The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 213–14, 215, 218, 219
abortion, xxi, 65, 89, 148, 313, 314
Abrams, Stacey, 189
ACA (Obamacare), 81–83, 86, 88, 310, 316
Adelson, Sheldon, 157–58, 163, 222
administrative law, 316–17
affirmative action, 124, 170, 201, 313–14
African Americans:
and Great Migration, 112
and Jim Crow, 197, 198, 210, 297
see also Brown; civil rights movement; race
age discrimination, Gross, xiv, xv, 202–4, 225, 226, 228
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) (1967), 197, 203, 254
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 1–5, 16, 19, 39, 41–45, 52–53, 73, 86–87, 89, 246
Alabama:
“man in the house” rule in, 1–5, 86, 101
voting rights in, 183–86
Alaska, wastewater in, 260–61, 266
Alexander, Michelle, 297–98
Alito, Samuel:
as conservative, 78, 82, 147–48, 188, 193, 206, 214–16, 244, 249, 269
on DNA collection, 268
and Ledbetter, 195–96, 197, 206, 214
named to Court, 77–78, 129, 147–48, 193, 202
Alston, Philip, 90
American Bar Association (ABA), 282–83, 284, 294
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 37, 66, 79, 84, 268, 294
American Express, 258–59
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 218–21
arbitration:
and alternative dispute resolution, 250–51
and class actions, 256, 257–60, 264–65
and effective vindication rule, 258
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 146, 149–50, 151
Bakke, Allan, 123–24
Ball State University, 206
Behrend, Caroline, 249
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002), 146–51
background of, 13
liberal views of, 13, 19, 40, 48
named to Court, 11
retirement of, 56
on right to counsel, 278–79, 280
Blackmun, Harry:
conservative views of, 52, 53, 63, 141
liberal views of, 72–73, 201, 286, 298–99, 300
and Nixon Court, 49, 53, 63, 103, 119, 121
BMW of North America, Inc., v. Gore, 236–37, 238–39, 240, 241, 263, 290
Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 128, 133
Boddie v. Connecticut, 63
Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 285–86
Boston Globe, 127–28
Bradley v. Milliken, 114, 116–23, 129, 130, 132, 133–34
Brennan, William J.:
and Buckley, 141
and Eldridge, 69
on forced arbitration, 253
and immigrant students, 124
and labor law, 209–10
as liberal, 13, 19, 32, 36, 40, 46, 49, 56, 120, 141, 144, 145, 280, 298
and McCleskey, 296–97
on police searches, 275–76
retirement of, 72
and Shapiro, 32
Brennan Center for Justice, 156, 187, 189, 190, 291
Breyer, Stephen, 269
and Bush v. Gore, 170
on forced arbitration, 257, 317
as liberal, 73, 76, 81, 82, 155–56
on punitive damages, 239
and Turner, 80
on voting rights, 188
Brown v. Board of Education, xvi, xx, 9, 11, 35, 48, 56–58, 60, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 108, 111, 117, 118, 120–22, 128, 129, 168, 199, 250
Buckley v. Valeo, 135, 137–43, 156, 163, 164, 190, 221
appointed to Court, xvii, 35–36, 49, 103, 198
background of, 35
and Buckley, 141
as chief justice, 38, 46, 72, 118, 274
conservative views of, xviii, 40, 43, 44, 52, 103, 119, 130, 141, 274, 298
and Milliken, 119–20
and Miranda, 274–75
and Nixon’s attacks on justices, 51, 56
Burger Court, 75
and Abood, 213–14
and criminal justice, 274–75, 279–80
and Dandridge, 43–47, 169–70, 198
end of, 69–70
and James, 52–55
pro-business tilt of, xxv–xxvi, 244
and Rodriguez, 92–110
Bush, George H. W., 84, 201, 236
Court justices named by, 72, 210
Bush, George W., xxvi, 178, 183, 236
administration of, 175, 217, 315
Court justices named by, 76, 147–48, 215
and 2000 election, 77, 167–73, 177, 186–87
Bush v. Gore, 149, 167–75, 176, 186–87, 190, 191, 192, 220–21
Butler, Paul, 295
class action waivers in, 257
Constitution: Article, 34, 54–55
DNA sampling in, 269
schools in, 95–97, 106, 108, 127
“three strikes and you’re out” in, 243, 288–90
two-track family law system in, 12–13
campaign finance, 135–66
and corporations, xx, 136, 137, 145, 146, 159, 221, 224, 230–31
and First Amendment, 135, 137–42, 155, 311
and PACs, 154–56
precedents overturned, 165–66, 221
public anger against, 165–66
reforms, 136–38, 141, 146–51, 311
spending limits, 136, 137–39, 140, 150–51, 155–56, 221, 318
at state level, 222
and the wealthy, xxvii, 135, 141–43, 145, 146, 157, 162–63, 221–22, 311
see also Buckley v. Valeo
Campbell, Curtis, 237–39, 262, 263
CarMax, 263–64
Carswell, G. Harold, 48–49
Carter, Jimmy, 84
cash bail, 293–94
