Abbas, Ferhat, 227
Abu Gharbiyah, Bahjat, 89
African Rifles, 187
Airpin, 92
al-Difa‘ [The Defence], 88
Algeria: Battle of Algiers, 214, 218–23, 237, 243; and Charles De Gaulle, 225–34; and communist conspiracy belief, 118; counterinsurgency pre-campaign history of, 208–11; France counterinsurgency campaigns in, 10–12, 205–39; pacification techniques in, 105; Philippeville massacre, 214–18; and Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, 207–8
Algiers, Battle of, 214, 218–23, 237, 243
al-Husayni, Hajj Amin, 95
AMDA. See Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA)
AMSEP (Amnesty SEP), 161
Anake a forti, 182
Anglo-Boer War, 2; concentration camps, 22–28; consequences of, 54–58; containment, 29–54; conventional phase of, 13–16; counterinsurgency phase, 17–19; and Lord Kitcher, 19–21; scorched-earth policy, 21–22. See also Great Britain
Anglo-Irish Treaty, 76
Anglo-Irish War, 76
Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA), 163
Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya (ATOM), 136, 157, 190
An t-Óglach (The Soldier), 68
Argoud, Antoine, 118
Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN, National Liberation Army), 211, 222
Army Quarterly and Defence Journal, 77
Asal Clubs, 158
Ashe, Thomas, 65
Askwith, Thomas Garrett, 185
ATOM. See Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya (ATOM)
Aussaresses, Paul, 220–21, 235, 238, 242–43
Auxiliary Companies, 72
Baden-Powell, Robert, 14
Ba Maw, 76
Barbed wire fencing, as guerrilla containment policy, 29
Baring, Evelyn, 183–85, 188, 195, 197, 199
Barricades Week, 229
Barry, Tom, 68
Beatson, Stuart, 33
Begin, Menachem, 76
Ben-Gurion, David, 94
Beyers, Christiaan, 19
Bidault, Georges, 209
Bigeard, Marcel, 218, 220, 243–44
Black Week, 15
Blitz Operation, 188
Blockhouses: and Boer mobility, 47; construction of, 35, 40, 42, 44; and de la Rey, 48; as guerrilla containment policy, 29–54; and railway lines fortification, 37, 44
Blood, Bindon, 33
Bloody Sunday, 73
Bodard, Lucien, 107
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 4
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 76
Botha, Louis: and Afrikaner society, 57; and Black Week, 15; and blockhouse, 48; line of defense at Portuguese East Africa border, 18; and Lord Kitchener, 49–50; as negotiator for Boers, 51–52; as prime minister of the Transvaal, 58
Breen, Dan, 68
Briggs, General, 146
British Rule, and Rebellion (Simson), 77
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967 (French), 135
Brodrick, John, 20, 24, 26–31, 36–40, 43
Bruge, Andre, 218
Bugeaud, Thomas-Robert: and Algeria campaign, 207–8; colonial school of warfare, 106; on counterinsurgency, 8; and cultured force, 207–8; and development of indirect rule, 11; on intelligence gathering, 8; and transport provisions during Spain occupation, 9
Bumiputra, 127
Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’Action (BCRA, Central Bureau for Intelligence and Action), 216, 249
Burma Rebellion, 77
Burr, Sydney, 92
Bush Warfare (Heneker), 63
Byng, J., 41
Callwell, Charles, 63–64, 84–85
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 26, 58
Carrier, Jean-Baptiste, 3
Casement, Roger, 64
Castro, Fidel, 68
Catholic Right-of-Center, 113
CCE. See Comité de Coordination et d’Exécution (CCE)
Centre d’Instruction de Pacification et de Contre-Guerrilla (Centre for the Teaching of Pacification and Counter-Guerrilla), 119
Centres d’instruction et de préparation à la contre-guérilla (CIPCG, Counter-Insurgency Training Centres), 217, 244
Cercles Militaires, 106
Challe, Maurice, 225–27, 229–31, 244
Chanak crisis, 66
Chasseurs Alpins (Alpine Troops), 245
Chassin, Lionel-Max, 117
Che Guevara, 68
Chief Waruhiu, 183
Chin Peng, 141, 155–56, 161, 162
Churchill, Winston, 183
CID. See Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 2
Clarke, Basil, 70
Clements, Ralph, 19
Collins, Michael, 68, 73–75, 76, 98
Comité de Coordination et d’Exécution (CCE), 221
“Commandant O” (Major O). See Aussaresses, Paul
Commandos de Chasse, 227
