PROLOGUE
1. “Facebook to Acquire Oculus.” Facebook, March 25, 2014.
2. “Oculus Joins Facebook.” Oculus, March 25, 2014.
CHAPTER 1
1. Robertson, Adi and Michael Zelenko “VOICES FROM A VIRTUAL PAST: An Oral History of a Technology Whose Time Has Come Again.” The Verge, August 25, 2014.
2. Heilig, Morton. “El Cine del Future.” Espacios, January-June 1955.
3. Heilig, Morton. Sensorama Simulator. U.S. Patent 3,050,870 filed January 10, 1961, and issued August 28, 1962.
4. Sutherland, Ivan. “The Ultimate Display.” Proceedings of the IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing) Congress, 1965.
5. Sutherland, Ivan. “A Head-Mounted Three Dimensional Display.” Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1968.
6. Mokey, Nick. “We Have Virtual Reality. What’s Next Is Straight Out of ‘The Matrix.’” Digital Trends, December 19, 2016.
7. Zachary, G. Pascal. “Artificial Reality: Computer Simulations May One Day Provide Surreal Experiences.” The Wall Street Journal, January 23, 1990.
8. Rayl, A.J.S. “THE NEW, IMPROVED REALITY: Will the Ultimate Connection Between Humans and Computers Become the Ultimate Escape?” The Los Angeles Times, July 21, 1991.
9. Meyer, Kenny. “Thompson CSF to Purchase VPL Patents.” CyberEdge Journal (Issue 19, Volume 4), January/February 1994.
10. Strassel, Kimberly A. “Success Has Been Virtual for Many VR Companies.” The Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1997
11. Robertson, Adi. “VIRTUAL REALITY PANIC: Have We Learned Anything from the VR freakout That Happened over 20 Years Ago?” The Verge, June 20, 2014.
12. Rizzo, Albert, Mario Grimani, Arno Hartholt, Andrew Leeds, and Matt Liewer. “Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” Computer (Volume 47, Issue 7), July 22, 2014.
13. Aguinis, Herman, Christine A. Henle, and James C. Beaty, Jr. “Virtual Reality Technology: A New Tool for Personnel Selection.” International Journal of Selection and Assessment (Volume 9), March/June 2001
14. Bolas, Mark, David M. Krum, J. Logan Olson, and Evan A. Suma. “A Design for a Smartphone-Based Head Mounted Display.” 2011 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, March 19–23, 2011.
15. Hamilton, Ian. “Oculus Team Building Immersive Gaming Goggles.” The Orange County Register, December 2, 2012.
16. Luckey, Palmer. “Truly Immersive (AKA ‘Holy Crap This Is Real’) VR simulation” MTBS3D, September 25, 2011
17. Luckey, Palmer. “Oculus “Rift”: An Open-Source HMD for Kickstarter.” MTBS3D, April 15, 2012.
18. Luckey, Palmer. “First Post on Oculus!” Oculusvr.com, April 14, 2012.
CHAPTER 2
1. Onyett, Charles. “RAGE REVIEW: A Visually Stunning, Relatively Safe Shooter from id Software.” IGN, October 3, 2011
2. Takahashi, Dean. “Review: id Software Grows Up with Next-Generation Shooting Game Rage.” Venture Beat, October 3, 2011.
3. Schiesel, Seth. “Wasteland of Mutants and Thugs.” The New York Times, October 11, 2011.
4. Kushner, David. Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture. New York: Random House, 2003.
5. Abrash, Michael. “Valve: How I Got Here, What It’s Like, and What I’m Doing.” Ramblings in Valve Time, April 13, 2012.
6. Carmack, John. “Parasites.” Slashdot (Comments Section), June 2, 2005.
7. “Products: Personal 3D Viewer.” Sony.com, September 23, 2011.
8. Tone. “LEEP on the Cheap.” VR-TIFACTS, March 23, 2011.
9. Luckey, Palmer. “Oculus “Rift”: An open-source HMD for Kickstarter.” MTBS3D, April 15, 2012.
CHAPTER 3
1. Carmack, John. “A Day with an Oculus Rift.” MTBS3D, May 17, 2012.
2. JamesB. “Why John Carmack’s Rocket-Powered Goggles Won E3.” PC Games, June 12, 2012.
CHAPTER 4
1. Pedriana, Paul. “High Performance Game Programming in C++.” Presentation at 1998 Computer Game Developer’s Conference, May 1998.
