Index

A

Abenaki Indians, 335

Acculturation, 285-86, 319-20, 335-37. see also Cultural change

Actonism, 298

Adario motif, 39, 146-47, 163, 313-30

Adversarial relations, 6;

promoted by Indian Story, 40-41, 291-309. see also Factious

Advocacy organizations, 255-69, 321, 328. see also Indian Ring

Affirmative discrimination, 271-89

Age stratification. see Stratification, social

Alaskan Indians. see Native Alaskans

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 20

Alaska Settlement Act, 346

Albany Plan of Union, supposedly modeled on Iroquois confederacy, 116, 121, 123

Algonquian Indians: Central, 94-95;

Eastern, 51-52, 71-84, 173

Alienation, 195-96

Alliances, 9-10, 13-16, 142, 255-69, 317. see also Indian Ring;; Scholars’ roles;; Attorney’s roles

American Indian Dance Theater, 31

American Indian Movement (AIM), 26, 261, 276, 321, 329

and Menomini restoration, 8

Andrews, Lynn, 203-205

Apartheid. see Segregation

Absent evidence, argument from, 186-86. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Articles of Confederation, 295-96, 308

Assimilation. see Integration policy

Athapaskan-speaking Indian societies, 158-58

Attorney’s roles, 7, 291-309. see also Scholars’ roles

Authenticity. see Truth value

Availability, argument from, 78-79, 96-98. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Averaging of estimates, 177. see also Evidence;; Truth value

B

Band-level societies, 145-64, 256, 347

Baptismal records, 173-75, 181. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Belaney, Archie. see Grey Owl

Bennett, Lewis (Deerfoot), 56-57

Bennett, Commissioner Robert L., 272-73, 281, 286

Berkeley School, the. see High-counters

Berkhofer, Robert F., Jr., 121-22, 357

Bicentennial of U.S. Constitution, Iroquois exploitation of, 107-25. see also Federalism

Bingo tribes. see Market exchange;; Modernity;; Money

Black Elk, Nick, 196-97, 202

Black Elk, Wallace, 201

Black (Afroamerican) Indians, 286-87

Blood, Indians by, 7, 271-73. see also Cultural marginals

Blood (Blackfoot) Indians, 193-94

Boas, Franz, 154-55, 328

Boundaries, ethnic, 58-59

Bradby, Chief Terrill, 54-55, 57

Bristol’s Hope Colony (Newfoundland), 74

Bruce, Commissioner Louis R., 275-76

Bruner, Edward M., 19, 30-31; 38-39

Bureau of American Ethnology, 120, 198, 213, 218-19

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 198, 217, 271-89

C

Calusa Indians, 152-53

Canadian Alliance in Solidarity with Native Peoples (CASNP), 255-69

Canadian Association in Support of the Native Peoples (CASNP), 255-69

Canadian-Eskimo Association of Canada (IEA), 255-69

Canary Islands, 100, 172

Canasatego, 110-12, 116, 120

Canons of research methods, 170-71, 246-51. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Capitalism: and Indian exploitation, 35-35

expansion of, 99-101, 359-63

Castaneda, Carlos (Carlos Arena), 204, 227-52, 252-53n

Catawba Indians, 292-93

Cattaragus (Seneca community), 56

Caughnawaga. see Kanawakhe

Cayuga Indians, 114, 292

Censorship, 20-23, 82-83, 139, 371-74

Charlatanry, 211-24, 227-52

Cherokee Indians: Eastern, 55, 150-51, 301

Oklahoma, 274, 286

Cheyenne Indians, 200

Chickahominy Indians, 49

Chiefdom-level societies, 256

Chiefs. see Leadership roles

Choctaw Indians, 274

Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians, 200

Chitimacha Indians, 292

Christian missions. see Missionization

Citizen-plus status, 20, 260, 348-49

Civil Rights Act (1972), 279

Class, social. see Stratification, social

Co-conspirators, 40-42, 313-30, 349, 357-59. see also Attorneys’ roles;; Cultural marginals;; Scholars’ roles;; Indian elites;; Indian Ring

