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Adieu à Emmanuel Lévinas (Derrida), 118–30
The Apology (Plato): philosophy in, 4; Socrates in, 3–9; Socrates trial in, 3, 4–9
Aristophanes: The Clouds of, 2, 23; on love, 23–24; myth of, 2, 23–24; Socrates and, 7, 23, 33; in The Symposium, 23–24, 26, 33
Aristotle, ix; Socrates and, 2; writing of, 125
Ascetic priest: Nietzsche on, 89–90; philosophers and, 89–90
Beliefs: Nietzsche and systems of, 76, 82; Socrates on, 11; Socratic method and authenticity of, 13–14
The Birth of the Clinic (Foucault), 96
The Clouds (Aristophanes), 2, 23
Cogito: of Descartes, 60, 61; of Rousseau, 61
Communication: Derrida on, 124; obligation and, 124; texts as, 124
The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Rousseau), 54
Death: Derrida on, 118, 120; Foucault and, 95–98, 110; from love, 96–97; Nietzsche on God’s, 74–75; philosophy and, 118; pleasure and, 97; of Socrates, 9, 17, 97, 119
Derrida, Jacques: Adieu à Emmanuel Lévinas of, 118–30; cinematic biography of, 114–18; on communication, 124; confusion of, 117, 120; on death, 118, 120; deconstruction of, 112, 114–17; in Derrida, 115–18; on desire, 129; différance of, 112, 113–14; Foucault and, 113; on future, 115, 124; on giving, 126–28; Of Grammatology of, 113; “Here I am” of, 119, 124; identity and, 112–14; as Jew, 11; language of, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119–24, 128; Levinas and, 118–21, 123, 126, 128–30; on love, 117, 127–29; Memories for Paul de Man of, 116; on obligation, 122–23, 126–27; ordinariness of, 118; on other, 121, 127, 129; overview, 111–13; perspectivism and, 114; philosophical texts and, 112–14, 127; philosophy of, 112–30; Psyche: Invention of the Other of, 118; Socrates and, 118; Speech and Phenomena of, 113; texts and, 112–14, 116–17, 124–30; Writing and Difference of, 113; writing of, 117
Descartes, René: Cogito of, 60, 61; Rousseau and, 59–62; Spinoza and, 36–38
Desire: conceptions of, 25; Derrida on, 129; Foucault on, 95, 99–100, 103, 109; immortality and, 29, 31; knowledge and, 28, 84, 87, 89; Levinas on, 129; love and, 23–24, 29, 30, 107; Nietzsche on, 73–74, 76, 84, 86, 87, 88; of other, 25; philosophy and, 95; restraint and, 99–100, 102; self-knowledge and, 106; Socrates on, 25–28, 89, 95, 106–8; Spinoza on highest, 51–52; in The Symposium, 21, 22, 24–28, 100, 103, 129; truth and, 107–8; see also Eros
Dialogue: knowledge and, 13; moral truth and, 12–13; philosophy and, 12; self and, 13; of Socrates, 6, 9, 10, 11; see also Platonic dialogues
Dialogues: Rousseau Judge of Jean-Jacques (Rousseau), 54–55
“Discourse on Inequality” (Rousseau), 56
Ecco Homo (Nietzsche), 76
Elenchus: overview, 12; Socratic method of, 11–17
Ethics: Levinas on, 121; philosophy and, 121; of pleasure, 105
Ethics (Spinoza), 37, 41–43, 46–47, 51; geometric design and method of, 48–50, 53; as guide to happy life, 45, 52; “On God,” 40; “On the Nature and Origin of the Mind,” 44; overview, 34–36, 38–39
Euthyphro: in Platonic dialogues, 10
Experience: Foucault on, 94–95, 97, 98, 109; of love and knowledge, 110; regulation of, 94–95; Rousseau’s reconstruction of, 67–71
Foucault, Michel, 121; The Birth of the Clinic of, 96; on death, 96–97; Deleuze and, 98; Derrida and, 113; on desire, 95, 99–100, 103, 109; on experience, 94–95, 97, 98, 109; on freedom, 94; The History of Sexuality of, 94–97, 99–109; on homosexuality, 104–6; life and death of, 95–98, 110; on love, 96–97; love, knowledge and, 95; Madness and Civilization of, 96; on Nietzsche, 88; overview, 94–95; philosophy of, 98–100, 116; on pleasure, 94, 95, 97–101, 109, 110; on power-knowledge, 95, 98, 109; on regulation of experience, 94–95; on repression, 100–102; on restraint, 99–102, 104; sadomasochism of, 97; on sexuality, 94–110; Socrates and, 95, 96, 97, 106; on subjectivity and sexuality, 98–99, 109; on The Symposium, 95, 100, 103–9; The Use of Pleasure of, 98
