, 444, 446, 448; establishes Allied Works Council 449; Japanese attack Darwin 449–50; complete mobilisation 452; dispute over Burma 452–55; public image mirrors private man 458–59; exhortation to America 459–60; and arrival of General MacArthur 461–64; establishes Prime Minister’s War Conference 465; introduces industrial conscription 466–67; Battle of the Coral Sea 469–72; legislative and figurative shift to Canberra 472–73; presses for reinforcements from Allies 473–74, 483–84; Battle of Midway 475; further advances by the Japanese 476, 477–78; imposition of rationing 479; and austerity campaign 480–81; the fight for New Guinea 483–86, 487–88; forces modification of conscription policy 489–92, 493; through Militia Bill 497–98, 500; increased support from public 493–94; and the press 495; the long ‘holding fight’ 495–96; industrial troubles on the coalfields 500–501, 519–20, 550; ‘Brisbane Line’ 503–4; offensive against Japan begins 505; 1943 election 507–14; results in stunning victory 514; election of ministry 517; continues to support White Australia Policy 518–19; new-found attachment to the empire 522–25; Anzac agreement 527–28, 538; conservative brawling 529–31; travels to America and England 532–47; loses 1944 referendum on increased federal powers 549–50; suffers heart attack 555–58; embarks on social reform 561–63; health declines 566–75; refuses to resign 568–69, 573; death in 1945 1, 575; and funeral 575–76
opinions, values and beliefs: humility 60; revolutionary violence 88, 188; internationalism 96, 190, 244, 425–26; war 112, 188–89, 199–201, 213, 218, 360–61, 362–63, 365; compulsory military training 115–16, 139, 181; socialism 152, 169; immigration 165–66; sexual relations 180, 201–3; women in the workforce 202; White Australia Policy 230, 243–44, 294–95, 518–19; conscription 239–40; WA secession 331; defence and international relations 339–41
Curtin, John (Jack, JC’s son): born 273; childhood 300; relations with JC 327, 328, 499–500; teenage years 347–48; JC becomes PM 418; attends sister’s wedding 488; and his own 557; JC’s death 574–75
Curtin, John (JC’s father): arrives in Australia 3–4; joins the police force 5; charged with misconduct 6–9; transferred to Creswick 9–13; ill health 13, 17–19, 21, 24; mine disaster 13–14; marries 14–15; birth of children 15; relations with JC 19–20; forced by ill health to leave police force 24–25; leaves Creswick for Brunswick 25–26; financial effect of move 28, 32; moves to Charlton 33, 34–35; leaves there 41–42; manages country pubs 43–44; and returns to Brunswick 45–46; social status 51; politics 60; derided 65; JC’s marriage 201; syphilis 202; death 260
Curtin, Kate (Catherine nee Bourke, JC’s mother): early life 6; marries 14–15; birth of children 15; family role 20–21; life in a Melbourne pub 28; takes in sewing 52–53; politics 60; JC’s employment 73; his marriage 201; is ailing 318; dies 361
Curtin, Mary (Molly, JC’s sister) 15, 60, 575
Curtin, Michael (JC’s uncle) 3–4
D
Daily Mirror (Sydney newspaper) 445
Daily Telegraph (Sydney newspaper) 350, 381, 478–79, 515–16, 528, 548, 550
Dalton, Hugh 542
Darwin attacked by Japanese 449–50, 452–53
Dawson, Michael 45–46
Deakin, Alfred 78, 115
Dedman, John 421, 494–95
Denning, Warren 306–7, 311–12, 317
Dill, Field Marshal Sir John 537
Dinan, James 394
Dixon, Owen 496
Donnelly, Phyllis 313
Douglas Credit movement 332
Drakeford, Arthur 418, 519
Drouin 43
E
Eden, Anthony 359
Eichelberger, General Robert 516
Eight-Hour Day procession: in 1914 177–78; in 1915 193–94
Eight-Hour League 68
elections, federal see federal elections
Elizabeth, Princess 541
Elmslie, George 160
Empire Air Training Scheme 375
Empire Day 112
Empire Parliamentary Association 546
employment of women 166–67, 202
Evatt, Dr H.V.: early life 386–87; elected 386; dismayed by JC’s cooperation with Menzies 391, 393; Swan by-election 394; admitted to Advisory War Council 395; calls for joint administration 403–4; opposes Menzies’s absence 411; refrains from challenging Fadden 412–13; cultivates Wilson 414; assigned cabinet posts 417; response to Churchill’s decision to abandon Singapore 444; and then to divert AIF troops to Burma 454; dispatched to Washington 459; angles for permanent post there 461; attempts to secure US and British defence resources 473–74; gets aircraft from US 507; willing to join a national government 510–11; and prepared to lead it 511; fails to extract British air commitment 511; conference of Australian and New Zealand ministers 527–28; Anzac agreement 538; 1944 constitutional referendum 550; London meeting of Commonwealth representatives 566; popularity as JC’s replacement 569; in San Francisco during JC’s illness 573
