NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS

BMJ British Medical Journal

JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association

INTRODUCTION

1. J. Pegrum and O. Pearce, ‘A stressful job: are surgeons psychopaths?’ Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 97, no. 8 (2015), 331–4

2. R. Chelliah, R. Showkathali, B. Brickham et al, ‘Multi-disciplinary clinic: next step in “heart team” approach for TAVI’, International Journal of Cardiology 174, no. 2 (2014), 453–5

1. BULLET TO THE HEART

1. Dwight E. Harken, ‘Administrative and basic clinical considerations in the European theater of operations’, Surgery in World War II: Thoracic Surgery (ed. John B. Coates; Washington: Office of the Surgeon General Dept. of the Army, 1963), 113–60

2. D. E. Harken, ‘Foreign bodies in, and in relation to, the thoracic blood vessels and heart: Techniques for approaching and removing foreign bodies from the chambers of the heart’, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 83 (1946), 117–25

3. William S. Stoney, ‘Interview with Alden H. Harken’: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/diglib/sc_diglib/cardiac_surgery/harken.html

4. Harken, ‘Administrative and basic … ’, Coates (ed.), op. cit.

5. Lael Wertenbaker, To Mend the Heart (New York: Viking Press, 1980), 41

6. Nicholas L. Tilney, Invasion of the Body: Revolutions in Surgery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 165

7. Stoney, op. cit.

8. Stephen L. Johnson, The History of Cardiac Surgery, 1896–1955 (Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 12

9. Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor (ed.), The British Journal of Surgery: War Surgery Supplement no. 3: War Injuries of the Chest and Abdomen (Bristol: John Wright & Sons, 1952), 399

10. Stephen Paget, The Surgery of the Chest (Bristol: Wright & Co, 1896), 121

11. B. M. Ricketts, The Surgery of the Heart and Lungs (New York: The Grafton Press, 1904), 146

12. J. W. Haward, A Treatise on Orthopaedic Surgery (London: Longmans, Green, 1881)

13. James E. Garretson, A System of Oral Surgery (London: J. B. Lippincott, 1884)

14. H. Macnaughton-Jones, A Treatise on Aural Surgery (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1881)

15. Robert B. Carter and William A. Frost, Ophthalmic Surgery (London: Cassell, 1889)

16. Henry Morris, Surgical Diseases of the Kidney (London, 1885)

17. Henry Savage, The Surgery, Surgical Pathology and Surgical Anatomy of the Female Pelvic Organs (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1882)

18. Reginald Harrison, On Some Points in the Surgery of the Urinary Organs (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1888)

19. Nicholas Senn, Intestinal Surgery (Chicago: W. T. Keener, 1889)

20. Henry Smith, The Surgery of the Rectum (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1882)

21. D. B. Kirkpatrick, ‘The first primary brain-tumor operation’, Journal of Neurosurgery 61, no. 5 (1984), 809–13

22. Ambroise Paré, The Workes of that Famous Chirurgion A. Parey: Translated by Thomas Johnson (London, 1649)

23. R. K. French, ‘The thorax in history: 1. From ancient times to Aristotle’, Thorax 33, no. 1 (1978), 10–18

24. Pliny, John Bostock, and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855), 3

25. Galenus, Friedrich W. Assmann and Carl G. Kühn, Opera Omnia (20 vols; Hildesheim: Olms, 1965), 8: 304–05

26. Francis Adams, The Medical Works of Paulus Ægineta (London, 1834), 2: 418–21

27. Alexander Read, A Treatise of the First Part of Chirurgerie (London: Francis Constable, 1628)

28. Paré, op. cit., 296

29. Barthélémy Cabrol, Alphabet Anatomic, auquel est contenue l’explication exacte des parties du corps humain, et reduites en tables selon l’ordre de dissection ordinaire: Avec l’ostéologie, et plusieurs observations particulières (Tournon: C. Michel & G. Linocier, 1594)

30. Johann Dolaeus and William Salmon, Systema Medicinale: A Compleat System of Physick, Theoretical and Practical (London: T. Passinger, 1686)

31. William Babington, Medical Records and Researches: Selected from the Papers of a Private Medical Association (London: T. Cox, 1798), 1

32. ‘Extensive wound of the heart, in which the patient survived one hour and a quarter’, London Medical Gazette 3, no. 72 (1829), 653–54

33. John H. Fuge, ‘Case of gunshot wound of the heart’, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 14, no. 1 (1818), 129–31

34. ‘Case of wound of the heart, in which the patient survived the accident nearly ten days’, London Medical Gazette 2, no. 49 (1828), 729

35. Baron Dupuytren, ‘Clinical observations on wounds of the heart’, London Medical Gazette 13, no. 322 (1834), 661

36. Rudolph Matas, ‘Surgery of the vascular system’, Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (ed. William W. Keen; 7 vols 5; Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co, 1909), 17–350

37. ‘Extensive wound of the heart …’ op. cit.

38. Dupuytren, op. cit.

39. ‘Extensive wound of the heart …’ op. cit.

40. ‘Case of wound of the heart’, The Lancet 32, no. 829 (1839), 605–06

41. Samuel S. Purple, ‘Observations on wounds of the heart and their relation to forensic medicine’, New York Journal of Medicine 14 (1855), 411–34

42. George W. Callender, ‘Removal of a needle from the heart; recovery of the patient’, Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 56 (1873), 203–12

43. Lew A. Hochberg, Thoracic Surgery Before the 20th Century (1st ed.; New York: Vantage Press, 1960), 545–6

44. William Harvey and Robert Willis, The Works of William Harvey (London: Sydenham Society, 1847), 382–3

45. John B. Roberts, ‘The Surgery of the Pericardium’, Annals of Anatomy and Surgery 4 (1881), 247–52

46. DaCosta, John Chalmers, Modern Surgery, General and Operative (3rd ed.; Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co, 1900), 303

47. L. Birkbeck, G. Lorimer and H. Gray, ‘Removal of a bullet from the right ventricle of the heart under local anaesthesia’, BMJ 2 (1915), 561

48. H. C. Dalton III. ‘Report of a case of stab-wound of the pericardium, terminating in recovery after resection of a rib and suture of the pericardium’, Annals of Surgery 21, no. 2 (1895), 147–52

49. DaCosta, John Chalmers, op. cit.

50. George T. Vaughan, ‘Suture of wounds of the heart’, JAMA 52, no. 6 (1909), 429

51. Charles Ballance, ‘Examples of the resources of surgery in certain emergencies’, The Lancet 179, no. 4612 (1912), 139–44

52. Charles A. Elsberg, ‘An experimental investigation of the treatment of the wounds of the heart by means of suture of the heart muscle’, Journal of Experimental Medicine 4, 5–6 (1899), 479–520

53. Adolfo Crotto and Luigi Lucatello, Atti dell’XI Congresso Medico Internazionale, Roma, 1894 (Rome: Ripamonti e Colombo, 1895), 4

54. Axel Cappelen, ‘Vulnus cordis. Sutur af hjertet’, Norsk Magazin for Laegevidesnsk 6 (1896), 285–8

55. John Bland-Sutton, ‘A clinical lecture on the treatment of injuries of the heart’, BMJ 1, no. 2578 (1910), 1273–6

56. ‘Cardiac surgery’, JAMA 26, no. 24 (1896), 1183–4

57. Frederick A. Willius et al., Classics of Cardiology (1983), 2: 42–3

58. ‘Operation on a human heart’, North Otago Times XXVI, no. 8943, 16 July 1897

59. ‘Novel or strange’, Cornishman, 6 May 1897

60. G. S. Brock, ‘Penetrating wound of the pericardium and left ventricle; suture; recovery’, The Lancet 150, no.3857 (1897), 260–1

61. L. L. Hill, ‘A report of a case of successful suturing of the heart, and table of thirty-seven other cases of suturing by different operators with various terminations, and the conclusions drawn’, Medical Records and Researches: selected from the papers of a private medical association 62 (1902), 846–8

62. Willius et al., op. cit.

63. Rudolph Matas, ‘Surgical treatment of perforating and bleeding wounds of the chest’, JAMA 32, no. 13 (1899), 687–92

64. M. Launay, ‘Plaie double du coeur par balle (ventricule gauche), suture, guerison’, Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine 48 (1902), 185–8

65. ‘Extracted bullet from heart’, Los Angeles Herald 31, no. 39, 9 November 1903

66. Werner von Manteuffel, ‘Schussverletzung des Herzens.: Naht. Extraktion der Kugel aus der hinteren Wand. Heilung.,’ Zentralblatt für Chirurgie 41 (1905), 1096–7

67. Eugene H. Pool, ‘Treatment of heart wounds: report of successful cardiorrhaphy and tabulation of cases’, Annals of Surgery 55, no. 4 (1912), 485–512

68. George Benet and Charles G. Spivey, ‘Suture of stab wound of the heart’, JAMA 104, no. 22 (1935), 1979

69. G. W. Brewster and Samuel Robinson, ‘Operative treatment of wounds of the heart: With report of a recent case of bullet wound of the heart, lung, and liver’, Annals of Surgery 53, no. 3 (1911)

70. Charles A. Ballance, The Bradshaw Lecture on the Surgery of the Heart (London: Macmillan & Co, 1920), 68–71

71. Birkbeck, Lorimer and Gray, ‘Removal of a bullet …’, op. cit.

72. Rudolph Matas, ‘Military surgery of the vascular system’, Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (vol. 7, ed. William W. Keen; Philadelphia, London: W. B. Saunders Co, 1921), 713–819

73. A. L. d’Abreu, ‘War wounds of the chest’, British Journal of Surgery: War Surgery Supplement no. 3: War Injuries of the Chest and Abdomen (ed. Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor; Bristol: John Wright & Sons, 1952)

74. Matas, op. cit., 728–9

75. William W. Davey and Geoffrey E. Parker, ‘The surgical pursuit and removal of a metallic foreign body from the systemic venous circulation’, British Journal of Surgery 34, no. 136 (1947), 392–5

76. Matas, op. cit., 713

77. Wertenbaker, op. cit.

2. BLUE BABIES

1. Timothy G. Buchman, ‘Shock: Blalock and Cannon’, Archives of Surgery 145, no. 4 (2010), 393–4

2. William P. Longmire, Alfred Blalock: His Life and Times (unknown publisher, 1991), 97–8

3. Robert M. Freedom, The Natural and Modified History of Congenital Heart Disease (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 190

4. ‘Kirkcaldy Has a Blue Baby’, Dundee Courier, 12 November 1947

5. ‘Interview with William Longmire’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008)

6. Longmire, op. cit., 101–04

7. Vivien T. Thomas, Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and his Work with Alfred Blalock. An Autobiography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 44

8. Joyce Baldwin, To Heal the Heart of a Child: Helen Taussig, M.D. (New York: Walker, 1992), 39–40

9. ‘Interview with Denton A. Cooley’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit.

10. Thomas, op. cit., 92–3

11. ‘Interview with William Longmire’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 68–70

12. Longmire, op. cit., 104

13. Helen B. Taussig, ‘Personal memories of surgery of tetralogy’, History and Perspectives of Cardiology (ed. H. A. Snellen, A. J. Dunning and A. C. Arntzenius; Leiden University Press, 1981), 159–72

14. Alfred Blalock and Helen B. Taussig, ‘The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia’, JAMA 128, no. 3 (1945), 189–202

15. Price Day, ‘Taussig-Blalock and Blue Babies’, Baltimore Sun, 3 February 1946

16. Blalock and Taussig, op. cit.

17. ibid.

18. Helen B. Taussig, ‘On the evolution of our knowledge of congenital malformations of the heart. The T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecture’, Circulation 31, no. 5 (1965), 768–77

19. Renée Matthews, obituary, Cardiology News 6, no. 3 (2008), 39

20. Blalock and Taussig, op. cit.

21. ‘Interview with William Longmire’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 70–71

22. Freedom, op. cit., 186

23. Thomas, op. cit., 101

24. Alfred Blalock and Michael Ravitch, The Papers of Alfred Blalock (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), xliii

25. Longmire, op. cit., 153–4

26. ‘Roger, the “Blue Boy”, will live’, Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser, 12 December 1947

27. ‘New heart for Christmas’, Daily Mail, 27 December 1947

28. Blalock and Ravitch, The Papers of Alfred Blalock, xlviii

29. ‘London notes’, Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 22 March 1948

30. Longmire, op. cit., 156–7

31. ‘Gift of health fills the stocking of boy who was doomed to die’, New York Times, 13 December 1948

32. Thomas, op. cit., 153–4

33. B. M. Ricketts, The Surgery of the Heart and Lungs (New York: The Grafton Press, 1904), 247–71

34. ‘The antivivisection bill’, JAMA 28, no. 4 (1897), 177–8

35. Alfred Blalock, ‘The technique of creation of an artificial ductus arteriosus in the treatment of pulmonic stenosis’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 16 (1947), 244–57

36. James M. Mason, ‘Observations on surgery of the colon. Indications for primary resection and anastomosis and for exteriorization procedures’, Transactions of the Southern Surgical Association 62 (1950), 152

37. Sherwin B. Nuland, ‘Man vs Dog: a bioethical trade-off; animal research reflects our regard for human life’, Los Angeles Times, 5 September 1989

38. ‘Blue Baby research’, Life, 14 March 1949

39. ‘McKeldin’s official majority 92,998; Miller by 8,910’, Star-Democrat (Easton, Maryland), 24 November 1950

40. Chris Smith, ‘Information on Anna’, cited 10 June 2015: www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mcp/Front_page/anna/

41. C. W. Lillehei et al., ‘Direct vision intracardiac surgical correction of the tetralogy of Fallot, pentalogy of Fallot, and pulmonary atresia defects: report of first ten cases’, Annals of Surgery 142, no. 3 (1955), 418–42

42. James Mackenzie, Diseases of the Heart (London: Henry Frowde, 1908)

43. F. J. Poynton, ‘A lecture on congenital heart disease’, BMJ, no. 1 (1906), 1458

44. William J. Rashkind (ed.), Congenital Heart Disease (Benchmark papers in human physiology 16; Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross, 1982), 91

45. Robert Boyle, ‘An account of a very odd monstrous calf’, Philosophical Transactions 1, 1–22 (1665), 10

46. Thomas Bartholinus, Thomæ Bartholini Acta Medica et Philosophica Hafniensia. ann. 1671 (1673), 5

47. Richard van Praagh, ‘The First Stella van Praagh Memorial Lecture: the history and anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot’, Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual (2009), 19–38

48. Bartholinus, op. cit.

49. Étienne-Louis Arthur Fallot, ‘Contribution à l’anatomie pathologique de la maladie bleue (cyanose cardiaque)’, Marseille Médical 25 (1888), 77–93

50. Douglas Waugh, Maudie of McGill: Dr Maude Abbott and the Foundations of Heart Surgery (Toronto: Hannah Institute & Dundurn Press, 1992), 42–4

51. E. Braunwald, ‘Nina Starr Braunwald: some reflections on the first woman heart surgeon’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71, 2 Suppl (2001), 7

52. K. Smith, ‘Maude Abbott: pathologist and historian’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 127, no. 8 (1982), 774–6

53. Baldwin, op. cit., 50

54. Charles Harris, The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 294–5

55. Nathaniel Highmore, Corporis Humani Disquisitio Anatomica (The Hague: Samuel Brown, 1651): 194–5

56. C. N. LeCat, ‘Concerning the foramen ovale being found open in the hearts of adults’, Philosophical Transactions 9 (1747), 134–5

57. Rashkind (ed.), op. cit., 173–4

58. Traver J. Wright and Randall W. Davis, ‘Myoglobin oxygen affinity in aquatic and terrestrial birds and mammals’, Journal of Experimental Biology 218 (2015), 2180–89

59. George A. Gibson, Diseases of the Heart and Aorta (Edinburgh: Young J. Pentland, 1898)

60. John C. Munro, ‘Ligation of the ductus arteriosus’, Annals of Surgery 46, no. 3 (1907), 335–8

61. Russell Brock, ‘The development of heart surgery in children’, Archives of Disease in Childhood 40, no. 210 (1965), 123–7

62. W. Hardy Hendren, ‘Robert E. Gross (1905–1988) and patent ductus arteriosus’, in Children’s Surgery: A Worldwide History (ed. John G. Raffensperger; London: McFarland & Co, 2012), 130–39

63. Robert E. Gross, ‘Surgical management of the patent ductus arteriosus: with summary of four surgically treated cases’, Annals of Surgery 110, no. 3 (1939), 321–56

64. Hardy Hendren, op. cit.

65. Frances Hess, ‘The fire and explosive hazards involved in the use of cyclopropane as an anesthetic’, Bulletin of the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists 5, no. 3 (1937), 359–63

66. Boston Children’s Hospital Archives Oral History Project, ‘Interview with Betty Lank OH’ (1999)

67. Robert E. Gross and Luther A. Longino, ‘The patent ductus arteriosus: observations from 412 surgically treated cases’, Circulation 3, no. 1 (1951), 125–37

68. Robert E. Gross and John P. Hubbard, ‘Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus: report of first successful case’, JAMA 112, no. 8 (1939), 729–31

69. Boston Children’s Hospital Archives Oral History Project, ‘Interview with Lorraine Sweeney Nicoli’ (2011)

70. ‘Interview with Judson G. Randolph’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit.

