The following annotated bibliography has been prepared to assist the reader in locating additional Marxist studies on the two principal themes treated in this book: cultural imperialism, and the comic book.
With few important exceptions, most of the material on cultural imperialism in the bibliography comes from the Latin American countries, particularly Cuba. To our knowledge, there are relatively few Marxist analyses from the United States concerning the reactionary effects of the spread of the “American Dream” and its related cultural merchandise on the other peoples of the world. However, because of the struggles of these peoples, this is changing, and hopefully this change will be reflected in the quantity and quality of United States’ Marxist analyses and actions in the domain of cultural imperialism; for our small part, we would welcome additions to this list, either forthcoming or overlooked.
The word “culture” has been understood in the political and broadest sense of the word: it refers to the (mass) communication of all social and economic values which support and shape the word “Culture” in the limited, capitalist “Fine Arts” sense of the word.
The entries follow standard bibliographic form, and have been arranged alphabetically by author, except when more than one relevant essay appears in a book, magazine, or from a conference; in which case it is listed under the main title, alphabetically. Where a text has been reprinted, we have tried to list it each time, but have only annotated it once.
The abbreviations also follow standard bibliographic notation. However, it should be noted that “U.S.” means the “United States” and not “Uncle Scrooge”, whereas the notoriety of some of the other abbreviations, such as CIA, USIA, USIS, USAID, ITT, AP, UPI, ABC, CBS, NBC and RCA, should not require any explanatory note: at this point in history it is well known what they stand for.
The entries have been extracted from the ongoing bibliographic publication Marxism and the Mass Media: Towards a Basic Bibliography, edited by the International Mass Media Research Center, the communications research division of the publisher, International General.
ABEL CASTANO, Ramón. La Publicidad: Un Freno al Desarrollo. Bogota: Ediciones Tercer Mundo, 1971. A wide-ranging analysis and description of the manipulative nature of advertising; its development, place, and techniques in the context of capitalist monopoly production, and its role in the retardation of human development. With appendix of statements on the function of advertising by its masters.
“Appareils Idéologiques d’Etat et Luttes de Classes: Chili 1970–73” Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), 254–5, Dec. 1974-Jan. 1975, pp. 5–32. An interview with Armand MATTELART by Serge DANEY and Serge TOUBIANA on the ideological apparatuses during the Chilean Popular Unity government from 1970–3; the press, radio, TV, cinema, and education: the “mass” strategy of the Chilean Right and U.S. imperialism in its fascist use of the cultural apparatus, and the contradictions of the Left in its ideological analyses and political practice in opening up the cultural apparatus to the masses and responding to the enemy.
ASSMANN, Hugo. Evaluación de Algunos Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Comunicación Masiva, con Especial Referencia a los Escritos de Armand Mattelart. San Jose, Costa Rica: XI Congreso Latinoamericano de Sociología, June 1974. 43 pp. A two-part analysis on the study of mass communications in Latin America: the first is a review and evaluation of the different schools of Latin American mass communications research since the early 1960s and its domination by European and U.S. imperialist values (particularly scientific faith); and the second is an evaluation of the work of Armand and Michèle Mattelart (from 1967–1973 in Chile), with a series of formulations calling for the politicization of mass media research values.
AUTORENKOLLEKTIV. Wir machen unsere Comics selber: Erfahrung mit Comics in Unterrichts. Gulner DUVE, ed. Berlin: Basis Verlag, 1974. A textbook for teachers and students on how to make comics so that children will not be dependent on the products of the mass culture industry. In two sections; the first is an analysis of the present comic book industry, and their consumption, ideology and pacifying function in capitalist society; and the second concerns the planning of classes for teaching children how to make their own comics. Many descriptive illustrations.
BARRAUD, Hervé; S. De SEDE. “La Mythologie d’Astèrix” La Nouvelle Critique (Paris), 26, Sept. 1969, pp. 35–40. The ideology of the French comic strip “Astèrix”: the popularity of the comic strip as an extension of the 19th century serial novel, and Astèrix as expression of the mythic history and values of eternal French bourgeois morality, law, and order.
BEGLOW, Spartak. Millionäre machen Meinung von Millionen. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Marxistische Blatter, 1971. A description and analysis of the world-wide capitalist press, radio and TV system, and their interconnections. With a list of 277 trusts, news agencies, and publishers composing the international capitalist network. (Chapter 17 published in English: _____, “The Press and Society” The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 1971, pp. 12–16).
BUHLE, Paul. “The New Comics and American Culture” in: Literature and Revolution, C. Newman and G.A. White, eds. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973, pp. 367–411. Art, the history of the U.S. comic, and the new underground comics as product and reflection of U.S. culture.
CALVET, Louis-Jean. Linguistique et Colonialisme: Petit Traité de Glottophagie. Paris: Payot, 1974. The role of language and the study of language and its use in the process of imperialist expansion; linguistic imperialism and its place as part of ideological domination of oppressed peoples; the “superiority” of colonial language, and the denigration, marginalization, and extermination of the “exotic” peoples. Contents: The theory of language and colonialism from the 16th thru 19th centuries; dialects in the colonial process; the linguistic traces of colonialism; the colonial discourse on language; and language and national liberation. With a section of specific studies, and bibliography.
CARABBA, Claudio. Il Fascismo A Fumetti. Florence: Guaraldi, 1973. A study and documentation on the fascist comic books produced in Italy from the 1930s to 1944, and certain anti-communist comics from the 1960s and 70s, as seen across the fascist interpretation of history, heroes, colonial conquest, and anti-bolshevism, with the reproduction of three stories; “I Ragazzi di Portoria,” “I Tre di Marcelle,” and “Di un’Altra Razza.” Illustrated, with a list of fascist comic book titles and characters.
CARMO, Alberto. “Doing Business with Latin American Brains” The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 6, 1974, pp. 15–18. The importation by imperialist countries, particularly the U.S. of scientists, technicians, and professionals from the Third World.
The Chilean Road to Socialism, Dale L. JOHNSON, ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1973. An anthology of 65 texts, by U.S. and Chileans writers, on all aspects of Chilean development during the Popular Unity government (written and edited before the fascist coup).
Relevant:
POLLOCK, John C.: David EISENHOWER “The New Cold War in Latin America: The U.S. Press and Chile” (pp. 71–86). The hostile press coverage in the U.S. of the Popular Unity government as expressed by 6 U.S. daily newspapers during 1970–2, across five general themes: Allende’s isolation, Left threats to political stability, the responsible positions of the middle and upper classes, the irrational nature of protest against U.S. multi-national corporations, and the aura of crisis around Allende.
HUMBERTO, Máximo. “Yankee Television Control” (pp. 120–4). The U.S. TV networks ABC, CBS, and NBC–RCA and how each has their role in the U.S. control of Latin American TV and the creation of the mindless consumer.