F
Fadden, ‘Artie’: chairs Advisory War Council 395, 399, 400; JC cooperates with 398; JC praises 406; takes over government from Menzies 412–14; falls 414, 417; proposes national government again 435–36; strengthens the Advisory War Council 436; Militia Bill 498; ‘Brisbane Line’ 504; brings motion of no confidence 506; 1943 election 508; determines to remain in Advisory War Council 530
Fadden Government 414
Fairfax, Warwick 478
Fallon, Clarrie 400
federal elections: in 1903 75; in 1907 101; in 1910 138; in 1913 164–67; in 1914 184; in 1917 243–45; in 1919 263, 265; in 1928 303–4; in 1929 308; in 1931 332; in 1934 337; in 1937 354–56; in 1940 384; in 1943 507–14
federation of Australia, celebration of 57–59
Fenton, Jim 316, 317
First World War (see also conscription, First World War): Socialist Party opposition 182; divided loyalties in trade union movement 186–88; military censorship 189; Gallipoli 192, 193–95, 196; introduction of War Census Bill 204–5; the Somme 222; armistice in 1918 259
Fisher, Andrew: announces creation of an Australian navy 125; 1911 Imperial Conference 139; 1914 election 164–65, 186; approach of war 184; outbreak of war 191; opposes conscription 204, 205; shoved aside by Hughes 212
Fisher Government 164–65, 186, 191, 204–5
Forde, Frank: race to replace Scullin 341–42; Advisory War Council 392; opposes Menzies’s absence 411; becomes JC’s deputy 417; issues statement on JC’s WA visit 445; Japanese attack Darwin 450; announces release of manpower from services 535–36; fails to end coal strike 548; JC’s illness 560; London meeting of Commonwealth representatives 566; returns from San Francisco on JC’s illness 573–74; JC’s funeral 576
Fraser, Allan 311, 389, 416, 457
Fraser, Peter 541
Free Religious Fellowship 131
Fremantle: VSF-like features appear 254–55; police and strikers clash 261–62; JC stands unsuccessfully 297–98; 1928 elections 303–5; JC leaves 323; 1940 elections 386; JC visits in 1943 513
Fremantle Labor Women’s Committee 293, 304
Freudenberg, Graham 316
G
Gallipoli, effect of 193–95, 215–16, 220
Garner, Jean 479
Geneva international labour conference 284–86
George, King 541
Gibson, Sir Robert 310, 314, 315, 319
Gilmore, Dame Mary 480, 524
Glenie, ‘Bobbie’ (earlier Beryl Bruce) 92, 103, 146, 396, 428, 556
Gloucester, Duke of 524, 546, 560
Golden Fleece Hotel (Charlton) 33, 34–35
Goldstein, Vida 219
Gollan, Robin 364
Gollan, Ross 470, 471, 513, 547–48
Gowrie, Lady 419, 548
Gowrie, Lord 407, 409, 414–15, 418, 427–28, 442, 494, 531, 548–49
Grady, Sergeant 24
Graham, John 23
Grant, Norman 233
Great White Fleet 115
Green, Frank 281–82, 312, 457, 466–67
Green, ‘Texas’ 309
Guadalcanal 477–78
Gunn, Annie (Nancy) 93, 94, 98
Gunn, Ethel (later Hyett) 93, 98, 103, 132, 135–6, 145
Gunn, Gertie 130, 133
Gunn, Jack 93, 101, 262, 297
Gunn, Jessie: JC turns to 103–4; JC’s letters to 103–7, 110, 112–14, 118–20, 121–23, 125, 126–27, 129–30, 132–34; finally meets him 136
Gunn family 92–93
Gwydir electorate 352
H
Hall, Ken 458
Hall, Richard 495
‘Hands-off-Russia’ resolution 378–79
Hankey, Lord 542
Hardie, Keir 96, 109, 129
Harker, Elsie 68–69
Harrison, Rev. Hector 314, 445–46, 447, 509, 569–70, 571–72, 574–75
Hasluck, Paul: in Perth 241, 276, 283; elected to AJA committee 296; attends university lectures 300; on Walter Murdoch 332; JC entices into the public service 394; on Fadden 398; Japanese attack Darwin 450; on Evatt’s manoeuvring to lead a national government 511; Anzac agreement (1944) 527–28; JC admonishes 565; praises JC’s achievements 583–84
Herald (Melbourne newspaper) 438, 494, 520
Hitler, Adolf: JC’s views on 373
Hobart 145, 149, 162–63
Hoffman Brick Company 46
Holloway, E.J. (Ted): committee to oppose conscription 221; Trades Hall raided 224–25; effect of anti-conscription campaign on JC 227; moves to overturn Labor’s support of compulsory military training 258; response to formation of Communist Party 271; Bruce prosecutes 307; wins Bruce’s seat 308; race to replace Scullin 341; JC under strain 455; elected to ministry 517; transport strike 528; JC’s illness 573
