Abiathar, priest of Nob; see also Nob
Abigail, wife of Nabal; see also David, and his marriage to Abigail; Nabal
Abraham, in Genesis 18; see also Lot
Absalom, son of David
Abusch, Tzvi; on the addition of the flood story to the Old Babylonian version; on differences between the Old Babylonian and Standard versions; on Gilgamesh’s rejection of Ishtar; on rites-of-passage imagery in the Epic of Gilgamesh; on Siduri’s encounter with Gilgamesh in the Old Babylonian version of the Epic
Achish, King of Gath; see also Gath
Ackroyd, Peter R.
Agga (Akka), son of King Enmebaragesi of Kish; see also Enmebaragesi
Ahasuerus, King of Persia (in Book of Esther); see also Esther
Ahaziah, King of Judah
’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love”; in ancient Near Eastern treaty texts; Hiram, as “lover” of David; in the Song of Songs; in the story of David and Jonathan; in the story of David and Michal; see also David, and Jonathan’s love for him; David, and his love for Jonathan (?); David, and his marriage to Michal; ḥāpēs, “to delight in”; Jonathan, and David’s love for him (?); Jonathan, and his love for David; Michal, and her love for David; Moran, William L., on the biblical meaning of love; râmu(m), “to love”
’aḥ (Hebrew)/aḫu (Akkadian) “brother”; with eroticized meaning (?); see also David, as Jonathan’s brother; Enkidu, as Gilgamesh’s brother; Gilgamesh, as Enkidu’s brother; Jonathan, as David’s brother
Akhenaton, Pharaoh of Egypt
Anat, Canaanite goddess of war; see also Aqhat
Anna, wife of Tobit; see also Tobit
Anderson, Gary A., and rites-of-passage imagery in the Epic of Gilgamesh; and Siduri’s speech to Gilgamesh in the Old Babylonian version of the Epic
Anu, Mesopotamian god of the heavens
Aqhat, hero of Canaanite epic; see also Anat
Aristophanes, myth of human origins; see also Plato, Symposium
Aruru, Mesopotamian birth goddess
Asher-Greve, Julia M.
Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria
assinnu(m), cult functionary of Ishtar; see also Enkidu, in the dreams of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh, and his dreams about Enkidu; Gilgamesh’s axe dream; Ishtar, as patron of prostitutes and related personnel; kezru, cult functionary of Ishtar
Athaliah, Queen of Judah
Athens (classical), attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in classical Athens
Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions; see also Bible, and typology of sexual interactions; Mesopotamia, typology of sexual interactions; Rome (classical), typology of sexual interactions
Attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward
Aycock, D. Alan
Berlin, Adele
Bethlehem
Beye, Charles R.
Bible, attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament
Bible: and issues of historical accuracy; and literary criticism; narrative in, and Victor Turner’s theory of liminality; and revisionist histories; and typology of sexual interactions, general; and typology of sexual interactions in Genesis; and typology of sexual interactions in Judges; and typology of sexual interactions in Leviticus; and typology of sexual interactions in 1 Corinthians; and typology of sexual interactions in Romans; and use in modern discussions of sexuality; see also Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions; Essentialism, in biblical scholarship; Liminality, as found in biblical narratives; Mesopotamia, typology of sexual interactions; Rites of passage, as a pattern found in biblical narrative; Rome (classical), typology of sexual interactions; Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament; Social construction theory, in biblical scholarship
Biran, Avraham
Bird, Phyllis A., on the Bible’s attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship; on prostitution in the ancient Near East
Bisexuality
Bitenosh, wife of Lamech; see also Lamech
Blount, Brian K.
Boswell, John; as an essentialist; responses from critics; on Rom 1:26–27; on the terms gay and homosexual
Botterweck, G. Johannes
Boyarin, Daniel
Brennan, T. Corey
Brooten, Bernadette J.; on John Boswell; on Rom 1:26
Bull of Heaven; Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; see also Humbaba (Sumerian Huwawa), Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with
Bynum, Caroline Walker; on gender and Victor Turner’s theory of liminality; on Victor Turner’s theory of communitas
Campbell, Joseph; criticisms of; and his tripartite hero pattern
Castelli, Elizabeth A.