Freedom: Foucault on, 94; free spirits, 92–93; homosexuality and, 104–5; Rousseau on, 56, 58, 89, 92–93; sexuality and, 103, 109; Spinoza on, 40, 46, 50
Genealogy: The History of Sexuality as, 99; Nietzsche and genealogical investigation, 88, 91; see also On the Genealogy of Morals
Giving: Derrida on, 126–28; obligation and, 126
Greeks: Athenian religion, 9, 10; on homosexuality, 104–5;on pleasure, 102–5;on restraint, 102; on sexuality, 102–3
Happy life: Socratic method and, 12; Spinoza on, 45–47, 52
Hedonism: pleasure and, 101; restraint and, 100–1
The History of Sexuality (Foucault), 94–97; as genealogy, 99; on The Symposium, 95, 100, 103–9; “We the Victorians,” 101, 102
Homosexuality: Foucault on, 104–6; freedom and, 104–5; Greeks on, 104–5; Socrates and, 23, 26, 32–33, 106–7; in The Symposium, 22–24, 26, 32–33, 103–8
Immortality: desire and, 29, 31; Diotima on, 29–31; love and, 29
Individual: Rousseau on modern, 54; Spinoza on social change and, 46
Jews: Derrida as, 11; Nietzsche on, 84–87
Julie (La Nouvelle Héloïse) (Rousseau), 56
Knowledge: desire and, 28, 84, 87, 89; dialogue and, 13; logic of desire and, 28; Nietzsche on, 79, 84, 87; sexuality and, 108; Socrates’ disavowal of, 4, 12, 17–18, 116, 130; see also Love and knowledge; Power-knowledge; Self-knowledge
Life: Ethics as guide to happy, 45, 52; philosophy as life of mind, x; of self-examination, 11; Socratic method and happy, 12; Spinoza on, 34–35, 40, 45–47, 52, 53
Love: Aristophanes on, 23–24; death from, 96–97; Derrida on, 117, 127–29; desire and, 23–24, 29, 30, 107; Foucault on, 96–97; immortality and, 29; Socrates on, 3, 29, 32, 106–8; Spinoza’s intellectual, 34, 51, 52; in The Symposium, 22, 103; truth in, 106; wisdom and, 29, 107
Love and knowledge, x, 29, 31, 93, 117; experience of, 110; Foucault and, 95; philosophy and, 20; power and, 110; Rousseau and, 56; Socrates and, 2, 14, 106, 108
Love of knowledge, 2, 31; philosophia as, ix, 84, 121; philosophy as, ix, 92; Spinoza on, 51–52
Madness and Civilization (Foucault), 96
Memorabilia (Xenophon), 2
Memories for Paul de Man (Derrida), 116
Mind: philosophy as life of, x; Spinoza on body and, 43–44, 47, 52
Nature: God and, 41, 42, 43, 45; Rousseau on, 71; Spinoza on, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 121; on asceticism, 76, 89–90, 92; on ascetic priest, 89–90; belief systems and, 76, 82; on death of god, 74–75; on desire, 73–74, 76, 84, 86, 87, 88; Ecco Homo of, 76; Foucault on, 88; free spirits of, 92–93; genealogical investigation and, 88, 91; On the Genealogy of Morals of, 74–93, 121; on ideals, 75, 76, 89, 90–91; introduction to, 74–75; on Jews, 84–87; on knowledge, 79, 84, 87; master and slave story of, 83–87; on morality, 74–76, 82–85, 88–89;on moral values, 75, 76, 83; nihilism and, 74, 75, 81, 88–89, 91, 92; perspectivism of, 79–82, 90–93, 114; on philosophers, 73; philosophy of, 73–93, 116; Plato and, 73; on relations to ourselves, 78; on religion, 91; on ressentiment, 86; on self-knowledge, 77–79; style and rhetoric of, 78; Thus Spoke Zarathustra of, 91–92; on truth, 75, 76, 80–84, 91, 92; on values, 74–76, 83–84, 89; The Will to Power of, 82; on wisdom, 92
Of Grammatology (Derrida), 113
Philosophers, x; ascetic priest and, 89–90; Nietzsche on, 73; nihilism and, 89; on other, 121; Socrates and, 2, 7–8; see also specific philosophers