71. Boston Children’s Hospital Archives Oral History Project, ‘Interview with Dr Hardy Hendren’ (2000)

72. Robert Gross, ‘Surgical management of the patent ductus arteriosus …’, op. cit.

73. Alfred Blalock, ‘Recent advances in surgery’, New England Journal of Medicine 231 (1944), 261; 293

74. Gross and Longino, op. cit.

75. Helen B. Taussig, ‘The surgery of congenital heart disease’, British Heart Journal 10, no. 2 (1948), 65–79

76. Maurice Campbell, ‘Natural history of coarctation of the aorta’, British Heart Journal 32, no. 5 (1970), 633–40

77. M. J. Shapiro, ‘Coarctation of the aorta: ten years’ observation of a patient still living’, JAMA 100, no. 9 (1933), 640–42

78. Paul D. White, Heart Disease (3rd ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1944), 307

79. Taussig, ‘The surgery of congenital heart disease’, op. cit.

80. John-Peder E. Kvitting and Christian L. Olin, ‘Clarence Crafoord: a giant in cardiothoracic surgery, the first to repair aortic coarctation’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 87, no. 1 (2009), 342–6

81. Clarence Crafoord and G. Nylin, ‘Congenital coarctation of the aorta and its surgical treatment’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 14 (1945), 347–61

82. Hardy Hendren, op. cit.

83. ‘Interview with Viking Bjork’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit.

84. Allan Kozinn, ‘Samuel Sanders is dead at 62; accompanied noted performers’, New York Times, 12 July 1999

85.   ‘Pioneers in Cardiac Surgery – Clarence Crafoord’: www.youtube.com/watch?v=mz4w-oHDp-E

86. Willis J. Potts, Sidney Smith and Stanley Gibson, ‘Anastomosis of the aorta to a pulmonary artery: certain types in congenital heart disease’, JAMA 132, no. 11 (1946), 627–31

87. Russell Brock, ‘In memoriam: Alfred Blalock’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 36, no. 1 (1965), 62–5

3. ‘A SENSIBLE HISSING’

1. Giovanni B. Morgagni, The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy (abridged and elucidated with notes by W. Cooke, 1822), 1: 431–2

2. ibid.

3. René T. H. Laennec and John Forbes, A Treatise of the Diseases of the Chest (Philadelphia: J. Webster, 1823), 276

4. William Hunter, ‘The history of an aneurysm of the aorta, with some remarks on aneurysms in general’, Medical Observations and Inquiries 1 (1757), 323–57

5. Henry Mason, Lectures upon the Heart, Lungs, Pericardium, Pleura, Aspera Arteria, Membrana Intersepiens, or Mediastinum (Reading, 1765), 37

6. Denton A. Cooley and Michael E. DeBakey, ‘Surgical considerations of intrathoracic aneurysms of the aorta and great vessels’, Annals of Surgery 135, no. 5 (1952), 660

7. Michael E. DeBakey and Denton A. Cooley, ‘Successful resection of aneurysm of thoracic aorta and replacement by graft’, JAMA 152, no. 8 (1953), 673–6

8. William Osler, Bibliotheca Osleriana (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929), 40

9. P. Prioreschi, A History of Medicine: Roman Medicine (Edwin Mellen Press, 1998), 164–5

10. Charles Harris, The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 449–51

11. W. E. Stehbens, ‘History of aneurysms’, Medical History 2, no. 4 (1958), 274

12. Ambroise Paré and Thomas Johnson, The Workes of that Famous Chirurgien Ambrose Parey (London: T. Cotes and R. Young, 1634), 224–5

13. Lloyd A. Wells, ‘The William Osler Medal essay: Aneurysm and physiological surgery’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 44, no. 5 (1970), 411–24

14. John Hunter and James F. Palmer, The Works of John Hunter, FRS (London: Longman, 1835–1837), 3: 594–611

15. Wells, op. cit.

16. Astley P. Cooper and Frederick Tyrrell, The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., FRS, on the Principles and Practice of Surgery (London: Thomas & George Underwood, 1824–27), 3: 50

17. ibid., 67–71

18. Alexander Monro, Observations on Aneurism of the Abdominal Aorta (Edinburgh: P. Neill, 1827), 24–9

19. Charles H. Moore and Charles Murchison, ‘On a new method of procuring the consolidation of fibrin in certain incurable aneurisms: With the report of a case in which an aneurism of the ascending aorta was treated by the insertion of wire’, Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 47 (1864), 129–49

20. ibid.

21. Timothy Holmes and John G. Westmacott, A Treatise on Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (2nd ed.; London: Smith, Elder, 1878)

22. Rudolph Matas, ‘Surgery of the vascular system’, in Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (ed. William W. Keen; 7 vols 5; Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co, 1909), 17–350

23. Arthur H. Blakemore and Barry G. King, ‘Electrothermic coagulation of aortic aneurysms’, JAMA 111, no. 20 (1938), 1821–7

24. Holmes and Westmacott, op. cit.

25. ‘Reports of societies’, BMJ 1, no. 1155 (1883), 311–17

26. ‘Reports of societies,’ BMJ 1, no. 1055 (1881), 431–5

27. Henry Goodridge, ‘On the treatment of paroxysmal dyspnoea occurring in aneurysm of the arch of the aorta’, BMJ, no. 1 (1887), 1207

28. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 3, cited 27 July 2015: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/FJBBTG.pdf

29. Rudolph Matas, ‘Traumatic aneurysm of the left brachial artery’, Medical News 53, no. 17 (1888), 462–6

30. Rudolph Matas, ‘I. An operation for the radical cure of aneurism based upon arteriorrhaphy’, Annals of Surgery 37, no. 2 (1903), 161–96

31. Rudolph Matas, ‘Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta at its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries’, Annals of Surgery 112, no. 5 (1940), 909

32. J. R. Cohen and L. M. Graver, ‘The ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm of Albert Einstein’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 170, no. 5 (1990), 455–8

33. Théodore Tuffier, ‘Intervention chirurgicale directe pour un aneurysme de la crosse de l’aorte. Ligature du sac’, Presse Medicale, no. 23 (1902), 267–71

34. I. A. Bigger, ‘The surgical treatment of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta’, Annals of Surgery 112, no. 5 (1940), 879

35. Harris B. Shumacker Jr, ‘Coarctation and aneurysm of the aorta: report of a case treated by excision and end-to-end suture of aorta’, Annals of Surgery 127, no. 4 (1948), 655

36. Denton A. Cooley, 100,000 Hearts: A Surgeon’s Memoir (Austin, TX: Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2012), 73–4

37. Denton A. Cooley, ‘Early development of surgical treatment for aortic aneurysms: personal recollections’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 28, no. 3 (2001), 197–9

38. Cooley, 100,000 Hearts, op. cit., 34–5

39. ‘The Texas tornado’, Time 85, no. 22 (1965), 54

40. Cooley, 100,000 Hearts, op. cit., 90–91

41. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 13, cited 28 July 2015: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/FJBBTS.pdf

42. Cooley and DeBakey, ‘Surgical considerations of intrathoracic aneurysms of the aorta and great vessels’, op. cit.

43. ibid.

44. DeBakey and Cooley, ‘Successful resection of aneurysm of thoracic aorta and replacement by graft’, op. cit.

45. Stephen Westaby and Cecil Bosher, Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery (Oxford: ISIS Medical Media, 1997), 234

46. Henry Swan et al., ‘Arterial homografts: II. Resection of thoracic aortic aneurysm using a stored human arterial transplant’, Archives of Surgery 61, no. 4 (1950), 732–7

47. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 7, cited 27 July 2015: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/FJBBTL.pdf

48. National Library of Medicine, “Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’ op. cit., tape 13

49. W. S. Edwards, Alexis Carrel: Visionary Surgeon (Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1974), 13

50. Theodore I. Malinin, Surgery and Life: The Extraordinary Career of Alexis Carrel (1st ed.; New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 4

51. Steven G. Friedman, A History of Vascular Surgery (2nd ed.; Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell Futura, 2005), 21

52. A. Carrel, ‘The surgery of blood vessels’, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 18 (1907), 18–28

53. Robert Dalbey, ‘An English surgeon in America’, Littell’s Living Age 332 (1927), 9

54. Alexis Carrel, ‘Results of the transplantation of blood vessels, organs and limbs’, JAMA 51, no. 20 (1908), 1662–7

55. Alexis Carrel, ‘VIII. On the experimental surgery of the thoracic aorta and heart’, Annals of Surgery 52, no. 1 (1910), 83

56. A. Carrel, ‘The transplantation of organs: a preliminary communication’, JAMA 45, no. 22 (1905), 1645–6

57. Alexis Carrel, ‘Permanent intubation of the thoracic aorta’, Journal of Experimental Medicine 16, no. 1 (1912), 17–24

58. Friedman, op. cit., 121–3

59. Arthur B. Voorhees Jr., Alfred Jaretzki III, Arthur H. Blakemore, ‘The use of tubes constructed from Vinyon “N” cloth in bridging arterial defects: a preliminary report’, Annals of Surgery 135, no. 3 (1952), 332

60. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 1, cited 17 July 2015: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/FJBBTD.pdf

61. Michael E. DeBakey and Antonio M. Gotto, The New Living Heart (Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corp, 1997), 216

62. J. Harold Harrison, ‘Synthetic materials as vascular prostheses: II. A comparative study of nylon, dacron, orlon, ivalon sponge and teflon in large blood vessels with tensile strength studies’, American Journal of Surgery 95, no. 1 (1958), 16–24

63. H. I. Rustad, R. O. Gregg and J. T. Prior, ‘The effect of hypercholesterolemia upon aortic homografts and teflon-nylon prostheses in the rabbit; absence of arteriosclerosis in prostheses’, Surgery 44, no. 4 (1958), 726–34

64. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’, op. cit., tape 1

65. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’, op. cit., tape 7

66. R. A. Deterling Jr and S. B. Bhonslay, ‘An evaluation of synthetic materials and fabrics suitable for blood vessel replacement’, Surgery 38, no. 1 (1955), 71–91

67. Michael E. DeBakey et al., ‘Clinical application of a new flexible knitted Dacron arterial substitute’, Archives of Surgery 77, no. 5 (1958), 713–24

68. Ricky Harminder Bhogal and Richard Downing, ‘The evolution of aortic aneurysm repair: past lessons and future directions’, in Aneurysmal Disease of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta (ed. Marvin D. Atkins and Ruth L. Bush; INTECH, 2011), 21–54

69. Ralph S. Brown and Wilmarth S. Lewis, Horace Walpole’s Correspondence with George Montagu (48 vols; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941), 9: 311

70. F. Nicholls, ‘Observations concerning the body of his late Majesty, October 26, 1760, by Frank Nicholls, MD, FRS, Physician to his late Majesty’, Philosophical Transactions 52 (1761), 265–75

71. Michael E. DeBakey, Denton A. Cooley and Oscar Creech Jr, ‘Surgical considerations of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta’, Annals of Surgery 142, no. 4 (1955), 586

72. Michael DeBakey et al., ‘Surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. Analysis of seventy-two cases’, Circulation 24, no. 2 (1961), 290–303

73. Walter S. Henly and Baylor College of Medicine, ‘Interview with Dr Walter S. Henly, MD’, cited 16 July 2015: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBQS

4. ICE BATHS AND MONKEY LUNGS

1. Samuel A. Levine, Clinical Heart Disease (Philadelphia, London: W. B. Saunders Co, 1936), 313

2. Gordon Murray, ‘Closure of defects in cardiac septa’, Annals of Surgery 128, no. 4 (1948), 843–52

3. F. R. Edwards et al., ‘Surgical treatment of atrial septal defects’, BMJ 2, no. 4954 (1955), 1463–9

4. Robert E. Gross et al., ‘A method for surgical closure of interauricular septal defects’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 96, no. 1 (1953), 1–24

5. J. H. Gibbon, ‘Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery’, Minnesota Medicine 37, no. 3 (1954), 171–85

6. J. H. Gibbon, ‘Successful suture of a penetrating wound of the heart’, JAMA 46, no. 6 (1906), 431

7. Ada Romaine-Davis, John Gibbon and his Heart-Lung Machine (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 4

8. J. H. Gibbon, ‘The development of the heart-lung apparatus’, Review of Surgery 27, no. 4 (1970), 231–44

9. P. S. Hasleton, ‘The internal surface area of the adult human lung’, Journal of Anatomy 112, Part 3 (1972), 391–400

10. Robert Hooke, ‘An account of an experiment made by Mr Hooke, of preserving animals alive by blowing through their lungs with bellows’, Philosophical Transactions 2, 23–32 (1666), 539–40

11. Richard Lower and Kenneth Franklin, A Facsimile Edition of Tractatus de Corde (Oxford, 1932)

12. J. J. C. Legallois, N. C. Nancrede and J. G. Nancrede, Experiments on the Principle of Life: And Particularly on the Principle of the Motion of the Heart and on the Seat of this Principle / Translated by N. C. and J. G. Nancrede (Philadelphia: M. Thomas, 1813), 130–31

13. J. Prevost, ‘Examen du sang et de son action dans les divers phénomènes de la vie’, Annales de Chimie et de Physique 18 (1821), 280–96

14. Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Séquard: An Improbable Genius who Transformed Medicine (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 276–7

15. Charles E. Brown-Séquard, Experimental Researches Applied to Physiology and Pathology (New York: H. Bailliere, 1853), 88–94

16. C. Ludwig and A. Schmidt, ‘Das Verhalten der Gase, Welche mit dem Blut durch die reizbaren Säugethiermuskelz strömen’, Leipzig Berichte, no. 20 (1868), 12–72

17. T. Lauder Brunton, ‘On the use of artificial respiration and transfusion as a means of preserving life’, BMJ, no. 1 (1873), 555

18. W. von Schroder, ‘Uber die Bildungstatte des Harnstoffs’, Archiv Fur Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, no. 15 (1882), 364–402

19. M. von Frey and M. Gruber, ‘Untersuchungen über den Stoffwechsel isolierter Organe. Ein Respirations-Apparat für isolierte Organe’, Virchov’s Archiv fur Physiologie 9 (1885), 519–32

20. J. W. Hurst, W. B. Fye and Heinz-Gerd Zimmer, ‘The heart-lung machine was invented twice – the first time by Max von Frey’, Clinical Cardiology 26, no. 9 (2003), 443–5

21. Robert L. Hewitt and Oscar Creech, ‘History of the pump oxygenator’, Archives of Surgery 93, no. 4 (1966), 680–96

22. Nikolai Krementsov, ‘Off with your heads: isolated organs in early Soviet science and fiction’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, no. 2 (2009), 87

23. ‘George Bernard Shaw tempted to have head cut off when he is told of scientist’s feat’, Associated Press, 17 March 1929

24. Igor E. Konstantinov and Vladimir V. Alexi-Meskishvili, ‘Sergei S. Brukhonenko: the development of the first heart-lung machine for total body perfusion’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 69, no. 3 (2000), 962–6

25. Jay McLean, ‘The discovery of heparin’, Circulation 19, no. 1 (1959), 75–8

26. ibid.

