ability: connection to knowing-how 121
ableism 306
abnormality 304
absence: and causation 280
acceptance: movement of 186
acknowledgement 291
acrobatism 156
Acromegaly 87
activity limitations 304–5, 306, 307
ACTN3 (alfa-actinin 3 polymorphism) 81, 82
Adams, Jeff 310
Addams, Jane: immigrant populations 214
additive drugs 321
adjudication 255; principles of 266, 267, 269
Adorno, Theodore W. 220
advantage: competitive 86, 87, 342–3, 371; and penalties 343; performance 87, 88; positional 353, 358; property 87–8; unearned 328–9; unfair 86, 87, 311
aesthetics: art and sport 74–8; artistic vs. aesthetic 74; athletes’ movement 70; beauty see beauty; conservatism 73; and disinterestedness 72; judgement 72, 73; narrow and conservative approach 71; pleasure 70, 71, 74; possibilities linked to hierarchy of games 70; qualities of sport 70; realm 152; rejection of 72; spectators 73; sport as life enhancing 71; sporting drama 71; and taste 71–2, 73; theodicy 154; and winning/professionalism 74
After Virtue (MacIntyre) 135
Agassi, Andre 149
agreements: and conventions 38; social 38, 44
alfa-actinin 3 (ACTN3) polymorphism 81, 82
alienation: of athletes 225; concept of 225; possibilities of disalienation 226; of sport 225; turning away from reality 225
Allen-Collinson, J.: woman’s running body 202–3
Althusser, Louis 224
Alzheimer’s disease 85
amateurism 40; anti-commercial ideals 416; conventional norms 40; correcting bad calls 48; ethos of sport 40–1; hybrid construction 45; intelligible conception of sport 46; opposed to playing for money 40, 51n7; opposite view to professionalism 41–2; purpose of sport 41–2; rational reconciliation with professionalism 45–6; selectively borrowing from professionalism 46; sportsmanship 30–1, 36; use of strategy 47–8
amputee athletes 303–4; amputation surgery 312; competing at Olympic Games 90, 92; recategorization of Olympic events for 92; see also Pistorius, Oscar
anabolic steroids 320
Anarchy, State and Utopia (Nozick) 412–13, 422
anatman 101
Ancient Greek Athletics (Miller) 239–40
Ancient Greeks 370; competitive advantage at Olympic Games 371; cultivating excellence through sport and philosophy 372; excellence of body and mind 372
Ancient Greek sport 239
ancient Olympic Games: educational function of athletes 373; equality of opportunity 333; exclusion of women 378, 380n17; influence on Olympism 368, 370, 372, 373; larger community 380n15; statues of winners 373; victory odes 373; see also Olympic Games
ancient world: and religion 242–3
Anderson, Douglas: growth through endurance sport 210
androgens 86
androgen-suppressive therapy 86
androgyny 164
anomalous monism 194
anorexia 187
Anscombe, Elizabeth 55
antagonistic reciprocity 150
anti-doping: athlete biological passport 318; banning drugs 341; burden of proof 320; conceptual ambiguities 321–2; cost and effectiveness 318; expense and practical difficulties of programs 318; harm prevention as goal 320–1; injustices 319–20; line drawing 321–2; preserving meaning 328–30; privacy 319; promoting fairness 327, 341; protecting health 327–8; strategies 430; war on drugs 363
anti-intellectualism 120
anxiety 148
apodictic truth 180
apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4) 85
Apollonia: artistic power 154
appearances see phenomenology
appropriation 150
Aquinas, Thomas 241
arbitrary conventions 42, 42–3
archery: and Zen 249
argumentative discourse 47
Aristotle 3, 132, 135, 185, 210, 275; causation 278; concept of beauty 375; definition of formal justice 336; human flourishing 435; human happiness 372; rational activities 357; rationality 356–7
Arjuna 100
Armstrong, David: on driving automatism 124–5; mind-brain identity theory 196
Armstrong, Lance 315–16; lifetime sanction 320; medals achieved through cheating 374
Arnold, Thomas 235n8
arrivistes 407
art: definition 74–5; differences with sport 75–6; expression 75; imaginary quality 75; institutional theory of 53, 54, 55, 56–7, 57; and sport 74–8; worldmaking 76
artificial intelligence (AI) 196, 393–4
artistic theodicy 154
Asad, Talal: pre-modern religious writing 244
asceticism 155
Asociación Latina de Filosofía del Deporte (ALFiD; Latin Association for Philosophy of Sport) 5
Aspin, D. N.: aesthetic qualities of sport 70
athlete biological passport 318
athletes: alienated robots 225, 227; amputation surgery 312; amputee 92, 303–4; androgen thresholds 88; anorexia 187; bionic 354, 356; body movement and capitalism 223; brain injuries 391; and commercialisation 416; and communities 212–13; competing at Olympic Games 90, 92; consciousness of 199; creativity of 78; deaf 300; disabled 302–4, 306; discrimination against females 88; doping 93–4, 174; educational function 373; eligibility criteria of female athletes 86; endurance 87; enhancement see enhancement; equity of access 91; facticity and transcendence 149; fulfilling the poetic task of life 151; genetic engineering 428, 429; guinea pigs 93; IAAF regulations for female athletes 86; importance of bodily differences 162; instrumental view of athletes’ bodies 432; language of 416; market value 170; movement of 70, 182, 223; mutual manifestation 280–1; out-of-competition testing for drugs 319; preceding conscious processes 203; pressure to return to play 84; professionalization of 418; recategorization of Olympic Games for 92; relevant inequality in performance 339–41; role models 373–4; rules, challenge and acceptance 87, 187; strict liability condition 310; striving to improve 358; technology and 432, 433; testosterone levels 86–7; training for women 214; transcending technology 432, 433; unfair advantage 86–7; use of potions 315; wheelchair 307; women outperforming men 169–70; see also performance
athletic competition 27
athletic enterprise: amateur and professional approaches 41–2
atman 99
Atry, Ashkan: on responsibility for doping 94
Augustine 241
Aurelius, Marcus 380n15
Austin, J. L. 59; verdictives 256
autonomic dysreflexia 310
avidya 101
Awa, Kenzo 107
awareness: reflective 123, 126; in-zone 123–4; zoned-out 124–5
Baker, William J. 240
Bale, John: technology and sport 427
banned substances 310
Bargh, John 395
Barron, Robert: on play 247
baseball 16; electronic aids 263; interference 26; perfect games 261; questions about formalism 26; strike zone 263
beauty: bringing disparate elements into a harmonious whole 71; concept of 375; and justice 375; and pleasure 71; as private ecstasy 71; sport as life enhancing 71
Beauvoir, Simon de 143
Beck, Simon: legal positivism 266–7
Being and Nothingness (Sartre) 147
Beller, Jennifer 132
Bell, Melina Constantine Bell: emancipatory potential of women’s bodybuilding 174
Belmont Report 362
Berenson, Bernard 70; imaginary quality of art 75
Bergson, Henri 143
Berkeley, George: idealism 194, 195
Berlin Olympic Games (1936) 229, 231
Berlin Sports Club for the Deaf 300
Berman, Mitchell N.: defence and revision of formalism 267, 268; technological aids 261–2; temporal variance 264–5
Berra, Yogi 391
Best, David 5; aesthetic and purposive sports 73; aesthetic definition of art 75; difference between sport and art 75; Indian dance 76; sport and the subject 75–6
Best, Steven: megaspectacle 228
Beyond a Boundary (James) 70
Bhagavad Gita 100
bioethics: biotechnology and the categorization of sport 91–2; concussions and return to play issues 84–6; conflict of interest 83–6; conflict of interest dilemmas 92–4; direct-to-consumer genetics for talent identification 81–3; future directions 91–4; gender issues 86–9; Hastings Center 325; responsibility for doping 93–4; role of biotechnology in the Paralympics 89–91; top-down 325
biological absolutes 339
biological naturalism 196
biomedical enhancements 323, 329
biotechnology: performance-enhancing in sport 90–1; role in the Paralympics 89–91; running style of Oscar Pistorius 91–2
Birch, Jens 125
blades (prosthetic limbs) 89–90, 311
blocked exchanges 422
bodily differences 162
body: lived 183; and soul 241; and sport 230–1
body and mind: holistic approach 371, 372; separation 371, 372
body dysmorphic disorder 312
bog-snorkelling 60
Bok, Derek 379n11
Boorse, Christopher: definition of health 303
boosting 310
Bordner, Seth: unrestricted use of technological aids 262, 263
Borg, Bjorn 78
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 218
Boulmerka, Hassiba 378
‘bounty’ scandal 295
boxing 61, 435; dementia pugilistica 85
BPSA (British Philosophy of Sport Association) 5
Bradbury, Steven 374
BRAINBOUND 198
brain injuries 391
Brandes, Georg 143
breathing (Japanese philosophy) 107
Breivik, Gunnar: bodily existence related to sport 183; challenges Heidegger’s concrete human body 201; consciousness of athletes 199; on Heidegger’s equipmentality 200, 201; on reflective deliberations 125–6