Chamber of Commerce, 144, 157, 235, 245
Cheek, John, 299–300
children:
equal opportunity for, 110, 311, 318
as fundamental interest, 31
and incarceration, 202–3
parental support of, 44
of poverty, 4, 5, 42, 74, 75, 82, 87, 94, 102, 104, 105, 108, 302–3
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, xx, 144, 148–58, 164, 165, 310
Civil Rights Act (1866), 201
Civil Rights Act (1964):
and Griggs, 198–202
Title VII, 195–200, 203, 206–7
Civil Rights Act (1991), 201–2
civil rights movement, 14–15, 19, 35, 43, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64, 102, 108, 113, 182, 197, 272–73, 297–98
and class action suits, 245–46, 265
unraveling the progress of, 121–22, 128–29, 133, 184, 187, 198, 200–201, 207, 312
see also Brown
Clark, Tom, 19
Clarke, Kristen, 189
Class Action Fairness Act (2005), 247–48
class action suits, xxv, 53, 245–49, 256–60, 263–65
Clean Water Act, 260–61
Clinton, Bill, 70, 177, 219, 261
Court justices named by, 72, 84
and welfare law, xxvii, 73, 75
Clinton, Hillary, 148, 196, 217
CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), 268, 269
Coeur Alaska, 260–61
Comcast, 249
Commerce Clause, 7, 8, 177–78, 315, 316
Common Cause, 136
Concepcion, Vincent and Liza, 256–57, 263, 265
Congress:
and Civil Rights Act, 197
and forced arbitration, 257, 260
fundraising by members of, 158–59, 162, 163
and gerrymandering, 175–78, 190–91
and Ledbetter, xiv, 196, 197, 202
and legislative districting, 172
and minimum wage, 223–24
and NLRA, 209
special-interest contributors to, 157–59, 165–66, 224–25
taxing power of, 316
and voting rights, 172–73, 182, 184
see also campaign finance
Connally, John, 93–94
Connecticut, residency rule in, 30, 31–32, 36, 101
Constitution, U.S.:
bicentennial of, 69
and Goldberg, 40
interpretation of, 86, 107, 317
“negative” rights outlined in, 37
original intent of framers, 70, 315
Spending Clause, 82–83
Supremacy Clause, 257
on voting rights, 184
constitutional avoidance, 4, 150
Conyers, John Jr., 58
Coons, John, 96, 99, 106, 107–8
corporations, 233–66
and antitrust law, 249, 258–59, 261–62
anti-worker campaigns of, 224–25, 229
bottleneck monopolies, 261
and class action lawsuits, 245, 246–49, 258, 263–64
and conservative legal movement, 215
Court justices in support of, 58, 221, 242–45, 248, 263–66, 311–12
elections influenced by, xx, 136, 137, 145, 146, 149–50, 153, 154, 224–25, 266, 311
and environmental protection, 260–61
financial transfers to, 262–63
and First Amendment, 144, 152–53
and forced arbitration, 250–60, 264, 312
as persons, 152–53
and punitive damages, 235–43, 262, 263–64, 290, 312
rights of, xxv–xxvi, 144, 151, 152
and satellite regulatory system, 262–63
and soft-money loophole, 146–47
spending at state level, 222
and super PACs, 154–55, 156, 221
and tort reform, 235–36, 247, 249, 262
unlimited amounts of money in elections, 151, 153–56, 190, 221–22, 224, 230, 311
and wage theft, 224–25, 263–64, 312
wealth of, 53–54, 153, 156, 164, 190, 242, 266, 312
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 178–82
criminal suspects, rights of, 270–78
criminal trials, exclusionary rule in, 271–72, 279, 305
Dalio, Ray, 317–18
Dandridge v. Williams, 41–47, 54, 62, 66–67, 74, 87, 90, 101, 102, 169–70, 198
Dean, John, 26, 27, 28, 29, 51, 56, 60
democracy, 167–92
and Bush v. Gore, 169–75, 190, 192
eroding faith in, 165, 171, 311
gerrymandering as threat to, 176, 178
and voting, see voting rights
will of majority in, 188
Democratic Party:
core constituencies of, 191, 192, 220
undermining, 221
Detroit:
Eight Mile Wall in, 112
and Public Act 48, 114
race riot in (1967), 113
school segregation in, 111–23, 132
Dirks, Raymond, 298–99
discrete and insular minorities, 6–7, 8, 12, 65, 86, 242
DNA sampling, 267–70, 292, 306, 307, 312
Douglas, William O., 21
background of, 13
environmentalism of, 50
as liberal, 11, 13, 19, 36, 46, 50, 56, 65, 101, 120, 139, 280
named to Court, 11
Points of Rebellion by, 51
on protecting the poor, 4, 14, 17, 33, 34, 64
targeted by Nixon, 50–51, 139–40
Douglas v. California, 14, 17, 18, 279
Dred Scott v. Sandford, xx, 297
Due Process Clause:
and cash bail, 294
and plea bargaining, 285–86
and punitive damages, 234–43, 290
and tenants facing eviction, 61–62, 87
and welfare benefits, 4, 15, 38–40, 62
and workers’ wages, 34
Duke Power Co., 198–200
Dukes, Betty, 205, 225, 248, 262
Duncan, Frank, 7
Earthjustice, 260–61