Cedar Forest, home of Huwawa/Humbaba; liminal features of; location in the west; see also Humbaba
Chaddock, Charles Gilbert
Chauncey, George
Civil unions law, Vermont; see Vermont, civil unions law
Clines, David J. A.
Code of Hammurapi
Cohn, Robert L.
Communitas, see Liminality, and communitas
Comstock, Gary David
Cooper, Jerrold S.; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Cross, Frank Moore
Dalley, Stephanie; on the punning language of zikru/zakaru/sekru; on Siduri
Damrosch, David; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
David; and his ascent to the throne; as captain of his wilderness band; and his covenant with Jonathan; and his escapes from Saul’s court; and the extent of his kingdom; and his fight against Goliath, xii; as a historical figure; and his initial meeting with Jonathan (primary account); and his initial meeting with Jonathan (variant account); as introduced in 1 Samuel 16; as Jonathan’s brother (‘aḥ); and Jonathan’s love for him; kissing Jonathan; as kinglike; and his lament over Jonathan; and his last meeting with Jonathan; as a liminal figure; and his love for Jonathan (?); and his marriage to Abigail; and his marriage to Michal; as a musician; and the nature of his monarchy; as pursued by Saul; and his relationship with Jonathan; and his relationship with Jonathan as marriagelike; and his repudiation of Merab; as servant of Jonathan; as servant of Saul; as a shepherd boy; and his sparing of Saul’s life; as threatened by Saul; as a wanderer; as a warrior; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love,” in the story of David and Jonathan; ’aḥ (Hebrew)/aḫu (Akkadian) “brother,” with eroticized meaning (?); David, story of; Jonathan; Michal, daughter of Saul; Saul, King of Israel
David, story of: ambiguity of erotic imagery; as apologetic; compared to the Epic of Gilgamesh; date of; historical accuracy of; as literature; and Victor Turner’s rites-of-passage pattern; and Victor Turner’s theory of liminality; see also David; Epic of Gilgamesh; Jonathan; Liminality, as found in the story of David; Michal, daughter of Saul; Narrative, religious; Rites of passage, as a pattern found in the story of David; Saul, King of Israel
Davies, Philip R.
“Death of Gilgamesh” (Sumerian epic poem); see also “Gilgamesh and Agga (Akka)” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem); Gilgamesh and Huwawa” (Sumerian epic poem)
Delilah; see also Samson
D’Emilio, John
Dever, William G.
Dinah, daughter of Jacob and Leah; see also Jacob; Leah; Shechem
Dinshaw, Carolyn
Doniger, Wendy
Doty, William G.
Droogers, André
Dumuzi (Akkadian Tammuz)
Ea, Mesopotamian god of wisdom
Early Christian church, attitudes toward same-sex interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in the early Christian church
Edelman, Diana Vikander
edēru(m), “to embrace”; see also Gilgamesh’s meteor dream, in the Old Babylonian version
Edna, wife of Raguel; see also Raguel
Elhanan
Eliade, Mircea: criticisms of; and the rites-of-passage pattern
Elliott, Alison Goddard
Elqanah; see also Hannah
Enkidu: as animal-like; in art; as childlike; and the creation of; and the cursing of Shamhat; and the death of; and his dream of death; as a dream interpreter; in the dreams of Gilgamesh; embracing Gilgamesh; and the fight with the Bull of Heaven; and the fight with Huwawa/Humbaba; as Gilgamesh’s brother (aḫu); as Gilgamesh’s equal; as Gilgamesh’s friend (ibru); as godlike; and his initial meeting with Gilgamesh (wrestling match); kissing Gilgamesh; and his lack of family; as a liminal figure; in the netherworld; as a primordial creature of the wilderness; and the punning language of kezru, assinnu(m); and the punning language of zikaru/sekru; and his relationship with Gilgamesh; and his relationship with Gilgamesh in Sumerian sources; and his relationship with Shamhat; as servant to Gilgamesh in Sumerian sources; and the story of his humanization; as womanlike; see also ’aḥ (Hebrew)/aḫu (Akkadian) “brother,” with eroticized meaning (?); Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; edēru(m), “to embrace”; Epic of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerian antecedents; Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh’s axe dream; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream; ḫabābu(m), “to caress”; Humbaba (Sumerian Huwawa), Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; râmu(m), “to love”
Enlil, Mesopotamian god
Enmebaragesi, King of Kish; see also Agga (Akka)
Enmerkar, King of Uruk
Enuma Elish
