1. Angus Lotun, “Election Pay Day: Five States Vote to Raise Minimum Wage,” Wall Street Journal blog, November 5, 2014, at http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2014/11/05/election-pay-day-five-states-vote-to-raise-minimum-wage/.
2. Michael Zweig, ed., What’s Class Got to Do with It? American Society in the Twenty-First Century (New York: ILR Books, 2004), p. 4.
3. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2013,” BLS Reports, March 2014, at http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2013.pdf.
4. Author’s analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data retrieved from IPUMS-CPS: Steven Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010).
5. Author’s analysis of 1970–2000 Decennial Census, 2011–2012 U.S. Census American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau Public Use Microdata retrieved from Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0.
6. Author’s analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
7. Ben Henry and Allyson Fredericksen, “Equity in the Balance: How a Living Wage Could Help Women and People of Color Make Ends Meet,” The Job Gap, November 2014, at https://jobgap2013.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/2014jobgapequity1.pdf.
8. Irene Tung, Yannet Lathrop, and Paul Sonn, “The Growing Movement for $15,” National Employment Law Project, April 2015, at http://nelp.org/content/uploads/Growing-Movement-for-15-Dollars.pdf.
9. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 5. Occupations with the Most Job Growth, 2012 and Projected 2022,” December 19, 2013, at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t05.htm.
10. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment and Wages for the Largest and Smallest Occupations, May 2012,” March 29, 2013, at http://www.bls.gov/oes/2012/may/largest_smallest.htm.
11. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Winner-Take-All-Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010).
12. Lewis Powell, “Attack on American Free Enterprise System,” August 23, 1971. The Washington and Lee University School of Law, which Lewis Powell attended, maintains an archive of his writing and work. The complete text of the Powell Memorandum is available on the school’s website at http://law2.wlu.edu/powellarchives/page.asp?pageid=1251, and from many other sources on the Internet.
13. Hacker and Pierson, Winner-Take-All-Politics, p. xxx.
14. Blair Bowie and Adam Lioz, “Billion-Dollar Democracy: The Unprecedented Role of Money in the 2012 Elections,” Demos, June 2013, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/billion.pdf.
15. Jack Metzger, “Politics and the American Class Vernacular,” in John Russo and Sherry Lee Linkon, eds., New Working-Class Studies (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2005), p. 198.
16. Author’s analysis of General Social Surveys, 1972–2010 [machine-readable data file]/Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Co-Principal Investigator, Michael Hout; Sponsored by National Science Foundation—NORC ed.—Chicago: NORC at the University of Chicago [producer]; Storrs, Connecticut: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.
17. Cole Stangler, “Walmart, TJX, Target Raise Wages: What’s Behind the Pay Hikes in Retail?” International Business Times, March 23, 2015, at http://www.ibtimes.com/wal-mart-tjx-target-raise-wages-whats-behind-pay-hikes-retail-1856022.
1. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Occupations with the Most Job Growth: Table 1.4. Occupations with the Most Job Growth in 2012 and Projected 2022,” December, 19, 2013, at http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Nick Bunkley, “Fat Profits Put 2-Tier Pay on AUW agenda,” Automotive News, February 17, 2014, at http://www.autonews.com/article/20140217/OEM01/302179958/fat-profits-put-2-tier-pay-on-uaw-agenda.
5. Mary M. Chapman, “This Time, Fiat Chrysler Workers Approve Contract,” New York Times, October 22, 2015.
6. Catherine Ruckelshaus and Sarah Leberstein, “Manufacturing Low Pay: Declining Wages in the Jobs That Built America’s Middle Class,” National Employment Law Project, November 2014, at http://nelp.org/content/uploads/2015/03/Manufacturing-Low-Pay-Declining-Wages-Jobs-Built-Middle-Class.pdf.
7. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Reflections: 100 Years of U.S. Consumer Spending,” May 2006, at http://www.bls.gov/opub/uscs/report991.pdf.
8. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Current Employment Statistics, Table B-1 Historical: Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry Sector and Selected Industry Detail,” accessed September 2014.
9. Janelle Jones and John Schmitt, “Slow Progress for Fast-Food Workers,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 6, 2013, at http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/slow-progress-for-fast-food-workers.
10. Ibid.
11. “The Demographics of the Retail Work Force,” Demos, November, 18, 2012, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/data_bytes/demographics.png.
12. Tom W. Smith, “Job Satisfaction in America,” NORC/University of Chicago, April 17, 2007 at http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/pdf/070417.jobs.pdf; CareerBliss survey available online at http://www.careerbliss.com/facts-and-figures/careerbliss-happiest-and-unhappiest-jobs-in-america-2015/.
13. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Data Tables for Overview of May 2012 Occupational Employment and Wages,” March 29, 2013, at http://www.bls.gov/oes/2012/may/featured_data.htm#largest.
14. Independent analysis of U.S. Census 2012 and 2011 American Community Survey. Data retrieved from IPUMS-USA: Steven Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010).
15. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Data Tables for Overview of May 2012 Occupational Employment and Wages.”
16. Coca-Cola’s brand was worth $83.8 billion in 2015 according to Statista, making it fourth on Forbes’s annual list of the most valuable brands.
17. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014–15, Tellers, at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/tellers.htm.
18. Sylvia Allegretto et al., “The Public Cost of Low-Wage Jobs in the Banking Industry,” UC Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education, October 2014, at http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/the-public-cost-of-low-wage-jobs-in-the-banking-industry/.
19. Justin Miller, “Banking on More than $15,” American Prospect, August 13, 2015, at http://prospect.org/article/banking-more-15.
20. “Big Banks and the Dismantling of the Middle Class,” Center for Popular Democracy, April 2015, at http://populardemocracy.org/news/big-banks-and-dismantling-middle-class.
21. Morningstar, Toronto-Dominion Bank, at http://insiders.morningstar.com/trading/executive-compensation.action?t=TD.
22. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor,” Signs 18, no. 1 (Autumn 1992): 1–43.
23. Ibid.
24. Juan F. Perea, “The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act,” Ohio State Law Journal 72, no. 1 (2011): 95–138.
25. U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, “Final Rules on Home Care Work,” 2014, at http://www.dol.gov/whd/homecare/final_rule.pdf.
26. Video recording, “Myrla Baldonado’s Caregiver Testimony,” National Domestic Workers’ Alliance third National Congress, Washington, D.C., May 19, 2011, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5GHQ7tm2cA.
27. Linda Burnham and Nik Theodore, “Home Economics: The Invisible and Unregulated World of Domestic Work,” National Domestic Workers Alliance, Center for Urban Economic Development and University of Illinois at Chicago Data Center, 2012, at http://www.domesticworkers.org/sites/default/files/HomeEconomicsEnglish.pdf.
28. David Bornstein, “A Living Wage for Care Workers,” New York Times, July 10, 2015, at http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/organizing-for-the-right-to-care/.
29. Independent analysis of BLS Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Data retrieved from IPUMS-CPS: Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0.
30. Independent analysis of BLS Current Population Monthly Basic Data Public Use Microdata. Files retrieved from Data Ferrett for 1990 through 2013. Data for 1970 and 1980 reflect survey responses for March of the survey year, rather than annual averages, and were retrieved from IPUMS CPS at Miriam King et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 3.0 [machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010).
31. Elizabeth Barber, “Who Gets Food Stamps? More Are College Grads; Half Are Working Age,” Christian Science Monitor, January 27, 2014, at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2014/0127/Who-gets-food-stamps-More-are-college-grads-half-are-working-age.-video.
32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, “Summary of Annual Data FY 2010–2014,” Excel file accessible at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/overview.
33. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households: Fiscal Year 2012,” February 2014, at http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2012Characteristics.pdf.
34. Sylvia Allegretto et al., “Fast Food, Poverty Wages: The Public Cost of Low-Wage Jobs in the Fast-Food Industry,” University of California, Berkeley, Center for Labor Research and Education, October 15, 2013, at http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2013/fast_food_poverty_wages.pdf.
35. Catherine Ruetschlin, “Fast-Food Failure: How CEO-to-Worker Pay Disparity Undermines the Industry and Overall Economy,” Demos, April 22, 2014, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/demos-fastfoodfailure.pdf.
36. Americans for Tax Fairness, “Walmart on Tax Day: How Taxpayers Subsidize America’s Biggest Employer and Richest Family,” April 2014, at http://www.americansfortaxfairness.org/files/Walmart-on-Tax-Day-Americans-for-Tax-Fairness-1.pdf.
37. Democratic Staff of U.S. Committee on Education and the Workforce, “The Low-Wage Drag on Our Economy: Walmart’s Low Wages and Their Effect on Taxpayers and Economic Growth,” U.S. Committee on Education and the Workforce, May 2013, at http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/sites/democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/files/documents/WalMartReport-May2013.pdf.
38. Catherine Ruetschlin and Amy Traub, “A Higher Wage Is Possible at Walmart,” Demos, June 4, 2014, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/AHigherWagelsPossible.pdf.
