1. ‘A brief Relation of the late Dangerous Plot for the Destruction of his Highness’s person’, in John Towill Rutt (ed.), Diary of Thomas Burton Esq, vol. 2, April 1657–February 1658 (London: 1828), pp. 483–8 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/burton-diaries/vol2/pp483–488
2. Mercurius Politicus, no. 347 (29 January–4 February 1657), quoted in Patrick Little, ‘John Thurloe and the Offer of the Crown to Oliver Cromwell’, in Patrick Little (ed.), Oliver Cromwell: New Perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 223.
3. Wilbur Cortez Abbott (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1937–47), vol. 4, p. 412; and John Ashe MP in Little, ‘John Thurloe and the Offer of the Crown to Oliver Cromwell’, p. 221.
1. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 97; Oliver St John was an eminent lawyer; Elizabeth was his second wife.
2. Simon Healy, ‘1636: The Unmaking of Oliver Cromwell?’, in Little (ed.), Oliver Cromwell: New Perspectives, pp. 20–37.
3. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 751 (quoting Joseph Spence, Anecdotes, observations, and characters, of books and men: collected from the conversation of Mr Pope, and other eminent persons of his time).
4. John Morrill, ‘Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
5. Mark Kishlansky’s chapter on the period in his Penguin Monarchs volume on Charles I (London: Allen Lane, 2014) is entitled ‘Peace and Prosperity’.
6. Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1631–3 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1862), p. 501.
1. TNA: PRO, SP 16/94/88 quoted in Anthony Milton, ‘Laud, William (1573–1645)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; online edn, May 2009.
2. See Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms 1638–1652 (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2007), pp. 30–31.
3. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, ed. Paul Seaward, The History of the Rebellion: A New Selection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 65.
4. Quoted in Stephen K. Roberts’s essay, ‘One That Would Sit Well at the Mark: The Early Parliamentary Career of Oliver Cromwell 1640–1642’, in Little (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, p. 45.
5. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 121, quoting Warwick’s Memoirs (1701).
6. John Rushworth, ‘Historical Collections: The impeachment of Edward Montagu’, in Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 4, 1640–42 (London: 1721), pp. 473–94. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rushworth-papers/vol4/pp473–494 [accessed 18 March 2016].
7. Journal of the House of Commons, vol. 2, 1640–43 (London: 1802), 5 January 1642, p. 369.
1. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 4, p. 471 (speech to Parliament, 13 April 1657).
2. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 256.
3. Ibid., p. 299.
4. Description of Cromwell in Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 25 July–1 August 1643, issue 28; ‘Statement of an Opponent of Cromwell’, in David Masson (ed.), The Quarrel between the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell (London: Camden Society, 1875), pp. 72–3.
5. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, pp. 266–7, quoting John Vicars, God’s Ark Overtopping the World’s Waves (1644).
6. The Scotish Dove, 13 October 1643–20 October 1643, issue 1.
7. Parliamentary statement to Scots commissioners, 23 October 1642 (Bodl. MS Tanner 64, fo.73), in Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, p. 76.
8. Solemn League and Covenant quoted in Gentles, ibid., pp. 208–9.
9. Hebrews 4:12; for Puritan reading habits see Andrew Cambers, Godly Reading: Print, Manuscript and Puritanism in England, 1580–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 2–3, 16–21.
10. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, pp. 278–9.
11. G. Trease, Portrait of a Cavalier: William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle (London: Macmillan, 1979), p. 141.
12. Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: W. Gray, 1775), pp. 40–41.
13. Cromwell to Major-General Crawford, 10 March 1643, in Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 278.
14. Ibid., p. 299.
15. Ibid., p. 302.
16. John Bruce (ed.), The Quarrel between the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell: An Episode of the English Civil War (London: Camden Society, 1875), p. 75.
17. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, pp. 314–15.
18. Letter of Henry Moore Ward, 15 June 1645, printed in The Weekly Account, 18 June 1645.
19. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 360.
20. Ibid., p. 377.
1. O. Ogle and W. H. Bliss (eds), Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers Preserved in the Bodleian Library, vol. 1, p. 361 (no. 2,439) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1872); the ‘imposthume’ phrase from the actual letter is quoted in C. H. Firth (ed.), The Clarke Papers: Selections from the Papers of William Clarke, Secretary to the Council of the Army, 1647–1649, and to General Monck and the Commanders of the Army in Scotland, 1651–1660, vol. 1, p. xviii (London: Camden Society, 1891). For psychosomatic diagnosis, see e.g. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973), Chapter 6.