Epic of Atrahasis; Tablet I, line 299–305
Epic of Gilgamesh: ambiguity of erotic imagery; compared to the story of David; compositional history of; date of composition; inclusion of flood story; as a tragedy; and Victor Turner’s rites-of-passage pattern; and Victor Turner’s theory of liminality; see also Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerian antecedents; Gilgamesh; Liminality, as found in the Epic of Gilgamesh; Narrative, religious; Rites of passage, as a pattern found in the Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version, conclusion of; inclusion of flood story; introductory lines; lack of story of Gilgamesh’s rejection of Ishtar; see also Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh’s axe dream, in the Old Babylonian version; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream, in the Old Babylonian version
Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; comparison of dream accounts; see also Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh’s axe dream, in the Old Babylonian version; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream, in the Old Babylonian version
Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; conclusion of Tablet XI; flood story in; hymnic prologue; inclusion of Tablet XII; story of Gilgamesh’s prescient dreams; story of Gilgamesh’s rejection of Ishtar; story of the oppression of Uruk; see also Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh’s axe dream, in the Standard version; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream, in the Standard version
Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerian antecedents; changes introduced in the Akkadian Epic
Erech, see Uruk
Ereshkigal, Queen of the netherworld; see also Ishtar’s Descent to the Netherworld
Erra and Ishum
Eshbaal, son of Saul
Essentialism: in biblical scholarship; and the history of sexuality; terminology; in the work of John Boswell; see also Social construction theory
Esther; see also Ahasuerus, King of Persia
Exodus, story of, as a rite of passage
Exum, J. Cheryl, on David’s relationship with Michal; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship
Fewell, Danna Nolan
Finkelstein, Israel
Fishbane, Michael
Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
Foster, Benjamin R.; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Foucault, Michel
Fredrickson, David E.
Freedman, David Noel
Freedman, Estelle B.
Furnish, Victor Paul
Gagnon, Robert A. J.
George, Andrew
Gerstenberger, Erhard S.
Geshtinanna, sister of Dumuzi
Gath of the Philistines
Gezer
Gibeah, capital of King Saul; setting of Judges 19–20
Gide, André
“Gilgamesh and Agga (Akka)” (Sumerian epic poem); see also “Death of Gilgamesh” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Huwawa” (Sumerian epic poem)
“Gilgamesh and Huwawa” (Sumerian epic poem); see also “Death of Gilgamesh” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Agga (Akka)” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem)
“Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven” (Sumerian epic poem); see also “Death of Gilgamesh” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Agga (Akka)” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Huwawa” (Sumerian epic poem)
“Gilgamesh and the Cedar Forest” (Sumerian epic poem), see “Gilgamesh and Huwawa”
“Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living” (Sumerian epic poem), see “Gilgamesh and Huwawa”
“Gilgamesh and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem), see “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld”
“Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld” (Sumerian epic poem); see also “Death of Gilgamesh” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Agga (Akka)” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven” (Sumerian epic poem); “Gilgamesh and Huwawa” (Sumerian epic poem)