Eastman, John, 316
economic inequality, see wealth gap
Economic Policy Institute, 215, 229, 230
Edelman, Peter, 74–75
education:
busing, 115–16, 122–23, 127, 132, 311
constitutional importance of, 102–3, 125
as fundamental interest, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 105, 124, 126, 127
Gun-Free Schools Act, 316
immigrant students, 124–25
inequalities in, xxvii, 100, 105–6, 108, 110–11, 131–34, 164, 310–11
local control principle in, 98, 102, 103–4, 118, 119, 121, 129
racially integrated, xxiv, xxvii, 89, 111, 318
school funding, xxiii, xxiv, 91–110, 130–33, 318; see also Rodriguez
school segregation, 111–23, 130, 133, 310; see also Brown
transportation fees, 125, 126–28
university admissions, 123–24
Edwards v. California, 7–8, 12–13, 14, 18, 33
Ehrlichman, John, 25, 29, 48, 50–51, 56
Eighth Amendment:
on excessive bail, 293–94
and “three strikes and you’re out,” 243, 289–90
Eisenhower, Dwight D., Court justices named by, 9, 11, 13, 19, 32, 35
Eisenhower administration, 35–36
Eldridge, George, 68–69
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 261–62
English “Poor Laws,” 30
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 260–61, 263
Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 317
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 195
Equal Protection Clause:
broad interpretation of, 169–70
and cash bail, 294
and death penalty, 296
on discrete and insular minorities, 5–8, 12, 47, 63–64, 242
and education, 91–110, 116, 120, 121–22, 127, 129
and footnote 4, 5–8
“fundamental fairness” under, 271
protecting the poor, 6–8, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 54–55, 279, 294, 310
purpose of, xxiii, 4, 127, 242
and right to counsel, 279
and voting rights, 175–76, 178–82, 192
essential facilities doctrine, 261–62
Estlund, Cynthia, 209
exclusionary rule, 271–72, 276, 279, 305
Exxon Valdez, 233–35, 240–41, 243, 262, 263
Fair Labor Standards Act, 315
Farm Bureau Life Insurance (FBL), 202–4
Federal Arbitration Act (1924), 254, 257, 259, 317
Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1910), 136
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) (1971), 136, 137–39, 140–41, 146
Federal Election Commission, 138, 147–48, 154
Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, 148
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on class action suits, 245–46, 247
Feingold, Russ, 146–48
Fifteenth Amendment, on voting rights, 184
Fifth Amendment, and Miranda, 273, 275
Finn, Chester E., Jr., 100
First Amendment:
and elections, 135, 137–42, 144–46, 149–50, 155, 311
and unions, 212–13, 214, 218, 219, 311, 317
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 143–45, 146, 153
Florida:
and Bush v. Gore, 167–69, 170–71, 172, 174, 177, 186–87, 221
schools in, 128
sentencing in, 295
voting rights in, 190
“working the buses” in, 276–77, 294, 299
Ford, Christine Blasey, 177, 309
Ford, Gerald:
and attacks on Douglas, 51, 139–40
Court justices named by, 140, 180
Ford Foundation, 97
Fortas, Abe:
background of, 20–21
as liberal, 19, 21, 23, 31, 33, 43, 46, 54, 67, 101
nominated as chief justice, 20, 22–24, 217
resignation of, xviii, 27, 29, 34, 50, 55, 107, 130, 198
targeted by Nixon, xviii, xix, xxiv, 24–30, 46, 48, 49, 60, 88, 107, 121, 168, 217
vacant seat of, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47
Fourteenth Amendment:
and due process, see Due Process Clause
and equal protection, see Equal Protection Clause
original purpose of, 235
Privileges and Immunities Clause, 8
Fourth Amendment:
and “exclusionary rule,” 272, 276
on searches and seizures, 53, 267–70, 271, 273, 275–76, 291, 304–7
Frankfurter, Felix, 11, 12, 250
Fried, Charles, xxii
Frontiero v. Richardson, 65–66, 84
Georgia:
death penalty in, 296
gerrymandering, 175–78, 190–91, 192, 221, 312
Getman, Julius, 212
Gideon’s Broken Promise (ABA), 282–83, 284
Gideon v. Wainwright, xx, 14, 18, 21, 46, 69, 78, 79, 94, 278–80, 282
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, xix
background of, 83–84
on class action suits, 205
and environmental protection, 260–61
on forced arbitration, 255, 259
as liberal, 76, 81, 83, 84, 85, 269
named to Court, 72
on punitive damages, 239, 240, 241
on racial harassment, xiii–xiv, 206–7
on sex discrimination, xiv, 66, 196
on voting rights, 185
Gochman, Arthur, 94, 100, 102, 105
Goldberg, Arthur, 13, 17, 21, 24, 272
