1.Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952), 439.
1.It is likely—though we cannot be sure—that the author was male.
2.Martin Waldseemüller, The Cosmographiae Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile: Followed by The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, with Their Translation into English; to Which Are Added Waldseemüller’s Two World Maps of 1507, ed. Charles George Herbermann (New York: United States Catholic Historical Society, 1907), 70.
3.José de Acosta, as quoted in Anthony Grafton, April Shelford, and Nancy Siraisi, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1995), 1.
4.Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan; Or the Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, ed. C. B. MacPherson (Baltimore: Penguin, 1985), 186–88.
5.Piambohou and Nehemiah, as quoted in John Eliot, The Dying Speeches of Several Indians (Cambridge, MA: Samuel Green, ca. 1685), 4, 8.
6.Father Jacques Marquette, as quoted in Louis Hennepin, A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (1698; Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1903), 2:663.
7.Hugo Grotius, On the Origin of the Native Races of America: A Dissertation (Edinburgh: privately reprinted, [1642], Engl. trans. 1884), 17.
8.Anne Hutchinson, as quoted in David D. Hall, ed. The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), 319, 312, 337.
9.Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741), in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Other Puritan Sermons (Mineola, NY: Dover Thrift Edition, 2005), 178.
10.John Winthrop, “A Modell of Christian Charity” (1630), in Early American Writing, ed. Giles Gunn (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 112.
11.Ibid., 108, 111.
12.Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776; Minneola, NY: Dover Thrift Editions, 1997), 51.
1.John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; originally published 1689), 301.
2.Denis Diderot, as quoted in Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation; The Rise of Modern Paganism (1966; New York: Norton, 1995), 142.
3.Thomas Jefferson to A Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association, January 1, 1802, in The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (1944; New York: Modern Library, 2004), 307; and “howling atheist” as quoted in John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 154.
4.George Washington, “Circular to the States” (1783), in The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1931–44), 26:485.
5.Ibid.
6.Thomas Reid, as quoted in Leigh Eric Schmidt, Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 17; and John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 146.
7.Jeremy Bentham, “Panopticon, or, The inspection-house containing the idea of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection: and in particular to penitentiary-houses, prisons, houses of industry . . . and schools: with a plan of management adapted to the principle: in a series of letters, written in the year 1787,” in The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Published under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1843), 4:39.
8.Benjamin Franklin, as quoted in Jonathan Lyons, The Society for Useful Knowledge: How Benjamin Franklin and Friends Brought the Enlightenment to America (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013), 7, 50.
9.Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: ‘What Is Enlightenment?’ ” in Kant: Political Writings, ed. H. S. Reiss (1970; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 54.
10.Milcah Martha Moore, Miscellanies, Moral and Instructive, in Prose and Verse (Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1787), 147.
11.Lord Kames, as quoted in Linda Kerber, “The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment—An American Perspective,” American Quarterly 28, no. 2 (Summer 1976): 196.
12.Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 319.
13.James Otis, as quoted in Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 30.
14.Judith Sargent Murray, “Letter to Reverend Redding,” in Judith Sargent Murray: A Brief Biography with Documents, ed. Sheila L. Skemp (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1998), 175.
15.Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (London: John Stockdale, 1787), 232, 272.
16.Benjamin Wadsworth, as quoted in Craig Steven Wilder, Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America’s Universities (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), 120.
17.Benjamin Franklin, The Complete Works, in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals, of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin: Now First Collected and Arranged; With Memoirs of His Early Life, Written by Himself (London: J. Johnson and Longman, Hurst, Reese, Orme, and Brown, 1806), 3:544.
18.Benjamin Franklin, The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Containing the Autobiography (Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1844), 105.
19.John Adams to Hezekiah Niles, February 1818, in The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, by His Grandson Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 10:282.
20.John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, February 3, 1812, in The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, ed. Lester J. Cappon (1959; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 295.
21.Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 196.
22.Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776; New York: Dover, 2017), 31, 20.
23.Ibid., 11, 2.
1.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Historic Notes of Life and Letters in New England” (1883) in The Transcendentalists: An Anthology, ed. Perry Miller (1950; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 494.
2.J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer (1782; New York: Duffield and Co., 1908), 54.