Holman, W.A. 205
Holt, Edgar 505, 507, 510, 513
Horner, David 465, 488
Hotz, A.C.C. 282
Hughes, Billy: pushes for compulsory military training 115, 138–39; 1914 election campaign 186; tightens the War Precautions Act 198; opposes conscription 204; retreats from opposition to conscription 205; becomes PM 212; pushes for military recruitment 216; misses chance to introduce conscription 217; conscription plebiscite 223–24; loses conscription referendum 231–32; moves to join conservatives 232; forms Nationalist Party with the conservative opposition 239; wins 1917 election 244; second attempt at conscription plebiscite 250; conscription measure rejected 251; formally resigns, and sworn in again 256; G-G’s 1918 conference 256; determined to grab German Pacific territory 257; proposal to reduce wages 278; rebels against Bruce 307; book about Australia’s defence 340–41; lead-up to war 363; challenges Menzies for leadership 368; introduces National Security Bill 373; JC’s likely parliamentary defeat 385; strengthens the Advisory War Council 436; calls for more aggressive attitude to Japanese landings 476–77; censored 478; JC introduces conscription 498; Militia Bill 498; attacks JC’s war leadership 507; 1943 election 508, 514; rejoins the Advisory War Council 530; and is expelled from the UAP 531
Hughes Government 212, 216, 217, 232
Hull, Cordell 536, 537–38
Hunter, James (Jim) 483, 501, 522, 567
Hyett, Ethel (nee Gunn) 93, 98, 103, 132, 135–36, 145
Hyett, Frank: early years 71–72; secretary of the SDP 79; takes up with Ethel 93; Mann’s lecture on the Paris Commune 94; Annie’s death 98; arrested for public speaking 100; 1907 socialist conference 102; friendship with JC 103, 110, 113, 134–35; attacked by Mizon 110; 1909 SFA conference 126; engaged to Ethel 132; appointed to ASRE 134; marries Ethel 135–36; withdraws from the VSP 136; cricket 140; negotiates union amalgamations 143, 161; publishes journal 157; promotes workers’ education 179; supports The World 180; supports Anstey’s anti-war stance 198; opposes conscription 219, 221, 234; dies 260–61
Hyett, Nancy 136
I
immigration, British see British assisted immigration policy
Immigration Act 295
Imperial Conference (London 1911) 139
Independent Labour Party (UK) 68
industrial relations see trade union movement
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 110, 137
influenza epidemic 259
internationalism 62, 95–96, 190, 244, 425–26
Irish Catholics: settlement in the colonies 3–4; early employment opportunities 4; in police force 5; community in Brunswick 45–46
Iron Workers’ Union 444
Isaacs, Sir Isaac 524
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) 110, 137
J
James, Sir Walter 366
Japan: attacks Pearl Harbor 430–32; Australia declares war on 432; intensifies attacks on islands to the north 443–44; invades Singapore 446; attacks Darwin 449–50; Battle of the Coral Sea 469–70, 471–72; Battle of Midway 475; invades New Guinea 476, 483–86
Johnson, Nelson 486–87, 506, 558
Jones, Percy 81, 83, 100, 102, 137, 140, 502
Jordan, Edith 21, 28
Joyce, Gladys 414–15, 449, 482, 512, 514, 527, 548, 556
K
Katz, Fred 217
Kawai, Tatsuo 423–24
Kenafick, Tom 330
King, Admiral Ernie 536
King, Mackenzie 543
Kingdom of Shylock, The (Anstey) 249
Kitchener, Lord 138
Krantz, Harry 404
Kurrajong Hotel (Canberra) 312–14, 347, 509
L
Labor Call (newspaper) 139, 159, 184, 221
Labor Party, federal: establishment of a branch network 69–70; in office 75–76, 83; 1905 conference 78; 1907 conference 102; conflict with the VSP 102–3; ‘racial purity’ policy 114, 78, 127; support for compulsory military training 115–16, 127, 138–39, 181; 1913 election 164–67; 1914 election 184, 186; conscription see conscription; Hughes splits party and forms Nationalists 239; 1917 election 245; 1918 conference 258; 1919 conference 262; 1921 conference 273; 1928 election 304; 1929 election 308; economic and political turmoil 314–18; and rise of Jack Lang 316, 318, 319, 320; 1931 election 322; Douglas Credit movement 332; 1934 election 337; 1937 election 354–56; 1940 federal election 384; 1943 election 507–14
Labor Party, NSW Branch see NSW Labor Party
Labor Party, Western Australia Branch see WA Labor Party
