| BC | |
| 264 | First Punic War (to 241) |
| 218 | Second Punic War (to 201) |
| 189 | Triumph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and ‘birth of luxury’ in Rome |
| 149 | Third Punic War (to 146) |
| 106 | Births of Cicero and Pompey the Great |
| 100 | Birth of Julius Caesar |
| 74 | King Nicomedes IV bequeaths Bithynia to Rome |
| 63 | Cicero becomes consul |
| 59 | Julius Caesar founds Novum Comum |
| 42 | Octavian is named son of deified Caesar |
| 38 | Octavian marries Livia and becomes stepfather to her sons Drusus and Tiberius |
| 30 | Deaths of Antony and Cleopatra |
| 27 | Octavian becomes ‘Augustus’ and first emperor of Rome |
| 13 | Tiberius becomes consul |
| 9 | Death of Drusus |
| AD | |
| 4 | Augustus adopts Tiberius |
| 6 | Judaea becomes a Roman province |
| 9 | Defeat of Varus and loss of Roman legions in Germania |
| 14 | Death of Augustus and accession of Tiberius |
| 19 | Jews expelled from Rome |
| 23/24 | Birth of Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder) in Comum |
| 37 | Death of Tiberius and accession of Caligula |
| c.38 | Birth of the poet Martial |
| 41 | Death of Caligula and accession of Claudius, who grants power over Judaea to Herod Agrippa |
| 43 | Claudius invades Britain |
| 47 | Pliny the Elder confronts the Chauci |
| 50 | Claudius adopts Nero |
| c.50 | Pliny the Elder confronts the Chatti |
| 54 | Death of Claudius and accession of Nero |
| 55 | Death of Britannicus |
| c.56 | Birth of Cornelius Tacitus |
| 59 | Death of Agrippina the Younger |
| 60/61 | Rebellion of Boudicca |
| c.62 | Birth of Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger) in Comum |
| 64 | Fire at Rome. Persecution of Christians |
| 65 | Pisonian Conspiracy; Suicides of Seneca the Younger and Lucan; Death of Poppaea |
| 66 | Thrasea Paetus condemned to death; Suicide of Petronius; Start of the Jewish War |
| 67 | Vespasian leaves for Judaea |
| 68 | Death of Nero and accession of Galba |
| 69 | ‘Year of the Four Emperors’: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian |
| 70 | The Temple of Jerusalem burns |
| c.70 | Birth of Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus |
| 73–4 | Siege of Masada and conclusion of the Jewish War |
| 79 | Death of Vespasian and accession of Titus Eruption of Vesuvius |
| Death of Pliny the Elder |
| 80 | Fire in Rome. Pliny the Younger enters the Court of One Hundred |
| 81 | Death of Titus and accession of Domitian |
| 83 | Domitian celebrates a triumph for war against the Chatti |
| 85 | Agricola recalled to Rome from Britain after Battle of Mons Graupius. Domitian’s conflict with Dacia |
| 93 | Expulsion of philosophers. Stoic trials |
| 96 | Death of Domitian and accession of Nerva |
| c.97 | Death of Pliny the Younger’s first wife; Pliny the Younger falls ill |
| 98 | Death of Nerva and accession of Trajan |
| Pliny the Younger, now married to Calpurnia, becomes prefect of the Treasury of Saturn |
| 100 | Pliny the Younger becomes consul and delivers his Panegyricus |
| 101 | Beginning of Trajan’s Dacian Wars |
| c.103 | Pliny the Younger becomes augur |
| c.109–13 | Pliny the Younger in Bithynia and condemnation of Christians. |
| Death of Pliny the Younger (c.113) |
| 115 | Trajan’s Parthian campaign |
| 117 | Death of Trajan and accession of Hadrian |
| 324 | Constantine founds new capital at Byzantium |