Cine Cubano (Habana), 4, 63/65, pp. 80–94. three articles on cultural imperialism:
“La Industria Cultural Seduce al Capital Monopolista Yanqui” U.S. economic and governmental infiltration into Latin American culture: the work of the advertising, news, and USIA Agencies.
BARAHONA M., Hernán “Chile Entre Dos Fuegos: Cine y TV” U.S. control of Chilean TV and cinema.
“Publicidad Yanqui en las Elecciones Chilenas” U.S.–financed advertising during the Chilean elections.
_____, 66/67, pp. 68–89, 93.
ALMEYDA Clodomiro. “Hacer de la TV Intrumento de Elevación Moral y Liberación Humana” The human tasks of the TV in Chilean and Latin American development.
FATRAC (Frente Antimperialista de Trabajadores de la Cultura). “Documento Denuncia: De Cómo USA la Música como Arma de Penetración” A well-documented report and analysis on the infiltration of Latin American musical and cultural life by the U.S. Wide-ranging and specific, with bibliography.
“Cinéma et Multinationales,” in: Ecran (Paris), 24, April 1974, pp. 38–48.
MATTELART, Armand “Hollywood en Vente?” Brief note on the change of ownership in the U.S. film industry from 1968–1972.
GUBACK, Thomas “Le Cinéma U.S.: Un Business International.”
COCKCROFT, Eva. “Abstract Expressionism: Weapon of the Cold War” Artforum (New York), XII, 10, June 1974, pp. 39–41. Brief, well-researched article on the U.S. avant-garde art, and its use in support of U.S. Cold War policy and cultural penetration: the interconnected interests of the Museum of Modern Art (NY), the CIA, and the Rockefellers (forthcoming in an expanded version, International General, NY, late 1975).
Communications Technology and Social Policy. G. Gerbner; L. Gross; W.H. Melody, eds. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1973. Anthology, relevant:
NORDENSTRENG, Kaarle; Tapio, VARIS. “The Non-Homogeneity of the National State and the International Flow of Communications”
(pp. 393–412). The historical development of communications and the role of consciousness in a world in transition.
MATTELART, Armand. “Mass Media in the Socialist Revolution: The Experience of Chile” (pp. 425–440). The structure of information power during the Popular Unity government, and the problems confronted by the State Publishing House Quimantú in transforming the print media: comics, romance magazines, and the press.
Comunicación y Cultura (Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires), 1, July 1973. First issue of magazine concerned with the role of the mass media and education in the context of Latin American political struggles. Relevant:
BAZIN, Maurice. “La ‘Ciencia Pura’ Instrumento del Imperialismo Cultural: El Caso Chileno” (pp. 74–88). Abstract science and its role as part of cultural imperialism.
MATTELART, Armand. “El Imperialismo en Busca de la Contrarrevolución Cultural: ‘Plaza Sésamo,’ Prólogo a la Telerepresión del año 2.000”
(pp. 146–223). An analysis of the creation, organization, and ideological content of the U.S. TV program “Sesame Street” as a model for the development of future U.S. domination of world education (published separately: _____, same title, Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1974. 88 pp.)
_____, (Buenos Aires only), 2, March 1974.
MATTELART, Michèle; Mabel PICCINI. “La Televisión y los Sectores Populares” (pp. 3–76). The TV and its role during the Popular Unity government: as part of ideological struggle; mass culture, distribution and technological myths; the relations between political vanguard and cultural apparatus; and a far-ranging study on the use and effects of the TV on the Chilean working class, with statements and interviews, and many facts and figures.
NOMEZ, Nain. “La historieta en el Proceso de Cambio Social: Un Ejemplo de lo Exótico a lo Rural” (pp. 109–124). The problem of mass culture and the comic strip in a period of political change, and the experience of the Chilean State Publishing House Quimantú.
ACOSTA, Leonardo. “El Barroco de Indias y la Ideología Colonialista”
(pp. 125–158). The role and forms of cultural domination as integral part of colonial conquest of Latin America in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
BARRACLOUGH, Solón. “Ideología y Práctica de la Capacitación Campesina” (pp. 159–176). Agrarian development, and the concept of the qualified worker as it is dominated by U.S. criteria.
_____, 3, 1975. 230 pp. Six articles and six documents on the USIA in Latin American and Vietnam; the U.S. satellite program for education in Latin America; governmental mass media policy in Argentina and Peru:
“Ficha de Identificación de la Agencia de Información de los EE.UU (USIA)”. A who’s who of USIA cultural penetration in Latin America.
FRESENIUS, Gerardo; Jorge VERGARA. “La Agencia Informativa Norteamericana (USIA) y Sus Boinas Verdes de Papel.” A study of the contents in the anti-guerrilla comic book El Deseñgano produced anonymously by the USIA in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Venezuela, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, San Salvador, Santa Domingo, and Honduras. Many illustrations.
BALLOCHI P., Roberto. “Algunas Antecedentes Sobre el Satelite Educativo para América del Sur.” The history of the U.S. attempt to sell U.S. education by communications satellite to Latin America.
TORRES, Héctor. “Colombia y el Satelite Educativo.” A critique of UNESCO’s proposals for education by satellite in Colombia and its adverse effect in increasing U.S. cultural dominance.
SANTOS, Enrique. “Tecnología, Imperialismo y Educación” An ideological study of the U.S. conception of educational technology, satellites, and audio-visual instruction.
GRAZIANO, Margarita. “Los Dueños de la Televisión Argentina.” A very detailed analysis of the structure and ownership of Argentine local and national TV, made at the time of the nationalization of the TV channels in 1974.
Plus the following six documents: two texts by the Peruvian Revolutionary Government on the Expropriation of the Peruvian daily newspapers in 1974; an interview with a U.S. government ex-film official on the work of the USIA in Vietnam; an interview with Frank Shakespeare, the director of the USIA on the U.S. propaganda war during “peaceful coexistence”; the UNESCO satellite proposals; and the position of the Soviet Union regulating the transmission of direct TV satellite broadcasting.
The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 9, 1973.
EPSTEIN, S. “Imperialism and Manipulating with Public Opinion” (pp. 4–5). U.S. propaganda and its language.
CARMO, Alberto. “International Telephone and Telegraph—A Gigantic Multinational Octopus” (pp. 15–18). The penetration of ITT into the communications systems in different countries throughout the world, and its effects, particularly in Chile.
VARIS, Tapio. “The Changing role of Electronic Media in World Communications” (pp. 15–18). The contents of international TV programs, and the “free” flow of information.
______, 2, 1974.
KREJCI, Jaroslav; Jan CERNAL. “Misuse of Information Technology in the Ideology” (pp. 10–16). The development of of U.S. information technology—computers, data banks, etc.—as a growing support for U.S. capitalist society: in its domestic planning and surveillance; foreign military policy; and as basis for “post-industrial” theories and anti-communist propaganda.