labour movement (see also Labor Party; socialism): beginnings 62; Tocsin Clubs 63; Victorian Labour Federation 63; Sunday socialism 79, 81, 84, 86; against assisted British immigration 165–66; worker’s tutorial classes 178–80; establishment of The World 180–81; delegates to international labour conference in 1924 284–86
Ladies’ Benevolent Society (Charlton) 35
Laidler, Percy 120, 137, 349
Lalor, Peter 10
Lang, Jack: swept into office 297; disavows intention of reducing wages and pensions 316; proposes repudiation of British loans 318; JC attacks 319; supports Premiers’ Plan 320; JC’s views of 323; Theodore’s view of 326; 1934 election 337; ALP rescinds expulsion 349; lead-up to war 362; forms the Non-Communist Australian Labor Party 379; Militia Bill 505
Lang, John Dunmore 4
Langmore, Diane 149
Lara convalescent home 221
Latham, Sir John (Jack) 131–32, 380, 420, 483
Lawson, George 516–17
League of Nations 344–45
Lee, Norman 439
Letterkenny Hotel (Brunswick) 26, 29
Lewis, Essington 420
Liberal Party formed 563
Lindsay, Norman 15–16, 19, 23, 49
Lindsay, Robert 15–16
Lloyd, Clem 495
London, Jack 84
Lovekin, Arthur 275, 296
Lyons, Joe: the meeting of JC and Elsie 149; Scullin’s absence 316–17; resigns from Cabinet 317; rejects loan repudiation proposal 318; popular support 319; supports Premiers’ Plan 321; backed by Nationalists 322; 1934 election campaign 338; concern over Japan 351; 1937 election 353–54, 355, 356; lead-up to war 361, 362, 367; JC moves no-confidence motion 363–64; opposed by Murdoch 366; dies 367
Lyons Government 364
M
MacArthur, General Douglas: Philippines 424, 441; appointed supreme commander in Australia 461–66; arrives 463; JC welcomes 581–82; advises JC of Battle of the Coral Sea 472; urges JC to demand recall of troops 474; Battle of Midway 475; Japanese in New Guinea 484–86; criticises Australian officers 487–88; JC congratulates over victory 496; plans attack on Rabaul 500; announces offensive against Japan 505; Mrs Roosevelt arrives in Australia 516; tensions 521; commemorative dinner 531–32; JC’s return 547
MacDonald, Ramsay 96, 100
Macedon 44
Mackay, General Iven 436
Mackay, Malcolm 499
McCallum, Alexander (Alex) 238–39, 250, 256, 262, 288, 291, 302, 358
McDonell, Angus 120
McEwen, Jack 395
McKell, Bill 487
McLaughlin, Fred 457, 468, 481–82, 501, 540, 570, 571–72, 575
McMullin, Ross 83, 277, 379, 439
Maher, Jim 551, 575
Mahon, Hugh 234, 237–38, 293
Makin, Norman 341, 385, 392, 411, 417–18, 572
Mann, Elsie 89, 95, 128, 502
Mann, Tom: arrives in Australia 62, 67–71; influence on JC 70, 579; works for the Labor Party 75–77; launches new crusade for socialism 78–82; establishes Social Questions Committee 81–86; attacked by the Age 84–85; appraisal of JC 87; heads the Victorian Socialist Party 87–89; lectures on the Paris Commune 94–96; cosmopolitanism 95–96, 111; theatricality 97; arrested for public speaking 100; declares the collapse of capitalism 101; 1907 socialist conference 102; farewells Hardie 109; attacked by Mizon 110, 116; re-elected 110, 112; sails for New Zealand 110; returns 116; visit of the US Great White Fleet 115; visits Broken Hill miners 116–17; arrested there 124–25; The Way to Win 125; 1909 SFA conference 126; returns to England 127–28, 129; legacy to the Australian socialist movement 127–28; gaoled for sedition 181, 336; outbreak of First World War 188; supports the war effort 195; 80th birthday 349; encourages JC 357; suffers stroke 391; in communication with JC 425; dies 502
Mannix, Archbishop 556
Marks, Enid 242
Marshall, General 537
Martin, Allan 359, 460
maternity allowance, introduction of 164
Melbourne Agreement (1930) 315–16
Menzies, Ivan 482, 498, 499