Gilgamesh: as animal-like; in art; as corpselike; and his dreams about Enkidu; embracing Enkidu; as Enkidu’s brother (aḫu); as Enkidu’s equal; as Enkidu’s friend (ibru); and his failure to stay away for a week; and the fight with the Bull of Heaven; and the fight with Huwawa/Humbaba; as a functionary of netherworld; and his grief over Enkidu’s death; as a historical figure; and his initial meeting with Enkidu (wrestling match); and the ius primae noctis/droit de cuissage; and the journey to the abode of Utnapishtim; as king of Uruk; kissing Enkidu; as a liminal figure; and his loss of Plant of Rejuvenation; as master of Enkidu in Sumerian sources; and his meeting with Siduri; name of; as oppressor of Uruk; and his quest for immortality; as a recipient of cult offerings; and his rejection of Ishtar; and his relationship with Enkidu; and his relationship with Enkidu in Sumerian sources; as a tragic figure; as two-thirds god; as a wanderer; as womanlike; as a young man (?); see also ’aḥ (Hebrew)/aḫu (Akkadian) “brother,” with eroticized meaning (?); Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; edēru(m), “to embrace,” Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version; Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerian antecedents; Gilgamesh’s axe dream; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream; ḫabābu(m), “to caress”; Humbaba (Sumerian Huwawa), Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; râmu(m), “to love”
Gilgamesh’s axe dream, in the Old Babylonian version; in the Standard version; see also Enkidu, in dreams of Gilgamesh; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version, story of Gilgamesh’s prescient dreams; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared, comparison of dream accounts; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version, story of Gilgamesh’s prescient dreams; Gilgamesh, and his dreams about Enkidu; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream; ḫabābu(m), “to caress”; râmu(m), “to love”
Gilgamesh’s meteor dream, in the Old Babylonian version; in the Standard version; see also Enkidu, in dreams of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh, and his dreams about Enkidu; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version, story of Gilgamesh’s prescient dreams; Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared, comparison of dream accounts; Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version, story of Gilgamesh’s prescient dreams; Gilgamesh’s axe dream; ḫabābu(m), “to caress”; râmu(m), “to love”
Gilgamesh, Epic of, see Epic of Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh, Epic of, Old Babylonian version, see Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian version
Gilgamesh, Epic of, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared, see Epic of Gilgamesh, Old Babylonian and Standard versions compared
Gilgamesh, Epic of, Standard version, see Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version
Glaser, Chris
Goliath; see also Elhanan
Gomes, Peter J.
Gomorrah, see Sodom and Gomorrah, story of
Good, Deirdre J.
Greece (classical), attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in classical Athens
Greece (classical), typology of sexual interactions, see Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions
Greenberg, David F.
Grimes, Ronald L.
Gunn, David M.
ḫabābu(m), “to caress”; see also râmu(m), “to love”
Haldar, Alfred
Halperin, David M.; on the history of sexuality; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship; on the typology of sexual interactions in the classical world
Halpern, Baruch
Hammond, Dorothy
Hannah; see also Elqanah
ḥāpēṣ, “to delight in”; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love”; Jonathan, and his delight in David
Harris, Rivkah; and rites-of-passage imagery in the Epic of Gilgamesh; and women in the Gilgamesh Epic
Hazor
Hays, Richard B.
Held, George
Hendel, Ronald S.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm
Heterosexuality, and the biblical creation story; etymology of term; invention of
Hiram, as “lover” of David; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love,” in ancient Near Eastern treaty texts
Holladay, W. L.
Homer, Iliad; Odyssey
Homosexuality: etymology of term; as a phenomenon of the Euro-American West
Humbaba (Sumerian Huwawa); in art; Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; as guardian of Cedar Forest; as otherworldly monster; see also Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s fight with; Cedar Forest
Hunter, David G.
Huwawa (Akkadian Humbaba), see Humbaba
Inanna (Akkadian Ishtar); see also Ishtar
Isaac, son of Abraham; see also Rebekah
Ishhara, as name of Ishtar
Ishtar, Mesopotamian goddess of sex, love, and war; Gilgamesh’s rejection of; as liminal; as patron of prostitutes and related personnel; role in sacred marriage; see also assinnu(m), cult functionary of Ishtar; kezru, cult functionary of Ishtar; Gilgamesh, and his rejection of Ishtar; Prostitutes and prostitution; sekru, cult functionary of Ishtar; Siduri (prostitute); Shamhat (alewife)
Ishtar’s Descent to the Netherworld; see also Ereshkigal
Jablow, Alta
Jackson, W. T. H.