2. See Simon Healy, ‘1636: The Unmaking of Oliver Cromwell?’, in Little (ed.), Cromwell: New Perspectives, p. 33.
3. See Peter Ackroyd, Civil War: The History of England, vol. 2 (London: Pan Books, 2015), p. 290, for an example of the continuing diagnosis of ‘nervous strain’ as a cause of Cromwell’s condition.
4. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 429.
5. Ibid., p. 439.
6. Ibid., pp. 449–50.
7. Firth (ed.), Clarke Papers, vol. 1, p. 73 and pp. 99–100, fn.
8. See J. C. Davis, ‘Oliver Cromwell’, in Michael J. Braddick (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 230.
9. John Lilburne, Jonah’s Cry Out of the Whale’s Belly (1647), in Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 435.
10. Quoted in Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, 1625–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 361, where he reiterates an earlier reidentification of ‘writer and addressee’.
11. John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 6, 1645–7 (London: 1722), pp. 549–50.
12. ‘Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley’, in Francis Maseres (ed.), Select Tracts Relating to the Civil Wars in England in the Reign of Charles I (London: Wilks, 1815), vol. 1, p. 364.
13. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 374.
14. A. S. P. Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and Liberty: Being the Army Debates (1647–9) from the Clarke Manuscripts with Supplementary Documents (London: Dent, 1974), p. 53.
15. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, pp. 543–4.
16. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 408.
17. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 638 and Rushworth, Historical Collections, vol. 7, 1647–8, pp. 1, 211.
18. Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, in Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 708.
19. Ibid., p. 696.
20. Ibid., p. 737.
21. Ibid., p. 741.
22. Parliamentary Archives HL/PO/JO/10/297A. The one on display at the Royal Gallery is a facsimile.
23. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 437.
24. John Lilburne, The Picture of the Councel of State (1649), quoted in Peter Gaunt, Oliver Cromwell (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), p. 110.
25. The Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, asked to name the historical figure he most admired, chose Lilburne, a ‘very interesting character, because of the way he managed to develop the whole debate about the English civil war into something very different’ (New Statesman, 29 July 2015).
26. H. N. Brailsford, The Levellers and the English Revolution (Redwood, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961), p. 498.
27. Peter H. Wilson, Europe’s Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 470.
28. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 2, pp. 124–7.
29. Edmund Ludlow and Lucy Hutchinson both thought that they had been taken in, on reflection. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 2, p. 268.
30. Letter to the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland, 3 August 1650, Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 2, p. 303.
31. According to a witness recorded by John Aubrey, who also claimed that Cromwell had a laughing fit before Naseby. John Aubrey, Miscellanies Upon Various Subjects (London: W. Ottridge, 1784), pp. 160–61.
32. Letter to Speaker William Lenthall, 4 September 1650, Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 2, p. 324.
33. Ibid., pp. 329, 404.
34. Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs (London: 1682), pp. 491–2.
35. Kevin Sharpe, Image Wars: Promoting Kings and Commonwealths in England, 1603–1660 (London and New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010), p. 467.
1. This pamphlet was published in 1649, but Cromwell had been singled out for ridicule as early as 1645, in John Cleveland’s The Character of a London Diurnall. See discussion in Laura Lunger Knoppers, Constructing Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait and Print 1645–1661 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 10–30.
2. See Sharpe, Image Wars, pp. 494–5 for a discussion of this portrait, and Laura Lunger Knoppers, ‘The Politics of Portraiture: Oliver Cromwell and the Plain Style’, Renaissance Quarterly 51, no. 4 (1998), pp. 1282–1319. In 2014 the National Portrait Gallery placed its portraits of Heselrige and Cromwell side by side, with an (inconclusive) reproduction of the infra-red image of a painting beneath Heselrige’s portrait.
3. Text of the Instrument of Government, 16 December 1653, in S. R. Gardiner (ed.), The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899), p. 405.
4. The Lord Protector’s Speech to the Parliament, 4 September 1654, in Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 3, pp. 434–43.
5. Letter to Robert Hammond, in Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 1, p. 677.
6. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 3, pp. 844–8.
7. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 79.
8. Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol. 4, p. 460.
9. Sharpe, Image Wars, p. 518.
10. For expenditure, see G. E. Aylmer, The King’s Servants: The Civil Service of Charles I, 1625–1642 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), pp. 27, 436–7; the republican memoirist Lucy Hutchinson described a ‘court full of sin and vanity’: Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson (London: H. G. Bohn, 1806), p. 370.
11. ‘Cromwell’s death and funeral order’, in John Towill Rutt (ed.), Diary of Thomas Burton Esq, vol. 2, April 1657–February 1658 (London: 1828), pp. 516–30.
12. Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History (London: James Fraser, 1841), VI, ‘The Hero as King Cromwell, Napoleon: Modern Revolutionism’, p. 329.