Goldberg v. Kelly, 38–40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 54, 56, 62, 68, 69, 86–87, 90
Goodyear Tire & Rubber, xiv, xv, 193–97
Gorsuch, Neil, xix, 217–18, 259
Graham v. Richardson, 65
Great Depression, xxi, 5, 6, 10, 13, 207, 259, 317
Great Migration, 112
Griffin v. Illinois, 11–12, 18
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 198–202
Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., xiv, xv, 202–4, 225, 226, 228
Gun-Free Schools Act, 316
Habitual Criminal Act, 285
Harlan, John Marshall, II, 19, 36, 40, 44, 51, 56
Harmon, Larry, 188
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 17–18, 94, 139
Harrington, Michael, The Other America, 13, 68
Harrison, Benjamin, 171
Harvard Law Review, xxii, 37, 38, 240
Hayes, Paul, 285
Haynsworth, Clement F., Jr., 48, 49
Hazelwood, Joseph, 233–34
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 184
housing:
as fundamental interest, 62
racial discrimination in, 55, 112
Humphrey, Hubert H., xvii, 35, 67, 130
Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute, 188–90
incarceration rates, xv, xxv, xxvii, 87, 288–93, 294–97, 301–3, 312
intermediate scrutiny, 66, 74, 88
Italian Colors Restaurant, 258–59
Jackson, Robert, 8, 12, 14, 59, 60
James, Barbara, 52–54
Janus v. American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 218–21, 317
Japanese Americans, in internment camps, xxi, 10–11
Johnson, Lyndon B.:
and civil rights, 113, 182, 197
Court justices named by, xvii, 17, 19, 105, 272
failure to fill Warren’s seat, 46, 217
and Great Society, xvii, 15, 22, 86
withdrawal from election, xvi, 22
juries:
sincerity to be judged by, 299
unbiased, 242
jury trials, 279, 284–85, 286, 294, 305
Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, 125, 126–28
Kagan, Elena, 150, 178, 181, 305
background of, 218–19
on forced arbitration, 258–59
on Janus, 218–19
as liberal, 81, 82, 155, 178, 219, 269
named to Court, 78
Kane, John L., Jr., 293
Kaplan, Benjamin, 246
Kavanaugh, Brett, xxii, 177–78, 309, 310, 313
Kelly, John, 38–40, 44, 46, 54, 68, 69
background of, 151–52
and Citizens United, 151, 152, 310
as conservative, 76, 82, 129, 147, 150, 200, 244, 249, 269, 300, 310, 313
on gay rights, xxi, 151, 313–14
on gerrymandering, 176–77
on punitive damages, 238
retirement of, xix, 177, 309–10
as swing justice, 78, 151, 309, 313
Kennedy, Edward M., 71
Kennedy, John F.:
Court justices named by, xxi, 13, 19, 64, 272
Kennedy, Robert F., xvi, 64, 279
Kerner Commission, 113–14
Kerrey, Bob, 157
King, Alonzo, 267–70
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 4, 14, 18–19, 182
King v. Smith, 1–5, 19, 20, 44, 86, 92, 246
Kluger, Richard, Simple Justice, 60
Koch, Charles and David, 157, 163, 215
Kras, Robert, 62
Ku Klux Klan, xiii, 20, 132, 206
Kwapnoski, Christine, 205, 228
labor law, see unions
law enforcement:
open warrants in, 304–5
oppressive forms of, 306–7
racial discrimination in, 294–98, 306
and rules of evidence, 273, 275
stop-and-frisk, 277–78, 303–7, 312
Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, 210–12
Ledbetter, Lilly, xiv, xv, 193–97, 214
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 195–97, 202, 206
legal services offices, 16, 69, 79, 160
Levin, Sander, 160
Lewis, Anthony, Gideon’s Trumpet, 279
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009), xiv, 197, 202
Lincoln, Abraham, 22
Lindsey v. Normet, 61–62, 87, 102
Louisville, Kentucky, schools, 129–30, 132–33
Ludlow Massacre, Colorado (1914), 207
Maddin, Alphonse, 218
“man in the house” rule, 1–5, 19, 44, 52, 86, 92, 101
Mapp v. Ohio, 271–73, 274, 275, 278, 291
March on Washington (1963), 14–15
maritime law, 240–41
Marshall, Thurgood, 51–52, 141, 254
as liberal, 4, 19, 23, 36, 56, 83, 84, 101, 141, 144, 145, 146, 243, 277, 280, 294, 298, 300
and Milliken, 120–21, 122, 133
and Miranda, 275
and poverty law, 47, 54, 55, 75
and protecting the poor, 45, 46, 53–54, 63, 127, 281
and Rodriguez, 101, 104–6, 107, 133
Martin, Emma Mae, 211, 243, 301
Maryland:
AFDC benefits in, 41–45
DNA Collection Act in, 267
Maryland v. King, 267–70, 306, 307
Mathews v. Eldridge, 68–69
McCain-Feingold Act, 146–51, 155
McCleskey v. Kemp, 296–98
McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 147–48, 150, 151
McDonald’s, 236
Medicaid expansion, 81–83, 85, 88
Medicare, Part D, 160–61
Meese, Edwin, 70
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 199–200