CARMO, Alberto. “Brazil’s Problems Today” (pp. 17–20). The U.S.’s growing control of Brazilian education and culture: the development by U.S. industry of direct satellite communications for educational programming.
______, 3, 1974.
CARMO, Alberto. “When they Speak About Freedom of the Press in Chile” (pp. 3–6). The Popular Unity government’s policy concerning the right for all newspapers to publish.
ZASURSKY, Y.N. “ ‘Free Flow of Information’: The Cold War and Reducing International Tension” (pp. 7–11). The evolution of the concept of the “free flow of information”: from its roots in the Cold War to its present-day use as a means to objectify capitalist values and impose them on the rest of the world; the example of Chile.
GRONBERG, Tom; Kaarle NORDENSTRENG. “Approaching International Control of Satellite Communications” (pp. 12–15).
_____, 7/8, 1974.
RODRIGUEZ BETHENCOURT, Miriam. “Sesame Street—Disseminates New Aggression” (pp. 20–21). A brief history of the U.S.–business developed TV program “Sesame Street” and its international penetration.
MATTELART, Armand; Daniel WAKSMAN. “Plaza Sesamo and An Alibi for the Author’s Real Intentions” (pp. 21–25). The U.S. development of “Sesame Street” as a model for the U.S. creation of a world repressive education system: technology and U.S. business interests; satellite communications; its ideology and its supposed “neutral and educational” character.
_____, 9, 1974.
VARIS, Tapio. “Global Traffic in Television” (pp. 8–11).
LENT, John A. “Imperialism via Q-Sorts” (pp. 14–17). The monopolization of Asian communications research by the U.S., United Kingdom, France, and West Germany by the use of: western communications theories and models, “experts,” and conferences.
NORTH, Joseph. “Chile: The Sacred Duty of Democratic Journalists” (pp. 19–20). The responsibility of all journalists to speak out against the fascist generals in Chile.
DIAZ RANGEL, Eleanor. Pueblos Subinformados: Las Agencies de Noticias y América Latina. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1967. The control of information to and from Latin America by the U.S. news agencies UPI and AP, and their connection to the Latin American and world press, with examples of their coverage of the U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic, and the Third World in general; and the Third World’s fight to develop their own news agencies. Many facts and figures.
von DOETINCHEM, Dagmar; Klaus HARTUNG. Zum Thema Gewalt in Super-helden-Comics. Berlin: Basis Verlag, 1974. The superman-type comics, and how they reflect the values of capitalist life and channel its frustrations into fantasy life: the theme of power and its distortion, free will as expression of the free marketplace, the reinforcement of the repressive concept of the State, and the depiction of criminality. Illustrated examples.
DORFMAN, Ariel. Ensayos Quemados en Chile: Inocencia y Neocolonialismo. Buenos Aires: Ediciones de la Flor, 1974. Anthology of eleven texts written in Chile on the mass media and revolution: capitalist domination of children’s literature (the comic book character Babar the Elephant), Reader’s Digest, the Lone Ranger, the change of names of the industries nationalized by the Popular Unity government, book production, TV educational programs, and the fascist ideological offensive.
_____; Manuel JOFRE. Superman y sus Amigos del Alma. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Galerna, 1974. Two studies on the comics published before and during the Popular Unity government in Chile. The first, by Dorfman, analyses the Lone Ranger and other superheroes in relation to the evolution of the capitalist State; and the second, by Jofre, examines the changes in the comics produced by the Chilean State Publishing House Quimantú.
ECO, Umberto. Apocalittici e Integrati. Milan: Bompiani, 1965. A critique of mass culture concepts and values; high, middle, low; kitsch; cartoons (Steve Canyon, Superman, Charlie Brown) and their characterization, myths and consumption; and a section on the mass media and the TV. (In Spanish: _____, Apocalipticos e Integrados Ante la Cultura de Masas. Barcelona: Editorial Lumen, 1968).
Enciclopedia del Fumetto: 1. Oreste del BUONO, ed. Milan: Milano Libri Edizione, 1969. An anthology of 25 texts by Italian authors tracing the development of the U.S. comic book from the late 19th century through the 1960s. For the most part progressive, with the exception of the last section “Cosa Nostra” on the fantasized depiction of war and police repression in the comics, and particularly the text of Stelio MILLO “Appunti sul fumetto fascista” on the fascist content of Flash Gordon and Mandrake, etc. in Italy under the rule of Mussolini.
FANON, Franz. “This is the Voice of Algeria” in: _____, A Dying Colonialism, Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1970, pp. 53-80. A study of the change in attitudes towards the radio by Algerians during the fight for liberation: from the French-controlled radio as symbol and reinforcement of colonialist values to its use as an active element of struggle.
FARAONE, Roque. Mass Media in Latin-America, an issue of: ISAL Abstracts (Montevideo), Year 4, IV, 45, 1973. 30 pp. A general introduction to the character and problems of the mass media in Latin America: the structure and ownership of the media and its control by U.S. imperialist interests; entertainment, advertising, and anarchy of the capitalist media, and its role as vehicle for the dominant ideology. Extracts from the Peruvian General Telecommunications Law, brief information on the new Argentine. Broadcasting Law, with a list of journalism schools in Latin America. Bibliography, by country, of Marxist and progressive studies on the mass media.
_____, Medios Masivos de Comunicación. Montevideo: Nuestra Tierra, Nov. 1969. 60 pp. The mass media in Uruguay, particularly as distorted and dominated by U.S. advertising. Contents: the common character of all the instruments of social communications; advertising and propaganda; freedom of the press and the right of free information; and distribution and effects.
FRAPPIER, Jon. “Advertising: Latin America” NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) Newsletter (New York), III, 4, July-Aug. 1969, pp. 1–11. The purpose, content, and organization of U.S. advertising in Latin America.
_____ “U.S. Media Empire Latin America” NACLA Newsletter (New York), II, 19, March–April 1968. The ownership and control of the Latin American press, radio, and TV by U.S. media and business interests.
FRESNAULT-DERUELLE, Pierre. “Le récit (ou le scénario-parenthèses) de Bande Dessinée” La Nouvelle Critique (Paris), 49, Jan. 1972, pp. 62–65. How economic pressures have effected the development of the comic book storyline: the weekly sale of the comics, and the development of the consumable, closed vision of the world. Brief bibliography.
_____, “Une Unité Commerciale de Narration: La Page de Bande Dessinée” La Nouvelle Critique (Paris), 44, May 1971, pp. 42–49. The evolution of the comic strip form as effected by capitalist economic pressure: the relation between image and text, from caption to balloons, organization of the story, serial presentation, and the page layout.
I Fumetti di “Unidad Popular”: Uno Strumento di Informazione Populare nel Cile di Allende. Milan: Celuc, 1974. Introduction by Umberto ECO. A selection of 13 stories from La Firme, a popular education magazine published in comic book format by the Popular Unity government publishing house Quimantú in 1972 and early 1973, treating the subjects of bureacracy, agrarian reform, urban life, and the mass struggle against profiteering (an English edition will be published in 1976, and will also contain the important work produced in 1970 and 1971).