3.Noah Webster, Dissertations on the English Language (Boston: Isaiah Thomas & Company, 1789), 179.
4.Noah Webster, A Grammatical Institute of the English Language . . . Part I (Hartford, CT: Hudson & Goodwin, 1783), 14.
5.Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), https://archive.org/details/americandictiona- 01websrich.
6.Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, June 10, 1815, The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, ed. Lester J. Cappon (1959; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 443.
7.Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776; New York: Dover, 2017), 10.
8.Thomas Paine to “a friend,” May 12, 1797, in The Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Moncure Daniel Conway (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), 4:198.
9.Thomas Paine, Age of Reason (1794–1795), in Conway, Writings of Thomas Paine, 4:34, 22, 190.
10.John Adams to Benjamin Rush, January 21, 1810, in Old Family Letters: Copied from the Originals for Alexander Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1892), 251.
11.Theodore Parker, “A Discourse on the Transient and Permanent in Christianity” (1841; Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1908).
12.William Ellery Channing, “Unitarian Christianity” (1819), in A Selection from the Works of William E. Channing, D.D., ed. W. Copeland Bowie (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1855), 186, 211, 191.
13.William Ellery Channing, “The Moral Argument against Calvinism” (1820) in A Selection from the Works of William E. Channing, 287.
14.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Divinity School Address” (1838), Emerson: Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), 80–81.
15.Ibid., 88–89.
16.Henry David Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849; New York: Penguin, 1998), 58.
17.Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., as quoted in The Legacy of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ed. Robert W. Gordon (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 199.
18.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” (1837), Essays and Lectures, 53, 66, 57, 53, 70.
19.Ibid., 53.
20.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance” (1841), Essays and Lectures, 271.
21.Emerson, “American Scholar,” 54.
22.Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson in His Journals, ed. Joel Porte (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press 1982), 99.
23.George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, Or the Failure of a Free Society (Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1854), 26.
24.Louisa S. McCord, “Negro-Mania,” in Political and Social Essays (1852; Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995), 237.
25.Louisa S. McCord, “Enfranchisement of Woman,” in Political and Social Essays, 110.
26.As quoted in Bruce M. Conforth, African American Folksong and American Cultural Politics: The Lawrence Gellert Story (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2013), 191.
27.Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” 260, 278; and Margaret Fuller, as quoted in Donna Dickenson, ed., Margaret Fuller: Writing a Woman’s Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 77.
1.Henry James, Hawthorne (London: Macmillan, 1879), 144.
2.Frederick Douglass, “What, to the Slave, Is the Fourth of July?” (1852), in Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787–1900, ed. Philip Sheldon Foner and Robert J. Branham (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), 258.
3.Abraham Lincoln, “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield” (1838), in The Portable Abraham Lincoln, ed. Andrew Delbanco (1992; New York: Penguin, 2009), 23.
4.Abraham Lincoln, “Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania” (1863) in Delbanco, Portable Abraham Lincoln, 323–24.
5.Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859; Mineola, NY: Dover, 2006), 307.
6.Louis Agassiz, review of The Origin of Species, The American Journal of Science and Arts, second series, 29 (1860): 144.
7.Louis Agassiz, Essay on Classification (1859; Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1962), 137.
8.Othniel C. Marsh, “Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America,” American Journal of Science and Arts, 3rd ser., 14, no. 83 (1877): 337–38.
9.Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 307.
10.Charles Hodge, What Is Darwinism? (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co., 1874), 177.
11.John Fiske, Through Nature to God (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899), 65–66.
12.William James, Pragmatism and the Meaning of Truth (1907; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 35.
13.Robert G. Ingersoll, “The Gods” (1872), in The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, (New York: C. P. Farrell, 1900), 7.
14.Ibid., 4:36.
15.William Graham Sumner, War and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911), 198.
16.Ibid., 177.
17.Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: Macmillan Company, 1912), 188.
18.Ibid., 116, 98, 62, 6, 1, 200.
19.Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (1869; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 59, 79.
20.Horace Bushnell, Women’s Suffrage: The Reform against Nature (New York: Charles Scribner and Co., 1869), 51.