39. “Walmart Strategy Drives Growth and Sustainable Returns, Plans $20 Billion Share Repurchase Program over Two Years,” Walmart statement, available at http://news.walmart.com/news-archive/2015/10/14/walmart-strategy-drives-growth-and-sustainable-returns-plans-20-billion-share-repurchase-program-over-two-years.
40. Barbara Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (New York: Metropolitan, 2001), p. 193.
41. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014–15, Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers, at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/food-preparation-and-serving/food-and-beverage-serving-and-related-workers.htm#tab-1.
1. Annalyn Kurtz, “Subway Leads Fast Food in Under-Paying Workers,” CNN Money, May 1, 2014, at http://money.cnn.com/2014/05/01/news/economy/subway-labor-violations/; http://www.nelp.org/page/-/Justice/2014/Whos-the-Boss-Restoring-Accountability-Labor-Standards-Outsourced-Work-Report.pdf?nocdn=1.
2. Author’s analysis of Department of Labor’s “Wage and Hour Compliance Action Database,” at http://ogesdw.dol.gov/views/data_summary.php.
3. Hart Research Memorandum, “Key Findings for Survey of Fast Food Workers, April 1, 2014,” at http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/NationalWageTheftPollMemo.pdf; Tiffany Hsu, “Nearly 90% of Fast-Food Workers Allege Wage Theft, Survey Finds,” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2014, at http://articles.latimes.com/2014/apr/01/business/la-fi-mo-wage-theft-survey-fast-food-20140331.
4. U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, “Fiscal Year Statistics for WHD, FY 1997-FY2014,” at http://www.dol.gov/whd/statistics/statstables.htm#flsa.
5. Kurtz, “Subway Leads Fast Food Industry.”
6. Annalyn Kurtz, “10 Big Overtime Pay Violators,” CNN Money, August 5, 2014, at http://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/economy/2014/03/13/overtime-violations/?iid=EL.
7. Ibid.
8. Ross Eisenbrey, “Improving the Quality of Jobs Through Better Labor Standards,” Full Employment, April 2, 2014, at http://www.pathtofullemployment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/eisenbrey.pdf.
9. Brady Meixell and Ross Eisenbrey, “An Epidemic of Wage Theft Is Costing Workers Hundreds of Millions of Dollars a Year,” Economic Policy Institute, September 11, 2014, at https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.epi.org/files/2014/wage-theft.pdf&hl=en_US&embedded=true.
10. Annette Bernhardt, et al., “Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers: Violations of Employment and Labor Laws in America’s Cities,” Center for Urban Economic Development, National Employment Law Project, and UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, September 2009, at http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/2015/03/BrokenLawsReport2009.pdf?nocdn=1.
11. U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, “U.S. Department of Labor Recovers $4.83 Million in Back Wages, Damages for More than $4,500 Wal-Mart Workers,” May 1, 2012, at http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/whd/WHD20120801.htm.
12. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Introduction to OSHA: Citations and Penalties,” at https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/intro_to_osha_english/slide36.html.
13. Alexandra Berzon and Paul Ziobro, “Dollar Tree Racks Up Safety Violations,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2014, at http://online.wsj.com/articles/dollar-tree-racks-up-safety-violations-1413432063.
14. MorningStar, “Dollar Tree Stores Inc, 2014 Executive Compensation,” at http://insiders.morningstar.com/trading/executive-compensation.action?t=DLTR.
15. Heidi Schwartz, “Kansas Cell Tower Collapse Causes Two Fatalities—OSHA Violations Issued,” Facility Executive, September 29, 2014, at http://todaysfacilitymanager.com/2014/09/kansas-cell-tower-collapse-causes-two-fatalities-osha-violations-issued.
16. David Weil, “Improving Workplace Conditions Through Strategic Enforcement,” Boston University, April 2014, at https://www.dol.gov/whd/resources/strategicEnforcement.pdf.
17. FairWarning, “Fear Stifles Complaints of Wage Abuse,” May 13, 2014, at http://www.fairwarning.org/2014/05/fear-stifles-complaints-wage-abuse/.
18. Worksafe, “California Workplace Fatality Rates Up, with Sharp Rise Among Latino Workers,” September 11, 2014, at http://www.worksafe.org/2014/09/2013_fatality_numbers.html.
19. David Weil, The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 114.
20. Julia Preston, “Foreign Students in Work Visa Program Stage Protest, New York Times, August 17, 2011, at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/us/18immig.html.
21. 23 Weil, The Fissured Workplace, p. 117.
22. Julia Preston, “Hershey’s Packer Is Fined Over Its Plant Violations,” New York Times, February 21, 2012, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/22/us/hersheys-packer-fined-by-labor-department-for-safety-violations.html.