A Brief Theology of Sport (Harvey) 245
British Philosophy of Sport Association (BPSA) 5
British Society of One-Armed Golfers 300
broad internalism 25–8, 30, 241, 266, 389
Brohm, Jean-Marie: alienation in sport 225; athletes as alienated robots 227; attacks sport ideology 223; background 221–2; on Baron Pierre de Coubertin 233; commercialisation of sport 412; false consciousness of sport 223; ideological mechanisms of capitalist society 224; massification of conscience 227; on spectacular sport 229; on sport and fascism 231; sport as embodiment of global capitalism 229; on sport as opium 231–2; sport slavery 227; on stupefied crowds 227
Brown, Albert 3
Brüggemann, Professor Gert-Peter 89, 90; on Oscar Pistorius’s running style 91–2
brute reality 13
Bryant, Kobe 84
Buber, Martin 143
Buckley, Anthony D.: sport as drama 78
Buddhism 243; accepts some Hindu views 101; anatman 101; anitya 101–2; avidya 101; dharma 101; dukkha 101; magga 101; metaphysical elements 101–2; Middle Way 101; nirvana 101; noble truths 101; origin 251–2n7; role of the body 105–6; samudhaya 101; Zen 106–9
Bugbee, Henry: nature of embodiment and meaning-making 211
Burghardt, Gordon M.: on play 118–19
Burke, Michael: segregation in sport 168
Burkett, B.: biotechnology and athletic performance 91; technology in sport 90
Butryn, T.: dehumanization of sport 429
Butt, Salman 402
Cagigal, José María 5
calls: in baseball 263; deception 257; genuine 256–7; made facts by umpires 256; make-up 263–4; open to review and revision 257; replays 257–8; technological aids 257–9, 260, 261–2; umpires’ mistakes 261
Calvin and Hobbes 24
Calvinball 24
Campos, Daniel 212
Camus, Albert 143; existential experience of resistance and struggle 150; overcoming absurdity 150–1
capitalism: conflicts 219; false consciousness of sport 223–4; ideological mechanisms 224; pacifying the masses through sport 227; shambles post-First World War 221; sport as embodiment of 229
Carr, David 121
Carter, Robert 108
Cartesianism: clear and distinct ideas 193
The Case Against Perfection (Sandel) 353
Cassidy, Josh 307
Caulfield, T.: genetic tests 82
causation: by absence 280; doctrine of 193; empowered agency 278–80; mutual manifestation 280–1; powers 282–3; in sport 277–8
Cavanaugh, William 243; definition of religion 244
Center for Philosophic Exchange 4
Chalmers, David 394
Chamberlain, Wilt 15
Chan Buddhism 105
Charlton, Bobby 281
children: purpose and meaning of sport 83
China: Chan Buddhism 105; Confucianism 102–3; Daoism 103–5; patriarchal society 102
Chisholm, Roderick 117
Christianity: and ancient sport 239–40; and dualism 193; and embodiment 249–50
On Christian Teaching (Augustine) 241
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) 84–5
Ciomaga, Bogdan 44
Clark, K.: on cognition 197
clinical research 359–62; adults 359–60; benefits 363; children 360–1; equal distribution of benefits 363; germ line research 361–2; risks 360
coaching: behaviorism 391–2; benchwarmers 387–8; brain injuries suffered by athletes 391; coaching philosophy 383; enlightened generalists 386–7; epistemic virtues 386–7; ethical theory 387–90; ethical treatment of coaches 386; fast and slow thinking 396–7; functionalism 392–3; good coach 384–7; hidden brain 397; identity theory 392; Kantian approach 388; mental causation 391; panpsychism 394; philosophy of coaching 383; philosophy of the mind 390–4; situated 396; strong artificial intelligence 393–4; trustworthiness 386, 388; unconscious mind 395; and winning 384–5
cocaine 310
cognition: embodied 181; parity principle 197–8
Collected Papers (Peirce) 208
Collins, Harry: conceptualizing umpires’ performance 258; justice 259–60
commercialisation: access to the goods of sport 413–16; and amateur ideals 416; availability of sport entertainment 413–14; blocked exchanges 422; contracts 418, 419; corporate boxes 413, 415; desperate exchanges 419; dignity 420; economic literature 413; exclusion of minorities 415–16; exploitation 418–19; improved facilities and resources 415; incentive structure 414; increased ticket prices 413; language of athletes 416; losing touch with local communities 414–15; loss of the class-mixing experience 415; market systems of distribution 414; meanings of sport 417–18; moral education 422; objectification 419–21; philosophical literature 412–13; principle of respect for persons 420; and pursuit of excellence 416–17; regulating the market 422; role of the state 421–3; salary caps 422
Common Rule 361
community: athletes and 212–13; larger 380n15; losing touch with 414–15; and pragmatism 212–13; theory of world community 377–8; under Confucianism 103
competition: athletic 27; categories and their psychologies 293–4; distinction between tests and contests 289–90; domestications of war 288; institutional varieties 287, 288; mutual quest for excellence 297; nature of 289; non-competitive activities of sport 289; non-competitive and competitive characteristics 290; opponents 290–1, 292; paradox of 291, 291–2; as relationship 290–3; self-competition approach 292–3; sport paradigm 288; theory of the dialectic 291–2; virtues and vices 294–7; zero-sum logic 294, 297, 298
competitive advantage 86, 87, 342–3, 371
competitiveness 225
concentrated spectacle 228
concept game 56
The Concept of Law (Hart) 25
The Concept of Mind (Ryle) 120, 131
concrete appearances 179
conflict 150
Confucianism 102–3, 105, 243; ren 102–3; and sport 103; yi 103
Connor, Steven: changed meaning of sport 289; competitive paradox 291–2
Conolly, Maureen: education-based embedded curriculum 146
conquistadors 116
consciousness 395, 397; false 223; false consciousness of sport 223–4; preceding conscious processes 203; social and historical 195; in sport performance 199–200; transcendental 197; whole person 195
consent, informed 360
consequentialism 134
conservatism: judging aesthetic qualities 73
constitutive rules: and conventional agreements 13; and games 11; importance of 24; integral to knowledge of sport 119–20; levels of violation 18–19; meaning of 308, 335; normative support of deep conventions 39; and play 119; tools used by gamerights 15; total adherence to 18
contests 154–5; comparison with tests 118, 289–90
contingent identity 194
A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (Marx) 231
conventionalism 25; and agreements 38; arbitrary nature 42–3; compliance of directives 41; coordination 37–8, 38; criticisms of 35–7; deep 29, 30; features 40–2; and internalism 29–32; multiform character 37; normative principles 35–6, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45; subject to moral scrutiny 29; surface 29; ubiquitous nature 37
conventionalists 25
Convention (Lewis) 37
Cooper, Adam: on corporeality 250
coordinating conventions 38, 41
Cordner, C. D.: creativity of athletes 78
corruption 376
cosmopolitanism 377
Coubertin, Baron Pierre de 6, 132, 301, 368; critique by Simonovic 223; Olympism 152, 156, 184, 369; reactionary ideology 223, 233; viewed as reactionary reformer 233
Council of Europe’s Bioethics Convention Article 12 82
Cranston, Toller 75
cricket: aesthetic pleasure 70; consciousness of batsmen 199–200
criterion/criteria: and play 117–18, 118; problem of 117; and sports 120
critique: notion of 219–20 Crouch, Brent: Royce’s conception of loyalty 212
Culbertson, Leon: bad faith 149
Curry, Wesley 26
cycling: doping scandals 93
DaCosta, Lamartine: Olympism 369
D’Agostino, F.: constitutive rules 18; on ethos 62
Daly, John 402
danza de los voladores (dance of the flyers) 116
Daoism 103–5; self-cultivation 104; shen 104; wuwei 104; xing 104
Dasein 197
Davidson, Donald 30; anomalous monism 194
Davis, P.: vices of partisan fans 408
Dawkins, Richard 251n1
Debord, D.: media spectacle 227
Debord, Guy: occult controlling centre 228; spectacle critique 228
declarative knowledge 120
deep conventions 29, 30; arbitrary nature 42–3; evolving 39; normative responses 39; practice-dependent, internal purpose 41; of sport 38–9
defence: movement of 186
definitional deception 343
DeKosky, S.T.: screening for ApoE4 85
Delattre, Edwin J.: essence of sport 294, 298
Democritus 194
de novo review 262
depression 195
Descartes, Rene 193; clear and distinct ideas 193; method of radical doubt 193; separation of body and mind 371, 372, 390
descriptive ethics 139
desperate exchanges 419
dharma 99, 101; in Buddhism 101; in Hinduism 100
Dickie, George 54
diffuse spectacle 228
dignity 420
Diogenes 380n15
Dionysian: artistic power 154
direct-to-consumer (DTC) companies 81–2