Menzies, Robert: AJA lawsuit 296; backs Lyons 317; attacks loan repudiation proposal 318; resigns from Lyons’s cabinet 367; succeeds him 367–68; introduces national register of manpower 369; commits Australia to war against Germany 370, 371–72; dispatches troops 374; agrees to Empire Air Training Scheme 375; diffuses the armed forces 375; ready for German peace offensive 376; brings the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP 377; denounces ALP NSW anti-war motion 378; advised to pledge allegiance to US 380; attempts to prepare for defence against invasion 381–82; amends National Security Act 382; JC cooperates with 382; 1940 election 383–84, 386; JC refuses to support move against 389–90; creates Advisory War Council 392; 1940 budget 393; accedes to Churchill’s request for Australian troops 401; returns from trip abroad 403; appeals for unity 404; pressures JC 406; bans Communist Party 408; public support wanes 409–10; seeks to return to London 410–12; resigns 412; strengthens the Advisory War Council 436; warns JC against reinforcing East Indies 446; Churchill rejects as War Cabinet member 460; thanks JC for courtesies 492; Militia Bill 498; 1943 election 509–10, 514; withdraws UAP from Advisory War Council 529–31; denounces coal miners’ demands 550–51; keeps up the pressure on JC 552–53; forms the Liberal Party 563; pallbearer at JC’s funeral 576; but disparages his memory 583
Menzies Government 368, 369, 371–77, 381, 382, 383, 387, 390, 408–12
Mercury (Hobart newspaper) 448
Metropolitan Journalists’ Industrial Union of Workers of Western Australia 277
Midway, Battle of 475
Mildenhall, Adele 397, 407–8
Military Service Referendum 225
military training see compulsory military training
Militia Bill 497–98, 500, 505
Mitchell, James 289
Mizon, Walter 110, 116
Moral Rearmament Movement 481–82
Morris, William, News from Nowhere 73–74
Munro, James 28
Munro-Ferguson, Sir Ronald 256
Murdoch, Sir Keith 319, 366, 381, 502
Murdoch, Walter 275–76, 332, 339
Muscio, Mildred 303
N
National Security Act 373–74, 382
National Service Group 498
Nationalist Party 239, 307–8, 322
Nationalists, formation of 239
Needham, Abraham: JC seeks support 146–49; JC’s appreciation 151–55; influences JC’s view on White Australia Policy 295; moves in with the Curtins 264; helps out with Westralian Worker 269; death 280
Needham, Annie 264, 300, 419, 552
Nelson, Donald 558
New Australian Gold Mine collapse 13–14
New Guinea 469–70, 476, 483–86, 487–88, 495–96
NSW Labor Party: factional strife 378–79, 383; and reunification 394–95
News from Nowhere (Morris) 73–74
Niemeyer, Sir Otto 314, 315
No-Conscription Fellowship 205, 218
Non-Communist Australian Labor Party 379
O
OBU (One Big Union) 263, 268–9
O’Connell, Ellen 46, 121
O’Dowd, Bernard 131, 147
O’Dowd, Monty 238
One Big Union (OBU) 263, 268–69
Orange Lodge (Brunswick) 46–47
Orangemen march 46–47
Organisation of Labor Women (WA) 255
Ovenden, George 429
Ovenden, John 428–29
Ovenden, Yatala (Yat, nee Bruce) 92, 103, 126, 131, 349, 361, 396, 429, 552, 556
Overseas Shipping Bureau 290
P
Pacific War Council 459
Packer, Frank 159, 449
Packer, Gerald 350
Page, Earle 367–68, 420, 443, 444, 448, 453, 455–56, 484
Palmer, Nettie 421
Palmer, Vance 70
Pankhurst, Adela (later Walsh) 216, 239, 240–41, 257
Peacock, Alexander 22, 220
Pearce, Senator George 139–40, 155–56, 220, 233, 351, 420
Pearl Harbor attack 430–32
Percival, General 447
Perth: JC applies for job in 234–35; he arrives 239; his new life there 241–42, 247; VSF-like features appear 254–55; ALF adopts the Red Flag 259; JC stands for federal Parliament 263–65; politics 274; JC visits in 1942 444–45; for young Elsie’s wedding 488–89; twice in 1943 501–2, 512–13, 526–27; and again in 1944 553–55; his funeral 575–76
Perth Rotary Club 501
Phillips, Charles 38, 39–40, 43
Piesse, E.L. 340–41
Playford, Tom 490
police force, Irish Catholics in 5
Political Labor Council see Labor Party
Port Moresby 484–86, 488
Port Phillip Bay 43
Postwar Reconstruction, Department of 518
Prahran Free Speech Fight 100
Premiers’ Conference (Melbourne 1930) 315
Premiers’ Plan (1931) 320, 342
Press Censorship Advisory Committee 478
Price, Grenfell 441
Prichard, Katharine Susannah 246
Prime Minister’s War Conference 465
Protestants versus Catholics see sectarianism
Punch magazine (Melbourne) 184
R
racial purity policy see White Australia Policy
Rambler, The (magazine) 49
rationalism 131–32
Rationalist Society 483
‘Red Flag’ 95
Reform Club 50
Reid, Alan 479–80
Returned Soldiers’ League 426
Revolution in Russia and Australia (Ross) 273
Reynolds, Steve 162, 168, 208
Riley, Frank J. 226–27, 236
Riley, Fred 418, 439
Rischbieth, Bessie 442, 542
Rodgers, Don: post-election rail tour 344; after the 1937 election 357; JC’s character 389; JC’s office 407; assists JC 583; JC’s illness 585; Pearl Harbor attack 430; drafts JC’s 1941 Christmas message 439; defends JC 445; Japanese attack Darwin 449–50; JC under strain 468–69; Battle of the Coral Sea 470; JC’s relations with the press 495; Evatt prepares to lead a national government 511; advises JC on Ward 517; JC’s meeting with Churchill 541