GIFFORN, Hans. “Comics als Lesestoff von Kindern und als Gegenstand politischer Erziehung” in: Die Heimlichen erzieher: Kinderbucher und politischer lernen, D. RICHTER; J. VOGT, eds., Hamburg: Rowohlt, Jan. 1974, pp. 142–160. Comics as distraction to encourage fantasy; superheroes and the reinforcement of the values of capitalism.
GARCIA LUPO, Rogelio. “El Gobierno Peronista Frente a los Medios de Comunicación de Masas” Peronismo y Socialismo (Buenos Aires), I, 1, Sept. 1973, pp. 21–24. The U.S. news agencies AP and UPI during 20 years in Argentina: their control over information (news and advertising), and alliances with the local bourgeois press, particularly La Nación and La Prensa.
GUBACK, Thomas H. “American Interests in the British Film Industry” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business (Urbana, III.), VII, 2, Summer 1967, pp. 7–21. The U.S. film industry’s control of British film production and distribution.
_____, “Film and Cultural Pluralism” The Journal of Aesthetic Education (Urbana, III.), V, 2, April 1971, pp. 35–51. The film as economic entity, and the U.S. domination of European film production and distribution.
GUTIERREZ VEGA, Hugo. Información y Sociedad. Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1974. The concepts and contents of North American communications and its allied mass communications research, and their negative effect on Mexican society: the information business and alienation, public opinion manipulation, information consumption, the electronic media, and the Left comic books of Quino, and Rius.
HOROWITZ, Andrew. “Domestic Communications Satellites” Radical Software (New York),
II, 5, 1973, pp. 36–40. The development of the U.S. communications satellite program: the inter-locking interests of the U.S. military and monopoly aircraft and communications industries; externally, profit motivation and joint global penetration; and internally, surveillance, and control over the flow of information and the apathy of the FCC.
Ideología y Medios de Comunicación, Manuel A. GARRETON, ed. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu, 1974. Anthology of six texts originally published in the Chilean review Cuadernos de la Realidad Nacional during the Popular Unity government, on different aspects of ideological struggle. Relevant here:
MARTINEZ, Jesús. “Para Entender los Medios: Medios de Comunicación y Relaciones Sociales” (pp. 94–129). A wide-ranging analysis of the means of communications under capitalist conditions, with a section on the media under conditions of colonialism and dependency.
DORFMAN, Ariel. “Inocencia y Neocolonialismo: Un Caso de Dominio Ideológico en la Literatura Infantil” (pp. 170–206).
“L’impérialisme Culturel” Le Monde Diplomatique (Paris), 249, Dec. 1974, pp. 7–11.
SCHILLER, Herbert I. “Les Mécanismes de la Domination Internationale” The growth of the U.S. communications and marketing corporations, the closing gap between advertising and information, the spread of the U.S. advertising agency around the world, the public opinion poll, the practice of the “free flow of information,” and the promotion of “neutral and inoffensive” entertainment.
MATTELART, Armand. “Une Stratégie Globale pour l’Amérique Latine”: The tactics of the U.S. multinationals and the U.S. government in the use of cultural penetration as part of their world propaganda campaign: U.S. control of Latin American TV content, “Sesame Street” as important part of U.S. plans for “educating” the world, and Brazil’s role in U.S. plans for “educating” Latin America.
_____. “Au Chili: Les Armes de la Contre-révolution culturelle” The role of the U.S. advertising agency during the Chilean Popular Unity government: from the promotion of U.S. cultural merchandise to the planning of the overthrow of the Allende Government.
TEXIER, Jean-Claude. “Métamorphoses d’une Industrie de la Pensée?” The increasing dominance of U.S. capital and its attendant values in the French press and publishing industry.
RAMONET, Ignacio. “Cinéma Francais et Capitaux Américains” U.S. dominance of French film production and distribution.
GOBARD, Henri. “Les Gallo-Ricains: Aberrations d’un Nouveau Conformisme” The growing emulation and prestige of U.S. cultural values in France: music, clothing, office habits, language, and education.
“Imperialismo y Medios Masivos de Comunicación”, a special issue of: Casa de las Americas (Habana), Year 13, 77, March-April 1973, 174 pp. Anthology of eight texts on the capitalist and imperialist mass media; including women’s magazines, comic books, mass culture, and journalism.
ACOSTA, Leonardo. “Medios Masivos e Ideología Imperialista” The development of the mass media in the context of U.S. financial-political-military interests, its concepts of technology, progress, and history as part of imperialist growth: persuasion, advertising and consumption, marketing, press contents, and the “new world” of electronics, technocracy, “mass culture,” and “end of ideologies.”
MATTELART, Armand. “La Industrial Cultural no es una Industria Ligera”
VIEWEG, Klaus; Willy WALTHER. “Cambios en la Estructura de Información de la Prensa Imperialista” The effects of scientific-technical change on monopoly capitalism, and its manifestation on its press theory and practice: journalist style, information presentation, types of news stories, objectivity, credibility, and specialists.
DORFMAN, Ariel “Salvación y Sabiduría del Hombre Común: La Teología del Reader’s Digest”
ERHART, Virginia. “Amor, Ideología y Enmascaramiento en Corin Tellado”
MATTELART, Michèle. “Apuntes sobre lo Moderno: Una Manera de Leer la Revista Femenina”
VERGARA, Jorge. “Comics y Relaciones Mercantiles”
MURARO, Heriberto J. “Ideología en el Periodismo de TV en Argentina”
Imperialismo y Medios Masivos de Comunicación. 2 volumes. Lima: Editorial Causachum, 1973. 150 and 161 pp. Relevent:
Volume I:
ACOSTA Leonardo. “Medios Masivos e Ideología Imperialista” (pp. 7–67).
VIEWEG, Klaus; Willy WALTHER. “Cambios en la Estructura de Información de la Prensa Imperialista”
PEREZ BARRETO, Samuel. “El Caso ‘Plaza Sesamo’ en el Perú” (pp. 121–150)
Volume II:
DORFMAN, Ariel. “Salvación y Sabiduría del Hombre Común: La Teología de Selecciones del Reader’s Digest” (pp. 5–38).
GARGUREVICH, Juan. “Informe sobre Algunas Revistas Alienantes en el Perú” (pp. 88–94). The imperialist press implantation in Peru: The U.S. multinational publishers Hearst, Western Publishing, Reader’s Digest, Walt Disney, Time-Life, and Vision, and the reactionary content of their publications.