Code words, 19-20, 38-39, 40-41, 186. see also Indian Story; see Themes

Codere, Helen, 154-55, 157

Cody, Buffalo Bill, 323-24

Cohen, Felix S., 109

Collective representations. see Indian Story,; Stereotypes,; Themes

Collier, John, 198-99

Colombian Exposition, Indian exploitation of, 54-55

Colored status, of Indians, 52-54

Columbus, Christopher, 18, 181, 318. see Quincentenary of 1492

Commodification, of Indian culture and history, 16-17, 193-207, 317-30, 363

Communism, primitive, 147-48

Communitas, 33, 35, 145-47. see also Themes

Condolence ceremony, Iroquois, 124-25n

Conquest policy, 51

Consciousness, false, 163

Consensual unions. see Intermarriage

Continental Congress, 295-96

Constitutional Convention (1787), 114-15

Constitution, of United States, 296-97, 305

Contradictory evidence, 178-79. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Corn, Indian. see Maize culture complex

Corroboration, independent, 174. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Cortés, Hernan, 172-73

Counterculture, and the Indian, 35, 193-207, 365

Credible/noncredible distinction, 246

Cree Indians, 204, 267, 334, 359

Criticisms of Indian studies, 371-74. see also Censorship;; Eleventh commandment;; Etiquette;; Taboos

Crow, Deputy Commissioner John O., 276

Crow Indians, 211-24

Crow-Omaha problem, 211-24

Crystal power, 205-206

Cultural change, 49-60, 76-79, 82-83, 95-96, 151-52, 156, 222, 257, 267, 354-68. see also Acculturation

Cultural crises, 136-39

Cultural fictions: defined, 43-44; 82-83; 234-35

biographies as, 49-60, 227-52

European-American values expressed in, 50-51, 137, 317-19. see also Indian Story;; Myth;; Themes;; Traditions, invented

Cultural marginals, 4; 4-5, 12, 198, 216, 262, 271-89, 322-23, 341, 350-51. see also Intercultural roles;; Scholars’ roles

Cultural resistance, 77, 80-81, 136. see also Cultural change

Cultural retention, 257

Cultural strategies, 80-81

Cultural transvestism, 117, 326-28. see also Intercultural roles

Culture, genuine and spurious, 195. see also Indian Story;; Themes

D

Dakota Indians, 217

Decolonization, 11

Decontextualization, 182-83. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Dedicated Americans Revealing the Truth (DART), 276, 278-79

Deerfoot. see Lewis Bennett

De Funis et al. v. Odegaard et al., 278-79

Deganawida, 108

Deloria, Vine, 328

Demography, of Indians: historical 169-187

population decline, 51-52; 71-72, 152, 156, 158, 181-83, 318, 340-42

population increase, 36-37

Dependency, 333-69

political-economic, 4-5

psychosocial 10-11

symbolic, 51-52

Depopulation. see Demography

Deprivation. see Themes

Detribalization. see Termination policy

Devolution, social, 161, 333-69. see also Cultural change

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 179-80

Diffusion. see Innovations,; Culture Change

Division of labor, 80-81, 155. see also Stratification, social

Divisiveness. see Social conflict

Dobyns, Henry, 170, 175-77, 182-85. see also High-counters

Dominant narrative structure. see Indian Story;; Themes

Dominium, 35, 146-47, 162-63

Dorsey, Rev. James Owen, 213-224

Douglas, Justice William O., 278-79

Durkheim, Emile, 211, 215

Dwelling counts, 176-77. see also Evidence;; Truth value

E

Eagle, Big Chief White Horse, 322

Earth Diver (origin myth), 129

Ecological adaptations: of Indians, 71-84, 158-59

of English colonists, 79-83

Eleventh commandment, 13-14. see also Censorship;; Criticisms of Indian Studies;; Taboos

Elk, Chief White (Capo Cervo Bianco, Edgardo Laplante), 322

Emic-etic distinction, 83, 233-36

Endogamy, 53-54

Enslavement: of Africans, 101

of Indians, 72-73, 154-56, 317-19. see also Stratification, social

Environmental movement, 259, 267-68. see also Ecological adaptations

Epidemics, 183-85

Equal Employment Act (1972), 279

Equipment, argument from, 79-81, 94-95. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Eskimo (Inuit). see Native Alaskans;; Native Peoples (of Canada)