27. W. G. Bigelow, Mysterious Heparin: The Key to Open Heart Surgery (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1990), 10–15

28. W. H. Howell and Emmett Holt, ‘Two new factors in blood coagulation – Heparin and Pro-antithrombin’, American Journal of Physiology 47, no. 3 (1918), 328–41

29. D. W. G. Murray et al., ‘Heparin and vascular occlusion’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 35, no. 6 (1936), 621–2

30. Bigelow, op. cit., 36–40

31. Murray et al., op. cit.

32. Charles H. Best, ‘Preparation of heparin and its use in the first clinical cases’, Circulation 19, no. 1 (1959), 79–86

33. Bigelow, op. cit., 42

34. Gibbon, ‘The development of the heart-lung apparatus’, op. cit.

35. J. H. Gibbon, ‘The gestation and birth of an idea’, Philadelphia Medicine 13 (1963), 913–16

36. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 56–7

37. Harris B. Shumacker, A Dream of the Heart: The Life of John H. Gibbon, Jr, Father of the Heart-Lung Machine (Santa Barbara, CA: Fithian Press, 1999), 126

38. J. H. Gibbon, ‘Artificial maintenance of circulation during experimental occlusion of pulmonary artery’, Archives of Surgery 34, no. 6 (1937), 1105–31

39. J. H. Gibbon, ‘The maintenance of life during experimental occlusion of the pulmonary artery followed by survival’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 69 (1939), 602–14

40. Shumacker, op. cit., 128

41. Gibbon, ‘The development of the heart-lung apparatus’, op. cit.

42. ‘The last field’, Time 54, no. 13 (1949), 40

43. Bernard J. Miller, John H. Gibbon, Jr, Mary H. Gibbon, ‘Recent advances in the development of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus’, Annals of Surgery 134, no. 4 (1951), 694

44. Shumacker, op. cit., 156

45. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 93–7

46. Michael E. DeBakey and Charles E. Schmidt, ‘Surgical pump’, US Patent no. 2018998, 1935

47. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 3, cited 27 July 2015: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/FJBBTG.pdf

48. Denton A. Cooley, ‘Development of the roller pump for use in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 14, no. 2 (1987), 112

49. Clarence Dennis, Dwight S. Spreng Jr, George E. Nelson, Karl E. Karlson, Russell M. Nelson, John V. Thomas, Walter Phillip Eder, Richard L. Varco, ‘Development of a pump-oxygenator to replace the heart and lungs: an apparatus applicable to human patients and application to one case’, Annals of Surgery 134, no. 4 (1951), 709

50. Shumacker, op. cit., 158–9

51. Gibbon, ‘Application of a mechanical heart …’, op. cit.

52. Kelly D. Hedlund, ‘A tribute to Frank F. Allbritten, Jr: origin of the left ventricular vent during the early years of open-heart surgery with the Gibbon heart-lung machine’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 28, no. 4 (2001), 292–6

53. Gibbon, ‘The development of the heart-lung apparatus’, op. cit.

54. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 98

55. Joeann G. T. Fraser, ‘Retrospective on Dr Gibbon and his heart-lung machine’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 76, no. 6 (2003), S2197–8

56. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 118–22

57. Gibbon, ‘The development of the heart-lung apparatus’, op. cit.

58. ibid.

59. Gibbon, ‘Application of a mechanical heart …’, op. cit.

60. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 130–31

61. ‘Historic operation’, Time 61, no. 20 (1953), 33

62. F. J. Lewis, Richard L. Varco and Mansur Taufic, ‘Repair of atrial septal defects in man under direct vision with the aid of hypothermia’, Surgery 36, no. 3 (1954), 538–56

63. W. G. Bigelow, Cold Hearts: The Story of Hypothermia and the Pacemaker in Heart Surgery (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1984), 40

64. Lawrence W. Smith and Temple Fay, ‘Temperature factors in cancer and embryonal cell growth’, JAMA 113, no. 8 (1939), 653–60

65. Bigelow, Cold Hearts, op. cit., 45–7

66. W. G. Bigelow, W. K. Lindsay and W. F. Greenwood, ‘Hypothermia; its possible role in cardiac surgery: an investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body temperatures’, Annals of Surgery 132, no. 5 (1950), 849–66

67. Bigelow, Cold Hearts, op. cit., 50–51

68. Bigelow, Cold Hearts, op. cit., 55–6

69. H. Swan et al., ‘Surgery by direct vision in the open heart during hypothermia’, JAMA 153, no. 12 (1953), 1081–5

70. ibid.

71. H. Swan, ‘Hypothermia for general and cardiac surgery; with techniques of some open intracardiac procedures under hypothermia,’ The Surgical Clinics of North America (1956), 1009–24

72. Bigelow, Cold Hearts, op. cit., 61

73. Stephen Westaby and Cecil Bosher, Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery (Oxford: ISIS Medical Media, 1997), 56

74. Swan et al., ‘Surgery by direct vision …’, op. cit.

75. ‘Discussion on the application of hypothermia to surgical procedures’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 49, no. 6 (1956), 345

76. I. Boerema et al., ‘High atmospheric pressure as an aid to cardiac surgery’, Archivum Chirurgicum Neerlandicum 8, no. 3 (1956), 193–211

77. I. Boerema, ‘An operating room with high atmospheric pressure’, Bulletin de la Société Internationale de Chirurgie 21 (1962), 170–76

78. ‘Interview with C. Walton Lillehei’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008), 83–99

79. A. T. Andreasen and F. Watson, ‘Experimental cardiovascular surgery: discussion of results so far obtained and report on experiments concerning a donor circulation’, British Journal of Surgery 41, no. 166 (1953), 195–206

80. ‘Interview with Richard A. DeWall’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 100–111

81. James Kay-Shuttleworth, The Physiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Asphyxia, etc (London: Longman, 1834)

82. L. Blum and S. J. Megibow, ‘Exclusion of the dog heart by parabiosis’, Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York 17, no. 1 (1950), 38–43

83. ‘Interview with Lillehei’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 89–90

84. H. E. Warden et al., ‘Controlled cross circulation for open intracardiac surgery: physiologic studies and results of creation and closure of ventricular septal defects’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 28, no. 3 (1954), 331

85. ‘Interview with Lillehei’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 90–91

86. C. W. Lillehei et al., ‘The first open-heart repairs of ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular communis, and tetralogy of Fallot using extracorporeal circulation by cross-circulation: a 30-year follow-up’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 41, no. 1 (1986), 4–21

87. Warden et al., op. cit.

88. ‘Interview with DeWall’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 104

89. ‘Discussion on the application of hypothermia to surgical procedures’, op. cit.

90. Romaine-Davis, op. cit., 143

91. Lillehei et al., ‘The first open-heart repairs …’, op. cit.

92. G. S. Campbell, N. W. Crisp, and E. B. Brown, ‘Total cardiac by-pass in humans utilizing a pump and heterologous lung oxygenator (dog lungs)’, Surgery 40, no. 2 (1956), 364–71

93. ‘Medicine: answer in a dog’s lung’, Time 65, no. 14 (1955), 27

94. W. T. Mustard and J. A. Thomson, ‘Clinical experience with the artificial heart lung preparation’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 76, no. 4 (1957), 265

95. W. T. Mustard et al., ‘A surgical approach to transposition of the great vessels with extracorporeal circuit’, Surgery 36, no. 1 (1954), 31–51

96. Mustard and Thomson, op. cit.

97. Hewitt and Creech, op. cit.

98. J. W. Kirklin et al., ‘Studies in extracorporeal circulation. I. Applicability of Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator to human intracardiac surgery: 40 cases’, Annals of Surgery 144, no. 1 (1956), 2

99. ‘Interview with Lillehei’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 91

100. Richard A. DeWall, ‘The evolution of the helical reservoir pump-oxygenator system at the University of Minnesota’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 76, no. 6 (2003), S2210–15

101. ‘Interview with Lillehei’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 92

102. Stanton P. Nolan, Richard Zacour and J. F. Dammann, ‘Reflections on the evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 64, no. 5 (1997), 1540–43

103. R. A. DeWall et al., ‘A simple, expendable, artificial oxygenator for open heart surgery’, Surgical Clinics of North America (1956), 1025–34

104. Vincent L. Gott et al., ‘A self-contained, disposable oxygenator of plastic sheet for intracardiac surgery: experimental development and clinical application’, Thorax 12, no. 1 (1957), 1

105. D. B. Effler et al., ‘Disposable membrane oxygenator (heart-lung machine) and its use in experimental surgery’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 32, no. 5 (1956), 620–29

106. J. G. Allen (ed.), Extracorporeal Circulation (Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1958)

107. Russell C. Brock, ‘The present position of cardiac surgery: Bradshaw Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 11th December 1957’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 23, no. 4 (1958), 213

108. A. M. Dogliotti and E. Ciocatto, ‘Personal experiences in physiopathological bases of hypothermia and possibilities of association between hypothermia and extracorporal circulation’, Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 83, no. 31 (1953), 707–10

109. Will C. Sealy, Ivan W. Brown Jr, W. Glenn Young Jr et al., ‘A report on the use of both extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia for open heart surgery’, Annals of Surgery 147, no. 5 (1958), 603

110. N. E. Shumway, R. R. Lower and R. C. Stofer, ‘Selective hypothermia of the heart in anoxic cardiac arrest’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 109 (1959), 750–54

111. James Wardrop, On the Nature and Treatment of the Diseases of the Heart (London: J. Churchill, 1851), 318

112. D. G. Melrose et al., ‘Elective cardiac arrest’, The Lancet 269, no. 6879 (1955), 21–2

113. ibid.

114. Westaby and Bosher, op. cit., 66–7

115. A. R. Cordell, ‘Milestones in the development of cardioplegia’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 60, no. 3 (1995), 793–6

116. D. J. Hearse, D. A. Stewart and M. V. Braimbridge, ‘Cellular protection during myocardial ischemia: the development and characterization of a procedure for the induction of reversible ischemic arrest’, Circulation 54, no. 2 (1976), 193–202

117. D. J. Hearse, ‘Cardioplegia: the protection of the myocardium during open heart surgery: a review’, Journal de Physiologie 76, no. 7 (1980), 751–68

118. S. Westaby, ‘Complement and the damaging effects of cardiopulmonary bypass’, Thorax 38, no. 5 (1983), 321

5. RUBBER BALLS AND PIG VALVES

1. ‘Heart valve replaced by rubber ball’, Register-Guard (Eugene, Oregon), 13 October 1960

2. Ann Sullivan, ‘Engineer applies pump experience to create artificial heart valve’, Oregonian, 3 December 1963

3. Bilal Ayub et al., ‘Durability, reliability, viability: 48-year-survival of a Starr–Edwards mitral valve’, Heart, Lung & Circulation 23, no. 1 (2014), 96–7

4. H. Milton, ‘Mediastinal surgery’, The Lancet 149, no. 3839 (1897), 872–5

5. Peter C. English, Rheumatic Fever in America and Britain: A Biological, Epidemiological, and Medical History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999), 1

6. Michael D. Seckeler and Tracey R. Hoke, ‘The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Clinical Epidemiology 3 (2011), 67–84

7. William C. Wells, ‘On rheumatism of the heart’, Transactions of the Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge 3 (1812), 373–424

8. William C. Wells, An Essay on Dew; and Several Appearances Connected with it (London: Printed for Taylor and Hessey, 1814)

9. William C. Wells, Two Essays (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1818)

10. Wells, ‘On rheumatism of the heart’, op. cit.

11. Norman Moore, Lumleian Lectures on Rheumatic Fever and Valvular Disease (London: reprinted from The Lancet, 1909), 10–11

12. D. W. Samways, ‘Cardiac peristalsis: its nature and effects’, The Lancet 151, no. 3892 (1898), 927

13. Lauder Brunton, ‘Preliminary note on the possibility of treating mitral stenosis by surgical methods’, The Lancet 159, no. 4093 (1902), 352

14. Editorial, The Lancet 159, no. 4094 (1902), 460–62

15. Lauder Brunton et al., ‘Surgical operation for mitral stenosis’, The Lancet 159, no. 4095 (1902), 547–8

16. Rudolph Matas, ‘Surgery of the vascular system’, in Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (7 vols, vol. 5 ed. William W. Keen; Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1909), 17–350

17. B. M. Ricketts, Surgery of the Thorax and its Viscera, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Indications and Treatment (Cincinnati, 1918), 26

18. Théodore Tuffier, ‘La chirurgie du coeur’, in Cinquieme Congrès de la Société Internationale de Chirurgie: Paris, 19–23 juillet 1920: rapports, procès-verbaux et discussions (Brussels: Hayez, 1921), 66–75

19. E. Doyen, ‘Chirurgie des malformations congénitales ou acquises du coeur’, Presse Medicale 21 (1913), 860–75

20. Duff S. Allen and Evarts A. Graham, ‘Intracardiac surgery – a new method: preliminary report’, JAMA 79, no. 13 (1922), 1028–30

21. Lawrence H. Cohn, ‘The first successful surgical treatment of mitral stenosis: the 70th anniversary of Elliott Cutler’s mitral commissurotomy’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 56, no. 5 (1993), 1187–90

22. Claude S. Beck and Elliott C. Cutler, ‘A cardiovalvulotome’, Journal of Experimental Medicine 40, no. 3 (1924), 375–9

23. Elliott C. Cutler and S. A. Levine, ‘Cardiotomy and valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; experimental observations and clinical notes concerning an operated case with recovery’, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 188, no. 26 (1923), 1023–7

24. ibid.

25. Cohn, op. cit.

26. Elliott C. Cutler and Claude S. Beck, ‘The present status of the surgical procedures in chronic valvular disease of the heart: final report of all surgical cases’, Archives of Surgery 18 (1929), 403–16

27. H. S. Souttar, ‘The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis’, BMJ 2, no. 3379 (1925), 603–06

28. Brian Blades, ‘Intrathoracic surgery, 1905–1955’, in Fifty Years of Surgical Progress, 1905–1955 (ed. Loyal Davis; Chicago: Franklin H. Martin Memorial Foundation, 1955)

29. Souttar, op. cit.

30. Blades, op. cit., 172

31. ibid.

32. Fred A. Crawford, ‘Horace Smithy: pioneer heart surgeon’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 89, no. 6 (2010), 2067–71

33. H. G. Smithy and E. F. Parker, ‘Experimental aortic valvulotomy; a preliminary report’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 84, 4–A (1947), 625–8

34. ‘Operation saves girl’, News-Journal, (Mansfield, OH), 16 February 1948

35. H. G. Smithy, J. A. Boone and J. M. Stallworth, ‘Surgical treatment of constrictive valvular disease of the heart’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 90, no. 2 (1950), 175

36. Crawford, op. cit.

37. ‘Surgeon dies, too weak for own cure’, Salt Lake Tribune, 29 October 1948

38. Allen B. Weisse, Conversations in Medicine: The Story of Twentieth-Century American Medicine in the Words of Those who Created it (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 136–7

39. Stephen Westaby and Cecil Bosher, Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery (Oxford: ISIS Medical Media, 1997)

40. Weisse, op. cit., 139–40

41. ibid., 142

42. ibid., 138–9

43. Charles P. Bailey, ‘The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis (mitral commissurotomy): discussion’, Chest 15, no. 4 (1949), 393–7

44. ibid.