Committee of the Distress Fund for South African Women and Children, 24
Confédération générale du travaille (CGT, General Confederation of Work), 247
Corps expéditionnaire français (CEF, French Expeditionary Corps), 251
Corps expéditionnaire français en extreme orient (CEFEO, French Far-Eastern Expeditionary Corps), 214
Counterinsurgency: in Algeria, 205–39; and French Revolution, 2–3; introduction to, 1–12; and Malayan Emergency, 125–66; methods employed by French across Iberia, 7–8; modern, 1–2; in Palestine, 83–100; in South Africa, 13–58; Thomas-Robert Bugeaud on, 8. See also specific country counterinsurgencies
Counterinsurgency in Warfare: Theory and Practice (Galula), 245
Courroie Operation, 227
Criminal Investigation Department (CID), 72
Crown Proceedings Act, 86
Crozier, F. P., 72
Curtis, Lionel, 55
Dáil Éireann, 66
Danin, Ezra, 94
Dayan, Moshe, 96
de Cherrière, Paul, 212
De Gaulle, Charles, 209, 242; and Algerian crisis, 225–34; and Felix Gaillard, 223–24; as France’s prime minister, 225; and Front de Libération Nationale, 227; and Maurice Challe, 230; and peace negotiations with Algeria, 232
de la Rey, Jacobus, 14, 16, 19
de Lattre de Tassigny, Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel, 111
Delouvrier, Paul, 225–27, 229–30, 244–45
Dening, B. C., 77
de Wet, Christiaan: escaping techniques of, 17–18; expelled from Cape Colony, 34; giving in for peace considerations, 53; hit-and-run tactics in Anglo-Boer War, 17; hunting drive against, 49; invasion of Cape Colony, 18–19, 30; and Lord Kitchener, 47–48
Direction générale des services spéciaux (DGSS, Special Services Directorate), 249
Domville, J. P., 94
Dublin Metropolitan Police, 73
du Moulin, Boyer de Latour, 109
Duncan, Patrick, 55
Duties in the Aid of the Civil Power, 85
Easter Rising of April 1916, 64–65, 70–71
11e Bataillon de Choc (11e Choc, or 11 Shock Battalion), 238, 245
11th Infantry Division (11e DI), 216
Eliot, Charles, 180
el-Kader, Abd, 208
Emergency Operations Council (EOC), 160
Emergency Powers Order-in-Council, 133
Emergency Regulations for Detained Persons, 185
Emergency Tax, 184
EOC. See Emergency Operations Council (EOC)
Etincelles Operation, 227
Evian Accords, 233
Farran affair, 99
Fawcett, Millicent, 26
Federal Executive War Committee, 154
Federation of Malaya, 130
Feetham, Richard, 55
Fergusson, Bernard, 99
FFI. See Forces Françaises d’Intérieur (FFI)
Fifth Republic, 225
Filastin [Palestine], 88
1ier Regiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes (1 RCP, 1st Chasseur Parachute Regiment), 229
1ier Regiment Etranger Parachutistes (1 REP, 1st Foreign Legion Parachute Regiment), 229
First Flute Operation, 192
Fischer, Abraham, 58
FLN. See Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
Flying column (IRA), 68
Forces Françaises d’Intérieur (FFI), 248
Forces françaises d’intérieur (FFI, French Forces in the Interior), 209
45e Bataillon d’Infanterie Coloniale (45th BIC, 45th Colonial Infantry Battalion), 239, 245
Fourth Republic, 105, 113, 208–10, 223–26
France: counterinsurgency and disenfranchised groups, 10–11; counterinsurgency campaigns in Algeria, 10–12, 205–39; Fourth Republic, 105, 113, 209–10, 223–26; and Indochina, 105–21; methods of counterinsurgency across Iberia, 7–8; occupation of Spain, 4–7; Third Republic, 209
French, David, 135
French, John, 15
French Revolutionary Wars, 13
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 118, 211, 227
Frontiers , Battle for the, 223
GAD. See Groupes d’auto-défense (GAD)
Galliéni, Joseph-Simon, 106
Gatacre, William, 15
GCMA. éé See Groupements de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA)
Generals’ Putsch, 231, 244, 246
Gent, Edward, 132
Glanders, 43
GMI. See Groupements Mixes d’Intervention (GMI)
Godard, Yves, 220, 238, 245–46
Good Friday Agreement, 100
Gordon, Joshua, 94
Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA), 230–31
GPRA. See Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA)
Gratton, J. S. S., 90
Gray, W. Nichol, 133