21.Edwin Lawrence Godkin, Reflections and Comments, 1865–1895 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895), 201, 203.
22.George Santayana, The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy and Character and Opinion in the United States, ed. James Seaton (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 5, 6, 9.
23.Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown” (1859), in Walden and Other Writings, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: Modern Library, 1992), 720–21.
1.William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1 (1890; New York: Dover, 1950), 488, and John Dewey, “The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy” (1909), in The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy: And Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1910), 1.
2.J. Estlin Carpenter, as quoted in Richard Hughes Seager, The World’s Parliament of Religions: The East/West Encounter, Chicago, 1893 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 69.
3.Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (1894; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1920), 37.
4.Dewey, Influence of Darwin on Philosophy, 8–9, 13, 18.
5.Edward H. Madden, “Chance and Counterfacts in Wright and Peirce,” Review of Metaphysics 9, no. 3 (March 1956): 420.
6.William James, “The Will to Believe,” (1896) in The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy & Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine (1897; New York: Dover, 1956), 11.
7.William James, “Remarks on Spencer’s Definition of Mind as Correspondence,” Journal of Speculative Philosophy 12, no. 1 (January 1878): 13.
8.William James, Pragmatism and the Meaning of Truth (1907; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 37.
9.William James, “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings” (1899), in Talks to Teachers on Psychology: And to Students on Some of Life’s Ideals (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1914), 264.
10.John Dewey, Problems of Men (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946).
11.Walter Lippmann, Drift and Mastery: An Attempt to Diagnosis of the Current Unrest (1914; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015), 147.
12.Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House with Autobiographical Notes (1910; New York: Macmillan, 1912), 124, 144; Jane Addams, “The Settlement as a Factor in the Labor Movement” (1895), in The Jane Addams Reader, ed. Jean Bethke Elshtain (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 56.
13.Edward A. Ross, “The Causes of Race Superiority,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 18 (July 1901): 88.
14.W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 1, 5.
15.Franz Boas, “Museums of Ethnology and Their Classification,” Science 9 (1887): 589.
16.Randolph Bourne, “Trans-National America” (1916), in The Radical Will: Selected Writings, 1911–1918, ed. Olaf Hansen (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 259.
17.Randolph Bourne, “The Handicapped” (1911), in Radical Will, 78.
18.Randolph Bourne, “Trans-National America,” in Radical Will, 260, 249, 250, 260, 263.
19.Randolph Bourne, “Twilight of Idols,” in Radical Will, 337, 344.
1.F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920), 282.
2.Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization (1928; New York: Harper Collins, 2001), 170.
3.Langston Hughes, “I, Too,” in The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), 46.
4.Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (1929; New York: Routledge, 2017), 8.
5.Warren G. Harding, as quoted in Michael C. Parrish, Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920–1941 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1994), 9.
6.Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano’s Publishers, 1920), 226, 35.
7.Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s Publishers, 1922), 220, 179–81.
8.Lothrop Stoddard, “The Pedigree of Judah,” The Forum 75, no. 3 (March 1926): 323.
9.Ezra Pound, “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” (1920), in Selected Poems of Ezra Pound (New York: New Directions, 1957), 64.
10.Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro (1925; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 9, 14.
11.W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 3.
12.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Poet” (1844), in Emerson: Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), 450.
13.James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America (1931; New York: Routledge, 2012), 404.
14.Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933 (1957; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 290.
15.Charles A. Beard, “The Myth of Rugged American Individualism,” Harper’s Magazine (December 1931), 22.
16.Rexford Tugwell, as quoted in Edward A. Purcell Jr., The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism & the Problem of Value (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 23, 35.
17.Walter S. Cook, as quoted in Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants: Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930–41 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 78.
18.Thomas Mann, as quoted in Frederic Morton, “A Talk with Thomas Mann at 80,” New York Times, June 5, 1955, BR6.
1.“Editorial Statement,” in America and the Intellectuals: A Symposium, ed. Newton Arvin (New York: Partisan Review, 1953), 5.
2.Lionel Trilling, in Arvin, America and the Intellectuals, 111.
3.Franklin D. Roosevelt, as quoted in John B. Hench, Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 5.