45. Dwight E. Harken et al., ‘The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis’, New England Journal of Medicine 239, no. 22 (1948), 801–09

46. T. Treasure and A. Hollman, ‘The surgery of mitral stenosis 1898–1948: why did it take 50 years to establish mitral valvotomy?’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 77, no. 2 (1995), 145–51

47. Charles Baker, R. C. Brock and Maurice Campbell, ‘Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis’, BMJ 1, no. 4665 (1950), 1283–93

48. Weisse, op. cit., 141

49. Dwight E. Harken et al., ‘The surgery of mitral stenosis: III. Finger-fracture valvuloplasty’, Annals of Surgery 134, no. 4 (1951), 722–41

50. Claude S. Beck, ‘The technique of opening the stenotic mitral valve’, JAMA 156, no. 15 (1954), 1400–01

51. Charles Baker et al., ‘Valvotomy for mitral stenosis’, BMJ 1, no. 4767 (1952), 1043–55

52. R. C. Brock, ‘Valvotomy in pregnancy’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 45, no. 8 (1952), 538–40

53. C. Dubost, ‘Presentation d’un nouvel instrument dilatateur pour commissurotomie mitrale’, Presse Medicale 62 (1954), 253

54. D. E. Harken et al., ‘The surgical correction of mitral insufficiency’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 28, no. 6 (1954), 604–24

55. C. P. Bailey, H. E. Bolton and H. Perez Redondo-Ramierez, ‘Surgery of the mitral valve’, Surgical Clinics of North America (1952), 1807–48

56. Shelley McKellar, Surgical Limits: The Life of Gordon Murray (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 24

57. Gordon Murray, Medicine in the Making (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1960), 128

58. Victor W. M. van Hinsbergh, ‘Endothelium – role in regulation of coagulation and inflammation’, Seminars in Immunopathology 34, no. 1 (2012), 93–106

59. Gordon Murray, F. R. Wilkinson and R. MacKenzie, ‘Reconstruction of the valves of the heart’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 38, no. 4 (1938), 317–19

60. Bailey, ‘The surgical treatment …’, op. cit.

61. Murray, op. cit., 135

62. John Y. Templeton and John H. Gibbon, ‘Experimental reconstruction of cardiac valves by venous and pericardial grafts’, Annals of Surgery 129, no. 2 (1949), 161–76

63. Gordon Murray, ‘The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 62, no. 5 (1950), 444–7

64. C. A. Hufnagel, ‘Permanent intubation of the thoracic aorta’, Archives of Surgery 54, no. 4 (1947), 382–9

65. J. M. Campbell, ‘An artificial aortic valve; preliminary report’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 19, no. 2 (1950), 312–18

66. C. A. Hufnagel and W. P. Harvey, ‘The surgical correction of aortic regurgitation: preliminary report’, Bulletin – Georgetown University Medical Center 6, no. 3 (1953), 60–61

67. John C. Rose et al., ‘The hemodynamic alterations produced by a plastic valvular prosthesis for severe aortic insufficiency in man’, Journal of Clinical Investigation 33, no. 6 (1954), 891–900

68. Charles A. Hufnagel and Alberto Villegas, ‘Aortic valvular replacement’, ASAIO Journal 4, no. 1 (1958), 235–9

69. Conwell Carlson, ‘Doctors on rare jury’, Kansas City Times, 15 February 1956

70. Baylor College of Medicine, ‘Interview with Dr Walter S. Henly, MD’, cited 16 July 2015: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBQS

71. Anita F. Norman, ‘The first mitral valve replacement’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 51, no. 3 (1991), 525–6

72. N. S. Braunwald, ‘It will work: the first successful mitral valve replacement’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48, 3 Suppl. (1989), 3

73. Nina S. Braunwald, Theodore Cooper and Andrew G. Morrow, ‘Clinical and experimental replacement of the mitral valve: Experience with the use of a flexible polyurethane prosthesis’, in Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery (ed. K. A. Merendino; Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1961), 307–39

74. Lillehei et al., ‘Aortic valve reconstruction and replacement by total valve prosthesis’, in Merendino (ed.), op. cit.

75. ‘Interview with Albert Starr’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008), 271–84

76. Ann Sullivan, ‘M. L. Edwards, inventor, dies at 84’, Oregonian, 9 April 1982

77. Annette Matthews, ‘Interview with Miles J. Edwards’, Oregon Health and Science University Oral History Collection, 1998: http://digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/hca-oralhist/2

78. ‘Interview with Albert Starr’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 278–9

79. F. H. Ellis Jr and A. H. Bulbulian, ‘Prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve. I. Preliminary experimental observations’, Proceedings of the Staff Meetings: Mayo Clinic 33, no. 21 (1958), 532

80. J. B. Williams, ‘Improved bottle-stopper’, US Patent no. 19323A, 1858

81. A. M. Matthews, ‘The development of the Starr–Edwards heart valve’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 25, no. 4 (1998), 282–93

82. Albert Starr, ‘How it came about’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 135, no. 6 (2008), 1198–200

83. Edward A. Lefrak and Albert Starr, Cardiac Valve Prostheses, (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1979), 67–8

84. Matthews, op. cit.

85. Starr, op. cit.

86. Wayne E. Quinton et al., ‘An accelerated fatigue pump for testing prosthetic aortic valves’, in Merendino (ed.), op. cit., 235–43

87. Albert Starr and M. L. Edwards, ‘Mitral replacement: clinical experience with a ball-valve prosthesis’, Annals of Surgery 154, no. 4 (1961), 726–40

88. Elliott L. Chaikof, ‘The development of prosthetic heart valves – lessons in form and function: Interview with Albert Starr on the invention of the first successful artificial heart valve’, New England Journal of Medicine 357, no. 14 (2007), 1368–71

89. Starr and Edwards, op. cit.

90. ibid.

91. ibid.

92. ‘Discussion’, Annals of Surgery 154, no. 4 (1961), 740

93. William Blot et al., ‘Twenty-five-year experience with the Björk–Shiley convexoconcave heart valve. A continuing clinical concern’, Circulation 111, no. 21 (2005), 2850–57

94. D. Farley, ‘Shiley saga leads to improved communication’, FDA Consumer 28, no. 1 (1994), 12–17

95. M. A. Villafana, ‘“It will never work!” – the St Jude valve’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48, 3 Suppl (1989), 4

96. G. Murray, ‘Homologous aortic-valve-segment transplants as surgical treatment for aortic and mitral insufficiency’, Angiology 7, no. 5 (1956), 466–71

97. A. J. Kerwin, S. C. Lenkei and D. R. Wilson, ‘Aortic-valve homograft in the treatment of aortic insufficiency. Report of nine cases, with one followed for six years’, New England Journal of Medicine 266 (1962), 852–7

98. D. N. Ross, ‘Homograft replacement of the aortic valve’, The Lancet 280, no. 7254 (1962), 487

99. ‘Interview with Donald Ross’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 285–96

100. Ross, op. cit.

101. Stoney, op. cit.

102. ‘Interview with Alain Carpentier’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 322–31

103. J. P. Binet, ‘Pioneering in heterografts’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48, 3 Suppl (1989), 2

104. A. Carpentier et al., ‘Biological factors affecting long-term results of valvular heterografts’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 58, no. 4 (1969), 467–83

105. A. Carpentier, ‘From valvular xenograft to valvular bioprosthesis: 1965–1970’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48, 3 Suppl (1989), 4

106. A. Senning, ‘Fascia lata replacement of aortic valves’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 54, no. 4 (1967), 465–70

107. Marian I. Ionescu et al., ‘Autologous fascia lata for heart valve replacement’, Thorax 25, no. 1 (1970), 46–56

108. M. I. Ionescu et al., ‘Results of aortic valve replacement with frame-supported fascia lata and pericardial grafts’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 64, no. 3 (1972), 340–53

109. Alain Carpentier, David H. Adams and Farzan Filsoufi, Carpentier’s Reconstructive Valve Surgery (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2010), v

110. A. Carpentier et al., ‘A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 61, no. 1 (1971), 1–13

111. A. Carpentier, ‘Cardiac valve surgery – the “French correction”’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 86, no. 3 (1983), 323–37

112. ‘Interview with Alain Carpentier’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit.

6. METRONOMES AND NUCLEAR REACTORS

1. Roger Ebert, ‘Peter Sellers dies at 54’, Chicago Sun-Times, 24 July 1980

2. H. G. Mond and A. Proclemer, ‘The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009 – a World Society of Arrhythmias project’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 34, no. 8 (2011), 1013–27

3. Dwight Reynolds et al., ‘A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system’, New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 6 (2016), 533–41

4. Jean Jallabert, Experiences sur l’Electricité: Avec Quelques Conjectures sur la Cause de ses Effets (Geneva: Chez Barrillot & Fils, 1748): 75–7

5. John Wesley, The Desideratum: Or, Electricity Made Plain and Useful. By a Lover of Mankind, and of Common Sense (London: W. Flexney, 1760), 39

6. ibid., 62

7. Philippe-Nicolas Pia et al., Détail des succès de l’établissement que la ville de Paris a fait en faveur des personnes noyées et qui a été adopté dans diverses provinces de France. Quatrième partie. Année 1775 (Paris, 1776)

8. H. Bence Jones, ‘Remedial action of electricity’, London Journal of Medicine 1, no. 2 (1849), 125–9

9. Rudolf von Koelliker, ‘Nachweis der negativen Schwarlkung des Muskelstroms am natürlich sich kontrahierenden Herzen’, Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 6 (1856), 528–33

10. A. D. Waller, ‘A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart’s beat’, Journal of Physiology 8, no. 5 (1887), 229–34

11. W. Einthoven, ‘The string galvanometer and the human electrocardiogram’, KNAW, Proceedings 6 (1903–1904), 107–15

12. ‘Science notes’, BMJ 2, no. 2591 (1910), 558

13. Wilhelm His Jr, ‘The activity of the embryonic human heart and its significance for the understanding of the heart movement in the adult’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 4, no. 3 (1949), 289–318

14. M. R. Boyett and H. Dobrzynski, ‘The sinoatrial node is still setting the pace 100 years after its discovery’, Circulation Research 100, no. 11 (2007), 1543–5

15. Mark McGrouther, ‘World’s first black marlin caught on rod and reel – Australian Museum’, cited 15 March 2016: http://australianmuseum.net.au/worlds-first-black-marlin-caught-on-rod-and-reel

16. H. G. Mond, J. G. Sloman and R. H. Edwards, ‘The first pacemaker’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 5, no. 2 (1982), 278–82

17. Mark C. Lidwill, ‘Cardiac disease in relation to anaesthesia’, in Transactions of the Third Session, Sydney: Australasian Medical Congress (British Medical Association), September 2 to 7 (ed. Mervyn Archdall; Sydney, 1930), 160–62

18. D. C. Schechter, ‘Background of clinical cardiac electrostimulation. V. Direct electrostimulation of heart without thoracotomy’, New York State Journal of Medicine 72, no. 5 (1972), 605–19

19. Albert S. Hyman, ‘Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardiac therapy’, Archives of Internal Medicine 46, no. 4 (1930), 553–68

20. Albert S. Hyman, ‘Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardial therapy: II. Experimental use of an artificial pacemaker’, Archives of Internal Medicine 50, no. 2 (1932), 283–305

21. Howard W. Blakeslee, ‘Electricity restores life after heart stops beating’, Salt Lake Tribune, 1 January 1933

22. ‘Heart victims are restored after “death”’, Belvidere Daily Republican, 13 June 1933

23. ‘Heart pacer saves lives’, Evening Review (East Liverpool, Ohio), 11 June 1934

24. ‘Heart victims are restored after “death”’, op. cit.

25. Schechter, op. cit.

26. ‘Scientist seeks permit to revive gas chamber dead’, Bluefield Daily Telegraph, 16 October 1934

27. ‘New electric needle starts heart, is claim’, Pottstown Mercury, 11 February 1936

28. Kirk Jeffrey, Machines in our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 33–4

29. Graeme Gooday, Domesticating Electricity: Technology, Uncertainty and Gender, 1880–1914 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008), 66

30. J. L. Prevost and F. Batelli, ‘Sur quelques effets des decharges electriques sur le coeur des Mammiferes’, Comptes Rendus des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences 129 (1899), 1267–8

31. Louise G. Robinovitch, ‘Methods of resuscitating electrocuted animals. Different effects of various electric currents according to the method used. Importance of excluding from the circuit the central nervous system’, Journal of Mental Pathology 8 (1907), 129–36

32. Louise G. Robinovitch, ‘Triple interrupter of direct currents for resuscitation. Portable model for ambulance service’, Journal of Mental Pathology 8 (1907), 195–7

33. Schechter, op. cit., 270–84

34. D. R. Hooker, W. B. Kouwenhoven and O. R. Langworthy, ‘The effect of alternating electrical currents on the heart’, American Journal of Physiology 103, no. 2 (1933), 444–54

35. D. C. Schechter, ‘Background of clinical cardiac electrostimulation. III. Electrical regulation of rapid cardiac dysrhythmias’, New York State Journal of Medicine 72, no. 2 (1972), 270–84

36. Milton B. Dolinger, ‘Boy who “died” is alive through prayers’, Sandusky Register, 12 December 1947

37. C. S. Beck, W. H. Pritchard and H. S. Feil, ‘Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock’, JAMA 135, no. 15 (1947), 985–6

38. Dolinger, op. cit.

39. W. G. Bigelow, Cold Hearts: The Story of Hypothermia and the Pacemaker in Heart Surgery (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1984), 89–90

40. John A. Hopps, ‘The development of the pacemaker’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 4, no. 1 (1981), 106–08

41. J. C. Callaghan and W. G. Bigelow, ‘An electrical artificial pacemaker for standstill of the heart’, Annals of Surgery 134 (1951), 8–17

42. Schechter, ‘Background of clinical cardiac electrostimulation. V. Direct electrostimulation of heart without thoracotomy’, op. cit.

43. Bigelow, op. cit.

44. K. Jeffrey, ‘The invention and reinvention of cardiac pacing’, Cardiology Clinics 10, no. 4 (1992), 561–71

45. Paul M. Zoll, ‘Development of electric control of cardiac rhythm’, JAMA 226, no. 8 (1973), 881–6

46. Paul M. Zoll, ‘Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation’, New England Journal of Medicine 247 (1952), 768–71

47. ‘Plug failing hearts into AC outlet’, Council Bluffs Nonpareil, 13 November 1952

48. David Rhees, ‘Interview with Earl Bakken and C. Walton Lillehei’, 1997: http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10445338&return=brand%3Dcms%26q%3DLillehei

49. Seymour Furman, ‘Attempted suicide’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 3, no. 2 (1980), 129

50. W. L. Weirich et al., ‘The treatment of complete heart block by the combined use of a myocardial electrode and an artificial pacemaker’, Circulation Research 6 (1958), 410–15

51. ‘Interview with C. Walton Lillehei’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008), 83–99

52. Earl E. Bakken, One Man’s Full Life (Minneapolis, MN: Medtronic, Inc, 1999), 36–7

53. Rhees, op. cit.

54. Bakken, op. cit., 38

55. C. W. Lillehei et al., ‘Transistor pacemaker for treatment of complete atrioventricular dissociation’, JAMA 172, no. 18 (1960), 2006–10

56. Steven M. Spencer, ‘Making a heartbeat behave’, Saturday Evening Post, 4 March 1961

57. Rhees, op. cit.

58. ‘Conference on artificial pacemakers and cardiac prosthesis: sponsored by the Medical Electronics Center of the Rockefeller Institute, 1958’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 16, 7 Pt 1 (1993), 1445–82

59. Oktay Tutarel and Mechthild Westhoff-Bleck, ‘Åke Senning’, Clinical Cardiology 32, no. 8 (2009), E66–7

60. Åke Senning, ‘Cardiac pacing in retrospect’, American Journal of Surgery 145, no. 6 (1983), 733–9

61. ibid.