Ethnicity, 2-3, 36. see also Indian communities;; Stratification, social

Etiquette, standards of intergroup, 14-15, 20-21, 40-41, 139-41, 154-57, 271-89. see also Criticisms of Indian studies;; Eleventh commandment

Euroamerican identity, reflexive nature of, 129-42, 145-46, 162-63, 197-99, 333-69

Europe, Indians in, 57, 313-30

Evidence, use of: anthropological (ethnographic), 112-15, 134-42, 147, 149, 161, 211-224, 227-52

archaeological, 82-83, 96-98, 151-52, 197, 258

biographic, 193-207, 211-224, 233-34

ethnohistorical, 81-83, 96-99, 152-53, 160-62

historical, 82-83, 93-94, 108-12, 137-39, 151-53, 161, 169-187. see also Truth value

Evolution: cultural, 92-94, 137

social, 147-48. see also Devolution;; Cultural change

Exiles, internal, 335-39

Extraterritorial status, 345, 349. see also Segregation;; Tribalism

F

Fascism and Indians, 329

Factionalism, in reservation communities, 4-5, 8

Factious, 39-41, 293-94, 343-44

Factitious, 40-41, 333-69

Fallowing. see Shifting cultivation

Federal court cases, 6-7, 37, 266, 278-80, 291-309

Federalism, Indians as inventors of, 35, 107-25. see also Bicentennial of U.S. Constitution

Fertilizer, use of, 71-84

Fiction. see Cultural fictions

Fictitious, 41-42, 227-52

Fictive kinship, 44, 271-73

Fletcher, Alice, 213-14, 217-18, 223

Folklorification process, 83. see also Cultural fictions;; Themes

Forefathers Festival (Pamunkey), 58

Fox Indians, 215

Franklin, Benjamin, 110, 117, 119

Freesoul, Redtail, 202

French and Indian Wars, 116, 337

G

Gaia, 133, 194, 203

Geiogamah, Hanay, 31-32

Gender stratification. see Division of labor;; Stratification, social

Genealogical fiction. see Fictive kinship,; Institutional racism

Genocide, 337-38. see also Themes

Genres. see Indian Story,; Themes

Goddesses, 129-42

Grand Order of the Iroquois, 117

Grey Owl (Archie Belaney), 328

Gurus. see Medicine men

Guy Colony (Newfoundland), 73

H

Haida Indians, 267-68

Half-Breeds. see Cultural marginals

Haskell Indian Institute, 272-74

Hawaiians, native, 20

Hewitt, J.N.B., 119-20

Hiawatha, 108

Hidatsa Indians, 214

Hierarchy, political. see Social structure,; Dominium

High-counters, 170-87

Highwater, Jamake (J. Marks, Gregory J. Markopoulos), 196

Hispaniola, 181

History and myth, compared, 138-39

Hobbes, Thomas, 355-57

Hobbyists, Indian, 162, 326-27

Hodenosaunee. see League of the Iroquois

Homelands, Indian. see Segregation,; Tribalism

“Honkey Out” policy (1979), 288

Huichol Indians, 252

Human sacrifice, estimates of, 178. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Hungry Wolf, Adolph (Adolph Gutohrlein), 193-95

Huron Indians (Wendat, Wyandot), 77, 146-47, 315

Hypodescent, 4-5, 52-53. see also Social structure;; Social inequality, see Institutional racism

I

Identification with Indians, basis for, 325-30

Identity displays. see Performances

Images of Indians, 333-69

national variations in, 316-18

Improved Order of Red Men, 109

Indian Act (Canada), 350

Indian biographies. see Indian Story

Indian Claims Commission, 7-8

Indian communities, ethnic heterogeneity of, 2-3, 50-55, 335-36

Indian elites, 18, 255-69

role in fabricating the Indian Story, 19-20, 30-32

Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada (IEA), 262

Indian Health Service, 271-73

Indian identity: alternating, 40-41, 218-20, 271-89

American/Canadian definitions, 5, 53-56, 260, 263, 280-81

incentives for adopting, 3, 17-18, 40-41, 193-201

maintaining, 51-60

reflexive aspects of, 92-93, 136-37, 142, 257, 313-30, 333-69. see also Cultural change;; Institutional racism