Great Britain: conventional phase of Anglo-Boer War, 13–16; counterinsurgency in South Africa, 13–58; counterinsurgency phase, 17–19; Lord Kitchener and Anglo-Boer War, 19–21, 29–54; and Malayan Emergency, 125–66; and Mau Mau Revolt, 188–95; military legal system in Palestine, 85–88; military operations in Palestine, 92–96; scorched earth policy, 21–22. See also Anglo-Boer War
Greene, Graham, 110
Grivas, George, 76
Groupements de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA), 116, 250
Groupements Mixes d’Intervention (GMI), 116
Groupe parachutiste d’Intervention (GPI, Parachute Intervention Force), 247
Groupes d’auto-défense (GAD), 217
Guerre révolutionnaire, 116–20, 207, 233–39
Guerrilla operations: and Boers, 17; and Charles Gwynn, 77; by China, 108–12; containment strategies for, 29–49; and French occupation of Spain, 4–7; and Groupements Mixes d’Intervention, 116; and Irish Republican Army, 65, 67–68; in South Africa, 1–2; urban, 218–24
Hammer Operation, 192
Handbook of Anti-Mau Mau Operations, 190
Harding, John, 188
Hardinge, A. H., 178
Hatton, Tim, 163
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare of 1989 (Stubbs), 135
Heneker, W. C. G., 63
Het Volk party, 58
H’hidi, Ben, 243
Hippo-Elephant Operation, 98
Holocaust, 97
Human Terrain Analysis, 220
Hunter, Archibald, 17
Hunter Commission, 77
Hut Tax, 179
Imperial British Africa Company, 178
Imperial Policing (Gwynn), 77
Indian Frontier Warfare (Younghusband), 63
Indochina: end of French presence in, 112; and Fourth Republic, 113; and France, 105–21; and tache d’huile (oil stain, patch, or slick) strategy, 106; and Viet Minh war, 107, 109
IRA. See Irish Republican Army (IRA)
IRB. See Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)
Ireland: Easter Rising of April 1916, 64–65, 70–71; independence struggle, 63–78; Irish Republican Army, 65–73
Irgun, 76
Irgun Zvei Leumi (National Military Organization), 76, 84, 97–98
Irish Parliamentary Party, 65
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 65; and British Army, 67, 69–70, 73–75; and Dublin Metropolitan Police, 73; guerrilla campaign of, 67–68, 71; Order of Battle for, 73; supporters, burning houses of, 68; terror campaign, 72; use of improvised explosive devices, 68; war on informers, 76
Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 64
Irish Volunteers, 76
Irish War of Independence, 64
Itote, Warihiu, 197
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 76
JAPOITs. See Joint Army-Police Operational Intelligence Teams (JAPOITs)
Jock Scott Operation, 184, 195
Joint Army-Police Operational Intelligence Teams (JAPOITs), 196
Jouhaud, Edmund, 246
Jumelles Operation, 227
Jungle Training School, 157
KAU. See Kenya African Union (KAU)
KCA. See Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)
Kempeitei, 129
Kenya: and Christianity, 180; European settlement in, 178–80; and land ordinances, 179; Mau Mau rebellion in, 188–95. See also Kikuyu society
Kenya African Union (KAU), 178, 181–83
Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), 178, 181–82
Kikuyu society: Emergency Tax, 184; in Nairobi, 191; political radicalization, 178; Swynnerton Plan, 186–87. See also Kenya
King Edward VII, 38
King’s Regulations, 85
Korean War, 129
Kritzinger, P. H., 30
Lacheroy, Charles, 217, 233–35, 239, 246–47
Lacoste, Robert, 219, 224, 232, 247
La Guerre moderne (Modern War), 250
Lai Teck, 131
Lallang, 130
Land Ordinance of 1902, 179
Land Ordinance of 1915, 179
Lansdale, Edward G., 109
Lartéguy, Jean, 232
Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Philippe, 107–8
Le Monde, 243
Les Centurions (Lartéguy), 232
Les Prétoriens (Lartéguy), 232
Liberal Party, 58
Lochmei Heruth Israel (LEHI) (“Fighters for the Freedom of Israel”), 84
Lonsdale, John, 198
Lord Kitchener: British Army reorganization program, 15; as commanding officer during Anglo-Boer War, 19–21; containment drives for guerrilla operations, 29–54; internment policy, 22–28; and Louis Botha, 49–50; and peace talks with Boers, 50; scorched earth policy, 21–22, 34. See also Anglo-Boer War
MacCurtáin, Tomás, 70