Michigan:
elections in, 146
middle class:
reduced rights of, xxiv, xxvii, xxviii, 192, 311
Warren Court support of, xxiii, 310
Miers, Harriet, 77
Miller, Arthur, 262–63
Milliken v. Bradley, 110–11, 114, 135
see also Bradley v. Milliken
Miranda v. Arizona, 273–75, 278, 279, 292
Mississippi, voting rights in, 185, 189–90
Mother Jones, on drug costs, 160
MoveOn.org, 153
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 84
Muniz, Joseph, 281–82
NAACP, 3, 4, 100, 105, 114–15, 116, 174, 197, 198, 295–96
National Education Association, 219, 220
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 81, 88
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (1935), 207, 208–9, 212, 259, 315, 317
National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) (1993), 188, 192
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), 18, 67–68
National Women’s Law Center, 196, 227
New Deal, xxi, 5, 10, 20, 33, 73, 209, 311, 314–17
Newsweek, 60
New York City, 68, 273, 278, 293
New Yorker, The, 160
New York Stock Exchange, 254
New York Times, The:
on Burger’s nomination, 274
on Bush v. Gore, 171
on corporate powers, xxvi, 240, 243–44
on employment law, 201
on exclusionary rule, 272
on minimum wage, 224
on Nixon’s attacks on liberals, 51
on Obamacare, 81
on right to subsistence, 37–38, 39
on Rodriguez, 98, 99, 106, 107
on school segregation, 122
on Thomas’s dissent in Lechmere, 211
on traffic stops, 294–95
on unions, 220
on voting rights, 186
on white-collar crimes, 300
on workplace discrimination, 199
Nixon, Richard:
Brennan targeted by, 49–50, 51
campaigning by, xvi, xvii, 20, 23, 47, 274
conservative ideology of, xvii, xviii, 24, 53, 56
Court justices named by, xvii–xviii, xxv, 35–36, 38, 47–52, 53, 56–61, 65, 68, 73, 103, 119, 166, 168, 274, 279
Douglas targeted by, 50–51, 139–40
Fortas driven from Court by, xviii, xix, xxiv, 24–30, 46, 48, 49, 88, 107, 121, 168, 217
pardoned by Ford, 140
as president, xvii, 24, 31, 34–35
resignation of, 70, 119, 140, 166
Southern strategy of, 47, 56, 57
Warren Court opposed by, xvi–xvii, 24–29
and Watergate, 67, 100, 119, 140
Nixon administration, 23, 24–29, 46, 119, 166
Nixon Court, xxviii, 61, 64, 69, 75, 76, 90, 119, 168, 169, 172, 216, 291
noncitizens, rights of, 65, 66, 124–25
Obama, Barack, xiv, xix, 197, 202, 219, 224, 261, 316, 317
and Citizens United, 153, 155, 156
Court justices named by, 78, 84, 216
Obamacare, 81–83, 86, 88, 310, 316
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 225, 230–31
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 175
background of, 125–26
and Bush v. Gore, 167–68
as conservative, 76, 78, 200, 276–77, 281, 289–90, 298, 300, 313
and Kadrmas, 126–28
retirement of, 76, 77, 129, 147–48, 193, 202
as swing justice, 76, 147, 167–68, 313
Ohio:
as swing state, 189
voter roll purges in, 187–89
Oklahoma City bombing (1995), 216
Olson, Ted, 149–50
Ortwein v. Schwab, 63–64
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 129–30
Parks, Rosa, 182
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), 81–83, 86, 88, 310, 316
Pence, Mike, xxii
Pennsylvania:
gerrymandering in, 175–76
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 73
Pew Charitable Trusts, 186, 303
Pfaff, John, Locked In, 286
pharmaceutical industry, 159, 160–61
Philip Morris USA v. Williams, 239–40, 241
Piketty, Thomas, xxvii, 134, 164
plea bargaining, 284–88, 292–93, 294
Plessy v. Ferguson, 60
Poff, Richard, 56–57
Politico, “Big Donors Ready to Reward Republicans for Tax Cuts,” 163
politics:
special-interest money in, 136, 138, 139, 140, 150, 153–54, 156–57
see also campaign finance
PolitiFact, 217
poll tax, xxiii, 17, 94, 97, 139, 173, 180, 184
poor:
and affordable housing, 54–55
Court rulings against, xv, 47, 52–54, 86–90, 231
“deep poverty” rates, 87–88, 89–90
as discrete and insular group, 6–7, 8, 11–12, 86, 310
and education, see education
federal poverty level, 42
food insecurity of, xxviii, 90
and Goldberg, 38–40
health care for, 81–83, 85, 88, 210, 310
and incarceration rates, 301–3
legal vs. economic rights of, 8, 88, 278–79
and life expectancy, 230
and minimum wage, 223–24
and national economy, 68
plea bargaining for, 284–88, 292
powerlessness of, 45, 53–54, 75, 107, 146, 164, 191–92, 231, 280–81, 292, 301, 306, 314
public defenders for, 63
and punitive damages, 238
and quality of lawyers assigned, 280–87, 292