disability sport: amputation surgery 312; athletes’ rejection of disability label 306; body parts and whole persons 302, 303; co-participation 307; deaf athletes 300; differences between the ICF and the ICIDH 306–8; disabled athletes 302–4; and disease 303, 304; doping and TUEs 310; environmental factors 305; ICF definition of disability 304–5; ICIDH definition of disability 302, 303, 304; intellectual disability 309; origins of Paralympic movement 300–1; permanence of impairment 307; taxonomy of disablement 302; vital goals 306; see also Paralympic Games; Paralympic sports
disabled sportspersons 198
discourse approach 36
discourse perspective 48; normative theory 45
discretion 269
discrimination: equality and non-discrimination 162; against women in sport 168, 169–70
Discus Thrower (Myron) 372
disease: and disability 303, 304
disinterestedness 72
dismissive judgements 257
disqualifications 18
Dixon, Nicholas 257; fans’ loyalty 404–6; patriotism in sport 408; winning and losing 295
do (Japanese philosophy) 107, 108; application to sport 108
doping 93–4, 134, 137; anti-doping see anti-doping; definitions 316; effect of ban on female athletes 174; and horseracing 315; libertarianism 322, 412–13; and Olympism 376; potions 315; pro-doping 317, 322–4; scholarship 325–6; therapeutic use exemption (TUE) certificates 310; transhumanism 322–3;WADA Code 316
Doris, John 396
double horizon 183
Dowey, John: concept of growth 210
Downcast Eyes (Jay) 230
Dreyfus, Hubert: expert performance 122–3; on language skills 203; skilful coping 123, 182; on tennis swings 123
driving: side of road chosen by drivers 37–8
drugs: additive 321; banning 341; EPO (erythropoietin) 316, 320, 322; and genetics 352–3; out-of-competition testing 319; performance enhancement in sport 341–2; restorative 321; safe 327–8; war on 363; see also anti-doping; doping; enhancement
dukkha 101
Durant, Will: on habit formation 210
du Toit, Natalie 90
Dworkin, Ronald: characterization of law 26; conservatism of 17; legal precedent 16; precedent 19; predictability 17; principles of law 26; respect for games’ rules 17
Eagleman, David 397
Eastern philosophy: Buddhism 101–2, 105–6; Chan Buddhism 105; Confucianism 102–3, 105; Daoism 103–5; do 107, 108; environmental studies 110; gender studies 109; genetic enhancement 110; Hinduism 101; Japanese sport philosophy 109–10; philosophies and sciences of the mind 109–10; Zen Buddhism 106–9
Edgar, A.: narrow and conservative approach of aesthetics 71
Edwards, Lisa: challenging masculine ideology of sport 171–2; relational approach to sport 172
Edwards, Robert G. 428
Edwards, Steven: on Oscar Pistorius’s running style 91
eidetic universals 180
Einstein, Albert 49
Either - Or (Kierkegaard) 152
Eitzen, D. Stanley 294
elective amputation 312
Elias, N.: betting 402
Elliott, R. K.: aesthetic qualities of sport 70
Ellis, Robert 245
Ellul, Jacques 432
emancipation: human 219; mainstream 230; political 219; sexual 230
embedded cognition (HEMC) 198
embodied cognition 181
embodiment 183; and Christianity 249–50; in human nature 248–9; and pragmatism 210–11; in sport 173; and Zen 249
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 209
emotional integrity 199
encumbered competitions 293
endurance athletes 87
endurance sport: growth through 210
Engels, Friedrich: on phantasmagorical and ideological rule 232–3
English, Jane 162; basic benefits 163; on equality of access to sports 163; on new sports for women’s distinctive abilities 164; skill classes 163–4
enhancement 323; benefits of clinical research 363; biomedical research 354, 355; case for 354–5; distinguishing between biomedical and medical treatments 355; and drugs 352–3, 354; mastery 357–8; nature, human nature and the natural 356; nature of 355–6; positional advantages 353; psychological risks of 357–9; restriction on technologies 363–4; risks of clinical research 359–62; tactics to counter drugs and genetic engineering 364; war on drugs 363
enhancements 329
Enlightenment 106, 219; source of modern philosophical critique 233
Epic period 100
epistemology: cognitivism 123–4; expert performance 123–6; knowing sports 116–19; methodists 117; particularists 117, 119; problem of the criterion 117; ways of knowing in sports 119–22
EPO (erythropoietin) 316, 320, 322
equality: access to sport 161–3; bodily differences in sport 162; equal opportunity to perform 337–9; and non-discrimination 162; system inequalities 339; treatment of individuals 308
equipmentality 200
equity of access 91
Escobar, Andrés 402
essences: phenomena 180
essentialism 276; gender 213–14
ethical realm 152
ethics: authority and expertise 135–8; Baron Pierre de Coubertin 132; conceptual and normative analysis 132; consequentialism 134; corruption of external goods 135; in-depth collections focused on single sports 138; descriptive 139; empirical data 137; ethicist 135–7; facts and data 139; future prospects 138–9; history and philosophical influences 131–3; and Paralympic sports 308–12; and phenomenology 186–7; policy critique 138–9; scholarship 132–3; scope of 133–5; sport and law 138; system of duties 132; utilitarianism 134;Victorian Britain 132; virtue 135
Ethics and Sport (McNamee and Parry) 132–3
Ethics (Keating) 334
Ethics, Money and Sport: This Sporting Mammon (Walsh and Giulianotti) 412
The Ethics of Sports Coaching (Hardman and Jones) 387
ethos 62
etiquette: sporting 31
Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle) 375
Eurocentrism 377
European Association for the Philosophy of Sport (EAPS) 5
European Rationalism 379–80n12
European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) 82
events: double-aspect theory 195
excellence: and commercialisation 416–17; concern for 209–10; pursuit of 176n10; quest for 27–8, 30–1, 297; theory of 371–3
existence see existential philosophy
existential freedom 148
Existentialism is Humanism (Sartre) 147
existential phenomenology 197; on existential phenomenology 201
existential philosophy: absence and nothingness 147; alternative to objectifying tendencies 143; becoming 144; being for the subject 144; choice and anxiety 147–9; condemned freedom 147–8; condemned to meaning 145–6; conflict and resistance 149–52; experience related to existence 143–4; heightening of human existence 153–7; history of 142–3; human existence 143–5; motor meaning 147; perceptual faith 146–7; primordial faith 146; primordial relation 145–6; rebuttal of intellectualism and rationalism 144; stages towards transcendent aspects of existence 152–3; struggle and resistance in relation to necessary obstacles 150–2; synthesis of possibility and necessity 144; see also Kierkegaard, Søren A.; Nietzsche, Friedrich; Sartre, Jean-Paul
Expert Medical Panel 86
expert performance: heightened reflective awareness 126; information processing 123; modes of 124–6; ongoing and nonreflective 123; tennis 123; in-zone awareness 123–4
expression: in art 75
externalism: distinction from internalism 22–3
Eyser, George 90
failure: intrinsic ingredient of sport 78
fair play: anti-doping 327; background and interpretations 333–5; and cheating 343–4, 345; distributive norms 336–7; fairness in sport 335–6; formal 345; formal justice see formal justice; informal 345; justice in sport 336–45; moral obligation 335, 336; normative rationale of fairness 335–6; opportunity and 309–10; and play tradition 345–7; spirit of sport 341
Fair Play: Ethics in Sport and Education (McIntosh) 334
Fair Play: Historical anachronism or topical ideal? (Loland) 433
Fair Play in Sport: A Moral Norm System 334, 412
Fair Play. Journal of Sport: Philosophy, Ethics and Law 5, 133
Fair Play (Lumpkin, Stoll & Beller) 132
Fair Play: Sport, Values, and Society (Simon) 334
Fair Play: The Ethics of Sport (Simon) 334
false consciousness 223; of sport 223–4
false reality 223
family: under Confucianism 103
fans: blind to sports negative features 227; concern for victory of individual or team 403; loyalty 404–6; partisan 403–6; purist 406–7; purist and partisan 294
fascism: and sport 231
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects 362
femininity: concept of 164, 165; male and female bodybuilders 173–4; value of women-only sport 168
feminism: androgyny 164–5; autonomy 166–7; basic benefits 163; bio-Amazons 170, 171; bodies and practices 171–5; bodily differences in sport 162; comparison of men and women in sport 213–14; control of sport 169; definition of woman in sport context 167; difference and integration 163–6; equality of access to sport 161–3; gynocentric 171–2; humanist 171–2; identifying and valuing traits 172; integration-segregation debate 169; male standards 170–1; masculinity of sports 162–3; new sports for women 164; paternalism 166; performance of women compared to men 169–70; pressure to exhibit male determined ideals of femininity 164; relational approach to sport 172; separation in sport 168; social facts mistaken as natural facts 166; withdrawing from masculine sports 165–6