2. Dobson, Jason. “Product: Emergent, Crytek Sign Scaleform GFx SDK.” Gamasutra, March 28, 2006.
3. Hollister, Sean. “Inside Gaikai: How to Make Cloud Gaming as Easy as Watching YouTube.” The Verge, June 4, 2012.
4. Parrish, Kevin, “Gaikai, WikiPad Creating “World’s First” Gaming Tablet: Gaikai Will Provide the Streaming Games for the ‘World’s First’ Gaming Tablet, WikiPad.” Tom’s Guide, May 4, 2012.
5. Welsh, Oli. “John Carmack and the Virtual Reality Dream: VR Is Back—and It Works! We Chat to id’s Mad Professor and Try His Amazing Homebrew Headset.” Eurogamer, June 7, 2012.
6. Frum, Larry. “My 5 Favorite Highlights from E3.” CNN, June 7, 2012.
7. Smith, Graham. “John Carmack Is Making a Virtual Reality Headset, $500 Kits Available Soon, Video Interview Inside.” PC Gamer, June 6, 2012.
CHAPTER 5
1. Abrash, Michael. “Valve: How I Got Here, What It’s Like, and What I’m Doing.” Ramblings in Valve Time, April 13, 2012.
CHAPTER 6
1. Campbell, Colin. “So How Much Does It Cost to Develop for PlayStation 4?” Polygon, July 24, 2013.
2. Chiappini, Dan. “Sony slashes PS3 development kit cost.” GameSpot, November 20, 2007.
CHAPTER 7
1. Carmack, John. “Re: Doom 3 in Rift on the Verge.” MTBS3D, May 31, 2012.
CHAPTER 8
1. Parekh, Rupal. “Cause-Marketing Panel Calls on Ad Industry to Help with Darfur.” Ad Age, September 25, 2007.
CHAPTER 9
1. Cacho, Gieson. “‘Guitar’ Hero: Danville Resident Was Instrumental in Designing Controller.” East Bay Times, October 15, 2008.
2. Lewis, Peter. “Broadband Wonderland: Nearly Everyone in South Korea Has Internet Access That Puts Americans’ to Shame.” Fortune, September 20, 2004.
3. Yun, Kyounglim, Heejin Lee, and So-Hye Lim. “The Growth of Broadband Internet Connections in South Korea: Contributing Factors.” The Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, September 2002.
4. Wei, Will. “What It’s Like Inside a ‘PC Bang’ in South Korea.” Tech Insider, October 18, 2015.
5. Tack, Daniel. “Studying Player Commitment to MMORPGs.” Forbes, November, 2012.
6. Kosner, Anthony Wing. “OUYA $99 Open Source Gaming Console Blows Up on Kickstarter by Saying ‘Hack Me, Please!’” Forbes, July 11, 2012.
7. Orland, Kyle. “$99 Ouya Wants to Bust Down Console Gaming’s Walled Gardens.” Ars Technica, July 10, 2012.
8. Totilo, Stephen. “$99 Ouya Console Hits $950,000 Kickstarter Goal After Just Eight Hours.” Kotaku Australia, July 11, 2012.
9. Carmichael, Stephanie. “Ouya Surpasses Its Funding Goal on Kickstarter by $7.6M.” Venture Beat, August 8, 2012.
10. Satterthwaite, Mark. “United to Create—Over the Edge Entertainment.” Inside Mac Games, October 25, 2004.
11. Metz, Cade. “Unity—iPhone Code Swap Approved by Jobs (for Now).” The Register, September 3, 2010.
12. Meeks, Caitlyn. “Congratulations to Asset Store Top Seller, Brady Wright!” Unity Blog, April 27, 2011.
13. Kamio, “Interview: Super-seller Michael Lyashenko of Tasharen Entertainment.” Unity Blog, April 7, 2012.
CHAPTER 10
1. Valve. “Handbook for New Employees.” Valve Press, 2012.
2. Peterson, Andrea. “Gabe Newell on Valve’s Intimate Relationship with Its Customers.” The Washington Post, January 6, 2014.