23. Sarah Leberstein, “Independent Contractor Misclassification Imposes Huge Costs on Workers and Federal and State Treasuries,” National Employment Law Project, August 2012, at http://www.nelp.org/page/-/Justice/IndependentContractorCosts.pdf?nocdn=1.
24. U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Service, “Independent Contractor Defined,” August 5, 2015, at http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Independent-Contractor-Defined.
25. Weil, The Fissured Workplace, p. 124.
26. Ibid., p. 131.
27. Steven Greenhouse, “McDonald’s Ruling Could Open Door for Unions,” New York Times, July 29, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/business/nlrb-holds-mcdonalds-not-just-franchisees-liable-for-worker-treatment.html?_r=0.
28. McDonald’s Corporation, “McDonald’s Statement on NLRB Ruling,” December 19, 2014, at http://news.mcdonalds.com/Corporate/Media-Statements/McDonald’s-Statement-on-NLRB-Actions.
29. Sruthi Ramakrishnan, “Walmart to Raise Wages for 100,000 U.S. Workers in Some Departments,” Reuters, June 2, 2015, at http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/02/us-wal-mart-stores-wages-idUSKBN0OI1EW20150602.
30. Jodi Kantor, “Working Anything but 9–5,” New York Times, August 13, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/starbucks-workers-scheduling-hours.html?_r=0.
31. Jodi Kantor, “Starbucks to Revise Policies to End Irregular Schedules for its 130,000 Baristas,” New York Times, August 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/15/us/starbucks-to-revise-work-scheduling-policies.html.
1. Robert P. Jones and Daniel Cox, “Beyond Guns and God: Understanding the Complexities of the White Working Class in America,” Public Religion Research Institute, findings from the 2012 Race, Class and Culture Survey, September 20, 2012, at http://publicreligion.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WWC-Report-For-Web-Final.pdf.
2. Pew Research Center, “The Politics of Financial Insecurity: A Democratic Tilt, Undercut by Low Participation,” January 8, 2015, at http://www.people-press.org/files/2015/01/1-8-15-Financial-security-release.pdf.
3. Ife Floyd and Liz Schott, “TANF Cash Benefits Have Fallen by More than 20 Percent in Most States and Continue to Erode,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, October 30, 2014, at http://www.cbpp.org/research/tanf-cash-benefits-have-fallen-by-more-than-20-percent-in-most-states-and-continue-to-erode.
4. Thom File, “The Diversifying Electorate—Voting Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin in 2012 (and Other Recent Elections),” U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., May 2013, at https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-568.pdf; Thom File, “Who Votes? Congressional Elections and the American Electorate: 1978–2014,” U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., July 2015, at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p20-577.pdf.
5. Jan E. Leighley and Jonathan Nagler, Who Votes Now? (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2014), pp. 129–41.
6. Ibid., pp. 158–66.
7. Lane Kenworthy and Jonas Pontusson, “Rising Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Affluent Countries,” LIS Working Paper Series, No. 400, 2005, at http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/95499/1/483132640.pdf.
8. Eileen Fumagalli and Gaia Narciso, “Political Institutions, Voter Turnout, and Policy Outcomes,” European Journal of Political Economy 28 (2012): 162–73, available at http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/narcisog/docs/FN2012.pdf.
9. Thomas Lopez, “Shelby County: One Year Later,” Brennan Center for Justice, June 24, 2014, at http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/Shelby_County_One_Year_Later.pdf.
10. Chrystia Freeland, Plutocrats: The Rise of the Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else (New York: Penguin, 2014); Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: Norton, 2013).
11. Blair Bowie and Adam Lioz, “Billion-Dollar Democracy: The Unprecedented Role of Money in the 2012 Elections,” Demos, January 17, 2013, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/billion.pdf.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Center for Responsive Politics, “2016 Super PACs: How Many Donors Give?” available at https://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/donor_stats.php.
17. Martin Gilens, Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012); Henry E. Brady, Kay Lehman Scholzman, and Sidney Verba, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012); Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008).
18. Gilens, Affluence and Influence, p. 1.
19. Ibid., p. 101.
20. Ibid., p. 117.
21. Daren Blomquist, “Slideshow: 2012 Foreclosure Market Outlook,” RealtyTrac, February 13, 2012, at http://www.realtytrac.com/content/news-and-opinion/slideshow-2012-foreclosure-market-outlook-7021.
22. Jim Puzzanghera, “Economy Has Recovered 8.7 Million Jobs Lost in Great Recession,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 2014, at http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-jobs-20140607-story.html.
23. Paul Krugman, “The Stimulus Tragedy,” New York Times, February 20, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/opinion/krugman-the-stimulus-tragedy.html.