Roosevelt, Eleanor 516, 537, 538
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: upset by JC’s Christmas message 438; Churchill enlists support 448; offers US troops 453; keen to establish Pacific command 462; JC appeals for reinforcements 466, 483–85, 496–97; presses JC to leave troops in the Middle East 489; agrees to provide aircraft 507; urges JC to visit Washington 516; he does so 537–38; and calls at the White House 547; death 567
Ross, Lloyd: commentary 48, 523, 60, 64, 65, 104, 149, 183–84, 218, 226–27, 241, 313–14, 333, 341, 390, 391, 394, 425, 541, 543–44; urges JC to support Spanish republicans 365; proposes anti-war motion 378; JC counsels 405; appointed to Dept of Postwar Reconstruction 518
Ross, Robert (Bob): opposes syndicalism 137; edits the Socialist 140–41; resumes leadership of Socialist Party 164, 167; opposes conscription 205, 221; JC’s resignation from the TWU 214; opposes conscription 214, 219; charged over anti-conscription pamphlet 224; Revolution in Russia and Australia 273, 286; death 585
Rowell, General 486
Ruskin, John 140
Russell, Senator E.J. 101, 160
Ryan, Tom 256, 258, 272–73
Ryce, George 290–91, 293
S
Sadleir, Superintendent 13–14
St Ambrose’s (Brunswick) 45
St Francis’s Boys School (Melbourne) 29–31
St Vincent de Paul Society 53
Salvation Army 53–55, 78, 79, 82
Scaddan, Jack 239–40
Schunke, E.W. 164, 168, 207
Scullin, James (Jim): wins 1929 election 308; rejects JC as cabinet member 308–9; Wall Street Crash 309–10; reforms 310; life in Canberra 314; acquiesces in conservative economic policy 314; leaves for Europe 315–16; undermined 316–17; rejects loan repudiation proposal 318; agrees to 1931 Premiers’ Plan 320; JC denounces 320; defeated 321; JC’s plan to leave Perth 324; 1934 election 337, 339; resigns 341; JC turns to for advice 343; JC relies on 396, 407; JC becomes PM 415; ALP in power 418; JC’s sensitivity 501; appoints Australian as G-G 524; but declines offer to become G-G himself 524; JC’s illness 556, 572
Scullin Government 309–10, 311, 339–40; economic and political turmoil 314–18
Seamen’s Union 290–91, 292–94, 295–96
Second Victory Loan campaign 554
Second World War (see also conscription, Second World War): threat from Japan 358–59, 375; war with Germany looms 359–61, 362, 366–67, 370; Menzies commits Australia to war 371–72; fall of France 380; Italy enters the war 380; Singapore Strategy 398–400; presages of war with Japan 422–24, 428–29; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor 430; war in the Pacific 434–37; Japan attacks Darwin 449–50; Battle of the Coral Sea 469–72; Battle of Midway 475; the fight for New Guinea 483–86, 487–88; offensive against Japan begins 505
sectarianism 4, 5, 22; Orangemen march 46–47
Serle, Geoffrey 104
SFA (Socialist Federation of Australia) 110, 114, 126, 144, 159
Shann, E.O.G. 275–76
Shea, Frances 299, 303–4
Shedden, Frederick: effect on JC’s defence approach 399; JC leaves in position 420; JC rejects requests for more Middle East troops 424; presses for defence measures 431; advises JC 432, 438; Japanese attack Darwin 450; Churchill’s decision to divert AIF troops to Burma 454; Prime Minister’s War Conference 465; imperial defence system 523; accompanies JC overseas 534, 540, 542
Sholl, Dianne 269–70, 277
Simons, J.J. 261, 283–84, 573–74
Sinclaire, Reverend Frederick 131, 136, 179
Singapore: useless in defence of Australia 351–52; prewar strategy 422–23; set to fall 446; falls 447, 448
Skurrie, Joseph 216, 219
Slessor, Kenneth 402
Smith, Forgan 362, 370
Smith’s Weekly 320, 476
Social Democratic League (WA) 246
Social Democratic Party of Victoria 70, 79, 83; formation 70, 83; demise 79
Social Questions Committee (SQC) 81–83, 86, 87 (see also later name Victorian Socialist Party (VSP))
socialism: capitalism and changes in the workplace 61; visit by Sydney and Beatrice Webb 62; revolutionary fervour of Tom Mann 62, 67–71, 75–77; and Frank Anstey 63–66; establishment of Social Democratic Party of Victoria 70, 83; and its demise 79; parliamentary versus trade union focus 75–77, 126; exposition and advocacy 79–81; formation of Social Questions Committee 81–86; leading to establishment of Victorian Socialist Party 86, 87