62. D. E. Harken, ‘Pacemakers, past-makers, and the paced: an informal history from A to Z (Aldini to Zoll)’, Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology 25, no. 4 (1991), 299–321

63. M. Nicholls, ‘Pioneers of cardiology: Rune Elmqvist, MD’, Circulation 115, no. 22 (2007), 11

64. R. Elmqvist and Å. Senning, ‘An implantable pacemaker for the heart’, in Medical Electronics: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Electronics, Paris, 24–27 June 1959 (ed. C. N. Smyth; London: Iliffe, 1960), 253–4

65. Patrik Hidefjäll, The Pace of Innovation: Patterns of innovation in the cardiac pacemaker industry (Linköping: Linköping University, 1997), 160, 87–8

66. B. Larsson et al., ‘Lessons from the first patient with an implanted pacemaker: 1958–2001’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 26, 1 Pt 1 (2003), 114–24

67. Hidefjäll, op. cit., 89–90

68. A. H. Siddons and O. Humphries, ‘Complete heart block with Stokes–Adams attacks treated by indwelling pacemaker’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 54, no. 3 (1961), 237–8

69. Wilson Greatbatch, The Making of the Pacemaker: Celebrating a Life-Saving Invention (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000)

70. ibid., 30

71. William M. Chardack, ‘Recollections – 1958–1961’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 4, no. 5 (1981), 592–6

72. Greatbatch, op. cit., 32

73. William M. Chardack, Andrew A. Gage and Wilson Greatbatch, ‘A transistorized, self-contained, implantable pacemaker for the long-term correction of complete heart block’, Surgery 48 (1960), 643–54

74. Spencer, op. cit.

75. Chardack, Gage and Greatbatch, op. cit.

76. Bakken, op. cit., 40

77. Rhees, op. cit.

78. Mark A. Wood and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, ‘Cardiac pacemakers from the patient’s perspective’, Circulation 105, no. 18 (2002), 2136–8

79. ‘Facts and Statistics, Medtronic’, cited 24 March 2016: http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/about-3/medtronic-plc-facts.html?cmpid=mdt_plc_2015_US_about_3_story_panel_featured_company_facts_cta_text_link_learn_more

80. Chardack, Gage and Greatbatch, op. cit.

81. J. S. Butterworth and Charles A. Poindexter, ‘Short PR interval associated with a prolonged QRS complex: a clinical and experimental study’, Archives of Internal Medicine 69, no. 3 (1942), 437–45

82. M. J. Folkman and E. Watkins, ‘An artificial conduction system for the management of experimental complete heart block’, Surgical Forum 8 (1957), 331–4

83. David A. Nathan et al., ‘An implantable, synchronous pacemaker for the long-term correction of complete heart block’, Circulation 27, no. 4 (1963), 682–5

84. Victor Parsonnet et al., ‘Clinical use of an implantable standby pacemaker’, JAMA 196, no. 9 (1966), 784–6

85. Cesar A. Castillo et al., ‘Bifocal demand pacing’, Chest 59, no. 4 (1971), 360–64

86. E. Sowton and J. G. Davies, ‘Investigation of failure of artificial pacing’, BMJ 1, no. 5396 (1964), 1470–74

87. L. D. Abrams and W. A. Hudson, ‘The treatment of complete heart block’, Postgraduate Medical Journal 37, no. 427 (1961), 240–44

88. Greatbatch, op. cit., 126–7

89. Victor Parsonnet et al., ‘Thirty-one years of clinical experience with “nuclear-powered” pacemakers’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 29, no. 2 (2006), 195–200

90. ‘Nuclear power inside a human body?’ Popular Science 195, no. 2 (1969), 22

91. Michael Jeffries, ‘Atom heart mother named’, Evening Standard, 16 July 1970

92. Ron Geesin, The Flaming Cow: The Making of Pink Floyd’s Atom Heart Mother (The History Press, 2013), 80–81

93. V. Parsonnet et al., ‘Clinical experience with nuclear pacemakers’, Surgery 78, no. 6 (1975), 776–86

94. Kenneth Owen, ‘Cardiology: contract for nuclear pacemakers’, The Times, 11 November 1975

95. Parsonnet et al., ‘Thirty-one years of clinical experience …’, op. cit.

96. Greatbatch, op. cit., 128–9

97. NRC Preliminary Notification of Event PNO-III-98-027: Accidental incineration of a nuclear powered cardiac pacemaker, 1998

98. P. J. Morrell, ‘The exploding body’, Practitioner 219, no. 1309 (1977), 109

99. C. P. Gale and G. P. Mulley, ‘Pacemaker explosions in crematoria: problems and possible solutions’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95, no. 7 (2002), 353–5

100. P. M. Zoll et al., ‘Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock’, New England Journal of Medicine 254, no. 16 (1956), 727–32

101. ‘Dwight Harken: pioneer in surgery’, Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology 25, no. 4 (1991), 263–4

102. B. Lown, R. Amarasingham and J. Neuman, ‘New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. Use of synchronized capacitor discharge’, JAMA 182 (1962), 548–55

103. W. B. Kouwenhoven et al., ‘Closed-chest cardiac massage’, JAMA 173 (1960), 1064–7

104. Claude S. Beck and David S. Leighninger, ‘Death after a clean bill of health: so-called fatal heart attacks and treatment with resuscitation techniques’, JAMA 174, no. 2 (1960), 133–5

105. D. G. Julian, ‘Treatment of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction’, The Lancet 2, no. 7207 (1961), 840–44

106. D. G. Julian, ‘The history of coronary care units’, British Heart Journal 57, no. 6 (1987), 497–502

107. J. A. Kastor, ‘Michel Mirowski and the automatic implantable defibrillator’, American Journal of Cardiology 63, no. 13 (1989a), 977–82

108. ibid.

109. M. Mirowski et al., ‘Standby automatic defibrillator. An approach to prevention of sudden coronary death’, Archives of Internal Medicine 126, no. 1 (1970), 158–61

110. Albert I. Mendeloff, ‘Michel Mirowski and the Department of Medicine at the Sinai Hospital of Baltimore’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 14, no. 5 (1991), 873–4

111. B. Lown and P. Axelrod, ‘Implanted standby defibrillators’, Circulation 46, no. 4 (1972), 637–9

112. Kastor, op. cit., no. 15 (1989b), 1121–6

113. Morton M. Mower, ‘Building the AICD with Michel Mirowski’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 14, no. 5 (1991), 928–34

114. Hidefjäll, op. cit., 260–64

115. M. Mirowski et al., ‘A chronically implanted system for automatic defibrillation in active conscious dogs. Experimental model for treatment of sudden death from ventricular fibrillation’, Circulation 58, no. 1 (1978), 90–94

116. Kastor, op. cit.

117. Mirowski et al., ‘A chronically implanted system for automatic debfibrillation …’, op. cit.

118. M. Mirowski et al., ‘Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings’, New England Journal of Medicine 303, no. 6 (1980), 322–4

119. ibid.

120. M. Mirowski et al., ‘The automatic implantable defibrillator. New modality for treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 5, no. 3 (1982), 384–401

121. M. Mirowski et al., ‘Clinical performance of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 7, 6 Pt 2 (1984), 1345–50

122. M. Mirowski, ‘The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: An overview’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 6, no. 2 (1985), 461–6

123. ibid.

124. M. S. Heilman, ‘Collaboration with Michel Mirowski on the development of the AICD’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology: PACE 14, no. 5 (1991), 910–15

125. Mond and Proclemer, ‘The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing …’, op. cit.

126. David R. Ramsdale and Archana Rao, Cardiac Pacing and Device Therapy (London: Springer, 2012), 37–8

127. D. Halperin et al., ‘Pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators: software radio attacks and zero-power defenses’, in IEEE World Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE, 2008

128. Richard B. Cheney, Jonathan Reiner and Liz Cheney, Heart: An American Medical Odyssey (New York: Scribner, 2013), 220

7. ‘STRONG AND PECULIAR SYMPTOMS’

1. John Hunter and Everard Home, A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gunshot Wounds (London: Thomas Bradford, 1796), lxi

2. Caleb H. Parry, An Inquiry into the Symptoms and Causes of the Syncope Anginosa, Commonly Called Angina Pectoris; Illustrated by Dissections (Bath, 1799), 3–5

3. Hunter and Home, op. cit., xlv–xlvi

4. ibid., lxi

5. J. T. Willerson and R. Teaff, ‘Egyptian contributions to cardiovascular medicine’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 23, no. 3 (1996), 191–200

6. Girish Dwivedi and Shridhar Dwivedi, ‘Sushruta – the clinician–teacher par excellence’, Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 49, no. 4 (2007), 243–4

7. William Heberden, Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases (3rd ed.; London: T. Payne, 1806), 364–5

8. ibid., 368–9

9. John Fothergill, ‘Farther account of the angina pectoris’, Medical Observations and Inquiries 5 (1776), 252–8

10. Parry, op. cit.

11. Hunter and Home, op. cit., lxiii

12. John P. Collier and T. Smollett, ‘Parry on the Syncope Anginosa’, Critical Review, or, Annals of Literature 31, January (1801), 79–83

13. Parry, op. cit., 156

14. G.-B Duchenne, De l’Electrisation Localisée: Et de son Application a la Physiologie, a la Pathologie et a la Thérapeutique (Paris: Chez J.-B. Baillière, 1855)

15. T. L. Brunton, ‘On the use of nitrite of amyl in angina pectoris’, The Lancet 90, no. 2291 (1867), 97–8

16. James D. Morgan, ‘Angina pectoris’, JAMA 33, no. 1 (1899), 22–4

17. H. W. Verdon, ‘The gastric origin of angina pectoris’, BMJ 1, no. 2620 (1911), 613–14

18. J. Mackenzie, ‘An inquiry into the cause of angina pectoris’, BMJ 2, no. 2336 (1905), 845–7

19. James B. Herrick, ‘Clinical features of sudden obstruction of the coronary arteries’, JAMA 59, no. 23 (1912), 2015–22

20. James H. Means, The Association of American Physicians: Its First Seventy-five Years (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 108

21. Herrick, op. cit.

22. T. Jonnesco, ‘Angine de poitrine guerie par la resection du sympathique cervico-thoracique’, Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine 84 (1920), 93–102

23. ibid.

24. P. K. Brown and W. B. Coffey, ‘Surgical treatment of angina pectoris’, Transactions of the American Climatological and Clinical Association 40 (1924), 35–42

25. Martin Stritesky et al., ‘Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy – its effect in the treatment of refractory angina pectoris’, Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 5, no. 4 (2006), 464–8

26. Samuel A. Levine, Elliott C. Cutler and Eugene C. Eppinger, ‘Thyroidectomy in the treatment of advanced congestive heart failure and angina pectoris’, New England Journal of Medicine 209, no. 14 (1933), 667–79

27. ibid.

28. Herrman L. Blumgart, Samuel A. Levine and David D. Berlin, ‘Congestive heart failure and angina pectoris: the therapeutic effect on patients without clinical or pathologic evidence of thyroid toxicity’, Archives of Internal Medicine 51, no. 6 (1933), 866–77

29. Claude S. Beck, ‘The development of a new blood supply to the heart by operation’, Annals of Surgery 102, no. 5 (1935), 801–13

30. A. R. Moritz, C. L. Hudson and E. S. Orgain, ‘Augmentation of the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries through pericardial adhesions’, Journal of Experimental Medicine 56, no. 6 (1932), 927–31

31. ‘Wife watched surgeons operate on husband in angina pectoris cure’, Dunkirk Evening Observer, 28 February 1935

32. Beck, op. cit.

33. ‘Finds “borrowed” time too dear’, Daily Chronicle (Kalb, IL), 15 February 1937

34. ‘Miracles and blunders’, Daily Independent (Murphysboro, IL), 16 February 1937

35. ‘West London Medico-Chirurgical Society’, The Lancet 230, no. 5963 (1937), 1377–8

36. Laurence O’Shaughnessy, ‘An experimental method of providing a collateral circulation to the heart’, British Journal of Surgery 23, no. 91 (1936), 665–70

37. Daniel Davies et al., ‘Surgical treatment of angina pectoris and allied conditions’, The Lancet 231, no. 5966 (1938), 1–11

38. ibid., no. 5967 (1938), 76–82

39. George Orwell, Diaries (ed. Peter Davison; London: Penguin, 2010), 248

40. Claude S. Beck and David S. Leighninger, ‘Operations for coronary artery disease’, JAMA 156, no. 13 (1954), 1226–33

41. Claude S. Beck et al., ‘Revascularization of heart by graft of systemic artery into coronary sinus’, JAMA 137, no. 5 (1948), 436–42

42. Claude S. Beck, ‘Coronary artery disease – Physiologic concepts – Surgical operation’, Annals of Surgery 145, no. 4 (1957), 439–60

43. ibid.

44. Beck and Leighninger, op. cit.

45. J. A. Key et al., ‘A method of supplementing the coronary circulation by a jejunal pedicle graft’, Journal of Thoracic Surgery 28, no. 3 (1954), 320–30

46. A. M. Vineberg, ‘Development of an anastomosis between the coronary vessels and a transplanted internal mammary artery’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 55, no. 2 (1946), 117–19

47. A. Vineberg and G. Miller, ‘Treatment of coronary insufficiency’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 64, no. 3 (1951), 204–10

48. ibid.

49. A. Vineberg, ‘Internal mammary artery implant in the treatment of angina pectoris: a three year follow up’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 70, no. 4 (1954), 367–78

50. A. Vineberg, ‘Coronary vascular anastomoses by internal mammary artery implantation’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 78, no. 11 (1958), 871–9

51. L. A. Cobb et al., ‘An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic’, New England Journal of Medicine 260, no. 22 (1959), 1115–18

52. ‘Discussion’, Transactions of the American Surgical Association 83 (1963), 222–4

53. Albert V. Bruschke et al., ‘A half century of selective coronary arteriography’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54, no. 23 (2009), 2139–44

54. D. B. Effler et al., ‘Increased myocardial perfusion by internal mammary artery implant: Vineberg’s operation’, Annals of Surgery 158, no. 4 (1963), 526–34

55. On Topaz et al., ‘The Vineberg procedure revisited: Angiographic evaluation and coronary artery bypass surgery in a patient 21 years following bilateral internal mammary artery implantation’, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 25, no. 3 (1992), 218–22

56. K. B. Absolon et al., ‘Surgical treatment of occlusive coronary artery disease by endarterectomy or anastomotic replacement’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 103, no. 2 (1956), 180–85

57. Charles P. Bailey, Angelo May and William M. Lemmon, ‘Survival after coronary endarterectomy in man’, JAMA 164, no. 6 (1957), 641–6

58. P. N. Sawyer et al., ‘Experimental and clinical experience with coronary gas endarterectomy’, Archives of Surgery 95, no. 5 (1967), 736–42

59. A. Senning, ‘Strip grafting in coronary arteries. Report of a case’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 41 (1961), 542–9

60. ‘Interview with René G. Favaloro’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008), 357–68

61. R. G. Favaloro et al., ‘Double internal mammary artery-myocardial implantation. Clinical evaluation of results in 150 patients’, Circulation 37, no. 4 (1968), 549–55

62. René G. Favaloro, ‘Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a 30-year journey’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31, 4, Supplement 2 (1998), 1–63

63. René G. Favaloro, ‘The present era of myocardial revascularization – some historical landmarks’, International Journal of Cardiology 4, no. 3 (1983), 331–44

64. Alexis Carrel, ‘VIII. On the experimental surgery of the thoracic aorta and heart’, Annals of Surgery 52, no. 1 (1910), 83

65. I. E. Konstantinov, ‘At the cutting edge of the impossible: a tribute to Vladimir P. Demikhov’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 36, no. 5 (2009), 453–8

66. G. Murray et al., ‘Anastomosis of a systemic artery to the coronary’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 71, no. 6 (1954), 594–7

67. A. Chaikhouni, ‘The magnificent century of cardiothoracic surgery’, Heart Views 11, no. 1 (2010), 31–7

68. David C. Sabiston, At the Heart of Medicine: Essays on the Practice of Surgery and Surgical Education (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006), 10

69. H. E. Garrett, E. W. Dennis and M. E. DeBakey, ‘Aortocoronary bypass with saphenous vein graft. Seven-year follow-up’, JAMA 223, no. 7 (1973), 792–4

70. I. E. Konstantinov, ‘Vasilii I. Kolesov: a surgeon to remember’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 31, no. 4 (2004), 349–58

71. Valery M. Sedov and Alexander S. Nemkov, ‘Vasilii Ivanovich Kolesov: pioneer of coronary surgery’, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 45, no. 2 (2014), 220–24

72. V. I. Kolessov, ‘Mammary artery-coronary artery anastomosis as method of treatment for angina pectoris’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 54, no. 4 (1967), 535–44

73. Favaloro, ‘The present era of myocardial revascularization …’, op. cit.

74. Jonathan Bor, ‘Once radical, now commonplace surgery’, Baltimore Sun, 22 September 1996

75. G. Captur, ‘Memento for René Favaloro’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 31, no. 1 (2004), 47–60

76. Bor, op. cit.

77. Favaloro, ‘Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass …’, op. cit.

78. R. G. Favaloro, ‘Direct myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein autograft: clinical experience in 100 cases’, Diseases of the Chest, 56, no. 4 (1969), 279–83

79. Favaloro, ‘Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass …’, op. cit.

80. R. G. Favaloro, ‘Landmarks in the development of coronary artery bypass surgery’, Circulation 98, no. 5 (1998), 466–78

81. George E. Green, Simon H. Stertzer and Edmund H. Reppert, ‘Coronary arterial bypass grafts’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 5, no. 5 (1968), 443–50