rights of, xxiii–xxiv, 12–13, 16–17, 31–33, 38–40, 46–47, 63, 66–69, 78, 181, 191–92, 311, 312
right to counsel, 78–81, 87, 94, 278–84
as suspect class, 7, 30–31, 74–75, 86, 101, 103, 126, 242, 318
turning against, 41–90, 231, 310
as unable to pay fees, 62–64, 67, 125, 127, 293–94
Warren Court support of, xvi, xxii–xxiii, 4–5, 86–87, 279, 310
and welfare, see welfare recipients
poor people’s movement, 18–19, 67–68
Posner, Richard, 182, 184–85, 244
Pound Conference (1976), 250–51
poverty:
United Nations report on, 89–90
see also poor
poverty law, 16–17, 30–34, 36–39, 41–47, 66–67, 87, 198, 246, 318
poverty lawyers, avoiding federal courts, 69, 108
Powell, Lewis F., Jr.:
“Attack on American Free Enterprise System” by, 101–2
background of, 57–58
on campaign finance, 144
and civil rights, 57–58, 59, 102, 118, 119, 123–24
named to Court, 57–59, 61, 102, 168, 274
and Nixon Court, 68, 103, 119, 121, 168
and the poor, 68–69
on racial disparities, 296, 297
and Rodriguez, 101, 102, 103–4, 119
preemption, doctrine of, 257
privacy rights, 268–70, 277–78
Progressive Era, xxi, xxiii, 33, 136, 150
Public Citizen, 245, 253, 263–64, 265
punishment:
of corporations vs. individuals, 243, 290
functions of, 241–42
intergenerational, 303
punitive damages, xxv, 234–43, 262, 263–64, 290, 312
and affirmative action, 124, 170, 201, 313–14
and class action suits, 245–46
and criminal justice system, 294–98, 306
as discrete and insular group, 6, 65
and “disparate impact” test, 198–99
and education, 123–24, 132–34; see also Brown
and employment, 197–202, 203, 206–7
and incarceration rates, xxv, 294, 302
separate-but-equal doctrine, 60
and stop-and-frisk, 278, 292, 306
and voting rights, 185, 191, 312
white flight, 112
and “working the buses,” 276–77, 294
see also civil rights movement
racial harassment, Vance, xiii, 206–7, 214, 225, 227
Randolph, Larketta, 255
“rational basis” review, 43–45, 63, 64, 102, 103, 105
Reagan, Ronald, 236
and civil rights, 201
Court justices named by, 70–71, 72, 126, 152, 201
and unions, 208
and voting rights, 183
Reagan administration, 76–77, 78, 151, 217
“red state option,” 88
Reed, Stanley, 11
Reed v. Reed, 65
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 123–24
“Rehabilitationists,” 315
as chief justice, 70–71, 193, 201
conservative views of, 59–60, 65, 71–72, 76, 78, 118, 128, 130, 145, 200, 255, 280, 298, 300
on forced arbitration, 255
and Fortas persecution, 26, 48, 60, 168
and Miranda, 275
named to Court, 57, 58–59, 60–61, 71, 168, 201, 274
and Nixon Court, 103, 119, 121, 168
and O’Connor, 126
and white-collar crime, 300, 301
Rehnquist Court:
and Commerce Clause, 316
pro-business tilt of, xxv–xxvi, 200, 244, 245
Republican Party:
Contract with America, 73
Court controlled by, xviii–xix, 70, 191–92, 217, 221
and gerrymandering, 175, 191, 221
and taxes, 162–63
and unions, 220–21
and voting rights, 191
Rice, Susan, 292
Richardson, Carmen, 65
Roberts, John:
conservative views of, 82, 85–86, 129, 177, 214, 243, 244, 249, 269, 313
on “equal sovereignty,” 183–85, 312
on gerrymandering, 177–78
named to court, 76, 77, 78, 85–86, 184, 193, 316
and Obamacare, 81–83, 310, 316
on voting rights, 183–84
Roberts Court:
cutting the rights of the poor, 78
pro-business tilt of, xxvi, 243, 244, 245, 248
Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent School District, 94–110, 111, 119, 121–23, 129, 130, 133–34, 246
Roe v. Wade, xxi, 64–65, 73, 313
Roosevelt, Franklin D.:
Court justices named by, 8, 11
court-packing scheme of, xxi, 315
death of, 8
“Four Freedoms” speech by, 7
New Deal of, xxi, 5, 10, 20, 33, 73, 314–17
and NLRA, 212
Roth, Stephen J., 116–17, 119–20, 122–23, 132–33
Rucho v. Common Cause, 177–78
Ryan, Paul, 163
Saint Mary’s Convent, South Bend, 181
same-sex relations, xxi, 151, 313–14
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 91–110, 135
satellite regulatory system, 262–63
Scalia, Antonin, xix, 78, 175–76, 205, 257, 306
as conservative, 72, 76, 82, 170, 200, 215, 244, 249, 300
on Fourth Amendment rights, 269–70
Seattle, schools in, 129–30
Securities Act (1933), 298–99
segregation:
de facto (“in fact”), 115
de jure (“by law”), 114–15
sentencing laws, 243, 288–93, 294, 295, 298
Serrano v. Priest, 95–97, 99–100
Shapiro v. Thompson, 30–34, 86
Sheehan, Susan, “A Welfare Mother,” 68
Shelby County v. Holder, 183–86
“Sheldon primary,” 157–58
Sixth Amendment, right to counsel, 14, 278–81