URIBE, Hernán. “La Desinformación: Industria Imperialista” (pp. 121–142). World communications growth, and imperialist communications strategy against Latin America (particularly Chile, Brazil, and Argentina) in the development of Homus Consumem: technological penetration, press control, film, comic books, public relations, and advertising agencies, news agencies (AP and UPI), and U.S. government agencies (USIA); and the need for Latin American journalists to fight this invasion. Many important facts and figures.
Instant Research on Peace and Violence (Tampere, Finland), 1, 1973. Four articles on international communications:
GRONBERG, Tom; Kaarle NORDENSTRENG. “Approaching International Control of Satellite Communications” (pp. 3–8). A report of actions taken at UNESCO and elsewhere to prevent the spread of U.S.–style “freedom of communications” and imperialism.
MATTELART, Armand. “Modern Communications Technologies and New Facets of Cultural Imperialism” (pp. 9–26). The marriage of U.S. mass culture and the U.S. war economy: the U.S. electronics and aerospace corporations and their militarization of world science and education (translation of chapter from original Spanish: _____, La Cultura como Empresa Multinacional. Mexico, D.F.: Ediciones Era, 1974).
VARIS, Tapio. “European Television Exchanges and Connections with the Rest of the World” (pp. 27–43). The flow of TV programs in western Europe and eastern Europe, and their relationship to the developing countries. Facts and figures.
VAYRYNEN, Raimo. “Military Uses of Satellite Communications” (pp. 44–49). U.S. development of satellite communications for military uses.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF JOURNALISTS (IOJ), ed. The Chilean Coup and its Cruel Aftermath. Prague: IOJ, 1974, 153 pp. Extensive documentation on the fascist coup in Chile, with statements and appeals by the IOJ, and interviews and accounts of the day of Allende’s death and subsequent fascist tortures.
TIMOSSI, Jorge. “Augusto Olivares: A Revolutionary Journalist” (pp. 29–33). On the director of the national TV who died with Allende at La Moneda.
CARMO, Alberto. “When They Speak about Freedom of the Press in Chile” (pp. 43–58).
“The Present Situation of the Press and Journalists in Chile” (pp. 59–86). The control and ownership of the press, radio and TV during the Popular Unity government; the destruction of the Left media at the time of the coup, and its control under the fascist regime; with a list of murdered, imprisoned, and exiled journalists (this last article published separately: _____, same title, Prague: IOJ, 1974, 16 pp.).
_____. Chile: One Year Later. Prague: IOJ, 1974. 34 pp. A detailed account of the events concerning journalists and the press in Chile since the fascist coup in September 1973: from U.S. economic support of the anti-Allende press to repression and murder; with information on the nine known murdered journalists, the 45 known imprisoned journalists, their conditions of imprisonment, police terror, unemployed journalists, press control, the clandestine press, and IOJ actions in support of the Chilean people.
_____. La FIOPP: Instrumento de la Politica “Interamericana” de ios EE.UU. Prague: IOJ, 1967. 41 pp. The political role of FIOPP (the Inter American Federation of Professional Journalists’ Organizations) in Latin America; as an instrument of the U.S.–based American Newspaper Guild financed with CIA funds.
_____. The Media Today and Tomorrow. Prague: IOJ, 1974. 131 pp. Anthology of nine texts on the problems arising from the increasing technological development of satellites and their use in international communications, with a series of statements and documents on UNESCO’s communications policies.
KOLOSOV, Yuri. “Global TV and its Prospects” (pp. 5–10). The possibilities of satellite use in science, culture, and education, and the political and propaganda problems in the peaceful use of technology.
NORDENSTRENG, Kaarle; Tom GRONBERG. “Approaching International Control of Satellite Communications” (pp. 11–23).
KOZLUK, Tadeusz. “Problems of Television Satellite Broadcasting” (pp. 24–32). The legal and political problems: national sovereignty and peaceful use of satellites.
NALIN, J. “The Scientific and Technological Revolution and Journalism: The Case ‘For’ and ‘Against’ ” (pp. 33–43). Satellite communications and propaganda: national sovereignty, and USSR proposals to UNESCO for satellite broadcasting.
VARIS, Tapio. “The Changing Role of Electronic Media in World Communications” (pp. 44–50).
MATTELART, Armand. “Modern Communications Technologies and New Facets of Cultural Imperialism” (pp. 58–83).
ADESANIA, Ade. “The Psyche Under the Pressure of Information” (pp. 84–95).
NORDENSTRENG, Kaarle. “Prognosis for the Development of Mass Media and Their Uses” (pp. 96–111).
_____, “Uruguay and Mass Media Today,” an issue of Journalists’ Affairs (Prague), 15/16/17, 1974, 28 pp. The mass media in Uruguay from 1967 to 1973: the role of the USIA and the CIA in support of the Uruguayan ruling class, and the theoretical support of J.T. Klapper and USIA specialists in the development of the theories, planning, operation, and aims of mass persuasion and monopoly propaganda techniques; the ownership of the mass media; and press freedom and the journalist. With a detained chronology of actions against the freedom of information from 1967–1973.
JANCO, Manuel; Daniel FURJOT. Informatique et Capitalisme. Paris: Maspero, 1972. A far-ranging analysis of information science and the computer industry in the process of capitalist reproduction, relations of productions, and its location in the class struggle. In four sections; relevant here are the chapters on imperialist expansion, the internationalization of the capitalist mode of production, war and police repression, and the many facts and figures on IBM worldwide.
Journal of Communications (Philadelphia, Pa.) XXIV, 1, Winter 1974.
FAGEN, Patricia W. “The Media in Allende’s Chile” (pp. 59–70). The problems in the transformation of the mass media during the Popular Unity government: the overwhelming private ownership, the difficulties of the Left media to compete economically, and problems of changing the old contents of the mass press.
GUBACK, Thomas H. “Film as International Business” The economics of film and TV film productions, and how co-production arrangements are used by the U.S. film industry to dominate the international flow of film and TV programs.
VARIS, Tapio “Global Traffic in Television” (pp. 102–109). International TV programming and distribution: the dominance of the U.S. and Great Britain in the sale of programs (and ideology) to Europe and the developing countries; and the unequal flow of news between Eurovision and Intervision (the Socialist countries).
SCHILLER, Herbert I. “Freedom from the ‘Free Flow’” (pp. 110–116). The growing international resistance to the one-way flow of information and values from the few powerful capitalist countries, particularly the U.S., towards the developing countries, and how the U.S. media monopolies use the concept of the “free flow” to continue their economic penetration around the world.
KAHN, Albert E. The Game of Death: Effects of the Cold War on Our Children. New York: Cameron & Kahn, 1953. A study of the U.S. Cold War policy in the U.S., particularly concerning the militarization of the U.S. education system during the 40s and 50s in support of U.S. government policy. Relevant is chapter V: “Niagara of Horror” on the violence, war, crime and fantasy content of children’s comic books, TV programs, and film production.