82. Malathy Iyer, ‘Man survives 17 blocks in heart’, Times of India, 23 March 2014

83. Bard Lindeman, ‘Dr Christiaan Barnard says: heart transplant “superior to bypass”’, Santa Ana Register, 10 September 1976

84. D. W. Miller et al., ‘Current practice of coronary artery bypass surgery. Results of a national survey’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 73, no. 1 (1977), 75–83

85. H. D. McIntosh and J. A. Garcia, ‘The first decade of aortocoronary bypass grafting, 1967–1977. A review’, Circulation 57, no. 3 (1978), 405–31

86. ‘Consensus development conference on coronary artery bypass surgery: medical and scientific aspects. National Institutes of Health, December 3–5, 1980, Bethesda, Maryland’, Circulation 65, 7 Pt 2 (1982), 1–129

87. Floyd D. Loop et al., ‘Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events’, New England Journal of Medicine 314, no. 1 (1986), 1–6

88. Enio Buffolo et al., ‘Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 61, no. 1 (1996), 63–6

89. F. J. Benetti et al., ‘Direct myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Experience in 700 patients’, Chest 100, no. 2 (1991), 312–16

90. David Reekie, ‘Federico Benetti, champion of beating heart surgery’, cited 20 April 2016: http://cxvascular.com/cn-archives/cardiovascular-news-issue-2/federico-benetti-champion-of-beating-heart-surgery

91. Harold L. Lazar, ‘Should off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting be abandoned?’ Circulation 128, no. 4 (2013), 406–13

92. A. C. Deppe et al., ‘Current evidence of coronary artery bypass grafting off-pump versus on-pump: a systematic review with meta-analysis of over 16,900 patients investigated in randomized controlled trials’, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 49, no. 4 (2016), 1031–41

93. ‘Interview with René G. Favaloro’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 367

94. ‘La última carta de Favaloro antes de morir: René Favaloro, Fernando de la Rúa, Cristina Kirchner – Infobae’, cited 10 April 2016: http://infobae.com/2013/10/09/1514794-la-ultima-carta-favaloro-antes-morir

8. ONE LIFE, TWO HEARTS

1. D. A. Cooley, ‘In memoriam: tribute to Åke Senning, pioneering cardiovascular surgeon’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 27, no. 3 (2000), 234–5

2. M. Clark, ‘The heart: miracle in Cape Town’, Newsweek, 18 December 1967

3. K. B. Kansupada and J. W. Sassani, ‘Sushruta: The father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology’, Documenta Ophthalmologica 93, 1–2 (1997), 159–67

4. Martha Teach Gnudi, Gaspare Tagliacozzi and Jerome P. Webster, The Life and Times of Gaspare Tagliacozzi, Surgeon of Bologna, 1545–1599 (New York: Herbert Reichner, 1950), 285

5. Vladimir P. Demikhov, Experimental Transplantation of Vital Organs (New York: Consultants Bureau, 1962), 3–4

6. E. Ullmann, ‘Tissue and organ transplantation’, Annals of Surgery 60, no. 2 (1914), 195–219

7. R. T. Morris, ‘A case of heteroplastic ovarian grafting, followed by pregnancy, and the delivery of a living child’, Buffalo Medical Journal 62 (1906), 393–402

8. Roger G. Gosden, ‘Ovary and uterus transplantation’, Reproduction 136, no. 6 (2008), 671–80

9. A. Carrel, ‘The surgery of blood vessels, etc’, Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 18 (1907), 18–28

10. Charles C. Guthrie, Blood-Vessel Surgery and its Applications (London: Edward Arnold, 1912), 251–2

11. Carrel, op. cit.

12. Simon Flexner, ‘Tendencies in pathology’, Science 27, no. 682 (1908), 128–36

13. ‘May transplant the human heart’, New York Times, 2 January 1908

14. Edgar Jepson, ‘The Rejuvenation of Bellamy Grist’, Los Angeles Herald, 5 July 1908

15. Frank C. Mann et al., ‘Transplantation of the intact mammalian heart’, Archives of Surgery 26, no. 2 (1933), 219–24

16. Ullmann, op. cit.

17. P. B. Medawar, ‘The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in rabbits: A report to the War Wounds Committee of the Medical Research Council’, Journal of Anatomy 78, Pt 5 (1944), 176–99

18. Demikhov, op. cit., 179–86

19. ibid., 162–4

20. ibid., 69

21. ibid., 126–7

22. ibid., 125–6

23. Emanuel Marcus et al., ‘Homologous heart grafts: I. Technique of interim parabiotic perfusion; II. Transplantation of the heart in dogs’, Archives of Surgery 66, no. 2 (1953), 179–91

24. William S. Stoney, ‘Interview with Norman E. Shumway’, in Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery (ed. William S. Stoney; Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008), 427–39

25. M. H. Cass and R. Brock, ‘Heart excision and replacement’, Guy’s Hospital Reports 108 (1959), 285–90

26. R. R. Lower and N. E. Shumway, ‘Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart’, Surgical Forum 11 (1960), 18–19

27. Cass and Brock, op. cit.

28. J. H. Harrison, J. P. Merrill and J. E. Murray, ‘Renal homotransplantation in identical twins’, Surgical Forum 6 (1956), 432–6

29. Norman E. Shumway and Richard R. Lower, ‘Special problems in transplantation of the heart’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 120, no. 1 (1964), 773–7

30. James D. Hardy et al., ‘Lung homotransplantation in man: report of the initial case’, JAMA 186, no. 12 (1963), 1065–74

31. ‘Human heart is transplanted’, Associated Press, 18 January 1964

32. James D. Hardy et al., ‘Heart transplantation in man: developmental studies and report of a case’, JAMA 188, no. 13 (1964), 1132–40

33. ‘Chimp’s kidneys keep longshoreman alive’, Associated Press, 17 December 1963

34. Keith Reemtsma et al., ‘Reversal of early graft rejection after renal heterotransplantation in man’, JAMA 187, no. 10 (1964), 691–6

35. James D. Hardy, The World of Surgery, 1945–1985: Memoirs of One Participant (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), 271

36. James Hardy et al., op. cit.

37. Hardy, The World of Surgery, op. cit., 276

38. Hardy et al., op. cit.

39. Hardy, The World of Surgery, op. cit., 278–80

40. Stoney, op. cit., 432–3

41. ‘Heart transplant dog doing fine’, Associated Press, 17 May 1965

42. S. Lansman, M. A. Ergin and R. B. Griepp, ‘History of cardiac transplantation’, in Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation (ed. John Wallwork; Philadelphia, London: W. B. Saunders, 1989), 3–19

43. Y. Kondo, F. Grädel and A. Kantrowitz, ‘Homotransplantation of the heart in puppies under profound hypothermia: long survival without immunosuppressive treatment’, Annals of Surgery 162, no. 5 (1965), 837–48

44. A. Kantrowitz, ‘America’s first human heart transplantation: the concept, the planning, and the furor’, ASAIO Journal 44, no. 4 (1998), 244–52

45. J. H. Louw and C. N. Barnard, ‘Congenital intestinal atresia: observations on its origin’, The Lancet 266, no. 6899 (1955), 1065–7

46. David Cooper, Chris Barnard: By Those Who Know Him (Vlaeberg, South Africa: Vlaeberg Publishers, 1992), 232–3

47. ‘Interview with Christiaan Barnard’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 440–45

48. V. Schrire, W. Beck and C. N. Barnard, ‘An analysis of cardiac surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospitals, Cape Town, for the 14 years April 1951–April 1965’, South African Medical Journal 40, no. 20 (1966), 461–7

49. Marius Barnard and Simon Norval, Defining Moments: An Autobiography (Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2011)

50. D. J. Rowe, ‘Dr Christiaan Barnard: renowned surgeon, egoist but an old-fashioned family doctor at heart. Interview by Robert MacNeil’, Canadian Medical Association Journal 120, no. 1 (1979), 98–9

51. Christiaan Barnard and Curtis B. Pepper, Christiaan Barnard: One Life (Cape Town: Howard Timmins, 1969), 327–8

52. ibid., 314–15

53. Barnard and Norval, op. cit.

54. V. Schrire and W. Beck, ‘Human heart transplantation – the pre-operative assessment’, South African Medical Journal 41, no. 48 (1967), 1263–5

55. Barnard and Pepper, op. cit., 260

56. J. Ozinsky, ‘Cardiac transplantation–the anaesthetist’s view: a case report’, South African Medical Journal 41, no. 48 (1967), 1268–70

57. C. N. Barnard, ‘The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town’, South African Medical Journal 41, no. 48 (1967), 1271–4

58. Barnard and Norval, op. cit.

59. Barnard, ‘The operation …’, op. cit.

60. Barnard and Norval, op. cit.

61. Barnard and Pepper, op. cit., 357

62. C. N. Barnard, ‘Human cardiac transplantation. An evaluation of the first two operations performed at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town’, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 4 (1968), 584–96

63. J. G. Thomson, ‘Heart transplantation in man – necropsy findings’, BMJ 2, no. 5604 (1968), 511–17

64. Kantrowitz, op. cit.

65. Adrian Kantrowitz et al., ‘Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult’, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 6 (1968), 782–90

66. Jordan D. Haller and Marcial M. Cerruti, ‘Heart transplantation in man: compilation of cases’, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 6 (1968), 840–43

67. Edward B. Stinson et al., ‘Initial clinical experience with heart transplantation’, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 6 (1968), 791–803

68. ‘Barnard faces his critics’, Tomorrow’s World, BBC1, 2 February 1968

69. Introduction, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 6 (1968), 761

70. Haller and Cerruti, op. cit.

71. Lyman A. Brewer, ‘Cardiac transplantation: an appraisal’, JAMA 205, no. 10 (1968), 691–2

72. Denton A. Cooley, 100,000 Hearts: A Surgeon’s Memoir (Austin, TX: Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2012), 124–5

73. Denton A. Cooley et al., ‘Transplantation of the human heart: report of four cases’, JAMA 205, no. 7 (1968), 479–86

74. Thomas Thompson, ‘The year they changed hearts’, Life, 17 September 1971

75. D. A. Cooley et al., ‘Cardiac transplantation: general considerations and results’, Annals of Surgery 169, no. 6 (1969), 892–905

76. Haller and Cerruti, op. cit.

77. Philip Blaiberg, Looking at My Heart (London: Heinemann, 1969), 118–19

78. K. Simpson, ‘The moment of death – a new medico-legal problem’, South African Medical Journal 41, no. 46 (1967), 1188–91

79. ‘British heart transplant may be too early’, The Times, 4 May 1968

80. ‘Heart operation held in secrecy’, Guardian, 4 May 1968

81. Donald Ross, ‘Report of a heart transplant operation’, American Journal of Cardiology 22, no. 6 (1968), 838–9

82. E. M. Tansey and L. A. Reynolds (eds), Early Heart Transplant Surgery in the UK (Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine 3; London, 1999), 33

83. ‘News and notes’, BMJ 2, no. 5604 (1968), 567–70

84. ‘Doctor criticises heart transplant “vultures”’, The Times, 11 September 1968

85. S. S. Gilder, ‘Twenty-second World Medical Assembly’, BMJ 3, no. 5616 (1968), 493–4

86. ‘A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death’, JAMA 205, no. 6 (1968), 337–40

87. Robert J. Joynt, ‘A new look at death’, JAMA 252, no. 5 (1984), 680–82

88. Japan Organ Transplant Network, ‘Japan Organ Transplant Network: the history of transplanting’, cited 11 May 2016: http://www.jotnw.or.jp/english/01.html

89. Maria-Keiko Yasuoka, Organ Donation in Japan: A Medical Anthropological Study (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015), 9

90. Asako Saegusa, ‘Japan’s transplant law “is too stringent”’, Nature 398, no. 6723 (1999), 95

91. Thompson, op. cit.

92. Tansey and Reynolds, op. cit., 35

93. David K. Cooper, ‘Christiaan Barnard and his contributions to heart transplantation’, Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 20, no. 6 (2001), 599–610

94. ibid.

95. J. Hassoulas and C. N. Barnard, ‘Heterotopic cardiac transplantation. A 7-year experience at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town’, South African Medical Journal 65, no. 17 (1984), 675–82

96. Cooley et al., ‘Cardiac transplantation: general considerations and results’, op. cit.

97. Tansey and Reynolds, op. cit., 29–30

98. C. N. Barnard, A. Wolpowitz and J. G. Losman, ‘Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass’, South African Medical Journal 52, no. 26 (1977), 1035–8

99. Barnard and Norval, op. cit.

100. Barnard, Wolpowitz and Losman, op. cit.

101. L. L. Bailey et al., ‘Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate’, JAMA 254, no. 23 (1985), 3321–9

102. ‘Baby Fae critical, but stable’, Press Association, 29 October 1984

103. Bailey et al., op. cit.

104. Olga Jonasson and Mark A. Hardy, ‘The case of Baby Fae’, JAMA 254, no. 23 (1985), 3358–9

105. Heidi Evans, ‘Talk about a guy with a lot of heart’, New York Daily News, 13 April 2003

106. D. A. Clark et al., ‘Cardiac transplantation in man. Review of first three years’ experience’, American Journal of Medicine 54, no. 5 (1973), 563–76

107. ‘Interview with Norman E. Shumway’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 435

108. P. K. Caves et al., ‘Diagnosis of human cardiac allograft rejection by serial cardiac biopsy’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 66, no. 3 (1973), 461–6

109. A. F. Graham et al., ‘Acute rejection in the long-term cardiac transplant survivor. Clinical diagnosis, treatment and significance’, Circulation 49, no. 2 (1974), 361–6

110. ‘Interview with Norman E. Shumway’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 435

111. Author’s interview with Terence English, 29 October 2015

112. ibid.

113. ibid.

114. J. F. Borel, Z. L. Kis and T. Beveridge, ‘The history of the discovery and development of cyclosporine (Sandimmune®)’, in The Search for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Case Histories from Concept to Clinic (ed. Vincent J. Merluzzi and Julian Adams; Boston: Birkhäuser, 1995), 27–63

115. C. J. Green and A. C. Allison, ‘Extensive prolongation of rabbit kidney allograft survival after short-term cyclosporin – a treatment’, The Lancet 1, no. 8075 (1978), 1182–3

116. R. Y. Calne et al., ‘Prolonged survival of pig orthotopic heart grafts treated with cyclosporin A’, The Lancet 1, no. 8075 (1978), 1183–5

117. Author’s interview with Terence English, 29 October 2015

118. D. M. Canafax and N. L. Ascher, ‘Cyclosporine immunosuppression’, Clinical Pharmacy 2, no. 6 (1983), 515–24

119. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, ‘Heart/Lung Transplant Registry’, cited 8 July 2016: https://www.ishlt.org/registries/slides.asp?slides=heartLungRegistry

120. ‘Interview with Norman E. Shumway’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit.