Indian identity markers: biological, 40-41, 271-74, 342-43

cultural, 4-5

costume, 193, 316

Euroamerican symbols, 55-57, 92-93, 141-42, 197

geographic, 39-40, 340-43

material culture, 59-60, 318-20

psychosocial, 10

social structural, 39-40. see also Ethnicity;; Tribalism;; Social structure

Indiani metropolitani, 329

Indian land, loss of, 52-53, 136, 291-309

Indian law, canons of, 300-309

Indian lobby. see Indian Ring

Indianness. see Indian identity

Indian policy, cycles in, 12. see also Termination policy;; Integration policy,; Retribalization; see Segregation; see also Tribalism

Indian preference. see Affirmative discrimination

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 198, 273, 286. see also Retribalization;; Segregation;; Self-determination

Indian Ring: allies in, 9-10, 258-59, 271-79

anthropologists’ involvement in, 6-7, 18

coopting of national festivals by, 25-26

expert witnesses and, 6-7

modern goals of, 262-65

participants in, 14-15, 193-207, 255-69

public opinion manipulated by, 18-19, 258

publishers role in, 20-21

response to papal visits, 27, 196

sanctions used by, 22-23, 161

structure of New Indian Ring, 16-20, 255-69

structure of Old Indian Ring, 16-18. see also Literature;; Advocacy organizations;; Scholars’ roles;; American Indian Movement (AIM)

Indians, avocational, 193-207

Indian Self Determination and Education Act, 348-49

Indian, semantics of label, 39-40, 44n

Indian status. see Tribal Indian

Indian story: biographies used in, 20, 50-51

certifying authenticity of, 30-32

compiled versions of, 29-44, 266, 353-54

contributors to, 18-19, 30-32, 163-64, 193-207, 255-69

defense of, 20-21, 371-74

Euroamerican origins of, 38, 333-68

formulaic nature of, 38-39

functions of in law, 7; 40-41, 300-304

genres used for, 29-30, 193-207

media promotion of, 41-42, 315

moralizing use of, 186-87

polar contrasts in, 38-39

as propaganda, 38-39

publishers role in, 20-21

theoretical nature of, 39-44; see also Themes;; Indian Story

Indian time, 345-46

Inequality. see Stratification, social;; Themes

Inipi. see Sweat lodge rite

Innovations, transmission of, 72-73, 95-96, 102, 140-42

Integration policy, 10-11, 52-53, 299, 338-39. see also Indian policy

Intercultural roles, 83, 193-207, 217, 255-69, 271-89

Intercultural self-images, 136-41, 313-30, 333-69. see also Euroamerican identity;; Indian identity

Interest group, modern Indians as, 15-20; 255-69. see also Indian Ring

Intermarriage, 49-54, 52-53, 326, 342-43

Inuit (Eskimo). see Native Peoples of Canada

Inuit Tapirisat (Eskimo Brotherhood), 262-63

Iroquoian speaking societies, 77, 82, 258. see also Cherokee;; Huron;; Iroquois Indians