3. Fahey, Mike. “Gabe Newell Just Made My Little Pony Fans Extremely Happy.” Kotaku, April 5, 2012.
4. Plunkett, Luke. “Gabe Newell’s Knife Collection Is Terrifyingly Impressive.” Kotaku, February 8, 2012.
5. Kuchera, Ben. “Gabe Newell Reportedly Slams the PS3 and Asks for a Recall. WTF?” Ars Technica, January 16, 2007.
6. Hafer, T.J. “Gabe Newell: ‘I think Windows 8 is a catastrophe for everyone in the PC space.’” PC Gamer, July 25, 2012.
7. Favre, Jean Pierre, Brigitte M. Jolles, Olivier Siegrist, and Kamiar Aminian “Quaternion-Based Fusion of Gyroscopes and Accelerometers to Improve 3D Angle Measurements.” Electronic Letters (Volume 42, Issue 11), May 2006
8. Abrash, Michael. “Valve: How I Got Here, What It’s Like, and What I’m Doing.” Ramblings in Valve Time, April 13, 2012.
CHAPTER 11
1. Plunkett, Luke. “A Closer Look at the ‘Woodstock” of Video Games.” Kotaku, September 27, 2012.
2. Crecente, Brian. “The Traveler’s Guide to Quakecon.” Kotaku, August 2, 2011.
3. Pinsof, Allistair. “This Is (Was) QuakeCon.” Destructoid. August 10, 2011.
4. Luckey, Palmer, and Nate Mitchell. “Oculus Rift: Step into the Game.” Kickstarter, August 1, 2012.
5. Sheridan, Conor. “VR Headset Oculus Rift Kickstarter Successful on First Day.” GameSpot, August 1, 2012.
6. Orland, Kyle. “Oculus Rift Head-Mounted Display Finds Funding from Developers.” Ars Technica, August 1, 2012.
7. “Oculus Rift Virtual Reality Headset Gets Kickstarter Cash.” BBC, August 1, 2012.
CHAPTER 12
1. Boychuk, Ben. “Review: Chess with Friends for iPhone.” Macworld, December 17, 2008.
2. Hodapp, Eli. “‘Words with Friends’—Asynchronous Online Scrabble.” Touch Arcade, October 14, 2011.
3. Jackson, Nicholas. “Wait, Zynga Paid How Much to Acquire Words with Friends?” The Atlantic, July 7, 2011.
4. Cutler, Kim-Mai. “Zynga Paid $53.3 Million in Cash and Stock for Newtoy, IPO Filing Shows.” AdWeek, July 1, 2011.
CHAPTER 13
1. Gaudiosi, John. “Meteor Entertainment Exec Mark Long Explains the Virtual Reality of Oculus Rift and HAWKEN.” Forbes, August 27, 2012.
CHAPTER 14
1. Patel, Nirav. “The Adjacent Reality Open Source Wireless Head/Hand Tracker.” MTBS3D, July 19, 2012.
2. Patel, Nirav. “Snow Globe and the Adjacent Reality Tracker.” Eclecticc, May 7, 2012.
3. Wingfield, Nick. “Virtual Reality Companies Look to Science Fiction for Their Next Play.” The New York Times, February 16, 2016.
4. Terdiman, Daniel. “Leap Motion: 3D Hands-Free Motion Control, Unbound.” CNET, May 20, 2012.
5. Pierce, David. “A Look Inside Leap Motion, the 3D Gesture Control That’s Like Kinect on Steroids.” The Verge, July 26, 2012.
6. Ngak, Chenda. “Leap Motion 3D Motion-Control Device Changes How We Interact with Computers.” CBS News, May 21, 2012.
7. LaValle, Steve. Planning Algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
8. Luckey, Palmer. “I Am Palmer Luckey, Designer of the Oculus Rift—AMA!” Reddit, August 28, 2012.
CHAPTER 16
1. Poon, Timothy and Brian Crecente. “Oculus Lawsuit Testimony Details ZeniMax’s Negotiations with VR Company.” Polygon, January 19, 2017.