121. C. N. Barnard and D. K. Cooper, ‘Clinical transplantation of the heart: a review of 13 years’ personal experience’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 74, no. 9 (1981), 670–74

122. Alan Richman, ‘Christiaan Barnard endorses cosmetics and the famous heart surgeon gets creamed’, People, 14 April 1986

123. David Charter, Michael Theodoulou and Michael Dynes, ‘Farewell to Barnard, the playboy king of hearts’, The Times, 3 September 2001

9. CLINICAL TRIAL BY MEDIA

1. Ronald Ross, ‘The Vivisector Vivisected’, in Horror Stories: Classic Tales from Hoffmann to Hodgson (ed. Darryl Jones; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 176–89

2. ‘Artificial hearts seen becoming major industry’, United Press International, 17 August 1968

3. H. H. Dale and E. H. Schuster, ‘A double perfusion-pump’, Journal of Physiology 64, no. 4 (1928), 356–64

4. Richard J. Bing, ‘Recollections of an eyewitness’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 39, no.2 (1996), 227–38

5. C. A. Lindbergh, ‘An apparatus for the culture of whole organs’, Journal of Experimental Medicine 62, no. 3 (1935), 409–31

6. Alexis Carrel and Charles A. Lindbergh, The Culture of Organs (New York: P. B. Hoeber Inc., 1938), 219

7. The Walking Dead (director, Michael Curtiz), Warner Bros, 1936

8. V. P. Demikhov, Experimental Transplantation of Vital Organs (New York: Consultants Bureau, 1962), 212–13

9. W. H. Sewell Jr and W. W. Glenn, ‘Experimental cardiac surgery. I. Observation on the action of a pump designed to shunt the venous blood past the right heart directly into the pulmonary artery’, Surgery 28, no. 3 (1950), 474–94

10. W. J. Kolff et al., ‘The artificial kidney: a dialyser with a great area’, Journal of Internal Medicine 117, no. 2 (1944), 121–34

11. Peter F. Salisbury, ‘History – The American Society for Artificial Internal Organs’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 6, no. 1 (1960), ii–vi

12. Peter F. Salisbury, ‘Implantation of physiological machines into the mammalian organism. Identification of problems connected with the implantation of artificial hearts and of artificial kidneys. Experimental results to date’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 3, no. 1 (1957), 37–42

13. T. Akutsu and Willem J. Kolff, ‘Permanent substitutes for valves and hearts’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 4, no. 1 (1958), 230–34

14. Kazuhiko Atsumi et al., ‘Artificial heart incorporated in the chest’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 9, no. 1 (1963), 292–8

15. D. Liotta et al., ‘Artificial heart in the chest: preliminary report’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 7 (1961), 318–22

16. Paul Winchell, ‘Artificial heart’, US patent no. 3097366A, 1963

17. Don B. Olsen, True Valor: Barney Clark and the Utah Artificial Heart (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2015), 398

18. B. K. Kusserow, ‘A permanently indwelling intracorporeal blood pump to substitute for cardiac function’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 4, no. 1 (1958), 227–9

19. Yukihiko Nosé, Martin Schamaun and Adrian Kantrowitz, ‘Experimental use of an electronically controlled prosthesis as an auxiliary left ventricle’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 9, no. 1 (1963), 269–74

20. C. W. Hall et al., ‘Development of artificial intrathoracic circulatory pumps’, American Journal of Surgery 108 (1964), 685–92

21. Domingo Liotta et al., ‘Prolonged assisted circulation during and after cardiac or aortic surgery’, American Journal of Cardiology 12, no. 3 (1963), 399–405

22. Edwin Chen, ‘Artificial heart – a case of pushing science “too fast”’, Los Angeles Times, 12 January 1990

23. Hall et al., op. cit.

24. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey by Donald A. Schanche’, tape 16, cited 19 July 2016: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBTW

25. ibid.

26. Michael E. DeBakey, ‘Left ventricular bypass pump for cardiac assistance’, American Journal of Cardiology 27, no. 1 (1971), 3–11

27. ‘Brooklyn doctor did such surgery 2½ months ago’, United Press International, 22 April 1966

28. Adrian Kantrowitz et al., ‘A clinical experience with an implanted mechanical auxiliary ventricle’, JAMA 197, no. 7 (1966), 525–9

29. A. Kantrowitz, ‘Moments in history. Introduction of left ventricular assistance’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 33, no. 1 (1987), 39–48

30. Adrian Kantrowitz and Arthur Kantrowitz, ‘Experimental augmentation of coronary flow by retardation of the arterial pressure pulse’, Surgery 34, no. 4 (1953), 678–87

31. John A. Jacobey et al., ‘A new therapeutic approach to acute coronary occlusion’, American Journal of Cardiology 11, no. 2 (1963), 218–27

32. R. H. Clauss et al., ‘Assisted circulation by counter-pulsation with an intra-aortic balloon. Methods and effects’, in Digest of the 1962 15th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, November 5–7, 1962 (ed. Hans U. Wessel; Chicago, 1962), 44

33. Spyridon D. Moulopoulos, Stephen Topaz and Willem J. Kolff, ‘Diastolic balloon pumping (with carbon dioxide) in the aorta – A mechanical assistance to the failing circulation’, American Heart Journal 63, no. 5 (1962), 669–75

34. Wladimir Schilt et al., ‘Temporary non-surgical intraarterial cardiac assistance’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 13, no. 1 (1967), 322–7

35. Adrian Kantrowitz et al., ‘Initial clinical experience with intraaortic balloon pumping in cardiogenic shock’, JAMA 203, no. 2 (1968), 113–18

36. DeBakey, op. cit.

37. M. E. DeBakey et al., ‘Orthotopic cardiac prosthesis: preliminary experiments in animals with biventricular artificial heart’, Cardiovascular Research Center Bulletin 7, no. 4 (1969), 127–42

38. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’, tape 12, cited 2 August 2016: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBTR

39. D. A. Cooley et al., ‘Orthotopic cardiac prosthesis for two-staged cardiac replacement’, American Journal of Cardiology 24, no. 5 (1969), 723–30

40. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Karp v Cooley and Liotta, 493, 1974

41. Cooley et al., op. cit.

42. ‘Karp’s wife pleads for donor of heart’, Associated Press, 5 April 1969

43. Denton A. Cooley, 100,000 Hearts: A Surgeon’s Memoir (Austin, TX: Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2012), 142–3

44. Cooley et al., op. cit.

45. ‘Ready for probe, says Dr Cooley’, Associated Press, 11 April 1969

46. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’, tape 11, cited 2 August 2016: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBTQ

47. ibid.

48. ‘Surgeon draws censure letter’, Associated Press, 10 December 1969

49. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Karp v Cooley and Liotta, 493, 1974

50. National Library of Medicine, ‘Oral history interview of Michael DeBakey …’, tape 17, cited 19 July 2016: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/FJBBTX

51. Thomas Thompson, ‘The Texas Tornado v Dr Wonderful’, Life 68, no. 13 (1970), 62–74

52. Max Lerner, ‘Ethics of transplants’, New York Post, 16 April 1969

53. Cooley et al., op. cit.

54. William E. Mott, ‘Nuclear power for the artificial heart’, Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and Artificial Organs 3, no. 2 (1975), 181–91

55. D. W. Cole, W. S. Holman and W. E. Mott, ‘Status of the USAEC’s nuclear-powered artificial heart’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 19 (1973), 537–41

56. National Heart and Lung Institute, Artificial Heart Assessment Panel, The Totally Implantable Artificial Heart; Economic, Ethical, Legal, Medical, Psychiatric [and] Social Implications; a Report (Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 1973), 113–16

57. ibid., 107–09

58. A. R. Jonsen, ‘The artificial heart’s threat to others’, Hastings Center Report 16, no. 1 (1986), 9–11

59. C. S. Kwan-Gett et al., ‘Total replacement artificial heart and driving system with inherent regulation of cardiac output’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 15 (1969), 245–66

60. Yoshitsugu Kito et al., ‘Recent results in total artificial heart’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 19, no. 1 (1973), 573–7

61. H. Oster et al., ‘Survival for 18 days with a Jarvik-type artificial heart’, Surgery 77, no. 1 (1975), 113–17

62. Arthur S. Freese, ‘The pump that works like a heart’, Popular Mechanics 134, no. 35 (1970), 128–201

63. Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey, Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 106

64. W. L. Hastings et al., ‘A retrospective study of nine calves surviving five months on the pneumatic total artificial heart’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 27 (1981), 71–6

65. ‘Interview with William C. DeVries’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 476

66. O. H. Frazier, T. Akutsu and D. A. Cooley, ‘Total artificial heart (TAH) utilization in man’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 28 (1982), 534–8

67. Archives West: Barney B. Clark papers, 1910–1984, cited 24 July 2016: http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv15817#historicalID

68. Willem Kolff Interview, Academy of Achievement, (press release).

69. Preface, After Barney Clark: Reflections on the Utah Artificial Heart Program (ed. Margery W. Shaw; Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984), ix–xi

70. William C. DeVries et al., ‘Clinical use of the total artificial heart’, New England Journal of Medicine 310, no. 5 (1984), 273–8

71. W. C. DeVries, ‘Surgical technique for implantation of the Jarvik-7-100 total artificial heart’, JAMA 259, no. 6 (1988), 875–80

72. Clyde Haberman, ‘Artificial hearts ticking along decades after Jarvik-7 debate’, New York Times, 20 March 2016, cited 26 August 2016: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/us/artificial-hearts-ticking-along-decades-after-jarvik-7-debate.html?_r=0

73. William C. DeVries, ‘The physician, the media, and the “spectacular” case’, JAMA 259, no. 6 (1988), 886–90

74. DeVries et al., ‘Clinical use of the total artificial heart’, op. cit.

75. Denton A. Cooley, ‘Total artificial heart implantation’, in Reflections and Observations: Essays of Denton A. Cooley (ed. Marianne Kneipp; Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1984), 139–41

76. ‘Interview with William C. DeVries’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 481–2

77. Fox and Swazey, op. cit., 116–17

78. Jonsen, op. cit.

79. ‘Interview with William C. DeVries’, in Stoney (ed.), op. cit., 480–81

80. Laurence Gonzales, ‘The rock ‘n’ roll heart of Robert Jarvik; creator of artificial heart’, Playboy 33, no. 4 (1986)

81. W. C. DeVries, ‘The permanent artificial heart. Four case reports’, JAMA 259, no. 6 (1988), 849–59

82. ibid.

83. K. E. Johnson et al., ‘Registry report. Use of total artificial hearts: summary of world experience, 1969–1991’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 38, no. 3 (1992), M486–92

84. V. A. Starnes et al., ‘Isolated left ventricular assist as bridge to cardiac transplantation’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 96, no. 1 (1988), 62–71

85. ‘St Laurent dies 20 years after heart transplant’, cited 26 August 2016: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2004/december8/med-stlaurent-1208.html

86. H. Wilkens, W. Regelson and F. S. Hoffmeister, ‘The physiologic importance of pulsatile blood flow’, New England Journal of Medicine 267 (1962), 443–6

87. Sigmund A. Wesolowski, ‘The role of the pulse in maintenance of the systemic circulation during heart-lung bypass’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 1 (1955), 84–6

88. L. R. Golding et al., ‘Chronic nonpulsatile blood flow’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 28 (1982), 81–5

89. O. H. Frazier et al., ‘Clinical experience with the Hemopump’, Transactions – American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 35, no. 3 (1989), 604–06

90. M. E. DeBakey, ‘Development of a ventricular assist device’, Artificial Organs 21, no. 11 (1997), 1149–53

91. G. M. Wieselthaler et al., ‘First clinical experience with the DeBakey VAD continuous-axial-flow pump for bridge to transplantation’, Circulation 101, no. 4 (2000), 356–9

92. Eric A. Rose et al., ‘Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure’, New England Journal of Medicine 345, no. 20 (2001), 1435–43

93. NICE, ‘Implantation of a left ventricular assist device for destination therapy in people ineligible for heart transplantation; 1-recommendations; Guidance and guidelines’, cited 30 August 2016: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG516/chapter/1-Recommendations

94. G. Gerosa et al., ‘Successful heart transplant after 1374 days living with a total artificial heart’, European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 49, no. 4 (2016), e88–9

95. Denton A. Cooley and Joseph S. Coselli, ‘Feuds: social and medical’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 37, no. 6 (2010), 649–51

96. Lawrence Altman, ‘The feud’, New York Times, 27 November 2007

10. FANTASTIC VOYAGE

1. Charles T. Dotter, Transluminal Angioplasty, training film, 1965

2. Claude Bernard, Leçons de Physiologie Opératoire (Paris: Librarie J-B Bailliere et Fils, 1879), 277–9

3. Auguste Chauveau and Étienne-Jules Marey, ‘Appareils et expériences cardiographiques: Démonstration nouvelle de mécanisme des mouvements du coeur par l’emploi des instruments enregistreurs a indications continues’, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine 26 (1863), 268–319

4. Werner Forssmann, Experiments on Myself: Memoirs of a Surgeon in Germany (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1974), 81–2

5. ibid., 83

6. ibid., 85–6

7. Werner Forssmann, ‘Catheterization of the right heart’, in Classics of Cardiology (ed. John A. Callahan, Thomas E. Keys and Jack D. Key; 4 vols; Krieger, 1983), 3: 252–5

8. ‘Medical contact with the heart’, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 6 November 1929

9. Forssmann, Experiments on Myself, op. cit., 99

10. Werner Forssmann, ‘Über Kontrastdarstellung der Höhlen des lebenden rechten Herzens und der Lungenschlagader’, Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 78 (1931), 490–92

11. Forssmann, Experiments on Myself, op. cit., 128–9

12. Pierre Ameuille, ‘Remarques sur quelques cas d’artériographie pulmonaire chez l’homme vivant’, Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hôpitaux 52 (1936), 729–39

13. Allen B. Weisse, Heart to Heart: The Twentieth Century Battle Against Cardiac Disease: an Oral History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 33

14. A. J. Dunning, ‘Interview with André Cournand at Leiden, November 1979’, in History and Perspectives of Cardiology: Catherization, Angiography, Surgery, and Concepts of Circular Control (ed. H. A. Snellen, A. J. Dunning and Alexander C. Arntzenius; The Hague, Boston, Hingham, MA: Leiden University Press, 1981), 33–7

15. A. Cournand, ‘Cardiac catheterization; development of the technique, its contributions to experimental medicine, and its initial applications in man’, Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum 579 (1975), 3–32

16. André Cournand and Hilmert A. Ranges, ‘Catheterization of the right auricle in man’, Experimental Biology and Medicine 46, no. 3 (1941), 462–6

17. Eleanor Baldwin, Lucille V. Moore and Robert P. Noble, ‘The demonstration of ventricular septal defect by means of right heart catheterization’, American Heart Journal 32, no. 2 (1946), 152–62

18. Emmett S. Brannon, H. S. Weens and James V. Warren, ‘Atrial septal defect: study of hemodynamics by the technique of right heart catheterization’, American Journal of the Medical Sciences 210, no. 4 (1945), 480–90

19. S. Howarth, J. McMichael and E. P. Sharpey-Schafer, ‘Cardiac catheterization in cases of patent interauricular septum, primary pulmonary hypertension, Fallot’s tetralogy, and pulmonary stenosis’, British Heart Journal 9, no. 4 (1947), 292–303

20. A. J. Benatt, ‘Cardiac catheterization; a historical note’, The Lancet 1, no. 6557 (1949), 746

21. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956, cited 16 September 2016: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/

22. Forssmann, Experiments on Myself, op. cit., 284

23. P. L. Fariñas, ‘A new technique for the arteriographic examination of the abdominal aorta and its branches’, American Journal of Roentgenology 46 (1941), 641–5

24. Henry A. Zimmerman, Roy W. Scott and Norman O. Becker, ‘Catheterization of the left side of the heart in man’, Circulation 1, no. 3 (1950), 357–9

25. J. Willis Hurst, ‘History of cardiac catheterization’, in Coronary Arteriography and Angioplasty (ed. Spencer B. King and John S. Douglas; New York, London: McGraw-Hill, 1985), 1–9

26. John Ross Jr, ‘Transseptal left heart catheterization: a 50-year odyssey’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, no. 22 (2008), 2107–15

27. Gunnar Jönsson, ‘Selective visualization in angiocardiography’, Journal of the Faculty of Radiologists 3, no. 2 (1951), 125–9

28. C. T. Dotter, ‘Cardiac catheterization and angiographic technics of the future. Background and current status of clinical catheter angiography’, Ceskoslovenska Radiologie 19, no. 4 (1965), 217–36

29. Josef Rösch, Frederick S. Keller and John A. Kaufman, ‘The birth, early years, and future of interventional radiology’, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14, no. 7 (2003), 841–53

30. T. J. Fogarty et al., ‘A method for extraction of arterial emboli and thrombi’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 116 (1963), 241–4

31. Richard Mullins, ‘Interview with Albert Starr, MD’, 2006: http://digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=hca-oralhist

32. M. M. Payne, ‘Charles Theodore Dotter: The father of intervention’, Texas Heart Institute Journal 28, no. 1 (2001), 28–38

33. Charles T. Dotter and Melvin P. Judkins, ‘Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction’, Circulation 30, no. 5 (1964), 654–70

34. ‘Portraits in radiology: Charles T. Dotter, MD’, Applied Radiology 10 (1981), 116

35. T. J. Fogarty et al., ‘Intraoperative transluminal angioplasty’, in Haimovici’s Vascular Surgery (ed. Henry Haimovici; 4th ed.; Cambridge, MA, Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996), 257–66

36. Josef Rösch and Frederick S. Keller, ‘Historical account: cardiovascular interventional radiology’, in Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions: A Knowledge-Based Approach (ed. P. Lanzer; Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2013), 15–26

37. P. Jerie, ‘Thirty years of the balloon catheter – A. Grüntzig and percutaneous balloon angioplasty’, Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 143, no. 12 (2004), 866–71

38. M. Barton et al., ‘Balloon angioplasty – the legacy of Andreas Grüntzig, MD (1939–1985)’, Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 1 (2014), 15

39. ibid.