Iroquoianization, 148. see also Stereotypes;; Tupinambization

Iroquois Indians (of New York), 77, 107-25, 147-49, 335

J

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, 346

Jamestown colony, 49

Jamestown Tricentennial, Pamunkey exploitation of, 59

Jesuits. see Missionization: Catholic

John Paul II, 196

Joseph, Chief, 136

Juan, don, 227-52. see also Carlos Castaneda

Jurisdictional claims, 294-95

K

Kafka, Franz, 326

Kanawakhe (Caughnawaga, Mohawk community), 119, 335, 359

Kinship systems. see Social structure

Klamath Indians, 1-2, 132

Kwakiutl Indians, 154-55

L

La Flesche, Francis, 213-14, 217-23

La Flesche, Joseph (Iron Eye), 216-22

Lahontan, Baron de, 145-46, 162-63, 315

Lakota Indian societies, 197, 219, 326

Lancaster (PA) Conference, 111

Land claims, 291-309

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 182-83

Law of comparative advantage, 346

Law-office history, 7. see also Evidence;; Indian Story;; Truth value

Leadership roles, Indian, 150-51, 163, 201, 255-69

League of Nations, 321

supposedly founded on Iroquois model, 121

League of the Iroquois (the confederacy), 107-25, 343. see also Iroquois Indians

Legal fictions, defined: 300-301; 44, 291-309

Legends. see Myth,; Cultural Fictions

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 213, 215, 223

Literary devices, use of, 145-47. see also Code words;; Themes;; Symbols

Literature, representations of Indians in: Ersatz ethnography, 195-201, 227-52

Juvenile, 83-84, 91-92

Popular, 193-207, 314-17

Textbooks, 91-92

Travel, 145-46, 313-16

Locke, John, 108, 115-16

Logic of dominance/conquest, 139-40

M

Madiera (Island), 100

Maize culture complex, 71-81

Mandan Indians, 214

Market exchange, 95-98, 145-46, 337, 344-46, 362-63

Marx, Karl, 26, 329-30

Mashpee. see Wampanoag Indians

Materialism, cultural, 178

Matrilineality, 114, 159. see also Stratification, social

Mattaponi Indians, 58

Maximum feasible participation, 348. see also Dependency;; Etiquette;; Indian Reorganization Act;; Intercultural roles

May, Karl, 193, 316-17, 320, 323-25, 329-30

Medicine men, 199-207, 228-52, 323-24, 328

Medicine wheel, 200

Melting Pot metaphor, 51. see also Indian policy;; Integration policy

Menomini Indians, 7-9

Métis. see Cultural marginals

Misinterpretation, 238-40

Misperception, 238-40

Missionization: Protestant, 52, 136, 213, 217, 320

Catholic, 173-75, 196, 335-37, 343

Mixed-bloods: Euroamerican origins of idea, 2. see also Cultural marginals

Modernity (the Modern Matrix), 354-55, 361-68

Modoc Indians, 2

Mohawk Indians, 114. see also Kanawakhe;; St. Regis

Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut, 300

Money, 146. see also Market exchange

Monocoazation, 341-43

Morgan, Lewis H., 117-18, 147-48, 161-62, 198, 213

Morton et al. v. Mancari, et al., 278-80, 286

Mother Earth Story: compiled, 129; 130-42, 194, 329. see also Themes

Motolinía, Toribio de Benavente, 174-75

Myth: defined, 138; 43, 50, 92-94, 115-22, 130. see also Cultural fictions;; Earth Diver

N

Naming practices, 31, 52-53, 56-57, 193-207, 327

Natchez Indians, 152-53

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 22. see also Indian Ring

National identity, use of Indian images for, 117, 329-42

National Indian Brotherhood (NIB), 262

Native Alaskans, 20

Native American Church, 220

Native American Rights Fund, 303

Native Council of Canada, 262

Native Peoples (of Canada), 255-69, 333-69

Natural Man (Natürvölker), 103, 137, 145-46, 194-207, 227-52, 313-15, 324-26, 333-69. see also Primitivism.

Natural resources. see Ecological adaptations

Navajo Indians, 339, 341

New Age cults, 201-204, 228-29

New England, 71-84, 102-103

New France (colony), 116-17

New Netherlands (colony), 75-76

Newfoundland Company. 73-74

Noble Savage image. see Themes

O

Objectivity. see Emic-etic distinction,; Truth value

Oglala. see Lakota

Ojibwa. see Chippewa

Omaha Indians, 211-24

Oneida Indians, 267, 291-92, 304-309

Onondaga Indians, 114

Ordinary/extraordinary distinction, 246

Orthodoxy, in Indian studies. see Code words;; Criticisms of Indian studies;; Scholars’ roles;; Etiquette;; Indian Story;; Taboos;; Themes

Other, The. see Intercultural self-images

Paiute Indians, 2

Pamunkey Indians, 49-60

pictographic story of, 59-60

Pan-Indianism, development of, 54-56, 202. see also Commodification;; Indian Ring;; Indian Story

Papal visits, Indian Ring’s exploitation of, 27, 196.