Jacob, son of Isaac; see also Dinah; Leah; Rachel
Jacobsen, Thorkild; on Gilgamesh as a young man; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship as sexual; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship in Sumerian tradition
Jäger, Gustav
Jehoram, King of Israel
Jerusalem; archaeological remains from; and Solomon’s temple
Jesse, father of David
Joab, David’s military commander
Jobling, David
Jonathan; and his abdication of kingly power; and his bow; and his covenant with David; as David’s brother (’aḥ); and David’s love for him (?); death of; and his delight in David; and his helping David to escape from Saul’s court; as a historical figure; and his initial meeting with David (primary account); and his initial meeting with David (variant account); as kinglike; kissing David; and his last meeting with David; as a liminal figure; and his love for David; and his relationship with David; and his relationship with David as marriagelike; in relation to Merab; in relation to Michal; and his relationship with Saul; and Saul’s anger toward; as a warrior; as womanlike; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love,” in the story of David and Jonathan; ’aḥ (Hebrew)/aḫu (Akkadian) “brother,” with eroticized meaning (?); David; David, story of; ḥāpēṣ, “to delight in”; Michal, in relation to Jonathan
Jung, Carl G.
Junod, Henri
Katz, Jonathan Ned
Keliah
Kertbeny, Karl Maria
kezru, cult functionary of Ishtar; see also assinnu(m), cult functionary of Ishtar; Enkidu, in the dreams of Gilgamesh; Gilgamesh’s meteor dream; Gilgamesh, and his dreams about Enkidu; Ishtar, as patron of prostitutes and related personnel
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship as sexual; on the punning language of kezru, assinnu(m)
King, Philip J.
Kirk, G. S.
Kissing, as understood in ancient Near East; in the story of David and Jonathan; in the story of Gilgamesh and Enkidu
Kramer, Samuel Noah
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von
Lambert, Wilfried G.; on the Epic of Gilgamesh as a tragedy; on Gilgamesh in art; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Langdon, Stephen
Leach, Edmund, on the Moses story; on the wilderness as liminal space
Leah, wife of Jacob; see also Dinah; Jacob
Lefkowitz, Mary R.
Leick, Gwendolyn; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s initial meeting (wrestling match); on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Lemaire, André
Lemche, Niels Peter
“Lettuce Is My Hair” (Sumerian love song); see also “Life Is Your Coming” (Sumerian love song); “Set Me Free, My Sister” (Sumerian love song)
Levenson, Jon D.
Levite’s concubine, story of
“Life Is Your Coming” (Sumerian love song); see also “Lettuce is My Hair” (Sumerian love song); “Set Me Free, My Sister” (Sumerian love song)
Liminality: and communitas; described in terms of ambiguity; as described in the work of van Gennep; as described in the work of Victor Turner; as described in Turner’s later work; and egalitarianism; end of; features of; as found in biblical narratives; as found in the Epic of Gilgamesh; as found in hagiographies of religious leaders; as found in myth generally; as found in the story of David; and gender; and revelation of the sacra; and the role of the ritual leader; and tests and trials; see also Narrative, religious; Rites of passage; Turner, Victor W.; van Gennep, Arnold
Long, Charles H.
Lot, nephew of Abraham
“Lugalbanda and the Thunderbird” (Sumerian epic poem)
Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh
McCarter, P. Kyle; on the David story as apologetic; on the love of David and Jonathan
McKenzie, Steven L.; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship
McNeill, John J.
Ma‘acah, wife of Rehoboam; see also Rehoboam
Mandell, Sara, and liminal imagery in the Epic of Gilgamesh
Martin, Dale B.
Mauser, Ulrich W.
Megiddo
Meissner, Bruno
Mephibaal
Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan, see Meribbaal, son of Jonathan
Merab, daughter of Saul
Merib-baal, son of Jonathan
Mesopotamia, attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in ancient Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, typology of sexual interactions; see also Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions; Bible, and typology of sexual interactions; Rome (classical), typology of sexual interactions
Meyers, Carol L.
Michal, daughter of Saul, and her helping David to escape from Saul’s court; and her love for David; and her marriage to David; in relation to Jonathan; in 2 Samuel 6; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love,” in the story of David and Michal; David, and his marriage to Michal; Jonathan, in relation to Michal
Middle Assyrian Laws, MAL A §18; MAL A §19; MAL A §20
Mobley, Gregory
Moore, Stephen D.