KOLOSOV, Yuri. “TV and International Law” The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 11, 1974, pp. 21–24. The issues in the UN concerning the control over the use of direct TV broadcast satellites: reactionary broadcasting, national sovereignty, and governmental responsibility for broadcast contents and violations.
KUNZLE, David. “Art in Chile’s Revolutionary Process: Guerrilla Muralist Brigades” New World Review (New York), XLI, 3, 1973, pp. 42–53. The work of the popular mural painting brigades in Chile developed during the Popular Unity government to combat the propaganda of the private press and to disseminate the ideas of the Chilean government.
_____,“Art of the New Chile: Mural, Poster and Comic Book in a ‘Revolutionary Process’”
California, 1972–4, 48 pp. ms. A study, written before the fascist coup, on the Chilean cultural offensive during the Popular Unity government and its work in developing alternative communications channels, particularly the mural, poster, and comic strip, to fight the right wing propaganda machine: the terror tactics of the reactionary press, the politicization of the art institutions, the Ramona Parra mural Brigades, poster production, and the contents of the new comic books produced by the state publishing house Quimantú (forthcoming in: Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics, H. Milton and L. Nochlin, eds., MIT Press).
_____, The History of the Comic Strip: Volume I. The Early Comic Strip (Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the Early European Broadsheets 1450–1826). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1973. The development of the predecessor of the modern comic strip, with examples from Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and Russia, analyzing their often progressive social-political role in propaganda and popular struggles. Many Illustrations.
LAWSON, John Howard. Film in the Battle of Ideas. New York: Masses and Mainstream, 1953. A study of the U.S.–Hollywood film industry, its ideological content, and role as propaganda arm for U.S. imperialist policy. With many concrete analyses of U.S. film production, and a section on world film production as part of class struggle.
MALPICA, Carlos. Los Dueños del Perú. Lima: Ediciones Peisa, 1974 (6th ed.). The power structure of Peruvian economic, political, social and cultural life, and its dominance and ownership by U.S. governmental and business interests. For the most part, the material dates from before 1968. In eight chapters, relevant here are the analyses of the control of public opinion, news and advertising agencies, communications ownership, police espionage and the telephone, the cultural sector, and the universities.
MASS MEDIA GROUP (Unga Filosofer, Sweden), ed. “Speeches given at the Seminar on Cultural Imperialism, Stockholm, October 1974” 47 pp. mimeographed. A transcript of the proceeding of the seminar with numerous interventions, brief introduction by Karl-Ola NILSSON, and four texts.
SCHILLER, Herbert I. “Mass Media and U.S. Foreign Policy” (pp. 1–16). The relation between the media owners and U.S. foreign policy, from its historical roots from the 1940s through the Cold War, to the use of UNESCO by the U.S., until very recently, in promoting U.S.–style “free flow of information” concepts as a means to expand the dissemination of the U.S. multinational advertising message.
EKBERG, Sven. “The U.S.–Imperialism and Europe” (pp. 17–25). Brief resume of U.S. policy regarding Europe during the past 20 years, particularly as effected by U.S. imperialist interests in the Third World.
DeVYLDER, Stefan. “The Imperialism and the Dependent Countries” (pp. 26–33). Imperialist propaganda and advertising in the transmission of consumption patterns from the capitalist countries to the Third World; the example of Latin America.
VARIS, Tapio. “The Flow of Television Programmes” (pp. 34–47). The concentration of media production in the capitalist centers, the world-wide distribution of U.S. production and ideology, U.S. production in foreign countries, and the use of technology to open up new markets for the U.S.
Mass Media and International Understanding, France VREG, ed. Ljubljana, Yugoslavia: School of Sociology, Political Science, and Journalism, 1969. The proceedings from a conference, of the same name, held in Ljubljana in 1968.
VREG, France. “Structural and Functional Changes in the Public and World Community” (pp. 34–50). The changing relationship between governments and their publics, and the effects on international communications.
SMYTHE, Dallas W. “Conflicts, Cooperation and Communications Satellites” (pp. 51–73). The development of communications satellites and the social-political problems they pose internationally, particularly regarding the ideological invasion of the developing countries by the U.S.
SCHILLER, Herbert I. “International Communications, National Sovereignty and Domestic Insurgency” (pp. 92–107). Technological change and economic power in the mass media: the negative effect of the concentration of this power and control in the capitalist countries on the growth of the underdeveloped countries.
MATTELART, Armand. Agresión en el Espacio: Cultura y Napalm en la Era de los Satélites. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Tercer Mundo, Sept. 1972. A well-documented analysis of the organization, content, and effects of the role of U.S. business and war interests in the development of international satellite communications (reprinted:____. Agresión desde en el Espacio: Cultura y Napalm en la Era de los Satélites. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1973).
_____. La Cultura como Empresa Multinacional. Mexico, D.F.: Ediciones Era, 1974. The civil re-conversion of the U.S. multinational corporations after the Vietnam War, and the new forms of ideological offensive under peaceful co-existence, and the evolution of the mythology of mass culture. Contents: I. Super-bombarderos y Superheroes; II. Cultura de Masas y Económia de Guerra; III. Los Nuevos Dueños y Publicos de la Agresión Cultural; IV. La Industria del Turismo en la Reconversión del Imperio; V. Conclusión: La Muerte de Superman.
_____; Patricio BIEDMA; Santiago FUNES. Comunicación Masiva y Revolución Socialista. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Prensa Latinoamericana, 1971. Three texts on the transformation of the mass media and culture as part of Chile’s socialist construction.
MATTELART, Armand. “Comunicación y Cultura de las Masas” The nature of bourgeois and imperialist communications, and the tasks of the media.
BIEDMA, Patricio. “Prensa Burguesa, Prensa Popular y Prensa Revolucionaria” The recuperation of the popular press by the bourgeoisie.
FUNES, Santiago. “Escritura, Producción Literaria y Proceso Revolucionario” The problems of literature and writing.
_____; Carmen CASTILLO; Leonardo CASTILLO. La Ideología de la Dominacion en una Sociedad Dependiente. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Signos, Oct. 1970. An analysis of the structure and content of Chile’s ruling class ideology as manifest during its resistance to agrarian reform. Bibliography.
_____; Mabel PICCINI; Michéle MATTELART. Los Medios de Comunicación de Masas: La Ideología de la Prensa Liberal en Chile, a special issue of: Cuadernos de la Realidad Nacional (Santiago de Chile), 3, March 1970 (2nd ed.), 287pp. A series of well-documented studies on the values and contents of the Chilean capitalist press, as effected by U.S. economic and ideological penetration.
MATTELART, Armand. Chap. I “El Marco del Analisis Ideológico,” a critique of U.S. “communications research;” II. “Estructura del Poder Informativo y Dependencia,” the control of the dependent Chilean mass media; Ch. III. “La Mitología de la Juventud en un Diario Liberal,” the myth of youth.