fencing 435
Fever Pitch (Hornby) 58
fiduciary commitment 242
first philosophy 275
fishing 13
Flanagan, Owen: dualistic view of the mind 390
football (UK) see soccer
formalism: and aesthetics 76; approach to adjudication 269; bad name 11; content of sport 77; criticisms of 24–5; critique of 15–17; defence and revision of 17–19, 267; definition 11–12; foundations of 12–15; and internalism 24–5
formal justice 336; cheating 343–4, 345; competitive advantage 342–3; equality in external conditions 338; equality in personal characteristics 338–9; equality in system strength 339; equal opportunity to perform 337–9; penalties and reduction of advantage 343; performance-enhancing drugs 341–2; play-acting 344–5; professional fouls 344; relevant inequality in athletic performance 339–41; unequal treatment 342–5
forms, theory of 193
Fosbury flop 61
Foucault, Michel 143, 224, 230, 430
Foust, Mat: Royce’s conception of loyalty 212
Fraleigh, Warren 3, 132; fair play 334; installs philosophy of sport in new curriculum 3; opponents 290–1; proposed Weiss–Schacht exchange 4
free will 278
Frege, G.: on concepts 61
Freud, Sigmund 224
Frisbee 55
Fromm, Erich 220
From Ritual to Record (Guttmann) 238
Fry, J.: cognitivist view of emotion 198; emotional integrity 199; emotions of self-assessment 199
functionalist definition of religion 243
Galarraga, Armand 261
Gallagher, Shaun: embodied cognition 181
games: penalties 14, 16; philosophical implications 56; rulebooks 15–16; rules see rules; synthesis between necessity and possibility 151; turning into sport 275–6; see also play
The Games People Play: Theology, religion, and sport (Ellis) 245
Gandy, S.: screening for ApoE4 85
Gasset, José Ortega y 143
Gautama, Siddhartha 101
The Gay Science (Nietzsche) 153
Geist 225
gender: essentialism 213–14; issues in sport 86–9; sport as historically gendered activity 213–14, 351
Geneffect 81
genetically modified organisms (GMO) 429
genetic modifications 170, 324
genetics: enhancement see enhancement; gene testing 318; legacy 351–4; performance-enhancing drugs 352–3; research 82; sport segregated by sex 351; variations 352
genetic testing 81–2; consent for 82–3; false negatives 82; predictive ability of 82
gentleman-amateur concept 30–1, 36, 40; anti-commercial ideals 416; conventional norms 40; correcting bad calls 48; ethos of sport 40–1; hybrid construction 45; intelligible conception of sport 46; opposed to playing for money 40, 51n7; opposite view to professionalism 41–2; purpose of sport 41–2; rational reconciliation with professionalism 45–6; selectively borrowing from professionalism 46; sportsmanship 30–1, 36; use of strategy 47–8
The German Ideology (Marx and Engels) 232–3
German International Tennis Championship 296
Ghose, Z.: beauty as private ecstasy 71
Gigerenzer, Gerd 396
Giordana, Simona 171
Gipp, George 199
Giulianotti, Richard 412
Gladwell, Malcolm 316
globalization: and Olympism 377
God in the Stadium (Higgs) 240
golf: British Society of One-Armed Golfers 300; etiquette 31, 33n11, 268; meticulous application of rules 268–9; self-officiating 268–9
Good Game (Hoffman) 240
Goodman, Nelson 76
Grassbaugh Forry, Joan: habits 214
The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia (Suits) 24, 151
Green, Ronald 362
Greig, Tony 56
Grey-Thompson, Dame Tanni 306
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant) 420
Guardini, Romano: distinction between purpose and meaning 247; on play 246
Guernica (Picasso) 75
Gulyas, Istvan 296
Guttmann, Allen 240; modern sport 238, 244
Guttmann, Dr Ludwig: spearhead of the Paralympic movement 301
gymnastics 73
Habermas, Jürgen 12
Hämäläinenm, M.: on competitive advantage 87
Hamilton, Mark: make-up calls 263–4
happiness 372
harm: prevention 320–1; and segregation 168; to women in sport 166, 167
Harman, Gilbert 396
Harris, Bucky 268
Harris, John 171
Hartel, Liz 309
Hart, H. L.A.: characterization of law 25; primary roads 24
Hartshorne, Charles 208
Harvey, Lincoln 245
Hastings Center 325
Hawk-Eye technology 258
health: definition 303; protection 320, 327–8; sport ideology 225, 225–6
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 40, 49; alienation 225; idealism 194–5; paradox of competition 291; recognition 291; theory of the dialectic 291
Hegelian left 219
hegemony 377
Heggie, Vanessa: on androgen thresholds for athletes 88
Heidegger, Martin 3, 122–3, 143; account of existence 143; and art 432; authenticity 184; conception of being in the world 200; concrete human body 201; Dasein 197; equipmentality 200; inauthenticity 184; Oblivion of Being 432; skilful coping 182; technology 431, 432; thrownness 144; understanding of human existence 179–80
Heinilä, K.: totalization process of modern sport 339
Hellenes 370
hemoglobin 352
hermeneutic phenomenology 197
Herr, Hugh 89
Herrigel, Eugen 107; Zen and archery 249
heteronormative gender 173, 174
heteronormativity 168
Higgs, Robert J. 240
high-jumping 61
high-velocity bounding 92
high-velocity branding 91
Hinduism: atman 99; Bhagavad Gita 100; Brahman 99, 100; darshanas 98, 99; detachment from ego and results 100; dharma 99, 100; Epic period 100; fundamental reality 99; Karma 99; maya 99; moksha 99; prajna 99; samadhi 101; sruti 98; Sutra period 100; Upanishads 99; Vedic period 98; Yoga 100–1
Hobbes, Thomas 194; natural state of humankind 290
Hoberman, John 428; Human Genome Project 428; instrumental view of athletes’ bodies 432
Hoch, Paul 412
Hochstetler, Douglas: Dowey’s concept of growth 210; truth is in the making 209
Hoffman, Shirl 240
Hogeveen, B.: skilful coping 182
Hohler, V.: athletes’ movement 70
holism 281
Holm, S. R.: conflicts of interest 84
Homer 154
homogenization 377
Homo Ludens (Huizinga) 99, 242
Hopsicker, Peter Matthew: Dowey’s concept of growth 210
Horkheimer, Max 220
Hornby, Nick 58
horseracing: and doping 315
Howard, Dwight 84
Howe, Leslie A. 214; risk in remote sports 157
Hsu, Leo 109
Hughson, J.: contrast of movement between males and females when heading footballs 202; on soccer and socioeconomic power 202
Huizinga, Johan 99, 117, 242; on play 245–6
human emancipation 219
human experience: measuring truth against 180; understanding of 179; universal-personal 179; see also phenomenology
human flourishing 435
Human Genome Project 428
human happiness 372
humanistic image 390
Hume, David 137; constant conjunction 277, 278; doctrine of causation 193
Hunter, Nick 412
Husserl, Edmund 143; phenomenological conception of time 185; phenomenological method 178, 197
Hyman, Flo 87
hyperandrogenism 86–9; advantages bestowed 86, 87; androgen limits 86, 87; discrimination against female athletes 88
hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC) 198
IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations): androgen limits 86, 87, 88; ban of stimulants 315; bars Oscar Pistorius from competing 89; eligibility criteria of female athletes 86; equity of access 91
ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health): definition of disability 304–5; differences with the ICIDH 306–8
ICIDH (The International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap): definition of disability 302, 303, 304; differences with the ICF 306–8
idealisation 58
identity theory 392
ideology: capitalist mechanisms 224; contemporary usage 223; contradictory field of false ideas 224–5; false consciousness 223–4; origins of 223; reactionary ideology of Olympism 223; sport 224
Ilundáin-Agurruza, Jesus: dangerous sports 156–7
immaterial soul 193
imperfect procedural justice 337, 338
Incognito: The secret lives of the brain (Eagleman) 397
Indian dance 76
indisputable visual evidence (IVE) 262
informed consent 360
Inglis, David 151; on soccer and socioeconomic power 202
inquiry: philosophical approach 208
institutional theory of art: authoritative body 55; characterization 55; definition 53, 54, 56–7; training 57
institutional theory of sport: completeness 58; constraints 60–1; context 59; defective instances 60; definitions not required 54–5, 57–8; different levels and statuses 57, 58; differing versions 60; normativity of institutions 62–4; real institutions 55–6; real sport 57–61; rule-related character 55, 56, 62–3
institutions: language 13; normativity of 62–4; stipulations and agreements 12
instrumental goodness 385–6, 398n3
integrated spectacle 228
integration: refusal of, positive potential 169
intellectual disability 309
intentional rule violations 343, 344–5
interference: baseball 26