Paranormal events, 239-41, 245-46

Paris Exposition, Pamunkey exploitation of, 57

Parker, Arthur C., 119

Parker, Ely, 119

Participatory democracy, 348. see also Indian Reorganization Act

Passamaquoddy Indians, 291-92, 299-300

Passing. see Indian identity;; Social mobility

Paternalism, 139, 346-47

Pawnee Indians, 221

Peabody Museum, 217

Pedigree mathematics, 273. see also Fictive kinship;; Indian identity markers

Peace movement, 259, 268

Peltier, Leonard, 261, 268

Pequot Indians, 301-302

Performances, Indian, 344-45:

American Indian Dance Theater, 31-32

educational, 319-20

in Europe, 318-30

at Euroamerican expositions and celebrations, 18, 25-27, 54-56, 57, 59, 107-25

ersatz, 193-207

at festivals, 57-58

media, 30-31

Pamunkey play, 55-60

political theater, 276

Powwows, 31-32, 193, 258, 327

sporting events, 57

Wild West shows, 319-21, 323-24. see also Indian Ring;; Medicine men;; New Age cults;; Shamanic healing

Petri, Hilda Neihardt, 201-202

Peyote religion, 252. see also Native American Church

Phenomonology, 241-42

Pilgrims (of New England), 71-72

Plagiarism, 242-43

Plausible/nonplausible distinction, 246

Plausibility. see Truth value

Pocahontas, 49-60

figure in play, 55-57

Ponca Indians, 216-18

Population. see Demography

Portugal, 101

Potawatomi Indians, 4-7, 12

Potomac Indians, 53

Powell, John Wesley, 198, 213

Powhaton, Chief, 49, 150-51

Powhaton chiefdom, 49-52, 320

Powwows. see Performances

Prehistory. see Evidence: Archaeological

Prejudice, against Blacks, 53-54

Primal vision, 195-96

Primitive/Civilized dichotomy, 139

Primitivism, defined, 194; 137-38, 162, 198-99, 228-29. see also Natural Man

Primogeniture, 157-58

Propaganda, 255-69. see also Cultural fictions;; Indian Story;; Myth

Property, stereotypes about Indian concepts of, 35-36, 258

Protected category, Indians as, 259. see also Affirmative discrimination;; Institutional racism

Public opinion, 17-18. see also Indian Story;; Indian Ring;; Literature;; Stereotypes

Puyallup Indians, 300

Q

Quincentenary of 1492, Indian Ring’s exploitation of, 25-27

R

Racial labeling, 51

Racism: Accusations used as slurs, 22, 82-83, 303

Institutional, 271-89, 300-304, 339-40, 350-51

Rappahannock Indians, 53

Reality framework, 239-41

Red McCarthyism, 33. see also Indian Ring

Reduction, defined, 339-40; 333-69. see also Indian Story;; Integration policy;; Reservation;; Segregation

Reflexivity. see Indian identity,; Euroamerican identity

Reifel, Ben, 198

Reservation policy: Anglo colonial, 51-52

French, 335-38

United States, 136, 299. see also Indian policy;; Segregation;; Reduction

Retribalization, 83-84, 198, 257, 341. see also Menomini Indians;; Indian Reorganization Act

Revitalization movements, 132-33

Role conflict, 12-13, 218, 258-61, 287, 347-50

Rolfe, John, 49-51

figure in play, 58

Rolfe, Mrs. Rebecca. see Pocahontas

Rolling Thunder, 201

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 355-57, 366

Sachem, 113. see also Leadership roles

St. Regis (Mohawk) Indians, 292

Sahaptin speaking Indians, 129-33

Salish speaking Indians, 157, 258

Sanctions, against scholars. see Indian Ring,; Etiquette,; Scholars’ roles

Santee Sioux. see Dakota Indians

Sapir, Edward, 195, 216, 230, 239

Savage. see Stereotypes: Indian.

Scholars’ roles: competitive features, 17-18, 349

controlled by sanctions, 22-23

creating fictions, 227-52, 334-35, 333-69

political allies, 12-14, 18-19, 255-69, 304-305

propagandists, 19-20

studying Indians, 5-7, 140-42, 216-17, 328-29

Seattle, Chief, 39, 317-18. see also Adario motif

Second Earth, the New World as, 92-93

Sedentism, 347. see also Segregation;; Dependency;; Reduction

Segregation, of Indians: Anglo-colonial, 56-57, 271-89

Canadian, 257-58

Franco-colonial, 335-39

United States, 10-11, 299, 350-51. see also Indian policy;; Tribalism

Self-determination policy, 11, 257, 279-83. see also Indian policy;; Sovereignty,; Tribalism