Socialist Federation of Australia (SFA) 110, 114, 126, 144, 159
Socialist (newpaper) 88, 99, 111, 116, 120, 141, 143, 159, 204
Socialist Party see Victorian Socialist Party
Socialist Savings Bank 140
Soldiers of the Cross (film) 54
South Australian Socialist Party 126
Southwell, Fred 396, 509, 568, 574
Southwell, Isobel (Belle) 313–14, 323, 325, 347, 366, 396, 397, 468, 509
Southwell, Jack 396
Southwell, Thelma 445–46
Spain, Jim 36, 39
Spence, W.G. 161
Spender, Percy 404, 530–31
SQC see Social Questions Committee (SQC)
Stanley, Matthew 311
State Savings Bank 319
State Wages Board (TWU) 168
Statute of Westminster 585
Street, Geoffrey 364
Sturdee, General 420, 431, 447, 454
Sun (Melbourne newspaper) 481
Sun (Sydney newspaper) 500–501
Sunday Telegraph (Sydney newspaper) 377–78, 487, 536
Supplementary Socialist (pamphlet) 110
Supreme War Council proposed 435–36
Swan by-election (1940) 393–94
Swebleses, Joe 99–100, 238
Sydney cruiser lost 427–28
Sydney Morning Herald (newspaper) 223, 342, 433, 470, 471, 495, 497, 513, 534, 547–48, 560, 566–67
T
Tangney, Senator Dorothy 516–17
Tate, Frank 37–39, 41–42, 43
Telegraph (Brisbane newspaper) 497
temperance movement 27–28
Theodore, Ted: claims JC unreliable 308; investigated by royal commission 314–15; 1930 budget 316; reappointed to Treasury 317–18; Senate rejects expansionary plans 319; JC plans to leave Perth 324; after JC’s loss 325–26; relationship with JC 326; JC tries to interest in credit expansion 329–30; 1931 loss 338; heads Allied Works Council 449; advises JC to adopt conscription 466
Throssell, Ric 527
Tillett, Ben 68–69, 96, 109, 117, 127
Timber Worker (newspaper): JC establishes 157, 158–60; supports Fisher 165–66; JC’s growing duties 168; and his union role 170; laments the tardiness of the revolution 171–72; reports on Warburton meeting 174–75; anniversary 176; advertises socialist tracts 179; rails against method of selecting parliamentary candidates 183; outbreak of war 188–90; reports increase in unionism 193; Anstey’s explusion 198; opposes the war 199–200; and conscription 225–26
Timber Workers’ Union: JC appointed secretary 142–43; his duties 145–46, 169; JC represents at conference on Bush Union 161–62; affirms separateness 164; grows in strength 168; Eight-Hour Day procession 178; 1914 report 178; resists calls for international affiliation 182; loses members to the war 206; as well as revenue 206–7; JC resigns 208–11, 213–14
Tinsmiths’ Union 74
Titan Manufacturing Company 72, 75
Tocsin Clubs 63
Tocsin (newspaper) 63, 76, 79
Tomas, Albert 288
Tonkin, Eric 407
Tonkin, John 327, 330
Toohey, Sub-Inspector 7–8
Total Abstinence Society 28
Tracey, Ray 457, 519, 559, 571, 575
trade union movement: early struggles 61, 83; relationship with socialist movement 75–77, 126; lockout of Broken Hill miners 116–17, 124–25, 135; principles backed by the SA Socialist Party 126; national congress in 1913 171–72; attitude to compulsory military training 172; Eight-Hour Day procession in 1914 177–78; First World War and divided loyalties 186–88; Eight-Hour Day procession in 1915 193–94; national congress in 1916 220; opposition to conscription 221; One Big Union issue 263, 268–69
Trades Hall Council (Melbourne): Mann becomes organiser 69; discourages criticism of the Labor Party 137; ineffective agent of revolution 170; supports strike in the event of war 181; jingoism 187; refuses to allow Socialist Party meetings 217; conference on conscription 219–20; police raid 224
Trainer, Percy 299, 332, 343, 365, 576
Treacy, Brother 29–30
Tudor, Frank 164, 256, 258
Tunnecliffe, Tom 101
U
UAP see United Australia Party (UAP)
Unemployment and Sickness Bill 508
union movement see trade union movement
United Australia Party (UAP): formed 320; absorbs the Nationalist Party 322; Watson stands for Fremantle 323; returns to coalition with the Country Party 377; in power 404–5; public support wanes 410; 1943 election 509–10, 514; withdraws from Advisory War Council 529–30
United Peace and Free Speech Committee 217
United States: Great White Fleet visits Australia 115; JC encourages involvement in Australia’s defence 422; build-up in the Philippines 424; Pearl Harbor attack 430–32; forces arrive in Australia 441; JC anxious for assistance 459–60; Macarthur appointed to Australia 461–62; Battle of the Coral Sea 469–70, 471–72; Battle of Midway 475; JC’s resentment of 522–23; reaction to Anzac agreement 528; JC visits 536–38