Philo-sophia (love of knowledge), ix, 84, 121
Philosophy, xi; in The Apology, 4; death and, 118; of Derrida, 112–30; desire and, 95; dialogue and, 12; ethics and, 121; of Foucault, 98–100, 116; of Levinas, 120–21; as life of mind, x; love, knowledge and, 20; as love of knowledge, ix, 92; of Nietzsche, 73–93, 116; pleasure and, 95; practice of, x, xi, 125; questions in, 10; of Rousseau, 55–58, 116; sexuality and, 99; of Socrates, 2, 12, 30, 100, 116; of Spinoza, 34–53; tragicomedy of, 31–33
Plato: Nietzsche and, 73; reminiscence of, 116; Socrates and, 2, 3; see also The Apology; The Symposium
Platonic dialogues, 14; Euthyphro in, 10; Socrates and, 2, 3
Pleasure: death and, 97; ethics of, 105; Foucault on, 94, 95, 97–101, 109, 110; Greeks on, 102–5; hedonism and, 101; philosophy and, 95; power-knowledge and, 109; restraint and, 101, 102, 107; sadomasochism and, 102; sexuality and, 94, 99, 101–8; truth and, 106, 108; wisdom and, 108, 110
Power: dynamics of Socrates, 17; love, knowledge and, 110
Power-knowledge: Foucault on, 95, 98, 109; pleasure and, 109
Principles of the Philosophy of René Descartes (Spinoza), 38
Psyche: Invention of the Other (Derrida), 118
Psychoanalysis, and Socratic method, 14–17
Psychology, Spinoza’s human, 48–51
Questions: in philosophy, 10; of Socrates, 1–3, 8, 10, 11, 12
Religion: Nietzsche on, 91; Socrates and Athenian, 9, 10; Spinoza on, 34, 35, 37, 38
Restraint: desire and, 99–100, 102; Foucault on, 99–102, 104; Greeks on, 102; hedonism and, 100–1; pleasure and, 101, 102, 107; regulation and, 102, 107; sadomasochism and, 102; sexuality and, 100–2, 105–7
Reveries of the Solitary Walker (Rousseau), 54, 55, 57, 60–66, 68, 72; as allegory of writing, 67; Fifth Walk, 69–71; overview, 58–59; as self-expression experiment, 67; Seventh Walk, 71
Rhetoric: of Nietzsche, 78; of Socrates, 4–6
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 121; biography of, 54–58; Cogito of, 61; communication and, 66; condemnation of, 57; The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau of, 54; Descartes and, 59–62; Dialogues: Rousseau Judge of Jean-Jacques of, 54–55; “Discourse on Inequality” of, 56; Émile of, 56; experiencing of, 61, 64, 66, 67–71; on freedom, 56, 58, 89, 92–93; on individual in modern times, 54; Julie (La Nouvelle Héloïse) of, 56; love, knowledge and, 56; method of self-examination of, 64–67; on nature, 71; overview, 54–55; philosophy of, 55–58, 116; reconstruction of experience and, 67–71; on relations with oneself, 62–64, 71–72; reveries of, 64–71; Reveries of the Solitary Walker of, 54, 55, 57–72; self-examination of, 56, 60–67, 71; self-knowledge of, 56, 60–62; The Social Contract of, 56, 63; Socrates and, 54, 56, 57, 63–64; solitude and isolation of, 58–64, 71–72; Spinoza and, 54; works of, 56–58; writing of, 56, 58–59, 61–71
Sadomasochism: of Foucault, 97; restraint, pleasure and, 102
Self: care of, 56, 64, 96; dialogue and, 13; expression experiment of Reveries of the Solitary Walker, 67; Nietzsche on relations to ourselves, 78; Rousseau on relations with oneself, 62–64
Self-examination: life of, 11; Rousseau on, 56, 60–67, 71
Sexuality: Foucault on, 94–110; freedom and, 103, 109; Greeks on, 102–3; knowledge and, 108; philosophy and, 99; pleasure and, 94, 99, 101–8; regulation of, 94–95, 107; repression of, 100–2; restraint and, 100–102, 105–7; subjectivity and, 98–99, 109
The Social Contract (Rousseau), 56, 63