internalism: broad 25–8, 30; and conventionalism 29–32; criticisms 28–32; definition 23; formalist approaches 24–5; internalism-externalism distinction 22–3; relativity of ideals 28–9
International Association for the Philosophy of Sport (IAPS) 4, 208
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) see IAAF
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) see ICF
The International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap (ICIDH) see ICIDH
International Fair Play Committee 334
International Journal of Religion and Sport 245
International Judo Federation 378
International Olympic Committee (IOC) 63
International Paralympic Committee (IPC): eligibility to compete in Paralympic sports 302
International Silent Games 300
international sports competitions 229
International Swimming Federation 375–6
interpretivism 267
intersubjectivity 187
invisible hand 227
IOC (International Olympic Committee): androgen limits 86, 87, 88; introduction of testing 315; Olympic Solidarity 371; sex verification tests 352
IPC (International Paralympic Committee) 306; activity limitations 305, 307; fundamental principles 329
IVF (in vitro fertilisation) 427–8
Jacklin, Tony 31
Jaksche, Jörg: on responsibility for doping 93
James, C. L. R. 70; aesthetic pleasure 71; sport as life enhancing 71
James, Lebron 329
James, William 288; pragmatic maxim 207, 209; process of habituation 211
Japan: Buddhism 105–6; Confucianism 105; do 107, 108; Kami 105; popularity of Olympic Games in philosophy 109; sport philosophy 109–10; Zen Buddhism 106–9
Japan Society for the Study of Sport 4
Jaspers, Karl 143
Jay, Martin 230
Jirásek, Ivo: authenticity 184
John of Damascus 242
Johnson, Ben 376
Jones, Carwyn: challenging masculine ideology of sport 171–2; relational approach to sport 172
Jones, Marion 374
Jordan, Michael 226, 229, 416, 417
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 4
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport (JPS) 4, 69, 145
Joyce, Jim 261
The Joy of Sports (Novak) 243
justice 259–60;Ancient Greek philosophy 375; anti-doping 319–20; and beauty 375; definition of formal justice 336; distributive norms 336–7; formal see formal justice; norms and procedures 337; procedural 337; serving the common interests 376; theory of 375–7; transparency 376
justice (yi) 103
Juvenal 372
kabbadi 63
Kahneman, Daniel 396
kalarippayattu 100
Kami 105
Kant, Immanuel 49; approach to coaching 388; disinterestedness 72; notion of critique 219; pleasure and agreeableness 71; on price and dignity 420; treating people as ends not means 420
Karma 99
Kass, Leon 353
Keating, Justin: sportsmanship as a moral category 334
Kellner, Douglas 222; alienation 226; ideology as contradictory field of false ideas 224–5; manipulation 227–8; media spectacle 227, 229–30; megaspectacle 228; on Michael Jordan and alienation 226; religious significance of sport 232
Kena Upanishad 99
Kiefer, Howard 4
Kierkegaard, Søren A. 143; aesthetic realm 152; becoming 144; ethical realm 152; internalising the infinite 152–3; leap of faith 153; opposed to Hegel 143; passionate interest 153; religious realm 152–3
Kihlstrom, John 395
Klein, Gary 396
Klem, Bill 256
Knight, Bob 391
knowing-how 115; amounting to knowing-that 121; connection to skills 121; football 120; parallel with knowing-that 121; in-zone awareness 123–4; zoned-out awareness 124–5; see also expert performance
knowing-now: and performance 121–2
knowing-that 115; football 120; parallel with knowing-now 121
knowledge see epistemology
Koller, John 99
Körper 183
Kovich, M.: on aesthetic aspects of sport 72
Kram, Rodger 89
Kreft, Lev 5; whereabouts systems 319
Kretchmar, Scott 117, 412; distinction between tests and contests 118, 289; human nature 248; knowing how to win 31–2; moral dimension of coaching 388; sports ethics 132; transcending winning/losing 209
Kripke, S.: contingent identity 194
Krishna 100
Kuhn, Thomas 49
Kukai 106
Kukal, Jan 296
Kupfer, J. H.: hierarchy of games 70; lack of external purposes in sport 73–4, 77; sporting drama 71; winning and professionalism 74
Kyle, Don 240
Lally, Richard 109; sport and inquiry 208
language: and conventions 38; institutions 13; proto- 14
language game 56
Lavine, Thelma 207
law: characterization 25–6; principles 26
law of nature 274
Lazzeri, Tony 268
Lefort, Claude: empty places of power 228, 235n6
Leftist Theories of Sport: A critique and reconstruction (Morgan) 412
legal precedent 16
legal principles 26
legal system see sport as a legal system
Leib 183
leisure: philosophical views 242
Leisure, The Basis of Culture (Pieper) 242
Lenk, Hans 4; formal and informal fair play 334–5
Lenta, Patrick: legal positivism 266–7
level playing field 279
Leviathan (Hobbes) 290
libertarianism 322
lifestyle sports 198
lived body 183
Lock, Rebecca Ann: effect of doping ban 174
Loland, Sigmund 133, 412; coaches as enlightened generalists 386–7; definition of sports technology 89; definition of technology 433; fair play 334; Olympism 369; thick theory of sport 433, 434, 436; thin theory of sport 433, 434, 435, 436; winning for internal reasons 433
London Games (2012): disqualification of badminton players 376; pressure on Saudi Arabia to include female athletes 378
London Marathon 307
London Paralympics (2012) 308
Löwenthal, Leo 220
loyalty: fans’ 404–6; philosophy of 212
luck 279
Lumpkin, Angela 132
Luther, Martin: on God becoming man 250
MacIntyre, Alasdair 135; practice 65n4
Mack, Reddy 26
Magdalinski, Tara 429–30; on anti-doping strategies 430
magga 101
Mahabharata 100
managerial ingenuity 49
manipulation: concept of 226–8; natural state of affairs 227; in sport 227
Man, Sport and Existence (Slusher) 2, 145, 181
Marcel, Gabriel 143
Marfan syndrome 87
market standards 171
market value 170
Marmor, A. 38
martial arts 107; comparison with western sports 108
Martin, Andy: existential consciousness in sport 149–50
Marx, Karl: exploitation 418–19; false consciousness 223; human emancipation 219; opium of the people 231–3; on phantasmagorical and ideological rule 232–3; political emancipation 219
masculinisation: in sport 162–3, 164
masculinity: concept of 164, 165; male and female bodybuilders 173–4
master-slave relationship 150
match fixing 402
materialism 194
maya 99
McDermott, John J. 207
McFee, Graham: contextualist view 269–70; judging aesthetic sports 265
McGee, Glenn 131
McGowan, Bill 256
McIntosh, P.: fair play 334
McNamee, Mike 5, 55, 132–3, 412; on bog-snorkelling 60; epistemic searches 386; on Olympism 377; players’ self-officiating 272n11; sportspersonship 198; strong evaluation 198; youth coaching 388
McPhail, Lee 389
Mead, George Herbert 212
measuring truth against experience: phenomenology 180
media spectacle 227
Media Spectacle (Kellner) 229
media technology 427
medical treatments 355
megaspectacle 228
Mehlman, Maxwell: reproductive freedom 362
Meier, Klaus: on existential phenomenology 201; on the philosophy of sport 200
Meier, KlausV. 57; embodiment 183
mental causation 391
mental events 195
mental phenomena 194
mental set: philosophy of the mind 192–3
mental state: and functionalism 196
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 143; double horizon 183; ‘the Flesh’ 183; intentionality of the body 197; motor intentionality 201; motor meaning 147; primordial faith 146; primordial relation 145–6; understanding of existence 143
metaphysics: causal powers 282–3; causation in sport 277–8; definition 274; empowered agents 278–80; essence of sport 276; essentialism 276; games and sport 275–6; law of nature 274; meaning of sport 275; mutual manifestation 280–1, 281–2; parts, wholes and goals 281–2
Metaphysics (Aristotle) 275
Metheny, Eleanor 2
methodists 117
methodological behaviorism 391, 392
Middle Way 101
Millar, David 326
Miller, Stephen 239–40; connection between equal opportunity and the birth of democracy 371
Mill, John Stuart 134; subjection of women 166
mind-brain identity theory 194, 196
Mitchell, Stephen 248
mixed martial arts (MMA) 435
modernity 218–19; and radicalism 220–1
modern sport: secularity of 238
Moe, Vegard F.: classical cognitivism in sport 203; skill acquisition 182
moksha 99
Money in Sport (Hunter) 412
Moore, G. E. 137
moral education 422
moral harm 166
moral ideals 433
Morality Play: Sports, Virtues and Vices (McNamee) 412
Morgan, William J. 19n2, 145, 412; on cheating 11–12; conventionalism 29–32; conventionalist approach to coaching 389; conventional theory of sport 44; gratuitous logic of sport 23; training and sport 185
Morris, S.T.: partisan fans 404
Mortal Engines – The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport (Hoberman) 428
motor intentionality 201
motor meaning 147
Moussambani, Eric “The Eel” 374