MacDonald, Ramsay, 22
MacMichael, Harold, 88
Maguire, T. Miller, 63
Mahon, Bryan, 16
Malaya, HMS, 89
Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 130, 154
Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 127, 131–32, 150–51, 161
Malayan Emergency, 77; British counterinsurgency phases in, 125–66; campaign phases, 134–40; casualties in the, 128; and geo-demographic control, 146–55; optimization period, 155–60; and peacemaking, 160–63; and population control, 146–55; terror and counter-terror, 140–45; timeline, 125–26
Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), 127, 137, 144, 146
Malayan Scouts, 158
Malayan Security Service (MSS), 132
Manual of Military Law, 85
Marshall, David, 162
Martin, T. G., 99
Massu, Jacques, 219–21, 224, 229, 248–49
Mau Mau Revolt, 177–201; British military response, 188–95; historical background of, 178–80; and intelligence-gathering response, 195–98; origin of, 180–83; overview, 177–78; pipeline process, 185–86; political response to, 184–87; and pseudo-gang method, 193–94
MCA. See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA)
McDonnell, Michael, 88
MCP. See Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
Melouza massacre, 222
Mendès-France, Pierre, 113, 212
Merriman, John, 58
M’Hidi, Ben, 220
Milner, Alfred, 24, 27–28, 50–52, 55–58
Mitchell, Philip, 183
MNLA. See Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)
“Modern Problems of Guerrilla Warfare,” 77
Moffat, W. S. S., 89
Money, C. G., 32
Moplah Revolt, 77
Mousquetaire Operation, 244
Mouvement Nationaliste Algérien (MNA, Algerian Nationalist Movement), 222
Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD, Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties), 212
Mouvement Republicain Populaire (Popular Republican Movement, MRP), 113, 209
MSS. See Malayan Security Service (MSS)
Musketeer Operation, 219
Napoleonic Wars, 207
National Defence Party, 95
National Scouts, 48
Navarre, Henri-Eugène, 112, 114
New York Times, 230
9e division d’infanterie coloniale (9th Colonial Infantry Division), 246
Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement, 100
Notes on Imperial Policing, 85
Nottingham, John, 179
OAS. See Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS)
Olivier Operation, 222
O’Neill, Annie, 70
OPA. See Organisation politico-administrative (OPA)
Operation(s): Anvil, 191–92; Blitz, 188; Courroie, 227; Etincelles, 227; First Flute, 192; Hammer, 192; Hippo-Elephant, 98; Jock Scott,184, 195; Jumelles, 227; Mousquetaire, 244; Musketeer, 219; Olivier, 222; Pierres Précieuses, 227; Résurrection, 224–25, 232, 247; Service, 159; Shark, 99
Orangia Unie, 58
Order of Battle, 73
Orders-in-Council of 1896, 133
Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS), 231, 250
Organisation politico-administrative (OPA), 217
Pacification in Algeria (Galula), 245
Palestine: and British intelligence, 92–96; and British military legal system, 85–88; and British military operations, 92–96; and British military traditions, 84–85; and collective punishment operations, 88–92; counterinsurgency in, 83–100; and Jewish Revolt, 96–99; occupation by Great Britain, 83; and pseudo warfare, 92–96; and reprisals, 88–92
Parti Communiste Française (PCF, French Communist Party), 209
Philippeville massacre, 214, 249
Pierres Précieuses Operation, 227
Pimlott, John, 187
Plan Challe, 227
Police Jungle Companies, 158
Poll Tax, 179
Pretoria, Treaty of, 14
Prinsloo, Marthinus, 17
Pseudo gangs, 193
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS), 217
PSYOPS. See Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
Q squads, 96
Queen Victoria, 38
The Quiet American (Greene), 110
Radio Cairo, 211
Rassemblement du Peuple Francaise (RPF), 249
Rawlinson, Henry, 42
Regiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalaise (RTS, Senegalese Light Infantry), 247, 248
Résurrection Operation, 224–25, 232, 247
Revue des Deux Mondes, 106
RIC. See Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)
Rimbault, G., 188