2. Biron, L. “Quality, Not Quantity, at I/ITSEC 2012.” DefenseNews, December 2012.
CHAPTER 17
1. Uhrman, Julie. “Growing Up Geek: Julie Uhrman.” Engadget, October 17, 2013.
2. Rogers, Bruce. “Julie Uhrman’s OUYA Out to Disrupt $70 Billion Gaming Business.” Forbes, December 3, 2013.
3. Klepek, Patrick. “Ouya Nabs Games from Airtight, Minority Media.” Giant Bomb, February 28, 2013.
4. Robertson, Adi. “Ouya Announces ‘Soul Fjord,’ an Exclusive Disco-Infused Dungeon Crawler from ‘Portal’s’ Kim Swift.” The Verge, April 30, 2013.
5. Totilo, Stephen. “Ouya Will Be Getting Tim Schafer’s Big Kickstarter Game. Other Consoles Won’t, Ouya Boss Says.” Kotaku, February 6, 2013.
6. Corriea, Alexa Ray. “TowerFall Creator Talks Story Modes, Inspiration, Pricing and ‘Yomi.’” Polygon, July 19, 2013.
7. McElroy, Griffin. “‘Human Element’ Prequel Announced as First-Party Exclusive for Ouya.” Polygon, July 19, 2012.
CHAPTER 18
1. Lang, Ben. “Former Activision Executive Laird Malamed Joins Oculus Inc.” Road to VR, January 24, 2013.
2. Baker, Liana B. “Activision’s Brainy Toys Take Over.” Reuters, June 5, 2011.
3. Stevens, Jon. “The Rise and Fall of Guitar Hero.” Nintendojo, September 16, 2014.
4. Ako, Jasmin. “Gaming Initiative Helps Students Win Funds for School and Charities.” Daily Trojan, April 18, 2012.
5. Peterson, Steve. “Former Activision SVP joins Oculus VR.” GamesIndustry.Biz. January 23, 2013.
6. Ingraham, Nathan. “Oculus Rift: Deep Inside the Immersive, Disorienting Virtual Reality Gaming Experience.” The Verge, January 7, 2013.
7. Topolsky, Josh. “Exclusive: Valve Said to Be Working On ‘Steam Box’ Gaming Console with Partners, Could Announce at GDC.” The Verge, March 2, 2012.
CHAPTER 29
1. Threewolfmtn. “So no way to confirm this, but my friend works in the same building as Oculus, and he ran into Mark Zuckerberg taking the elevator to Oculus’ floor.” Reddit. January 29, 2014.
CHAPTER 30
1. Albergotti, Reed, Douglas MacMillan and Evelyn M. Rusli. “Facebook to Pay $19 Billion for WhatsApp.” The Wall Street Journal, February 19, 2014.
CHAPTER 34
1. Hoffman, Liz and Reed Albergotti. “Oculus, Facebook Face Challenge to Rights Over ‘Rift’” The Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2014.
CHAPTER 37
1. Anderson, Mark. “Can tearjerker virtual reality movies tempt donors to give more aid?” The Guardian, December 31, 2015
2. Gantaya, Anoop. “Sakurai Works on Mushi King.” IGN, December 15, 2005.
3. My Nintendo News Admin. “Super Smash Bros Creator Really Likes Oculus Rift.” My Nintendo News, August 29, 2013.
4. Nakamura, Toshi. “Smash Bros. Creator Wants to Drive a Transparent Car.” Kotaku (Australia). May 16, 2014.
5. Henry, Devin. “Clinton: Support and improve ethanol mandate.” The Hill, May 28, 2015.
6. Watercutter, Angela. “The Most Important Movie of 2015 is a VR Cartoon about a Hedgehog.” WIRED, July 28, 2015.
7. Levy, Steve. “How Steve Jobs Fleeced Carly Fiorina.” WIRED, October 1, 2015.
8. Oculus. “Samsung Gear VR now available for pre-orders at $99.” Oculus Blog. November 10, 2015.
CHAPTER 40
1. Aguilar, Mario. “Oculus Rift Review: This Shit Is Legit.” Gizmodo, March 28, 2016.
2. Rubin, Peter. “Review: Oculus Rift.” WIRED, March 28, 2016.
3. Robertson, Adi. “Oculus Rift Review.” The Verge, March 28, 2016.
4. Halfacree, Gareth. “Total Recall’s suit against Oculus VR, Luckey dismissed.” Bit-tech, March 13, 2017.
5. King, Hope. “Oculus Rift totally messed up its launch.” CNN, April 12, 2016.
6. Cannata, Jeff (@jeffcannata). “Order processed 12 mins after Oculus went on sale. My new estimated ship date: 5/16-5/26 . . .” Twitter. April 11, 2016.