Moran, William L.; on the biblical meaning of love; on the end of the Old Babylonian version; on the humanization of Enkidu; and rites-of-passage imagery in the Epic of Gilgamesh; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love”
Moses
Mount Mashu
Myth, as defined by Stith Thompson; see also Narrative, religious
Na’aman, Nadav
Nabal
Nanše, Sumerian goddess
Narrative, religious: and Victor Turner’s rites-of-passage pattern; and Victor Turner’s theory of liminality; and Victor Turner’s theory of social drama; see also Liminality; Rites of passage; Social drama; Turner, Victor W.
Nergal, Mesopotamian god of the netherworld
Netherworld, Mesopotamia; association with wilderness; Enkidu’s descent to; Gilgamesh as functionary of
Niditch, Susan
Nineveh, capital of King Ashurbanipal of Assyria
Ninsun, mother of Gilgamesh
Nissinen, Martti; on David’s and Jonathan’s relationship; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship; on the nature of same-sex relations in the ancient Mediterranean and biblical world
Nob
Nussbaum, Martha
O’Flaherty, Wendy, see Doniger, Wendy
Olyan, Saul M.; on Lev 18:22 and 20:13; on 2 Sam 1:26
Oppenheim, A. Leo; on the interpretation of dreams; on the nature of the Cedar Forest; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Oppression of Uruk, see Uruk, city, oppressed by Gilgamesh
Padgug, Robert
Parpola, Simo
Paul (apostle)
Pellegrini, Ann
Plant of Rejuvenation
Plato, Symposium; see also Aristophanes, myth of human origins
Propp, William H. C.
Prostitutes and prostitution, as liminal; under the protection of the goddess Ishtar; see also Shamhat (prostitute)
Rachel, wife of Jacob; see also Jacob
Raguel, in Book of Tobit; see also Edna
Ramah
râmu(m), “to love”; see also ’āhēb and ’ahăbâ, “to love”; ḫabābu(m), “to caress”
Rebekah, wife of Isaac; see also Isaac
Reeck, Darrell
Rehoboam; see also Ma‘acah
Reinhold, H. A.
Richlin, Amy
Rilke, Rainer Maria
Rites of passage; as defined in appropriations of van Gennep’s work; as defined originally by van Gennep; as defined by Victor Turner; liminal phase of; as a pattern found in biblical narrative; as a pattern found in the Epic of Gilgamesh; as a pattern found in hagiographies of religious leaders; as a pattern found in myth generally; as a pattern found in the story of David; and revelation of sacra during; and the role of the ritual leader during; stage of reintegration in; and tests and trials during; tripartite structure of; see also Liminality; Narrative, religious, and Victor Turner’s theory of rites of passage; Turner, Victor W.; van Gennep, Arnold
Ritual, theory of, and the work of van Gennep; and the work of Victor Turner; see also Turner, Victor W.; van Gennep, Arnold
Rome (classical), attitudes toward same-sex sexual interactions, see Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in classical Rome
Rome (classical), typology of sexual interactions; see also Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions; Bible, and typology of sexual interactions; Mesopotamia, typology of sexual interactions
Roth, Martha T.
Sacred marriage, in ancient Sumer
Sakenfeld, Katharine Doob
Same-sex sexual interactions, attitudes toward, in ancient Mesopotamia; in classical Athens; in classical Rome; in the early Christian church; in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament (general); in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis); in the Hebrew Bible (Judges); in the Hebrew Bible (Leviticus); in the New Testament (1 Corinthians); in the New Testament (Romans); in nineteenth-century United States; in societies around the world; see also Athens (classical), typology of sexual interactions; Bible, and typology of sexual interactions; Mesopotamia, typology of sexual interactions; Rome (classical), typology of sexual interactions
Samson; see also Delilah
Samuel, Israelite priest-prophet
Sandler, Florence
Sarah, wife of Tobias; see also Tobias
Sasson, Jack M.