United Woodworkers’ Picnic and Luncheon (1913) 160
Universal Service League 204–5
University of Western Australia 275–76, 300
V
Versailles Treaty 373
Victorian Alps Hotel (Macedon) 44
Victorian Football Association 177
Victorian Labour College 179
Victorian Labour Federation 63
Victorian Railways Union (VRU) 135, 161
Victorian Socialist Party: establishment 87; and publication of the Socialist newspaper 88; revolution versus evolution 88–89; Sunday socialism 89–91, 94, 96; inclusive political focus 91–92; internationalism 95–96, 190; social functions 96–97; civil disobedience campaign 99–101; 1907 conference and conflict with Labor Party 102–3; 1908 conference and further schisms 114–15; 1909 conference and shift to industrial unionism 126; hostility to militarism 139; Tom Mann’s departure 127–28; ensuing void, dissension and decline 129, 137, 140–41, 143–45; leadership resumed by Robert Ross 164, 167; opposition to First World War 182; tenth anniversary celebration 203–4; conscription 205, 212–13, 216–21, 224–32; appointment of Adela Pankhurst 239
Victory Loan campaign 554
Villiers, L.J. 184
VRU (Victorian Railways Union) 135, 161
VSP see Victorian Socialist Party
W
Walker, Bertha 91–92, 100, 111, 128, 137
Wall Street Crash (1929) 309
Wallace, Vice-President Henry 536
Walsh, Adela (nee Pankhurst) 216, 239, 240–41, 257
Walsh, Tom 290, 295, 298–99
War Census 216
War Census Act 205, 217
War Precautions Act 198, 199, 213, 223, 224
Warburton 174–75
Ward, Eddie: supports loan repudiation proposal 318; tries to withdraw Labor from Advisory War Council 400; favours challenge to Fadden 412; cabinet post 418; calls for nationalisation 443; attacks Theodore 449; JC’s proposals to limit conscripts’ territory 491; and to conscript mine workers 500; ‘Brisbane Line’ 503–5, 508; stood down 507; re-elected to ministry 517; condemns Britain’s colonial record 529
Watson, Dave 242
Watson, William 298, 303, 323, 337
Watt, W.A. 182–83
Wavell, General 446–47
Way to Win, The (Mann) 125
Wayman, Ethel (‘Aunty’) 92–93, 94, 98, 349
Webb, Sydney and Beatrice 62
West Australian (newspaper), JC writes for 327
WA Labor Party: pro versus anti-conscriptionist conflict 239–40; structure and administration 246; radicalisation of members 259; controlled by AWU 280; in office (1924) 288–89; Seamens’ Union dispute 290–93, 295–96; moves to secede 331
Westralian Worker (newspaper): JC appointed to 234–35; 1917 federal election 243–45; control 246; offices 247; circulation 248; JC’s reforms 249; helps pay for touring speakers 254–55; and an orchestra 255; editorials on peace 257–58; AWU takes over 263; Needham helps out 264; JC’s editorials 270–71; attacks Simons 284; on the Bolshevick revolution 286; Seamen’s Union dispute (1924) 291; and their attack 292–94; increases JC’s salary 296; JC leaves for parliament 305; JC turns down editorship 327
White, Frank 162
White Australia Policy: enshrined in legislation 59; Labor Party’s ‘racial purity’ policy 78, 114, 127; Mann’s cosmopolitanism 80, 95; Hughes argues for compulsory military training 139; Timber Worker silent 226; 1916 anti-conscription campaign 229–30; Westralian Worker editorial 243; JC accepts 294–95; incompatible with international brotherhood 426; US black troops 441; JC calls for immigration 518–19; reinforced by JC 518–19; Labor Party 1943 conference 525; JC calls for less ‘race-ambition’ 563
Whitlam, Gough 308
Wilson, Alex 384, 414
Wilson, J.R. 144
Winch, Superindendent 8–9
Windsor Hotel agreement (1923) 296
WIUA (Workers’ Industrial Union of Australia) 263
women, employment of 166–67, 202
Women’s Organising Committee 202
Women’s Peace Army 219
Woodworkers of the World 182
Worker (Sydney newspaper) 198, 480
Workers’ Defence and Release League 234
Workers’ Educational Association 192, 300
Workers’ Industrial Union of Australia (WIUA) 263
Workers’ Tutorial Class Movement 178–79
World, The (newspaper) 180
World War I see First World War
World War II see Second World War
Wren, John 326, 335
Wynter, Lieutenant Colonel H.D. 350, 352
Y
Yarra Bank meetings (1916) 217, 219, 226–28
Young, W.R. 168
Young Comrades Contingent of the Socialist Army 103