movement: of acceptance 186; of defence 186; everyday coping skills 182; and phenomenology 185–6; skills of athletes 182; of truth 186
Movement and Meaning (Metheny) 2
Müller, A.: heightened consciousness in high-risk sports 433
Mumford, Stephen 116; contrast between purist and partisan fans 294; purist fans 406, 407
Muscular Christianity 372
Muslims 242
mutual manifestation 280–1; parts, wholes and goals 281–2
Myers, Gerald: truth is in the making 209
The Myth of Sisyphus (Camus) 150
Nagel, T.: on philosophy 192
Nallin, Dick 268
National Academy of Sciences 361, 362
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research 361
National Football League (NFL): bounty scandal 295; lawsuits against 85
National Institutes of Health 362
national Olympic committees 374, 379n9
National Socialism 223
natural facts 166
nature: concept of 356
Nesti, Mark: anxiety 148
Neuhaus, Richard John: Christian idea of prolepsis 246–7
neutral monism 195
New Left: origins 223
new media spectacle: international competitions 229; rise of television 228
New York Times 315
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) 336, 375
Nietzsche, Friedrich 3, 143; aesthetic and artistic theodicy 154; agon 154–5; asceticism 155; askēsis 155–6, 157; on contests 154–5; heightening of human existence 153–7; natural world 153; Olympian gods 154; ostrakismos 154; self-overcoming 156; understanding of existence 143
nirvana 101
Nishida, Kitaro 106
Nlandu, Tamba 210; opposition to goal-line technology 436; opposition to technological aids 260
Nongbri, Brent: modern ideas about religion 242
Nordenfeldt, L.: theory of disability 306
normative principles and theory 35–6; and conventionalism 35–7, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45; discourse version 45
normativity 27–8; institutions 62–4
Novak, Michael 243
Nozick, Robert: free market 422; libertarianism 412–13
Oakland Athletics 397
objective spirit 40
objective time 185
objects: quality of 200
objects of comparison 56
observed voiding 319
occasionalism 391
officials see umpires
Olympia 370
Olympian gods 154
Olympic Games: amputees competing at 90, 92; Ancient Greeks 371; Beijing (2008) 301, 375; Berlin (1936) 229, 231; criteria for inclusion of sports 370; focus on results 374; Japanese philosophy 109; London (2012) 376, 378; motto 370, 373; national committees 374, 379n9; pacifying conflicts of capitalist society 233; Paralympic Games 300–1; religious aspect of sport 152;Tokyo (1964) 109; see also ancient Olympic Games
Olympic Solidarity 371
Olympism: body, will and mind 371; complexity of non-discrimination policies 378; Coubertin’s failure to define 369; and diversity 377–8; ethical imperialism 375; exclusion of participants from expensive sports 370–1; foundational qualities 370; free from economic disparities 371; fundamental principles 369, 377; and globalization 377; good examples 373, 374; ideals of equal opportunity 370, 371; inclusion of women 378; invisible problems of doping and corruption 376; Olympic Charter 369; Olympic motto and creed 370, 373, 374, 379n10; philosophical tradition from ancient Olympic Games 368, 370, 371, 372; philosophy of 368–70; political vision 369; reactionary ideology 223; rules and regulations of sport 375; social and political philosophy of sport 370; sound mind in sound body 372; sport as a human right 377; theory of education through sport 373–5; theory of human excellence through sport 371–3; theory of justice through sport 375–6; theory of world community 377–8; transparency 376; universal philosophy 377; Western heritage 370–1
opium of the people: religious significance in the sport spectacle 232; sport and the industry of death 231; sport as 231–2
ORGANISMBOUND 198
Ortega y Gasset, J. 151
Ossur 89
Osterhoudt, Robert 4
ostracism 155
ostrakismos 154
outdoor sports 338
out-of-competition testing 319
Paglia, Camilla: competitiveness 225; natural power of sex 225, 235n4
Palmeiras 408
Palmer, Arnold 78
panpsychism 394
parallelism 391
Paralympic Games: origins of Paralympic movement 300–1; see also disability sport
Paralympics: role of biotechnology in 89–91; and technology 90
Paralympic sports: amputee athletes 303–4; contrast with Olympic sports 301; eligibility to compete in 302; equality, fair opportunity and fair play 308–10; ethics, fairness and technology 311–12; see also disability sport
Parry, Jim 132–3; criteria for inclusion of sports in Olympic program 379n1; risk of globalization to Olympism 377
participation restriction 305
partisan fans 294; allegiance 403–4; differing demonstrations of allegiance 403–4; good partisan fans 404–6; randomness of allegiance 403; vices 408
passionate interest 153
Patočka, Jan: movement 185–6; referents 186
patriotism 408
Pawlenka, Claudia 376
Peirce, C. S. 208; pragmatic maxim 207
Pelletier, David 257
penalties 14, 16; appropriateness 19; and reduction of advantage 343
People of Prowess (Struna) 240
perfect procedural justice 337, 338
performance: consciousness in 199–200; drugs and genetics 352–3; genetic testing on predisposition 82; and knowing-how 122; physical-mathematical measurements 342; relevant inequality 339–41; sport-specific measurements 342, 343; see also drugs; expert performance
performance-enhancing polymorphisms (PEPs) 81–2
Personal Knowledge (Polayni) 242
personhood 196
Phenomenological Approaches to Sport 181–2
phenomenology: apodictic truth 180; authenticity 184; classical cognitivism in sport 203–4; contribution of 179; differences with empirical science 188; eidetic universals 180; embodiment 183; essences of phenomena 180, 197; ethics 186–7; examination of own being 179; existential 197, 201; explanation of phenomenon 179; hermeneutic 197; intentionality 197; meaning 178; measuring truth against experience 180; method 178; movement 185–6; in the philosophy of sport 200–2; research 179; skilful coping 182; sociologically inflected 202–3; and sport sciences 187–8; time 185; truth 180; understanding the being of entities 180; universal-personal experiences 179
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel) 291
phenomenon: explanation of 179
phenotypes: sports segregated by 351–2
Philosophic Inquiry in Sport 183
Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport (PSSS) 4
Philosophy and Human Movement (Best) 5
philosophy of physical education 2
philosophy of the mind: classical cognitivism in sport 203–4; cognitivism 123–4, 196; consciousness in sport performance 199–200; double-aspect theory 195–6; dualism 192–3, 211; emotion and strong evaluation in sport 198–9; functionalism 196; idealism 194–5; materialism 194; mental set 192–3; personhood 196; phenomenology 197; phenomenology in the philosophy of sport 200–2; physical set 192–3; sociologically inflected phenomenology 202–3; supersized mind 197–8
physical education: philosophy of 2
physical harm 166
physicalism 194
physical set: philosophy of the mind 192–3
physicians: differing roles in sports medicine 83
Picasso, Pablo 75
Pieper, Josef 242
Pindar 373
pine tar incident 37, 48–9, 268, 389
Pistorius, Oscar: appeal to Supreme Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) 89–90; barred from IAAF competition 89; biomechanical studies of running style 91–2; challenges Paralympic category T43 302; competing in Paralympics and Olympic Games 90; performing against able-bodied athletes 89; refusal to use disabled parking spaces 306; unfair advantage concern 311
Plato 3, 132, 193, 372, 375; recollection argument 193; theory of forms 193
play: aim of continuation 118–19; children 117; Christian idea of prolepsis 246–7, 248; constitutive rules 119; criterion/criteria 117–18, 118, 119; crucial features for 118; experience of 246; non-human animals 117; philosophical views 242; preceding sport 117; profundity of 245–6; sacral aspects 248; signal of transcendence 246, 247; social 118–19; social space 118; spirit of 246; and sport 245–8; turning into sport 119; uselessness of 245, 246; and worship 247; see also games
Playing with God (Baker) 240
pleasure: aesthetic 70, 71, 74; principle 224; reality differences for men and women 225; sexual 230
pluralism 213
Polayni, Michael 242
Politics (Aristotle) 375
Postow, Betsy: on masculinity in sports 162–3; segregationist stance 165–6
potions 315
power: causal 283
practical knowledge 120
Practical Philosophy of Sport (Kretchmar) 412
practical reason 12
practice: definition 65n4; social 172; sport 211; value of 172
pragmatic contextualism 213
pragmatic meliorism 209
pragmatism: anti-essentialism 213–14; basic tenets 207; feminism 213–14; habit formation and embodiment 210–11; history of 207; meliorism and growth 209–10; pluralism 213–14; self and community 212–13; strenuous progress 210; as theoretical intervention 214–16