Smith, Sylvester, 1–5
Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp., 34
Social Security Act (1935), 42, 44, 45, 314
Sotomayor, Sonia:
“A Latina Judge’s Voice,” 84–85
named to Court, 78
on Strieff, 305–7
liberal views of, 72, 76, 260, 290
retirement of, 78
“Southern Manifesto,” 56–57
Spaeth, Nicholas, 127
Sparer, Edward, 15–16, 37, 43, 47, 52–53, 318
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 237–39, 240–42, 243, 262, 263, 290
states, equal sovereignty, 183–85, 312
Stevens, John Paul, 130, 176, 237, 298
on age discrimination, 203
on corporate personhood, 152
on forced arbitration, 254
retirement of, 78
and voter ID law, xxi, 180, 181–82
Stewart, Potter, 63
background of, 44
as conservative, 11, 19, 36, 40, 56, 65, 101
and “Nixon Court,” 65, 68, 103, 119, 121
on plea bargaining, 286
and Rodriguez, 101, 103, 104, 119
on welfare benefits, 44–45
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 8
stop-and-frisk, 277–78, 291, 303–7, 312
Strader, J. Kelly, 300–301
Strickland v. Washington, 280–84
strict scrutiny, xxiii, 6, 7, 31, 44, 47, 65–66, 74, 95, 97, 102, 103
Strieff, Edward, 303–4
subsistence, constitutional right to, 16–17, 33, 37–38, 39–40, 45, 66–67
super PACs, 154–55, 156, 163, 221
Supreme Court:
anti-union values of, 212–13, 215–16, 220, 221, 228
anti-worker rulings, 225–31
conservative vs. liberal sides in, xxi–xxii, 151, 170–72, 220–21, 256
corporations protected by, 242–45, 248, 262, 263–65
decision limited to present case, 170, 173
and governing elites, 175, 178, 186, 187, 190, 192
injustices created by, 291, 310–18
“judicial lawmaking” by, 203–4
national impact for cases of, 17
nomination defeated by filibuster, 24
and “policy legitimacy,” 89
precedents overturned by, xxii, 68, 151, 152, 165–66, 184, 200, 201, 242, 275, 311, 314–17
precedents set by, 127, 170, 270
and public opinion, xx, 89, 153–54, 165
on restrictive covenants, 112
striking down acts of Congress, 184
and totalitarianism, 306–7, 312
transformation of, xviii, 52, 54, 65, 86, 87, 90, 101, 118–19, 168, 202, 243, 265–66, 306, 310, 313–17
turning against the poor, 54, 62, 68–69, 86–90, 231, 310
wealth and power protected by, xx, 156, 164, 310, 311–12
and white-collar crime, 299–303
suspect classes, equal protection for, xxiii–xxiv, 7, 64, 102
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 208
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017), 161–63
taxes:
and congressional powers, 316
cuts for the wealthy, xxvi, 159–60, 161–63, 191
earned income tax credit, 191
and elections, 136
negative tax rates, 162
progressive, 164
and school funding, 93, 98–99, 106
tax protest, 299–300
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 73–75, 87, 89
tenBroek, Jacobus, 12, 14, 15, 30, 47
Terry v. Ohio, 277
Texas, schools in, 91–110, 124–25, 127, 246
Thomas, Clarence:
background of, 210–11, 243, 301
as conservative, 76, 82, 175, 215, 243, 244, 249, 269, 301
on labor law, 203, 210, 211–12
on stop-and-frisk, 304
Thompson, Vivian, 30–33
Tillman Act (1907), 136, 137, 150
tort reform, 235–36, 247, 249, 262
Truman, Harry S., Court justices named by, 8–9, 19
Court justices named by, xix, xxii, 177, 217–18, 315
and taxes, xxvi, 159, 162, 163
UCLA Law Review, 53
unions:
activism of, 102
and “agency”/”fair share fees,” 213–16, 218, 219, 222, 311
agency shop, 213
and campaign finance, 146–47, 156–57, 222
collective bargaining of, 207, 209
Court rulings against, xxiv, xxvii, 33–34, 192, 207–16, 228–29, 311
in early years, 207–9
and First Amendment, 212–14, 218, 219, 311, 317
and health care, 229
and labor laws, 164, 207–9, 212, 259, 315
membership in, 208, 221, 223, 229
opposition to, 221–22
public-sector, 214, 215, 218–21, 311, 317
right to organize, 212
and right-to-work laws, 208, 214, 219, 220, 222–23
and soft-money loophole, 146–47
and strikes, 208–9
and Taft-Hartley, 208
workers’ right to join, xxiii, 314, 315
United States v. Carolene Products, 5–6
footnote 4, 5–8, 18, 30–31, 65, 66, 242
United States v. Kras, 62–63, 64
United States v. Nixon, 168
United States v. O’Brien, 50, 139
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 260
U.S. Sentencing Commission, 295
Utah v. Strieff, 303–7
Valeo, Francis, 143
Vance, Maetta, xiii, 206–7, 214, 225, 227, 228
Vieth v. Jubelirer, 175–76, 178
Vietnam veterans, class action suit, 246
Vietnam War, 21, 22, 50, 60, 67, 139