24. Benjamin I. Page, Larry M. Bartels, and Jason Seawright, “Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans,” Perspectives on Politics, 11, no. 1 (March 2013): 51–73, at http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jnd260/cab/CAB2012%20-%20Page1.pdf.
25. Bartels, Unequal Democracy, p. 28.
26. Ian Haney López, Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
27. Ibid., p. 57.
28. Ibid., p. 61.
1. Barry Hirsch and David Macpherson, “Union Membership and Coverage Database from the Current Population Survey,” updated annually at www.unionstats.com.
2. Harold Meyerson, “Under Obama, Labor Should Have Made More Progress.” Washington Post, February 10, 2010, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/09/AR2010020902465.html.
3. Ken Silverstein, “Labor’s Last Stand: The Corporate Campaign to Kill the Employee Free Choice Act,” Harper’s Magazine, July 2009, at http://harpers.org/archive/2009/07/labors-last-stand/.
4. Ibid, p. 43.
5. Meyerson, “Under Obama.”
6. Chris Isidore, “America’s Lost Trillions,” CNN Money, June 9, 2011, at http://money.cnn.com/2011/06/09/news/economy/household_wealth/.
7. Neil Litchenstein, State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 36–37.
8. Ibid., p. 39.
9. Ibid., pp. 50–53.
10. Ibid., p. 101.
11. Gerald Mayer, “Union Membership Trends in the United States, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, August 31, 2004, at http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=key_workplace.
12. Litchenstein, State of the Union, p. 117.
13. Philip Dray, There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America (New York: Random House, 2010), pp. 497–98.
14. Litchenstein, State of the Union, p. 107.
15. National Conference of State Legislatures, “Right-to-Work Resources,” at http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/right-to-work-laws-and-bills.aspx#chart.
16. Economic Policy Institute, State of Working America, 12th ed, November 2012, “Average family income, by income group, 1947–2010 (2011 dollars),” Table 2.1, at http://www.stateofworkingamerica.org/chart/swa-income-table-2-1-average-family-income/.
17. Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven: Yale University Press: 2011), p. 1.
18. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 2.
19. Ibid., p. 15.
20. Tracy Roof, American Labor, Congress, and the Welfare State 1935–2010 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), p. 89.
21. Ibid.
22. Jake Rosenfeld, What Unions No Longer Do (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 160.
23. Roof, American Labor, p. 115.
24. Ibid., p. 117.
25. Henry E. Brady, Kay Lehman Scholzman, and Sidney Verba, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 361.
26. Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade Against the New Deal (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), p. 153.
27. Ibid., pp. 151–56.
28. Lewis Powell, “Attack on American Free Enterprise System,” August 23, 1971. The Washington and Lee University School of Law, which Lewis Powell attended, maintains an archive of his writing and work. The complete text of the Powell Memorandum is available on the website http://law2.wlu.edu/powellarchives/page.asp?pageid=1251, and from many other sources on the Internet.
29. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, p. 154.
30. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Winner-Take-All-Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), p. 116.
31. Powell, “Attack on American Free Enterprise System.”
32. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, pp. 166–70.
33. Ibid., p. 188.
34. Hacker and Pierson, Winner-Take-All-Politics, p. 117.
35. Ibid., p. 119.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., p. 121.
38. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, p. 187.
39. Alyssa Katz, The Influence Machine: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the Corporate Capture of American Life (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015), p. 15.
40. Lee Drutman, The Business of America Is Lobbying: How Corporations Became Politicized and Politics Became More Corporate (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 8–9.
41. John Logan, “The Union Avoidance Industry in the USA,” British Journal of International Relations (December 2006): p. 653.
42. The activist hackers Anonymous have leaked anti-union PowerPoint presentations and a video produced by Walmart used for managerial trainings and staff orientation. The links are available online in Stephen Greenhouse, “How Walmart Persuades Its Workers Not to Unionize,” The Atlantic, June 8, 2015, at http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/how-walmart-convinces-its-employees-not-to-unionize/395051/.
43. Logan, “The Union Avoidance Industry,” p. 669.
44. Ibid., p. 656.
45. The recording of the taped captive-audience meeting is available at https://soundcloud.com/organizega/mckesson-labor-relations-director-holds-captive-audience-meeting-in-atlanta.
1. Nancy MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 159–61.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 93.
4. Professor Enobong Hannah Branch, Opportunity Denied: Limiting Black Women to Devalued Work (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 2011), p. 127; Patterson, Freedom Is Not Enough, p. 21.
5. “The Negro Drive for Jobs,” Business Week, August 17, 1963.
6. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, p. 54.
7. Ibid.
8. Dorothy Sue Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 175–77.
9. Alice Kessler-Harris, In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 248–49.
10. Kevin Stainback and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Documenting Desegregation: Racial and Gender Segregation in Private-Sector Employment Since the Civil Rights Act (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), p. 115.
11. Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement, p. 219.
12. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, p. 105.
13. John Nichols, “A. Philip Randolph Was Right: ‘We Will Need to Continue Demonstrations,’ ” The Nation, April 15, 2014, at http://www.thenation.com/article/philip-randolph-was-right-we-will-need-continue-demonstrations/.
14. Stainback and Tomaskovic-Devey, Documenting Desegregation, p. 98.
15. Ibid., p. 115.
16. Ibid., p. 140.
17. Ibid., p. 158.
18. Ibid.
19. Branch, Opportunity Denied, p. 22.
20. Stainback and Tomaskovic-Devey, Documenting Desegregation, p. 299.
21. Ariane Hegewisch and Stephanie Keller, “The Gender Wage Gap by Occupation 2013 and by Race and Ethnicity,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Washington, D.C., April 2014, at http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-by-occupation-and-by-race-and-ethnicity-2013.
22. Ariane Hegewisch and Heidi Hartmann, “Occupation Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: A Job Half Done,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Washington, D.C., January 2014, at http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/occupational-segregation-and-the-gender-wage-gap-a-job-half-done.
23. Algernon Austin, William Darity Jr., and Darrick Hamilton, “Whiter Jobs, Higher Wages: Occupational Segregation and Lower Wages of Black Men,” Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., February 28, 2011, at http://s1.epi.org/files/page/-/BriefingPaper288.pdf.
24. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 11: Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity, February 12, 2015, at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm.
25. “Build a Better Texas: Construction Working Conditions in the Lone Star State,” Workers Defense Project, Austin, Tex., January 2013, at http://www.workersdefense.org/Build%20a%20Better%20Texas_FINAL.pdf.
26. Author’s analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Data retrieved from IPUMS-CPS: Steven Ruggles et al., Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010.
27. Devah Pager, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski, “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment,” American Sociological Review 74 (October 2009): pp. 777–99.
28. Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Discrimination,” American Economic Review, September 2004, pp. 991–1013.
29. Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik, “Is There a Motherhood Penalty?” American Sociological Review, 112:5 (March 2007): pp. 1297–1339.
30. Hegewisch and Keller, “The Gender Wage Gap.”
31. Ellen Galinsky, “The Economic Benefits of High-Quality Early Childhood Programs: What Makes the Difference,” Committee for Economic Development, February 15, 2006, at https://www.ced.org/pdf/The-Economic-Benefits-of-High-Quality-Early-Childhood-Programs.pdf; “The Economics of Early Childhood Investments,” Executive Office of the President of the United States, December 10, 2014, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/early_childhood_report1.pdf.
32. Ai-jen Poo, The Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015), p. 24.
33. Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, Caring for America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press: 2012), p. 7.
34. Ibid., p. 15.
35. Steven Greenhouse, “Justice to Hear Case on Wages of Home Aides,” New York Times, March 25, 2007.
36. Boris and Klein, Caring for America, p. 200.
37. David Zaffrann, “Home Care Workers Announce Victory in Historic Union Election,” SEIU Healthcare Minnesota, August 26, 2014, at http://www.seiuhealthcaremn.org/2014/08/26/home-care-workers-announce-victory-in-historic-union-election/.
38. Lydia Wheeler, “Court Backs Obama on Minimum Wage, Overtime Pay for Home Health Aides,” The Hill, August 21, 2015, available at http://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/251649-labor-department-wins-dispute-over-wage-rights-for-home-health-aids.
39. Rebecca Beitsch, “Some States Consider Better Pay and Benefits for Home Care Workers,” Governing, June 5, 2015, at http://www.governing.com/topics/mgmt/some-states-consider-better-pay-and-benefits-for-home-care-workers.html.
40. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 1.4. Occupations with the Most Job Growth, 2012 and Projected 2022,” December 19, 2013, at http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm.
41. Kris Maher, “Unions Target Home Workers,” Wall Street Journal, June 19, 2013.
42. John Fensterwald, “Friedrich’s v. CTA: What You Need to Know About the Challenge to Union Dues,” EdSource, October 20, 2015, at http://edsource.org/2015/what-you-need-to-know-about-friedrichs-v-cta-before-supreme-court-on-fair-share-fees/89260.
43. John Kasarda, “Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, no.1 (1990): pp. 26–47.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Mary D. Edsall and Thomas B. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1992), pp. 12–13.
47. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness (New York: New Press, 2012), p. 52.
48. Ibid., p. 49.
49. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, pp. 49–50. During Reagan’s first term, FBI antidrug funding rose from $8 million to $95 million. Between 1981 and 1991, Department of Defense antidrug funding surged from $33 million to over $1 billion in 1991, and the Drug Enforcement Administration’s antidrug spending grew from $86 million to $1 billion—all while drug-treatment funding at federal agencies was cut by more than three-quarters.
50. The Sentencing Project, “Trends in U.S. Corrections,” April 2015, at http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_Trends_in_Corrections_Fact_sheet.pdf.
51. Christopher Uggen, Sarah Shannon, and Jeff Manza, “State-Level Estimates of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, 2010,” The Sentencing Project, July 2012, at http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/fd_State_Level_Estimates_of_Felon_Disen_2010.pdf.
52. Justin Wolfers et al., “1.5 Million Missing Black Men,” New York Times, April 20, 2015.
53. Ken Jacobs, “Americans Are Spending $153 Billion a Year to Subsidize McDonald’s and Wal-Mart’s Low-Wage Workers,” Washington Post, April 1, 2015.
54. Steven Fraser, The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power (New York: Little, Brown, 2015), pp. 141–42.
55. Litchenstein, State of the Union, p. 74.
56. Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), p. 223.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 130.
59. Ibid., p. xv.
60. Ibid., p. 269.
61. Robert Scott, Carolos Salas, and Bruce Campbell, “Revisiting NAFTA: Still Not Working for North America’s Workers,” Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper No. 173, September 28, 2006, at http://www.epi.org/files/page/-/old/briefingpapers/173/bp173.pdf.
1. Lars Willnat and David H. Weaver, “The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings” (Bloomington: School of Journalism, Indiana University, 2014), at http://news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/05/2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf.
2. Dean Praetorius, “Congressional Staffers: Who Are the People Behind the Scenes in Washington?” Huffington Post, June 17, 2011.
3. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “114th Congress Is Most Diverse Ever,” Pew Research Center, January 12, 2015, at http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/12/114th-congress-is-most-diverse-ever/.
4. Ronald Brownstein, “Are College Degrees Inherited?” The Atlantic, April 11, 2014, at http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/04/are-college-degrees-inherited/360532/.
5. Neil deMause, “The Recession and the ‘Deserving Poor,’ ” FAIR, February 1, 2009, at http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/the-recession-and-the-deserving-poor.
6. Ibid.
7. Anne Hull, “Squeaking By on $300,000,” Washington Post, August 16, 2009, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/15/AR2009081502957.html.
8. Pew Research Center, “Covering the Great Recession,” Project for Excellence in Journalism, October 5, 2009, at http://www.journalism.org/files/legacy/Covering%20the%20Great%20Recession.pdf.
9. Jodi Kantor, “Working Anything but 9–5,” New York Times, August 13, 2014.
10. Jodi Kantor, “Starbucks to Revise Policies to End Irregular Schedules for Its 130,000 Baristas,” New York Times, August 14, 2014.
11. Patrick Sharkey, “Neighborhoods and the Black-White Mobility Gap,” Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project, July 2009, at http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/economic_mobility/pewsharkeyv12pdf.pdf; John R. Logan, “Separate and Unequal: The Neighborhood Gap for Blacks, Hispanics and Asians in Metropolitan America,” U.S. 2010 Project of the Russell Sage Foundation and Brown University, at http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/Data/Report/report0727.pdf; Robert D. Putnam, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), pp. 38–42.
12. Lawrence Mishel, “The United States Leads in Low-Wage Work and the Lowest Wages for Low-Wage Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, September, 4, 2014, at http://www.epi.org/blog/united-states-leads-wage-work-lowest-wages/.
13. Timothy Egan, “Good Poor, Bad Poor,” New York Times, December 19, 2013.
14. Gabe Wildau, “O’Reilly: [I]rresponsible and Lazy…That’s What Poverty Is,” Media Matters for America, June 16, 2004, at http://mediamatters.org/research/2004/06/16/oreilly-irresponsible-and-lazy-thats-what-pover/131278.
15. Media Matters for America, “Bill O’Reilly Names the ‘True Causes of Poverty’: ‘Poor Education, Addiction, Irresponsible Behavior, and Laziness,’ ” February 2, 2012, at http://mediamatters.org/video/2012/02/02/bill-oreilly-names-true-causes-of-poverty-poor/184685.