Socrates, 121; Agathon and, 26–27, 33; Alcibiades and, 23, 26, 31–33; in The Apology, 3–9; Aristophanes and, 7, 23, 33; Aristotle and, 2; Athenian religion and, 9, 10; on beliefs, 11; death of, 9, 17, 97, 119; democracy and, 9–10; Derrida and, 118; on desire, 25–28, 89, 95, 106–8; dialogues of, 6, 9, 10, 11; Diotima and, 27–29; disavowal of knowledge of, 4, 12, 17–18, 116, 130; eros and, 21, 26–29, 32; Foucault and, 95, 96, 97, 106; homosexuality and, 23, 26, 32–33, 106–7; ignorance claim of, 5, 6, 8–9, 18; impiety of, 3, 6, 9, 10; introduction to, 2–3; irony of, 4–6, 14, 17–19; on love, 3, 29, 32, 106–8; love, knowledge and, 2, 14, 106, 108; loveknowledge and, 20; Oracle of Delphi and, 4, 8–9; philosophers and, 2, 7–8; philosophy of, 2, 12, 30, 100, 116; Plato and, 2, 3; Platonic dialogues and, 2, 3; power dynamics of, 17; practice of, 10, 11; on prejudice, 7, 10; public hostility toward, 8–9; questions of, 1–3, 8, 10, 11, 12; rhetoric of, 4–6; Rousseau and, 54, 56, 57, 63–64; on self-knowledge, 11–12, 106; in The Symposium, 3, 20–33, 95, 100, 106; as teacher, 1; tragicomedy of, 31–33; on truth, 107; ugliness of, 1; unknowingness tradition of, 2; as voice of emptiness, wonder and doubt, 1–2; wisdom of, 1, 8–9; writing and, 2
Socrates trial: accusations, 6–9, 89; in The Apology, 3, 4–9; death sentence, 9
Socratic method of elenchus: authenticity of beliefs in, 13–14; happy life and, 12; overview, 11–14; psychoanalysis compared to, 14–17
Speech and Phenomena (Derrida), 113
Spinoza, Baruch de: asceticism of, 39; benefits of philosophy of, 45–46; conatus of, 50–51; on concrete life, 34–35, 40, 53; Descartes and, 36–38; dualism of, 35, 38, 43–44; Ethics of, 34–53; on freedom, 40, 46, 50; on God, 37, 40–43, 45; on happy life, 45–47, 52; on highest desire, 51–52; human psychology of, 48–51; on individual and social change, 46; intellectual love of, 34, 51, 52; on life, 34–35, 40, 45–47, 52, 53; on love of knowledge, 51–52; on meditation on life, 52, 53; on mind and body, 43–44, 47, 52; monism of, 38, 41–42, 44–48, 52; on nature, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45; overview, 34–39; philosophy of, 34–53; Principles of the Philosophy of René Descartes of, 38; radical simplicity of, 39–43; on religion, 34, 35, 37, 38; Rousseau and, 54; secret life and texts of, 36–39; on self-knowledge, 52; on striving, 50–51; Theological-Political Treatise of, 38; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect of, 37
The Symposium (Plato): Agathon in, 21, 23, 33; Alcibiades in, 23, 26, 31–33; Aristophanes in, 23–24, 26, 33; desire in, 21, 22, 24–28, 100, 103, 129; Diotima in, 27–31; eros in, 22, 23, 26–32; Foucault on, 95, 100, 103–9; The History of Sexuality on, 95, 100, 103–9; homosexuality in, 22–24, 26, 32–33, 103–8; introduction to, 21–23; love in, 22, 103; Socrates in, 3, 20–33, 95, 100, 106; tragicomedy of, 31–33
Texts: as communication, 124; deconstruction of, 112, 114, 116–17; Derrida and, 112–14, 116–17, 124–30; différance of, 113–14; identity of, 114; language of, 111; meaning of, 112, 113–14; philosophical, 112–14, 127, 130; Spinoza’s secret life and, 36–39
Theological-Political Treatise (Spinoza), 38
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 91–92
Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (Spinoza), 37
Truth: desire and, 107–8; dialogue and moral, 12–13; in love, 106; Nietzsche on, 75, 76, 80–84, 91, 92; pleasure and, 106, 108; Socrates on, 107
The Use of Pleasure (Foucault), 98
The Will to Power (Nietzsche), 82
Wisdom: love and, 29, 107; Nietzsche on, 92; pleasure and, 108, 110; of Socrates, 1, 8–9
Writing: of Aristotle, 125; of Derrida, 117; experiencing and, 64, 66, 67–71; other and, 59; Reveries of the Solitary Walker as allegory of, 67; of Rousseau, 56, 58–59, 61–71
Writing and Difference (Derrida), 113