Seminole Indians (Florida), 274-75, 284-85, 292

(Oklahoma), 286

Senate Concurrent Resolution 76, 108

text of, 122n

Seneca Indians, 56, 114

Separatist policy. see Indian policy;; Segregation,; Social conflict,; Tribalism

Sex roles. see Division of labor;; Stratification, social

Shamanism, 229-30. see also Medicine Men

Shammanic healing, imitations of, 199-201,

Shifting cultivation, 77-79

Shoshoni Indians, 195

Sillery, 335

Simpson, Lesley B., 170. see also High-counters

Siouan speaking Indians, 199, 211-12, 223

Sioux. see Lakota

Six Nations. see Iroquois Indians

Slavery. see Enslavement;; Social Stratification

Slogans, political, 8, 11. see also Code words;; Indian Story;; Themes

Smith, Captain John, 49

figure in play, 55-57

Smithsonian Institution, 119-20, 213

Smohalla (The Preacher), 129, 131-35

Social conflict, 40, 258-59, 271-89. see also Factious

Social contract, 355-57

Social mobility, in Indian class structure, 8-9, 18-19. see also Passing

Social structure, 211-224

Sons of Liberty, 109, 117

Southern Ute Indians, 3-4

Sovereignty, 5, 11, 20, 301, 341-42, 351-52. see also Code words;; Indian Story;; Segregation;; Themes;; Tribalism

Spencer, Herbert, 44, 198

Squanto (Tisquantum, Tasquantum), 71-84

role in Thanksgiving pageant, 71-72

invented traditions about, 85n

State of nature, 115-17, 355. see also Communitas;; Natural Man;; State of society

State of society, 115-16. see also Dominium;; State of society

State-level societies, 126-27, 342. see also Political hierarchy;; Social structure

Status clarification policy. see Retribalization

Stereotypes: of the Indian; positive, 23-24; 32-38, 107-22, 145-49, 161-62; 313-30, 345-46, 353-54

negative, 23-24, 35, 121-22, 135, 315, 364

of the Whiteman; positive, 23, 333-69

negative, 18, 23-24, 32-34, 145-47, 185-87, 354, 364-65. see also Indian Story

Storm, Hyemeyohsts, 200, 204

Story, 130-31. see also Indian Story;; Myth;; Themes

Stratification, social, 145-64, 338-40. see also Division of labor; Egalitarianism;; Enslavement;; Themes

Structured social inequality, 149. see also Enslavement;; Stratification, social

Subsistence strategies. see Ecological adaptations

Sugar Islands. see Canary Islands;; Madiera;; West Indies

Sugar: cane sugar industry, 99-100

maple sugar industry, 91-103

Sun Bear, 199-200

Support groups. see Advocacy organizations,; The Indian Ring

Supreme Court, United States, 300-309

Sweat lodge rite, 201

Symbols, key, 19-20, 60

T

Taboos, on scholars. see Censorship;; Criticisms of Indian studies;; Eleventh commandment;; Etiquette

Tammany. see Sons of Liberty

Taxation, of Indians, 259-60

Technocrats and Indians, 347-49

Technological change, 96-97, 156

Tecumsah, Chief, figure in Pamunkey play, 56

Tekakwitha, Catherine, 289

Tellus mater, 132-33. see also Mother Earth

Termination policy: defined, 10-11; 217

and Klamath reservation, 1-3

and Menomini reservation, 7-8. see also Indian policy,; Integration policy

Tewa Indians, 235-36

Textual criticism, 171, 229-31. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Thanksgiving pageant, Indians in, 72, 84