PICCINI, Mabel. Chap. IV. “El Cerco de la Revistas de Idolos” an analysis of the “fan” magazines.
MATTELART, Michèle. Chap. V. “El Nivel Mítico de la Prensa Seudo-Amorosa,” an analysis of the concept and contents of the “romance” magazines.
_____; Daniel WAKSMAN. “Más Allá de la SIP” Chile Hoy (Santiago de Chile), 19–20, October 1972, pp. 16–17. An analysis of the structure and control of SIP (the Inter American Press Association), the group which brings together the interests of the U.S. and Latin American mass media owners, with particular emphasis on the Scripps-Howard syndicate.
Medios Masivos de Comunicación, a special issue of: Referencias (Habana), III, 1972. 556 pp. Anthology of 25 texts on the mass media. In four sections: general writings; theoretical studies; investigations of different media systems; and on the imperialist media. Relevant here:
WOLFE, Catherine M.; Marjorie FISK “Por qué se Leen las Tiras Cómicas”
MARTINEZ, Jesús M. “Para Entender los Medios de Comunicación y Relaciones Sociales”
MATTELART, Armand. “Por un Medio de Comunicación de Masas no Mitológico”
ECO, Humberto. “Apocalípticos e Integrados Ante la Cultura de Masas.”
MATTELART, Michèle.“Nivel mítico de la Prensa Seudo-Amorosa.”
ICAIC EDICIONES. “La Industria Cultural Seduce al Capital Monopolista Yanqui.”
ECO, Humberto. “El Mito de Superman.”
MATTELART, Armand. “La Dependencia del medio de comunicación de Masas.”
MORALES, Argueles “Panamá: Presencia y Violencia Cultural del Imperialismo” Cine Cubano (Habana), 78/79/80, pp. 70–76. The reactionary cultural role of the U.S. controlled mass media as part of imperialist penetration in Panama.
MUJICA, Hector. Apuntes para una Sociología Venezolana de la Comunicación. Caracas, 1973, 153 pp. mimeographed. A survey and critique of international mass communications theory and research; and analysis of the structure and content of the mass media in different countries and its relevance for the development of the Venezuelan mass media. Bibliography.
MURARO, Heriberto. “La Manija,”, a series of three articles in: Crisis (Buenos Aires), 1, May 1973; 2, June 1973; and 3, July 1973, pp. 48–54; 52–60; and 64–69, respectively. The first, “Quienes son los Dueños de los Medios de Comunicación en América Latina” is an analysis of the structure and ownership of the mass media in Latin America, particularly Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, and their dependence on U.S. business interests; and the policy of the Chilean and Peruvian governments in trying to recover their press and radio. The second, “Los Dueños de la Television Argentina” is a study of the power structure of the Argentine TV, and its control by ABC, CBS, and Time-Life. The third, “El Negocio de la Publicidad en la Televisión Argentina” is an analysis of the advertising on Argentine TV; the production of TV commercials, their effects, and interrelated economic interests of the U.S. advertising agencies (J. Walter Thompson, McCann- Erickson) and U.S. busi¬ness sponsors.
NAISON, Mark. “Sports and the American Empire” Radical America (Cambridge, Mass.), VI, 4, July–Aug. 1972, pp. 95–120. The development of U.S. mass spectator sports since the Second World War. In three sections. Relevant here is the section on sports in U.S.’s relations to the Third World and U.S. blacks, and its role as vehicle and means of assimilating peoples and cultures into the interests of the U.S.
“New Frontiers of Television” Symposium, Bled, Yugoslavia, June 1971. Relevant papers:
BOJANIC, Ivo. “On the Hindrances of the New Frontiers of Television” The social-political problems preventing the international use of the mass media.
SMYTHE, Dallas W. “Cultural Realism and Cultural Screens” (16 pp.). The historical development of “capitalist realism”: its “a-political” art, science, ideology, and mass communications research, and a series of formulations on socialist culture, emphasizing on the level of international communications, the need for developing countries to protect themselves from “capitalist realism.”
NORDENSTRENG, Kaarle; Tapio VARIS. “International Inventory of Television Program Structure” The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 4, 1974, pp. 6–9. The flow of TV programs: the dominance of the U.S. in the world markets, and the flow between East and West Europe (a resume of a report published by the University of Tampere, Finland, April 1973).
PASQUALI, Antonio. “Le Cas de l’Amérique Latine: Pollution Spontanée?” 10 pp. mimeographed (for the “Communications de Masse et Pollution Mentale” Conference, Paris, 1971). A description and study of the contents and quality of the mass media in Venezuela and Latin America, and its domination by imperialist values.
SANTORO, Eduardo. La Televisión Venezolana y la Formación de Estereotipos en el Niño. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1969. An analysis of Venezuelan TV contents and how it effects the development of social and cultural values in children: a critique of mass communications criteria, particularly from the U.S., formulations on the concept of Collective Communications, and an empirical study of Venezuelan TV contents.
SCHILLER, Herbert I. “Madison Avenue Imperialism” in: Communications in International Politics, R.L. Merritt, ed. Urbana, III.: University of Illinois Press, 1972, pp. 318–338: U.S. multinational corporations, their growing advertising and public relations appendages, and their increasing domination over world mass communications.
_____. Mass Communications and American Empire. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. A well-documented economic and political analysis of the structure and policy of the U.S. mass media and its effect on international communications: the development of U.S. radio and TV; the predominance of military interests; electronics and counter-revolution; the global invasion of the U.S. electronic industry and the commercialization of broadcasting; the developing countries under electronic siege, and communications satellites; and proposals for the democratic re-structuring of the mass media.
_____. The Mind Managers. Boston: Beacon Press, 1973. An analysis of the extent and growth of the U.S. mind and information management empire; government, business, and advertising and public relations agencies. Relevant here are the chapters: VI. Mind Management Moves Overseas, Exporting the Techniques of Persuasion; and VII. Mind Management in a New Dimension, From the Laws of the Market to Direct Political Control.
_____. “National Development Requires Some Social Distance” Antioch Review (Yellow Springs, Ohio), XXVII, 1, Spring 1967, pp. 63–75. The function and power of the imperialist mass media, and the need for developing countries to control incoming political-cultural messages.
_____. “Waiting for Orders – Some Currents Trends in Mass Communications Research in the United States” Gazette (Amsterdam), 1, Winter 1974, pp. 11–21. The intimate (and empirical) relationship between U.S. mass communications research and the economic needs of U.S. business and the development of the consumer: polls and statistics; and the increasing support role of communications research in institutional planning and as a research arm of U.S. foreign and military planning.
_____. Dallas W. SMYTHE. “Chile: An End to Cultural Colonialism” Society (New Brunswick, N.J.), March 1972, pp. 35–39, 61. A study of the Chilean mass media and the problems confronting the Popular Unity government in changing the media from a U.S. styled and dominated private means of product promotion to a socialized means of communications.