4.William Graebner, The Age of Doubt: Thought and Culture in the 1940s (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998), xi.
5.C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 3–4.
6.Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (1952; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 3.
7.Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1955).
8.Peter Viereck, “Conservatism under the Elms,” New York Times, November 4, 1951.
9.Peter Viereck, Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt against Ideology (1949; London and New York: Routledge, 2017), 105–30. (Note: Original subtitle of 1949 version was “Revolt against Revolt.”)
10.Adrienne Koch, “Pragmatic Wisdom and the American Enlightenment,” William and Mary Quarterly 18, no. 3 (July 1961): 325.
11.Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, trans. Edmund Jephcott (1944; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), xi, 18.
12.Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953; Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001), 476.
13.Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society (1950; New York: New York Review of Books, 2008), 260, xvi.
14.Viereck, Conservatism Revisited, 63; and Claes G. Ryn, “Peter Viereck and Conservatism” in Viereck, Conservatism Revisited, 31.
15.Viereck, Conservatism Revisited, 153.
16.Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1949).
17.David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character, 2nd ed. (1950; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 25.
18.C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), 233–35, 111; and C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 342.
19.Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952), 3.
20.Richard Wright, The Outsider (1953; New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 157.
21.Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be (1952; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 186–90.
22Religion and the Intellectuals: A Symposium (New York: Partisan Review, 1950), 5, 94, 17, 70–77.
23.Carl Jung, Psychology and Religion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1938), 3.
24.Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1961; New York: Vintage, 1989), 335.
25.Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism (Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 1975), 306.
26.John Barth, “The Literature of Exhaustion,” in The Friday Book: Essays and Other Nonfiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 62, 64, 67, 64, 75.
1.Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964; Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1995), 7.
2.Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962), 5.
3.Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1967; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 163.
4.Students for a Democratic Society, “Port Huron Statement” (1962), in Tom Hayden, The Port Huron Statement: The Visionary Call of the 1960s Revolution (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2005), 53.
5.Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 200.
6.Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963; New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2013), 1, 337.
7.Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963), in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches, ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 292, 294–95, 292.
8.Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (1979; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), xxiv.
9.Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (1977; New York: Random House, 1995), 82.
10.Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (1987; New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 154, 152, 151.
11.François Cusset, French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States, trans. Jeff Fort (2003; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), xvii.
12.Cornel West, The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 5.
13.Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 21.
14.Tom Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade and the Third Great Awakening,” New York Magazine, August 23, 1976, http://nymag.com/news/features/45938/.
15.Jimmy Carter, “The Crisis of Confidence,” in Jimmy Carter and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s. The Crisis of Confidence Speech of July 15, 1979: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Daniel Horowitz (New York: Bedford St. Martins, 2004), x.
16.Vine Deloria Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 1–2.
17.Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984), 114.
18.Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (1990; New York: Routledge, 1999), 6, 21, 33.
19.Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 81, 28, 38.
20.David Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 8.
21.Appiah, In My Father’s House, 39.
22.Dinesh D’Souza, The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society (New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1995), 528.
23.Chris Rock, as quoted in Anne M. Todd, Chris Rock: Comedian and Actor (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006), 44.
24.bell hooks, “Postmodern Blackness,” Postmodern Culture 1, no. 1 (September 1990): 9, 2, 11.
25.Thomas L. Haskell, “The Curious Persistence of Rights Talk in the ‘Age of Interpretation,’ ” Journal of American History 74, no. 3 (December 1987): 984–1012.
26.Barbara Johnson, ed., Freedom and Interpretation: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 1992 (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 2.
1.Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983; New York: Verso, 2006), 7, 28, 24.
2.Holland Cotter, “Art of the AIDS Years: What Took Museums So Long?,” New York Times, July 28, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/29/arts/design/art-of-the-aids-years-addressing-history-absorbing-fear.html.
3.Richard Rorty, “Science as Solidarity,” in The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs, ed. John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald N. McClosky (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 50, 41–43.
4.Ibid., 42–43, 52.
5.Richard Rorty, “Trotsky and the Wild Orchids” (1992), in Philosophy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), 3.
6.Michael Oakeshott, The Voice of Poetry in the Conversation of Mankind (London: Bowes & Bowes, 1959).