Roberts, Viscount: approach to counterinsurgency, 21; and Cronjé, 15–16; and Kruger, 18; order for construction of blockhouses, 29; and scorched earth policy, 17
Roseburg, Carl, 179
Royal Air Force, 73
Royal Engineers, 90
Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), 69; communal pressures on, 70; tasks of, 71
RPF. See Rassemblement du Peuple Francaise (RPF)
Rue de Thèbes massacre, 219
Salan, Raoul: and Battle of Algiers, 219, 221; biography of, 248–49; and Communism, 118; and fall of the Fourth Republic, 224; replacement during Indochina mission, 109; and Viet Minh invasion, 111
SAS. See Special Air Service (SAS)
Sayigh, Rosemary, 91
Scheepers, Gideon, 19
Scorched-earth policy, 3, 21–22, 64, 231
Section française de l’International Ouvrière (SFIO), 248
Sections administratives spécialisées (SAS, Specialist Administrative Sections), 216–17
Selous Scouts, 95
Senoi Paraq, 158
SEP. See Surrendered Enemy Personnel (SEP)
Service, Operation, 159
Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-espionnage (SDECE, Foreign Intelligence and Counter-Espionage Service), 238
SFIO. See Section française de l’International Ouvriére (SFIO)
Shai, 97
Shamir, Yitzhak, 76
Shark Operation, 99
Shin Bet, 97
Shropshire Light Infantry, 69
Sikhobobo, 53
Sinn Féin (Ourselves Alone), 65–68, 76
6e Bataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux (6 BPC, 6th Battalion, Colonial Parachute Regiment), 243
6e Bataillon de tirailleurs sénégalais (6th Battalion, Senegalese Tirailleurs), 246
Skeen, Andrew, 85
Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (Callwell), 63–64, 84
Smyth, G., 69
South Africa: British counterinsurgency in, 13–58; and Lord Kitchener’s role in Anglo-Boer War, 19–21, 29–54; peace talks/negotiations, 49–54; scorched earth policy, 21–22. See also Anglo-Boer War
SOVF. See Special Operational Volunteer Force (SOVF)
Spain: antiguerrilla operations in, 2; occupation by France, 4–7
Special Air Service (SAS), 158
Special Methods Training Centre, 193
Special Night Squads, 84, 96, 97
Special Operational Volunteer Force (SOVF), 157, 193
Special Service Officers (SSOs), 93
Steyn, Marthinus, 16–17, 35, 49–51, 53
Strategic Hamlet program, 188
Strategy and Tactics in Mountain Ranges (Maguire), 63
Stubbs, Richard, 135
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 229
Sulzberger, C. L., 230
Tache d’huile (oil stain, patch, or slick), 106
Tan Cheng Lock, 142, 144, 161–62
Tegart, C. A., 71
Tegart, Charles, 90
Templer, Gerald, 150, 155–57, 159, 185, 188
10th Parachute Division (10e DP), 216
“Terror” of 1793–94, 3
Terror through Time, 135
Theory of Counterinsurgency Warfare, 239
Thermidorian Reaction, 3
3e Bataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux (3 BPC, 3rd Battalion, Colonial Parachute Regiment), 243
Third DeWet Hunt, 30
Third Republic, 209
Thompson, Leroy, 194
3e Regiment Etranger de Parachutistes (3e REP, 3rd Foreign Legion Parachute Regiment), 215
3e Regiment Parachutistes Coloniaux (3e RPC, 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment), 218, 244, 250
“Toussaint Rouge” (Bloody Toussaint), 211
Transvaal Revolt. See Anglo-Boer War
Treaty/ies: Anglo-Irish, 76; of Pretoria, 14; of Rome, 226, 245; of Vereeniging, 57
Trinquier, Roger: biography, 250–51; counterinsurgency theories of, 215; and Indochina War, 218; and la guerre révolutionnaire, 233–34, 236–38; method of population control, 220
Tudor, Hugh, 72
25th Parachute Division (25e DP), 216
27e Bataillon de Chasseurs Alpins (27 BCA), 245
22e regiment d’infanterie coloniale (22 RIC, 22nd Colonial Infantry Regiment), 234
Uganda Railway, 178
UMNO. See United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), 130
Valluy, Jean Étienne, 108
Vereeniging, Treaty of, 57
Vermaas, Hendrik, 32
War Executive Committee (WEC), 137, 159
Wars of Religion, 3
WEC. See War Executive Committee (WEC)
Weyler, Valeriano, 24
White, George, 14
Wilson, Hilda, 91
“XX” system, 92
Younghusband, Francis, 63
ZAA. See Zone Autonome d’Alger (ZAA)
Zaslany, Reuven, 94
Zeller, Andre-Marie, 251
Zone Autonome d’Alger (ZAA), 214