“Science as Cultural Imperialism” in: Por Qué? Science and Technology in Latin America, Jamaica Plain, Mass.: Science for the People, Dec. 1972, pp. 19–23. The role of science in U.S. cultural imperialist policy in Latin America: as a means to spread U.S. ideology and substitute it for native cultural forms; the concepts of technology as “progress”; the teaching of U.S. science in Third World education programs and its effects on development; the brain drain; and the need for the U.S. to de-politicize the Latin American university to assure the extension of U.S. business—the example of Brazil.
SILVA, Ludovico. Teoría y Práctica de la Ideología. Mexico City: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, 1971. The Marxist theory of ideology, and a critique of some forms of capitalist ideology and their practical effects in regard to Latin American development. Particularly relevant are the sections “Los Comics y su Ideología”, and “El Sueño Insomme: Ideas sobre Televisión, Subdesarrollo, Ideología” on the comics and TV, and underdevelopment.
SIQUEIROS, David A. “Mouvement et ‘Remous’ de I’Art au Mexique: Cinema National ou Falsificateur” in: ______, I’Art et la Révolution, Paris: Editions Sociales, 1973, pp. 95–108. A brief resume of the character of the Mexican film, the great pressures from Hollywood and capitalist forces, and a call for the nationalization of the film industry and its use in education.
SMYTHE, Dallas W. “Reflections on Proposals for an International Programme of Communications Research”, 14 pp. mimeographed (for the International Association for Mass Communications Research, General Assembly and Congress “Communications and Development”, Buenos Aires, Sept. 1972). UNESCO’s program for communications research: on the use of technology in the development of communications, and the harmful effects of advanced capitalist consumer technology on the developing countries.
SOLANAS, Fernando E.; Octavio GETINO. Cine, Cultura y Descolonización. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1973. A series of theoretical texts and practical results, by the filmmakers of “La Hora de los Hornos” and members of the Cine Liberación group in Buenos Aires, in which they historically situate the “Cinema of Liberation” or “Third Cinema”: from the Hollywood film, through the “Cinema d’auteur,” to the film as part of the anti-imperialist struggles of the Third World peoples, and the minorities in the imperialist center.
Textual (Revista del Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima), 8, Dec. 1973, 79 pp. Anthology of 10 articles on cultural imperialism, ideology, advertising and TV in Latin America. Relevant:
URRUTIA BOLONA, Carlos. “Comunicación Masiva y Agresión Cultural” The role of the mass media and cultural domination in the formation of social values.
DRINOT SILVA, Rafael. “Publicidad: Produción y Consumo de lo Cotidiano” The fundamental role of advertising in the structure and reproduction of capitalist society, and the central placement of the U.S. advertising agency in the economy of the Latin American countries.
PEREZ BARRETO, Samuel. “El Caso ‘Plaza Sésamo’ en el Perú”. The U.S. developed “educational” TV program Sesame Street as arm of U.S. cultural and economic penetration in Latin America, and the reasons why the program was refused broadcast rights in Peru.
DORFMAN, Ariel. “Salvación y Sabiduría del Hombre Común: La Teología del Reader’s Digest” The ideology of Reader’s Digest: contents and organization; fragmentation, mystification; and false knowledge.
GONZALES MONTES, Antonio R. “Bugs Bunny en el U.S. Army: Azar o Coincidencia Ideológica” The contents of the U.S. TV program.
TAPIA DELGADO, Gorki. “ ‘Los Picapiedra’ Aliados del Imperialismo” The U.S. TV series The Flintstones, and the development of the infantile, passive, conformist U.S.–style consumer.
RAMOS FALCONI, Ruben. “Medios de Comunicación de Masas: Mito y Realidad” U.S. multinational corporations and their use of the media, and Peruvian revolutionary praxis.
“El Papel Socio-Político de los Medios de Comunicación Masiva” The conclusion from conference, of same name, held in Costa Rica, November 1972, calling for the politicization of Latin American mass media research.
“Transnationales: Le Défi” an issue of: Politique Aujourd’hui (Paris), 1–2, Jan.-Feb. 1975. 128 pp. Ten texts on the U.S. multinational corporations, the World Bank, and imperialism. Relevant here are the texts on the “Multinational State”:
DUBOIS, Jean-Pierre; Paul Ramadier. “Le Nouvel Ordre Mondial” The tactics of the U.S. multinational industrials.
COLLINS, Joseph D. “Etats-Unis et Transnationales Américaines: Retour à l’Envoyeur.” The world expansion of the U.S. financial system, with U.S. governmental and military support.
MATTELART, Armand. “Vers la Formation des Appareils Idéologiques de l’État Multinational” An analysis of the multinationalization of the major U.S. Advertising, Accounting, Management, Marketing, Think Tank, Public Relations, Public opinion poll Corporations: their growing take-over of world planning for the U.S.–style “Consumer Society,” their increasing involvement in social-political “Corporate State” development (such as in Brazil and Chile) to assure the expansion of the U.S. multinational industrial and financial corporations, and their role as ideological wing and spokesman for U.S. government interests.
Voices of National Liberation, Irwin SILBER, ed. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Central Book Co., 1970. Anthology of 92 texts delivered at the Cultural Congress of Havana, January 1968. Foreword by Irwin SILBER. Organized in 6 sections; with greetings to the Congress; speech of Fidel Castro to closing session; and appendix of regulations, commission reports, and resolutions of the Congress. All relevant, but noted particularly:
SIERRA, Cainas. “Consuming Radio and Television Programs Like Pop Corn, Hot Dogs or Coca Cola.”
HUY CAN, Cu. “The Obliteration of National Culture is the War Cry of Conquerors.”
RAWASH El DIEB, Mohamed. “The Brain Drain.”
BELAL, Abdelaziz. “Cultural Depersonalization Under Colonialism.”
PINEDA BARNET, Enrique. “Colonization of Taste.”
MARTINEZ, José. “The Cultural Colonization of Latin American Countries.”
CHERIF, Cheick. “As Long as the Mass Media are Owned or Controlled by the Capitalist Monopolies, they Cannot Serve the Cause of the Popular Masses.”
Les Tintins de la Ve, issue number 15 of Le Point (Paris). The French children’s magazines and their uniformly reactionary contents, and 25 million readers.
WAGNER, Dave. “Donald Duck: An Interview” Radical America (Cambridge, Mass.), VII, 1, 1973, pp. 1–19. An imaginary interview with Donald Duck on the history of the Disney business, its ideology, T.W. Adorno, and revolutionary culture.
WETTSTADT, Günter. Technik und Bildung: Zum Einfluss burgerlicher Technikphilosophie auf die imperialistische Bildungsideologie. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Marxistische Blätter, 1974. An analysis of the influence of political ideology on technology and how education functions to make science and technology serve the bourgeois. Relevant here is the chapter on capitalist technological ideology in education and its role in imperialist development.