Themes in the Indian Story: aboriginal Holy Lands, 36, 339-40

ancient traditions, 31

authentic spirituality, 193-207

autonomy of self, 146

blaming the Whiteman, 257-58

close to nature, 58, 129-42, 193, 328, 334-35, 344-46, 358-59

collective guilt, 185-86, 299, 308

conquest and dominance, 139, 194-95, 333-69

cultural persistence, 33, 35-37, 340

deprivation, 16-17

disappearing Indian, 83-84

earth cleansing, 202-203, 258

ecological sainthood, 23, 195, 202-203

egalitarianism, 33, 145-64, 258

Euroamerican indebtedness, 94-95

genocide, 32-33, 36, 185-87, 337-38

geopiety, 258, 359

giver of good things, 49-103

Health and long life, 33, 193-94, 199-200

hospitality, 34-35, 71-84

Indians as saviors, 49-50, 71-73

inequality, 15, 161-64

ineradicable Indianness, 36-37

matriarchal principle, 203-205

models for American values, 84, 108, 195, 258

modern Indian renaissance, 37

Mother Earth, 32, 11; 92, 129-42, 200, 258, 329

myth of blood, 33-34, 54-55

Noble Savage image, 83-84, 94, 145-46, 153, 160-64, 313-15, 333-69

oppression by Whiteman, 34-35; 137, 367

original peoples, 258

peace and harmony, 33, 258

primordiality, 33, 138, 195-96, 227-52

racial purity, 57

resistance, 36-37, 136-38

role model for Europeans, 35, 313-30

sacred treaty rights, 37, 266

sharing and reciprocal gift giving, 33

sovereign nationhood, 32-33

spiritual subversion of, 36

struggle and survival, 36-37

subordination, 15

tolerance, 33

Trail of Tears, 36

traumatization, 32

tribal community idealized, 32-33, 145-64, 256-57

victimization, 22, 35-36, 83-84

virginal America, 50-51. see also Code words;; Indian Story;; Stereotypes

Timucuan Indians, 177-78, 182

Tlingit Indians, 159

Trade and Intercourse Acts: (1783), 295-96, 308

(1790), 296, 302, 304

Traditions, invented, 44, 83-84, 162-63. see also Cultural fictions;; Indian Story;; Stereotypes

Translations of sources, 180-82. see also Evidence;; Truth value

Treaties, Indian, 12-13

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), 308

Treaty of Paris (1783), 295-967

Treaty rights, 12-13, 266-67, 291-309

Trials by History. see Attorneys roles;; Federal court cases

Tribal Indian: certification of, 54-55

status of, 52, 349

validation of, 54-57

Tribalism, 3, 257, 295-96, 339-44

Tribal-level societies, 145-64, 256. see also Social structure

Tribe, legal definition of, 301-303

Tribes. see Named Indian societies

Trickster motif, 140, 252

Truth value, assessment of: Authenticity; defined, 232-33, 237; 42-43, 51-53, 72-77, 102-103, 108-12, 135-36, 141, 149-62, 169-87, 193-207, 255-69

Validity; defined, 232-33, 237; 42-43, 78-82, 99-102, 112-15, 139-40, 161-64, 211-224

Experimental, 95-96, 98-99, 103n, 239-41

Standards politicized, 7

Tupinambization, 315. see also Stereotypes

Tuscarora Indians, 121

Tutchone Indians, 158-63

Two Crows (Lewis Morris), 216, 218, 220-22

Tylor, Edward B., 131, 134-35

U

Underdog stereotype, 14-15, 295-96, 307. see also Indian Story;; Themes

Unit of power, 38-40. see also Indian Ring;; Indian Story;; Propaganda;; Scholars’ roles

United Nations, 321

supposedly founded on Iroquois model, 121

United States Constitution, hoax of Iroquois origin, 35, 107-25

United States Senate, 108, 122

University Year for Action program, 7-10

Urban Indians, pre-Columbian, 358-59

Urbom, Chief Judge Warren K., 295, 307-308

Ute. see Southern Ute

V

Validity. see Truth value

Victimization. see Themes

Values, conflict of, 258-59. see also Social conflict

Völkerschau. see Performances: Educational

W

Walking Turtle, Eagle (Gary McLain), 202

Wampanoag Indians, 83, 292

War on Poverty, 349

Wardship status, 301, 309

Warrior counts, 171-72. see also Demography;; Evidence;; Truth value

We/They dichotomy, 333-69. see also Indian Story;; Racism;; Stereotyping;; Themes

Welfare dependency, 344-45

Wendat. see Huron Indians

Women’s’ movement, 261

West Indies, 101

Whiteman, the, 333-69. see also Stereotypes

Whiteman’s shadow, 333-34. see also Intercultural self-images

Wissler, Clark, 72, 10, 107, 121

Worcester v. Georgia, 301

World systems theory, 99-102

Wyandot. see Huron

Y

Yaqui Indians, 243-44

Yorktown Centennial, Pamunkey exploitation of, 56

Ywahoo, Dhyani, 205-206