16. Katie Palvich, “Bill O’Reilly: True Poverty Is Being Driven by Personal Behavior,” Townhall, January 10, 2014, at http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2014/01/10/bill-oreilly-true-poverty-is-being-driven-by-personal-behavior-n1777105.
17. Matt Bruenig, “The Poverty Capitalism Creates,” Policy Shop Blog, Demos, May 1, 2015, at http://www.demos.org/blog/5/1/15/poverty-capitalism-creates.
18. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action,” Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor, March 1965, at http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm.
19. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Revisiting the Moynihan Report, cont.,” The Atlantic, June 18, 2013.
20. David Brooks, “The Cost of Relativism,” New York Times, March 10, 2015.
21. Bryce Covert and Josh Israel, “What 7 States Discovered After Spending More than $1 Million Drug-Testing Welfare Recipients,” Center for American Progress Action Fund, February 26, 2015, at http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2015/02/26/3624447/tanf-drug-testing-states/; Jason Stein, “Scott Walker’s Light-on-Details Drug-Testing Plan a Hit on the Stump,” Milwaukee-Wisconsin Journal Sentinel, March 17, 2015, at http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/scott-walkers-light-on-details-drug-testing-plan-a-hit-on-the-stump-b99461974z1-296580231.html.
22. Tamara Draut, “New Opportunities? Public Opinion on Poverty, Income Inequality and Public Policy: 1996–2002,” Demos, 2002, at http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/New_Opportunities.pdf.
23. Covert and Israel, “What 7 States Discovered.”
24. Adam Taylor, “Chart: The World’s Most Generous Countries,” Washington Post, November 19, 2014.
25. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America (Lanham, Md.: Roman and Littlefield, 2006), p. 8.
26. John Powell, Racing to Justice: Transforming Our Conceptions of Self and Other to Create an Inclusive Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012), pp. 14–15.
27. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Norton, 2005), p. 115.
28. Arthur Levein and Jana Nidiffer, Beating the Odds: How the Poor Get to College (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), p. 35.
29. Sylvia Allegretto and Steven Pitts, “The State of Black Workers Before the Great Recession,” UC Berkeley Labor Center, University of California, Berkeley, 2010, at http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2010/blackworkers_prerecession10.pdf.
30. Patricia Cohen, “Public-Sector Jobs Vanish, Hitting Blacks Hard,” New York Times, May 24, 2015.
31. Noam Scheiber, “Pension Cuts Exempt Police and Firefighters,” New York Times, March 19, 2015; Alyssa Battistoni, “The Dirty Secret of Public-Sector Union Busting,” Salon, February 24, 2011.
32. Alberto Alesina and Edward L. Glaeser, “Why Are Welfare States in the U.S. and Europe So Different?” Horizons Stratégiques, February 2006, at http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=HORI_002_0051.
33. Ibid.
34. Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists, pp. 25–61.
1. Workers Defense Project, “Build a Better Texas: Construction Conditions in the Lone Star State,” January 2013, at http://www.workersdefense.org/Build%20a%20Better%20Texas_FINAL.pdf.
2. Ibid.
3. “Throwback Thursday: Casa Latina Keeps Growing,” Casa Latina, May 15, 2015, at http://casa-latina.org/news/throwback-thursday-casa-latina-keeps-growing.
4. “The Rise of Work Centers and the Fight for a Fair Economy,” United Workers Congress, Briefing Paper #1, April 2014, at http://www.unitedworkerscongress.org/uploads/2/4/6/6/24662736/__uwc_rise_of_worker_centers-_sm.pdf.
5. Ai-jen Poo, The Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015), p. 114.
6. National Domestic Workers Alliance, “Daniela’s Story,” at http://www.domesticworkers.org/daniela-s-story.
7. Steven Greenhouse and Jana Kasperkevic, “Fight for $15 Swells into Largest Protest by Low-Wage Workers in U.S. History,” Guardian, April 15, 2015.
8. Ibid.
9. Elephrame, “At Least 1065 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations Have Been Held in the Past 464 Days,” as of October 24, 2015, at https://elephrame.com/textbook/protests.
10. Michelle Chen, “Phillip Agnew, Dream Defender,” In These Times, January 19, 2015.
11. Steven Greenhouse, “Volkswagen Vote Is Defeat for Labor in South,” New York Times, February 14, 2014.
12. Ibid.; Dominic Rush, “United Auto Workers Union Drops Lost Vote Appeal at VW Tennessee Plant,” Guardian, April 21, 2014.
13. Rush, “United Auto Workers Union Drops Lost Vote Appeal.”
14. Greenhouse, “Volkswagen Vote Is Defeat.”
1. Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, “Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” Working Paper 20625, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2014.