Pragmatism and the Philosophy of Sport 208
Pragmatism (James) 209
prajna 99
predictability 17
President’s Council on Bioethics 353
price money: in sport 170
Priest, Stephen: philosophy of the mind 192
primary familial and congenital polycythaemia 87
primary skills 27
principle of redress 324
principles: of adjudication 266, 267, 269; embedded in sport 266; of law 26; vs. rules 26
Principles of Psychology (James) 211
privacy 319
private language 195
procedural knowledge 120
professional fouls 344
professionalism: concept 30–1; contemporary sport 39; conventional norms 40, 41; golf 31; hybrid construction 45; intelligible conception of sport 46; purpose of sport, opposite view to amateurism 41–2; rational reconciliation with amateurism 45–6; selectively borrow from amateurism 46; serious occupation 41; use of strategy 47–8; winning and aesthetics 74; see also winning
professionalization 418
propositional knowledge 120
proprioception 283
Protestant Reformation 244
proto-language 14
psychē 372
psychoanalysis 224
psychological harm 166
pure procedural justice 337
Puritans 240
purposive sports 73
putative harms 166
Pythagoras 372
quest for excellence 27–8, 30–1, 297
The Question Concerning Technology (Heidegger) 431
Quine, W.V. 38
radical critique of sport: alienation 225–6; body and sport 230–1; critique and critical theory 219–20; ideology 223–5; manipulation 226–8; modernity and modernism 218–19; new media spectacle 228–30; Olympic Games 233; opium of the people 231–3; origins 222–3; radicalism 220–2; weak points 234
radical doubt 193
Rahner, Karl 394
Randall, Derek 56
Rasmussen, Michael 319
rational self-determination 167
Ratjen, Herman 365n1
Rawls, John 28; practice 65n4; principle of redress 324
realists: and causation 278
realist-subjectivist debate 215
reality 195; and alienation 225; false 223
reason: philosophical approach 233
The Rebel (Camus) 150
recognition 291
recollection argument 193
Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee 362
records: breaking 23, 427; quest for 427
redress, principle of 324
reductionism 281
referees see umpires
reflective equilibrium 28, 389
regulative rules 13; meaning of 308, 335
religio 242
religion: criticism of 232; functionalist definition 243; meaning in antiquity 242; pre-modern 244; private/public 244; religious aspect of sport 152; and sport see sport and religion; substantive definition 243; transcendence 243; understanding 242–5; universals 244
religious harm 166
remote sports 157
Renaissance 45
replays: literature on 258; use of 257–8
reproductive freedom 362
Republic of Art 55
Research in Philosophy and Technology Handbook 429
respect: games rules 17
restorative drugs 321
restorative skills 27
revolutions: post-war failures 220, 221
Ricoeur, Paul 143
Riggs v. Palmer 26
Right Actions in Sport: Ethics for Contestants (Fraleigh) 132, 334
righteousness (yi) 103
Ring, “Doc” 315
Rip Off the Big Game: The Exploitation of Sport by the Power Elite (Hoch) 412
robots: athletes alienated as 225, 227
Rockne, Knute 199
Romans: cultivating excellence through sport and philosophy 372; excellence of body and mind 372
Roman Stoics 372
Rorty, Richard 207–8; criticisms of work 215
Roth, S. M. 82
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 49
Royce, Josiah: philosophy of loyalty 212; pragmatism 212
RTDs (reconstructed track devices): technology of 258
Rudnik-Schoeneborn, S.: on consent for genetic testing 83
rules: application of 265–70; challenge for athletes 77; constitutive see constitutive rules; freely accepted by athletes 187; game rulebooks 15–16; and games 11, 14–15; honouring 17; interpretation of 15; lawyering 268; primary 24, 25; vs. principles 26; regulative 13; respect for 17; secondary 24, 25; violations 343–5
A Rumor of Angels (Berger) 242, 246
Rumsfeld, Donald 387
Runyan, Marla 90
Russell, Bertrand: events 195
Russell, John 26; adjudication in sport 255; challenges the notion of rules as sole source of decision-making for umpires 265–6; discovery approach 36–7; internal principle of sport 26; interpretivist approach to coaching 389; principle of adjudication 266; responsibility of coaches to correct bad calls 31; sporting allegiances 404; trivial infringencies 48–9; umpires’ reviewing calls 257
Ryall, E.: defends use of goal-line technology 436
Ryder Cup 31
Ryle, Gilbert 120–1, 131; behaviorism 194
Sacred Hoops (Jackson) 245
Sailors, Pam R.: control of sport 169
salary caps 422
Salé, Jamie 257
samadhi 101
samudhaya 101
Sandel, Michael 353, 413; bionic athletes 354; loss of shared experience 415; rejection of enhancement 355–6
Sartre, Jean-Paul 3, 143; absence and nothingness 147; anxiety 148; appropriation 150; bad faith 148–9; choosing actions 148; choosing projects 147; condemned freedom 147–8; conflict 150; ethics 187; existence precedes essence 143; facticity of existence 144; human relation to the field 150; social roles 149
satellites 427
Satz, Debra 413
Schacht, Richard 4
Schmitz, K. L.: sport and play 245
Schneider, Angela: on definition of woman in sport context 167
Schwartz, Meredith: on male standards 170–1; market standards 171; winning in sport 170
scienceploitation 82
scientific image 390
scoring 14–15; external purposes of sport 73–4
Searle, J.: Chinese room experiment 196; constitutive rules of language 18; regulative rules 13
Searle, John: computer functionalism 393; institutional concepts 55
secularization theory: criticisms of 238–9
segregation: and harm 168; phenotypes 351–2; positive potential of 169; sex 169, 351; in sport 168
Sein und Zeit (Heidegger) 182
self-assessment: emotions of 199
self-consciousness 291
self-determination: rational 167
self-overcoming 156
separation: in sport 168
sex see gender
sex discrimination: in sport 168, 169–70
Sex Equality in Sports (English) 162
sexuality: sport’s role in defining 174–5
sex verification 352
Shahrkhani, Wojdan 374
shen 104
Sherwin, Susan: on male standards 170–1; market standards 171; winning in sport 170
Shestov, Lev 143
Shilling, Chris: the body as a social construct 430
Simonovic, Ljubodrag: athletes’ body movement and capitalism 223; background 221; on Baron Pierre de Coubertin 233; homophobic views 230–1; London Olympics (2012): The Death Games 229; manipulation in sport 227; spectacles 228–9; sport spectacles and Roman spectacles 231
Simon, Robert: broad internalism 266, 389; conceptual and normative analysis 132; discourse approach 36; discourse version of normative theory 45; fair play 334; historical understanding of athletic endeavour 45–6; intelligible conception of sport 46; moral dimension of coaching 387; mutual quest for excellence 297; practical wisdom and good judgement of coaches 388–9; rational dialogue 45, 46; responsibility of coaches to correct bad calls 36, 48
Simpson, Robert L.: on measuring improvement 292–3
skating 73
skilful coping 182; philosophy of 123
skills 120; classes 163–4; and knowing-how 121; primary 27; restorative 27
Skultety, Steven: sports categories and psychologies 293–4
skydiving 184
Sloterdijk, Peter: vertical tension 155–6
Smith, Adam: invisible hand 227
Smith, John 207
soccer: analagous to capitalist development 202; goal-line technology 260; knowing and identifying 119–20; versions 58
social constructivism 429
social conventions 25
social democracy 220
social facts 166
social harm 166
Social Philosophy of Athletics (Lenk) 4
social practice 172–3; understanding 22–3
Society of the Spectacle (Debord) 228
Sokolowski, Robert: on phenomenology 179
Solo, Hope 212
s ma 372
Sorrell, T.: innocent Cartesianism 193
soul: and body 241
Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome (Kyle) 240
spectators: and aesthetics 73; blind to sport’s negative features 227; fans 403–7; gamblers 334, 401–2; partisan fans 403–6; patriots 407–8; purist fans 406–7
Spheres of Justice (Walzer) 413
Spiel als Weltsymbol (Fink) 187
Spinoza, Baruch: double-aspect theory 195
sport: and art 74–8; conventions 39; definition 6; essence of 275; etymology 289; gratuitous logic 118; lack of external purposes 76–7; metaphysical view 275–6; references to the non-sporting world 76–7; risk of failure 78; segregation by sex and phenotypes 351–2; social role 23; see also games; play
sport and religion: Marx and the opium of the people 231–2; philosophy 242; sport history 239–40; theology and spirituality 240–1
Sport and the Body (Gerber and Morgan) 145
Sport: A Philosophic Inquiry (Weiss) 2, 208
Sport: A prison of measured time (Brohm) 412