Vinson, Fred, 8–9
Violence Against Women Act, 316
voting rights:
barriers to, 60, 169, 178–92, 312, 318
gerrymandering, 175–78, 190–91, 192, 221, 312
one person, one vote, 143, 172, 176, 192
poll tax, xxiii, 17, 94, 97, 139, 173, 180, 184
voter ID laws, xxi, xxv, 178–82, 184, 186, 187, 190–91, 192, 221, 312
voter roll purges, xxv, 186–90, 190–91, 192, 221, 312
Voting Rights Act (1965), xv xxiv–xxv, 77, 173, 182–86, 190–91, 192, 221, 312
reauthorized (2006), 183
as income, 299
minimum, 33, 157, 164, 192, 223–24, 230, 231, 314, 315
and unions, xxvii, 228–29, 231
wage theft, xxiv, 224–25, 228, 230, 231, 263–64, 312
Walker, Maurice, 294
Wall Street Journal, The, 98, 99, 121, 310
Wal-Mart, 204–5, 227–28, 248, 249, 262
Wal-Mart v. Dukes, 227–28, 248, 264
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 200–201
Warren, Earl:
as chief justice, xvi, 9, 11, 24, 31, 35, 43, 272
and Fortas persecution, 27–29
and Johnson, xvii, xx, 20, 318
and Kennedy assassination, 21
liberal voice of, 11, 12, 13, 19, 33, 54, 67, 101, 192
and Miranda, 274
retirement of, xvii–xviii, xx, xxii, 34–35, 172, 198
and Shapiro, 32–33
Warren Court:
and business, 244
and criminal justice cases, 270–71, 272–74, 276, 277–79, 298–99, 301
dismantling, 35, 41, 49, 107, 276, 279, 280, 310
effective years of, xxi, 13, 92
end of, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxv, 34, 90
legacy of, xvii, xxix, 35, 56, 243
and the poor, 12, 13–14, 19, 33, 34, 38, 62, 86–88, 95, 242, 243, 244, 279
“rights revolution” of, xvi, xxi, xxii–xxiii, xxv, 13, 32, 169, 172, 198, 270–71, 272–74, 298, 318
and voting rights, 172–73, 175, 190, 192, 244
Washington, David Leroy, 280–81
Washington Post, The, 127, 153, 223
Watergate, 67, 100, 119, 136–37, 140, 146, 165
wealth:
of corporations, 53–54, 153, 156, 164, 190, 242, 266, 312
special interests of, 165–66
as suspect classification, 96, 97
undue influence of, 139, 143, 156–57, 159, 162–63, 190
wealth discrimination, 33, 102
wealth gap, xvi, xxii, xxvi–xxix, 90, 134, 164, 225–31, 228–30, 262, 301, 303, 312, 317–18
wealthy:
“carried interest” loophole, 159–60
and elections, see campaign finance
hedge fund managers, 159–60, 317
justice as luxury for, 64, 280, 293, 294
private equity executives, 159, 160
and soft-money loophole, 146–47, 159
tax cuts for, xxvi, 159–60, 161–63, 191
welfare benefits:
caps on, xxiv, 41–47, 73, 75, 87, 89
as fundamental interest, 30–31
as “not the business of this Court,” xxiv, 45, 47, 62, 74, 90, 101, 310, 311
reduced by federal government, 70, 73–75, 89–90, 164, 192
reduced by states, xxvii, 41, 45, 73–75, 89
welfare recipients:
durational residency requirements against, 12, 30–34, 36, 86, 101
entitled to hearing before benefits cut off, xxiii, 15, 38–40, 41–47, 54, 62, 68–69, 86–87
rights protected under Warren Court, xvi, xxiv, 34, 46, 52–53, 310
rights rejected under Burger Court, 30–34, 45–47, 53–55, 66, 310
warrantless home inspections, 52–55
Welfare Reform Law (1996), xxvi–xxvii, 73–75, 87–89
White, Byron, 62, 63, 104, 120, 254, 276
and campaign finance, 144, 146, 153
as conservative, 19, 36, 40, 44, 56, 64–65, 101, 200, 201, 298
named to Court, 13, 19, 64, 68, 272
retirement of, 72
and Roe v. Wade, 64–65
and tax avoidance, 299
and Warren Court, 272
white-collar crime, 298–303
Wiley, George, 18
Williams, Jesse, 239
Williams, Linda, 41–46, 54, 87, 90, 169
Wolfson, Louis, 25–26, 27, 28, 30
women:
and class action suits, 248
constitutional status of, 65–66, 67, 74, 88, 89
sexual harassment of, 200, 227–28
violence against, 316
workplace discrimination against, xiv, 194–97, 204–5, 228, 311
Women’s Rights Project, 84
Wood, Diane, 261
workers, 193–231
age discrimination against, 197, 202–4, 226–27, 228, 254, 311
and class action lawsuits, 204–5, 248
Court’s obstacles to, 202–4, 207, 221–22, 266, 311, 317
financial impact on, 226–28, 229, 303, 311
and forced arbitration, 259–60, 265, 312
gender discrimination against, xiv, 194–97, 203, 204–5, 225, 228, 311
and health care, 229
protection of, xxi, 33–34, 196, 207–9, 225, 230–31, 265
racial discrimination against, 197–202, 203, 225, 311
racial harassment of, xiii, 206–7, 214, 225, 227, 228
rights of, xxiii, 33–34, 193, 196–97, 209, 225–27, 311, 314
sexual harassment of, 200, 227
“working the buses,” 276–77, 278, 294, 299
WorldCom, 246–47
World Inequality Report 2018, xxvii, 134, 164
Wright, Charles Alan, 100, 102