7. Klepek, Patrick. “The Oculus Rift that I pre-ordered has been bumped from shipping in April to June.” Twitter. April 11, 2016.
8. Kuchera, Ben. “Rift shipments delayed for months in botched launch (update).” Polygon, April 12, 2016.
CHAPTER 41
1. Machkovech, Sam. “Oculus reverses course, dumps its VR headset-checking DRM.” Ars Technicai, June 24, 2016.
CHAPTER 44
1. Ng, David. “Gamergate Advocate Milo Yiannopoulos Blames Feminists for SXSW Debacle.” The Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2015.
2. Collins, Ben, and Gideon Resnick. “Breitbart Editor Milo Yiannopoulos Takes $100,000 for Charity, Gives $0.” The Daily Beast, August 19, 2016.
3. Collins, Ben, and Gideon Resnick. “Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near-Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump’s Meme Machine.” The Daily Beast, September 22, 2016.
4. Dash, Anil (@anildash). “One reason every political hashtag on Twitter is filled with racist trolls? The founder of Oculus is funding them.” Twitter. September 22, 2016, 6:15 PM PST.
5. Dash, Anil (@anildash). “This guy, @PalmerLuckey, put some of his billion FB dollars toward explicitly funding white supremacy. Peter Thiel approved the acquisition.” Twitter. September 22, 2016, 6:18 PM PST.
6. Pyle, Hunter. “Can I Be Fired for My Political Beliefs or Activities in California?” Hunter Pyle Law. August 30, 2018.
7. Menegus, Bryan. “Palmer Luckey, Millionaire Founder of Oculus Rift, Loves Donald Trump and Dates a Gamergater.” Gizmodo, September 23, 2016.
8. Cutler, Kim-Mai (@kimmaicutler). “@PalmerLuckey’s girlfriend.” Twitter. September 22, 2016, 8:11 PM PST.
9. Cava, Marco della, and Brett Molina. “Facebook Millionaire Luckey Aligns Himself with Alt-Right, But Only If You Squint” USA TODAY, September 26, 2016.
10. Zuckerberg, Mark. “Palmer Freeman Luckey: I am deeply sorry . . .” Facebook. September 23, 2016, 6:44 PM PST.
CHAPTER 45
1. Iribe, Brendan, Opening Keynote at “Oculus Connect 3” Conference, Oculus, October 5, 2017.
2. Zuckerberg, Mark. Opening Keynote at “Oculus Connect 3” Conference, Oculus, October 5, 2017.
3. Mendelsohn, Tom. “Oculus Rift Inventor Palmer Luckey Is Funding Trump’s Racist Meme Machine: How Your Oculus Rift Is Secretly Funding Donald Trump’s Racist Meme Wars.” Ars Technica, September 23, 2016.
4. Wong, Julia Carrie. “Who Is Palmer Luckey, and Why Is He Funding Pro-Trump Trolls?” The Guardian, September 23, 2016.
5. Dewey, Caitlin. “The Three Types of Political Astroturfing You’ll See in 2016.” The Washington Post, September 26, 2016.
6. Wagstaff, Keith. “Oculus Co-founder Palmer Luckey Is Apparently Funding Anti-Hillary Memes.” Mashable, September 23, 2016.
7. Pearlstein, Joanna. “Palmer Luckey Is the Worst, but He Doesn’t Reflect Silicon Valley.” WIRED, September 23, 2016.
8. Scruta Games (@ScrutaGames). “We’ve failed to find any evidence backing up the Daily Beast’s claim that Luckey paid for hate speech. Only a lame billboard.” Twitter, September 29, 2016, 1:20 PM PST.
9. Scruta Games (@ScrutaGames). “So we were misinformed about him financially backing hate speech, which was the issue we had.” Twitter, September 29, 2016, 1:23 PM PST.
10. Scruta Games (@ScrutaGames). “Since there is no evidence of that so far, we will tentatively resume work on Touch support.” Twitter, September 29, 2016, 1:23 PM PST.
CHAPTER 47
1. Korosec, Tom. “Facebook Payout in Oculus Copyright Spat Cut to $250 Million.” Bloomberg, June 27, 2018.