sport as a legal system: adjudication 255; applying the rules 265–70; consequences of umpires’ mistakes 261; corrupt umpires 257; deception of umpires 257; de novo review 262; desert and entitlement 262; embedded principle 266; genuine calls 256–7; judging aesthetic sports 265; and justice 259–60; legal positivism 266–7; literature on replays 258; make-up calls 263–4; meticulous application of rules in golf 268–9; opposition to technological aids 260; players self-officiating 264, 272n11; players sharing responsibility for officiating 260; principle of adjudication 266; RTDs (reconstructed track devices) 258; rules as sole source of decision-making 265–6; rules lawyering 268; technological aids 257–9, 260, 261–2; temporal variance 264–5; umpires’ calls make facts 256; umpires’ reviewing and revising calls 257; unrestricted use of technological aids 262, 263; use of replays 257–8; see also umpires
Sport, Culture and Advertising: Identities, Commodities and the Politics of Representation 226
Sport, Ethics and Philosophy (SEP) 5, 133, 145
sport medicine: and biotechnology 91–2; conflict of interest dilemmas 92–4; disclosure and confidentiality 83–4; roles of different physicians 83
sport medicine professionals: preserving meaning 328–30
sport psychology 203
Sports and Christianity: Historical and contemporary perspectives (Watson and Parker) 245
Sports and Social Values (Simon) 132
sports ethics see ethics
Sports, Ethics and Philosophy 69
Sports in the Western World (Baker) 240
sportspersons see athletes
sportspersonship 198
Sport Technologies – A Moral View (Loland) 433
Sport, Technology and the Body – The Nature of Performance (Magdalinski) 429
Sport: The First Five Millennia (Guttmann) 240
spot fixing 402
sruti 98
Staal, Frits 100
Standal, Øyvind F.: skill acquisition 182
standardized, encumbered competitions 293, 294
standardized, unencumbered competitions 293, 294
Standish, Paul: authenticity 184
Stanley, Jason 121; knowing-how and performance 121–2
state, the: and commercialisation of sport 421–3
stimulants 315
Stoke Mandeville Games 301
Stoll, Sharon 132
Strawson, Galen 394
Strawson, P.: depression 195; double-aspect theory 195
strict liability condition 310
strike zones 263
Stroud, Scott 209
Struna, Nancy 240
The Subjection of Women (Mill) 166
subjective approaches 179
subjects: and sport 76
substantive definition of religion 243
suicides: college footballers 84–5
Suits, Bernard 20n4; definition of sport 57; game playing 151, 275–6; importance of constitutive rules 24; unnecessary obstacles 29; worship and play 247
Sullivan, Claire: on genetic variations 86; on level playing fields in athletics 87
Supreme Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) 89–90
surface conventions 29
Sutra period 100
Sutton, J.: consciousness in cricket batsmen 199–200
Tamburrini, Claudio 134; genetic modifications 170, 324; male standards 170–1; market value of athletes 170; meaning of sport 323; sex segregation 169; total integration of sport 169
Tännsjö, Torbjörn 134; genetic modification 170; level playing field 323–4; male standards 170–1; market value of athletes 170; sex segregation 169; total integration of sport 169
Tao Te Ching (Tzu) 248
Taylor, Charles 40; corporeal person 196
technical goodness 385
technological aids 257–9, 260, 261–2
technology: concept of 431–3; fear of 428–9; genetic engineering 428, 429; goal-line 260, 436; Human Genome Project 428; influence on sport 427; media 427; normative assessments 433–6; satellites 427; social constructivist perspective 429; transcended by athletes 432, 433; in vitro fertilisation (IVF) 427–8
television: rise of 228
tennis: expert performance 123
tests: comparison with contests 118, 289–90
Theology, Ethics and Transcendence in Sports 245
theoretical knowledge 120
theory of forms 193
A Theory of Justice (Rawls) 28
therapeutic use exemption (TUE) certificates 310
thick theory of sport 433, 434, 436
thin theory of sport 433, 434, 435, 436
Thompson, John 287
Throwing Like a Girl (Young) 173, 214
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche) 153
ticket prices 413
time: and phenomenology 185
Title IX 161; support for pragmatist-feminist commitments 214
token identity theory 392
Tokyo Olympic Games (1964) 109
totalitarianism 220
totalized social fact: sport 225
Tracey, Jill: progress 210
Tracy, Destutt de 223
training: and sport 185; women athletes 214
traits: valuing 172
transcendence 148, 149, 152, 243; signals of 246
transcendental consciousness 197
transcendentalism: growth through endurance sport 210
transcendent perspective 44, 45, 48
Trebilcot, Joyce: statistical differences between men and women performers 170
Trevino, Lee 342
truth: movement of 186; and phenomenology 180
Tversky, Amost 396
type identity theory 392
Umminger, W.: cultural history of sport 427; quest for records 427
umpires: calls make facts 256; conceptualizing performance 258; consequences of mistakes 261; corrupt 257; deceived 257; discretion 269; formalist approach 267; Frisbee playing 55; genuine calls 256–7; indisputable visual evidence (IVE) 262; and justice 259–60; make-up calls 263–4; reviewing calls 257; rules as sole source of decision-making 265–6; scapegoating 261; technological aids 257–9, 260; traditional roles 259–60; use of principles 266; use of replays 257–8; witnesses to events 256; zones of uncertainty 259
unconscious mind 395
understanding: characteristic of humanity 179–80
unencumbered competitions 293
unintentional rule violations 343, 343–4
United States Professional Golf Association (USPGA) 309–10
universalism 30
universals: eidetic 180; and religion 244
University of Notre Dame 199
Unnatural Doubts (Williams) 215
unnecessary obstacles 29
Upanishads 99
USADA (United States Anti-Doping Agency) 318, 320
utilitarian goodness 386
Utopia 151
Value on Ethics and Economics (Anderson) 413, 417
The Varieties of Goodness (von Wright) 384
vaulting 73
Vedas 98
Vedic period 98
verdictives 256
Vetterling-Braggin, Mary: on withdrawing from masculine sports 166
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft) 166
violence: sanctioned in sports 227
virtue 135
vis-à-vis, encumbered competitions 293, 293–4
vis-à-vis, unencumbered competitions 293, 293–4
vital goals 306
in vitro fertilisation (IVF) 427–8
Vivas, Eliseo: disinterestedness 72
Vodeb, Roman: background 222; competitiveness 225; manipulation 227; on sport ideology 224; theory of alienation 225
von Wright, Georg Henrik 384; instrumental goodness 385–6; utilitarian goodness 386
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) 310; appeal to the spirit of sport 364–5; Code 316, 341; equity of access 91
Walsh, Adrian 412
Walzer, Michael 413
Warrior Roots 81
Watsuji, Tetsuro 105
Weiss, Paul 2, 207; concern for excellence 209; contribution to pragmatism 208; habit formation 210–11; inquiry 208; on pragmatic contextualism 213; on sport practice 211; stature of 3; team play 212; women in sport 213–14
Welsch, W. 78
Wertz, Spencer 109
Weyand, P. G.: on running style of Oscar Pistorius 92
What Is Existential Philosophy? (Arendt) 142–3
What Money Can’t Buy (Sandel) 413
wheelchair athletes 307
whereabouts programs 319
White, Cindy 153
Whitehead, Alfred North 208
Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets (Satz) 413
Williams, Michael 215
Williamson, Timothy 121; knowing-how and performance 121–2
Wilson, Timothy: consciousness 395
winning: and aesthetics 73; attributes of 31–2; external purposes of sport 73–4; fleeting nature of 247–8; and good coaching 384–5; overemphasis on 295; purpose in sport 170, 247–8, 434; significance 27, 33n8; and technological aids 260–1; see also professionalism
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 3, 48; on completeness 64; concept game 56; language game 56; private language argument 195, 292; say what you choose 59; signposts 62–3
Wolbring, Gregor 91; ableism 306; recategorization of Olympic events for double amputees 92
Wollstonecraft, Mary 166; on women’s autonomy 167
women: equal access in sport see feminism
World Anti-Doping Agency see WADA
world community: theory of 377–8
World Health Organization (WHO): differences between the ICF and the ICIDH 306–8; ICF definition of disability 304–5; ICIDH definition of disability 302, 303, 304
worldmaking 76
worship 247
wuwei 104
X Factor Sports Training 81
xing 104
yi 103
Young, Iris Marion 173; body movements and gendered power 202, 214
youth sport: purpose and meaning of 83
Zahavi, Dan: on the differences between phenomenology and empirical science 188
Zaner, Richard 4
Zanetti, Allessandro 309
Zen: and archery 249; and embodiment 249
Zen Buddhism 106–9; mushin 107–8
Zen in the Art of Archery (Herrigel) 249
zero-sum logic: competition 294, 297, 298
Ziff, P.: rejects aesthetics of sports 72
zones of uncertainty 259
Zuelle, Alex: on doping 93