Saul, King of Israel; and his anger at Jonathan; David’s lament over; and his determination to kill David; spared by David; tormented with evil spirit; and the tragic nature of his kingship; as a warrior
Schroer, Silvia; criticisms of; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship
Segal, Robert A.
sekru, cult functionary of Ishtar; see also Ishtar, as patron of prostitutes and related personnel
“Set Me Free, My Sister” (Sumerian love song); see also “Lettuce Is My Hair” (Sumerian love song); “Life Is Your Coming” (Sumerian love song)
Sexual inversion
Shamash, Mesopotamian sun god; and Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s journey to the Cedar Forest; as Gilgamesh’s personal god; and Gilgamesh’s wilderness wanderings; and role as ritual leader
Shamhat (prostitute); Enkidu’s cursing of; and Ishtar; as a liminal figure; relationship with Enkidu; and Siduri
Shechem, in Genesis 34; see also Dinah
Shulgi, King of Ur
Siduri (alewife); as a goddess figure; and Ishtar; as a liminal figure; meeting with Gilgamesh; message to Gilgamesh; and Shamhat; in Standard version
Siker, Jeffrey S.
Sîn-leqi-unninnī, redactor of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Standard version
Smith, Mark D.
Social construction theory; in biblical scholarship (Hebrew Bible); in biblical scholarship (New Testament); criticisms of; evidence in support of; see also Essentialism
Social drama: as model for defining narrative; in relation to ritual; in the work of Victor Turner; see also Narrative, religious; Turner, Victor W.
Sodom and Gomorrah, story of
Solomon, King of Israel
Soranos, On Acute and Chronic Diseases
Stager, Lawrence E.
Staubli, Thomas; criticisms of; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship
Steussy, Marti J.
Stone, Ken
Stowers, Stanley K.
Sumerian King List
Talmon, Shemaryahu
Tammuz (Sumerian Dumuzi), see Dumuzi
Taussig, Michael
Taylor, J. Glen
Tel Dan stele
Terrien, Samuel
Thompson, J. A.
Thompson, R. Campbell
Thompson, Stith
Thompson, Thomas L.
Tigay, Jeffery H.; on differences between the Old Babylonian and Standard versions of the Epic; on Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship in Sumerian tradition
Tobias, in Book of Tobit; see also Sarah
Tobit (character), in Book of Tobit; see also Anna
Turner, Edith L. B.
Turner, Victor W.; appropriations of by other scholars; criticisms of; model of social drama; theory of liminality; theory of ritual; training and fieldwork; use of social-drama and rites-of-passage pattern to analyze narrative; and the work of van Gennep; see also Liminality; Narrative, religious; Rites of passage; Ritual; Social drama; van Gennep, Arnold
Ugur, Mesopotamian god of the netherworld
Urshanabi, ferryman of Utnapishtim; Gilgamesh’s speech to; returns with Gilgamesh to Uruk
Uruk, city (biblical Erech; modern Warka); elders of; fief of Gilgamesh; oppressed by Gilgamesh; young men of
Utnapishtim, Mesopotamian flood hero; and Gilgamesh’s journey to his dwelling place; as immortal; as imposing on Gilgamesh tests and trials; as liminal; as ritual leader in a rite of passage
Utnapishtim’s wife
Utu (Akkadian Shamash), see Shamash
Vance, Carole S.
van Gennep, Arnold; influence on other scholars; influence on Victor Turner; on rites of passage; see also Liminality; Rites of passage; Ritual; Turner, Victor W.
van Nortwick, Thomas
Vanstiphout, Herman L. J.
Vermont, civil unions law
von Soden, Wolfram
Waetjen, Herman C.
Walls, Neal H.; on the nature of David’s and Jonathan’s relationship; on the nature of Gilgamesh’s and Enkidu’s relationship
Warka, see Uruk
Waters of death
Weeks, Jeffrey
Wellhausen, Julius
Wilderness: associations with the netherworld; as liminal space; see also Leach, Edmund; Netherworld
Wink, Walter
Winkler, John J.
Wisdom (in the Book of Proverbs)
Wolff, Hope Nash
Zeitlin, Froma I.
Zipporah, wife of Moses