40. Jerie, op. cit.

41. Spencer B. King, ‘The development of interventional cardiology’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31, No. 4, Supplement 2 (1998), 64B–88B

42. M. Schlumpf, ‘30 Jahre Ballonkatheter: Andreas Grüntzig, ein Pionier in Zürich’, Schweizerische Ärztezeitung 85, no. 7 (2004), 346–51

43. Barton et al., op. cit.

44. ibid.

45. Bernhard Meier, Dölf Bachmann and Thomas F. Lüscher, ‘25 years of coronary angioplasty: almost a fairy tale’, The Lancet 361, no. 9356 (2003), 527

46. J. W. Hurst, ‘The first coronary angioplasty as described by Andreas Gruentzig’, American Journal of Cardiology 57, no. 1 (1986), 185–6

47. Barton et al., op. cit.

48. H. J. Swan, ‘Coronary stents – Introduction’, in Coronary Stents (ed. Ulrich Sigwart and George I. Frank; Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992), 1–3

49. Kenneth M. Kent et al., ‘Long-term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): Report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PTCA Registry’, American Journal of Cardiology 53, no. 12 (1984), C27–31

50. K. P. Rentrop et al., ‘Initial experience with transluminal recanalization of the recently occluded infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction – Comparison with conventionally treated patients’, Clinical Cardiology 2, no. 2 (1979), 92–105

51. Geoffrey O. Hartzler, Barry D. Rutherford and David R. McConahay, ‘Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: application for acute myocardial infarction’, American Journal of Cardiology 53, no. 12 (1984), C117–121

52. Jerie, op. cit.

53. ‘Andreas Gruentzig dies in air crash’, UPI, 28 October 1985

54. W. Rutsch, ‘Transluminale koronare Angioplastie: 20 Jahre Follow-up der ersten 6 Patienten aus Zürich und Frankfurt’, Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 87, no. 15 (1998), s1–7

55. Bernhard Meier, ‘The world’s longest follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention, 37 years and still going strong’, European Heart Journal 36, no. 19 (2015), 1154

56. Ariel Roguin, ‘Stent: the man and word behind the coronary metal prosthesis’, Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 4, no. 2 (2011), 206–09

57. Dotter and Judkins, op. cit.

58. C. T. Dotter, ‘Transluminally-placed coilspring endarterial tube grafts. Long-term patency in canine popliteal artery’, Investigative Radiology 4, no. 5 (1969), 329–32

59. Author’s interview with Ulrich Sigwart, 22 September 2016

60. Ulrich Sigwart, ‘Living history of medicine: vascular scaffolding, from dream to reality’, European Heart Journal, 2016: http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/19/eurheartj.ehv656.long

61. Aaron S. Kesselheim, Shuai Xu and Jerry Avorn, ‘Clinicians’ contributions to the development of coronary artery stents: a qualitative study of transformative device innovation’, Plos One 9, no. 2 (2014), e88664

62. Sigwart, op. cit.

63. Kesselheim, Xu and Avorn, op. cit.

64. Sigwart, op. cit.

65. Author’s interview with Ulrich Sigwart

66. U. Sigwart et al., ‘Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty’, New England Journal of Medicine 316, no. 12 (1987), 701–06

67. Author’s interview with Tony Gershlick, 15 December 2015

68. D. L. Fischman et al., ‘A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators’, New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 8 (1994), 496–501

69. Nadim M. Zacca et al., ‘Treatment of symptomatic peripheral atherosclerotic disease with a rotational atherectomy device’, American Journal of Cardiology 63, no. 1 (1989), 77–80

70. Patrick W. Serruys et al., ‘Angiographic follow-up after placement of a self-expanding coronary-artery stent’, New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 1 (1991), 13–17

71. A. M. Lincoff, E. J. Topol and S. G. Ellis, ‘Local drug delivery for the prevention of restenosis. Fact, fancy, and future’, Circulation 90, no. 4 (1994), 2070–84

72. Claude Vézina, Alicia Kudelski and S. N. Sehgal, ‘Rapamycin (AY-22, 989), a new antifungal antibiotic’, Journal of Antibiotics 28, no. 10 (1975), 721–6

73. Marie-Claude Morice et al., ‘A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization’, New England Journal of Medicine 346, no. 23 (2002), 1773–80

74. Joanna J. Wykrzykowska, Yoshinobu Onuma and Patrick W. Serruys, ‘Vascular restoration therapy: the fourth revolution in interventional cardiology and the ultimate “Rosy” prophecy’, EuroIntervention 5, F (2009), F7–8

75. John A. Ormiston et al., ‘A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system for patients with single de-novo coronary artery lesions (ABSORB): A prospective open-label trial’, The Lancet 371, no. 9616 (2008), 899–907

76. Eurostat, ‘Cardiovascular diseases statistics’, cited 28 September 2016: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Cardiovascular_diseases_statistics

77. Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, National Audit of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions – Annual Report, 2016

78. W. J. Rashkind, ‘Transcatheter treatment of congenital heart disease’, Circulation 67, no. 4 (1983), 711–16

79. W. J. Rashkind and W. W. Miller, ‘Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoracotomy. A palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries’, JAMA 196, no. 11 (1966), 991–2

80. ‘Balloon to save a baby’, Time 60, no. 21 (1966), 65–6

81. S. C. Park et al., ‘Clinical use of blade atrial septostomy’, Circulation 58, no. 4 (1978), 600–06

82. Michael DeVault, ‘King of hearts’, cited 29 September 2016: http://www.bayoulifemag.com/king-of-hearts/

83. N. L. Mills and T. D. King, ‘Nonoperative closure of left-to-right shunts’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 72, no. 3 (1976), 371–8

84. J. S. Kan et al., ‘Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary-valve stenosis’, New England Journal of Medicine 307, no. 9 (1982), 540–42

85. Colin K. Phoon, ‘Jean S. Kan, MD: A conversation with Colin K.L. Phoon, MPhil, MD’, American Journal of Cardiology 101, no. 1 (2008), 129–38

86. J. E. Lock et al., ‘Percutaneous catheter commissurotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis’, New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 24 (1985), 1515–18

87. Patrick Wintour and Sarah Boseley, ‘Tony Blair in heart scare’, Guardian, 20 October 2003

88. Hasan Goran, ‘Professor Hein J. J. Wellens: 33 years of cardiology and arrhythmology’, Circulation 104, no. 12 (2001), e64

89. D. Durrer et al., ‘The role of premature beats in the initiation and the termination of supraventricular tachycardia in the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome’, Circulation 36, no. 5 (1967), 644–62

90. F. R. Cobb et al., ‘Successful surgical interruption of the bundle of Kent in a Patient with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome’, Circulation 38, no. 6 (1968), 1018–29

91. R. Gonzalez et al., ‘Closed-chest electrode-catheter technique for His bundle ablation in dogs’, American Journal of Physiology 241, no. 2 (1981), H283–7

92. W. M. Jackman et al., ‘Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff– Parkinson–White syndrome) by radiofrequency current’, New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 23 (1991), 1605–11

93. Harvey W. Cushing, ‘Electro-surgery as an aid to the removal of intracranial tumors. With a preliminary note on a new surgical-current generator by W. T. Bovie’, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 47 (1928), 751–84

94. ‘Electric knife is used to restore lost sanity’, Popular Mechanics 48, no. 4 (1927), 604–05

95. T. Budde et al., ‘Initial experiences with high-frequency electric ablation of the AV conduction system in the human’, Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 76, no. 4 (1987), 204–10

96. Jackman et al., op. cit.

97. Author’s interview with Andrew Grace, 1 December 2015

11. I, ROBOT (SURGEON)

1. Bridget Cherry and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England: London 2: South (London: Yale University Press, 2002), 94

2. Jochen Reinöhl et al., ‘Effect of availability of transcatheter aortic-valve replacement on clinical practice’, New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 25 (2015), 2438–47

3. Hywel Davies, ‘Catheter-mounted valve for temporary relief of aortic insufficiency’, The Lancet 285, no. 7379 (1965), 250

4. Aarhus University, ‘The Andersen Patent’, cited 7 November 2016: http://www.au.dk/en/about/profile/publications/ordogbilleder/2003/chapter12/

5. H. R. Andersen, L. L. Knudsen and J. M. Hasenkam, ‘Transluminal implantation of artificial heart valves. Description of a new expandable aortic valve and initial results with implantation by catheter technique in closed chest pigs’, European Heart Journal 13, no. 5 (1992), 704–08

6. P. Bonhoeffer et al., ‘Percutaneous replacement of pulmonary valve in a right-ventricle to pulmonary-artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction’, The Lancet 356, no. 9239 (2000), 1403–05

7. Alain Cribier, ‘Development of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): a 20-year odyssey’, Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases 105, no. 3 (2012), 146–52

8. Alain Cribier et al., ‘Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: First human case description’, Circulation 106, no. 24 (2002), 3006–08

9. ibid.

10. Cribier, ‘Development of transcatheter aortic valve …’, op. cit.

11. M. B. Leon et al., ‘Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery’, New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 17 (2010), 1597–607

12. C. R. Smith et al., ‘Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients’, New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 23 (2011), 2187–98

13. Lars Søndergaard et al., ‘First-in-human case of transfemoral CardiAQ mitral valve implantation’, Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 8, no. 7 (2015), e002135

14. S. L. Goldberg and T. Feldman, ‘Percutaneous mitral valve interventions: overview of new approaches’, Current Cardiology Reports 12, no. 5 (2010), 404–12

15. J. G. Webb et al., ‘Percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty: initial human experience with device implantation in the coronary sinus’, Circulation 113, no. 6 (2006), 851–5

16. Lindsey D. Allan, Lisa K. Hornberger and G. K. Sharland, Textbook of Fetal Cardiology (London: Greenwich Medical Media, 2000)

17. L. D. Allan et al., ‘Echocardiographic and anatomical correlates in the fetus’, Heart 44, no. 4 (1980), 444–51

18. L. D. Allan et al., ‘Identification of congenital cardiac malformations by echocardiography in midtrimester fetus’, British Heart Journal 46, no. 4 (1981), 358–62

19. D. Maxwell, L. Allan and M. J. Tynan, ‘Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus: a report of two cases’, British Heart Journal 65, no. 5 (1991), 256–8

20. J. I. Hoffman and S. Kaplan, ‘The incidence of congenital heart disease’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39, no. 12 (2002), 1890–900

21. Doff B. McElhinney, Wayne Tworetzky and James E. Lock, ‘Current status of fetal cardiac intervention’, Circulation 121, no. 10 (2010), 1256–63

22. Author’s interview with Jay VanDerwerken, 1 November 2016

23. A. C. Marshall et al., ‘Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome’, Prenatal Diagnosis 28, no. 11 (2008), 1023–8

24. A. Carpentier, ‘Cardiac valve surgery – the “French correction”’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 86, no. 3 (1983), 323–37

25. G. Kelling, ‘Die Tamponade der Bauchhöhle mit Luft zur Stillung lebensgefährlicher Intestinalblutungen’, Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 48 (1901), 1480–83

26. José L. Navia and Delos M. Cosgrove, ‘Minimally invasive mitral valve operations’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 62, no. 5 (1996), 1542–4

27. R. A. Felder et al., ‘Robotics in the medical laboratory’, Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 9 (1990), 1534–43

28. A. Carpentier et al., ‘Computer assisted open heart surgery. First case operated on with success’, Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 321, no. 5 (1998), 437–42

29. V. Falk et al., ‘Robot-assisted minimally invasive solo mitral valve operation’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 115, no. 2 (1998), 470–71

30. Friedrich W. Mohr et al., ‘Computer-enhanced “robotic” cardiac surgery: Experience in 148 patients’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 121, no. 5 (2001), 842–53

31. Didier Loulmet et al., ‘Endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting with the aid of robotic assisted instruments’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 118, no. 1 (1999), 4–10

32. N. J. Verberkmoes et al., ‘Distal anastomotic patency of the Cardica C-PORT(R) xA system versus the hand-sewn technique: a prospective randomized controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting’, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 44, no. 3 (2013), 512–18

33. E. Soylu et al., ‘A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of distal coronary artery anastomotic devices in MIDCAB and TECAB surgery’, Perfusion 31, no. 7 (2016), 537–43

34. Rakesh M. Suri et al., ‘Mitral valve repair using robotic technology: Safe, effective, and durable’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 151, no. 6 (2016), 1450–54

35. Murali Chakravarthy et al., ‘Conscious cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass using thoracic epidural anesthesia without endotracheal general anesthesia’, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 19, no. 3 (2005), 300–05

36. NHS Blood and Transplant, Annual Report on Cardiothoracic Transplantation 2013/2014 (2016)

37. Author’s interview with André Simon, 24 November 2015

38. Saez D. Garcia et al., ‘Evaluation of the Organ Care System in heart transplantation with an adverse donor/recipient profile’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 98, no. 6 (2014), 2099–2105

39. A. Ali et al., ‘Cardiac recovery in a human non-heart-beating donor after extracorporeal perfusion: source for human heart donation?’ Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 28, no. 3 (2009), 290–93

40. Kumud K. Dhital et al., ‘Adult heart transplantation with distant procurement and ex-vivo preservation of donor hearts after circulatory death: A case series’, The Lancet 385, no. 9987 (2015), 2585–91

41. S. Messer and S. Large, ‘Resuscitating heart transplantation: the donation after circulatory determined death donor’, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 49, no. 1 (2016), 1–4

42. Author’s interview with Stephen Large, 1 December 2015

43. T. Noterdaeme et al., ‘What is the potential increase in the heart graft pool by cardiac donation after circulatory death?’ Transplant International 26, no. 1 (2013), 61–6

44. Author’s interview with André Simon, 24 November 2015

45. Corbin E. Goerlich, O. H. Frazier and William E. Cohn, ‘Previous challenges and current progress – the use of total artificial hearts in patients with end-stage heart failure’, Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 14, no. 10 (2016), 1095–8

46. A. Carpentier et al., ‘First clinical use of a bioprosthetic total artificial heart: report of two cases’, The Lancet 386, no. 10003 (2015), 1556–63

47. Carmat press release, ‘Information regarding the feasibility study of the CARMAT bioprosthetic artificial heart’, 21 January 2016. Online: http://www.carmatsa.com/en/media-gb/press-releases/item/download/485_3000d273837bd1dd6337628cf466c668

48. Roy Calne, ‘Xenografting – the future of transplantation, and always will be?’ Xenotransplantation 12, no. 1 (2005), 5–6

49. Author’s interview with David Cooper, 25 May 2016

50. A. M. Rosengard et al., ‘Tissue expression of human complement inhibitor, decay-accelerating factor, in transgenic pigs. A potential approach for preventing xenograft rejection’, Transplantation 59, no. 9 (1995), 1325–33

51. Nuala Moran, ‘Pig-to-human heart transplant slated to begin in 1996’, Nature Medicine 1, no. 10 (1995), 987

52. C. Patience, Y. Takeuchi and R. A. Weiss, ‘Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs’, Nature Medicine 3, no. 3 (1997), 282–6

53. C. J. Phelps et al., ‘Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs’, Science 299, no. 5605 (2003), 411–14

54. K. Kuwaki et al., ‘Heart transplantation in baboons using α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs as donors: initial experience’, Nature Medicine 11, no. 1 (2005), 29–31

55. Author’s interview with David Cooper, 25 May 2016

56. B. Petersen et al., ‘Pigs transgenic for human thrombomodulin have elevated production of activated protein C’, Xenotransplantation 16, no. 6 (2009), 486–95

57. M. M. Mohiuddin et al., ‘One-year heterotopic cardiac xenograft survival in a pig to baboon model’, American Journal of Transplantation 14, no. 2 (2014), 488–9

58. Raghav Murthy et al., ‘Heart xenotransplantation: historical background, experimental progress, and clinical prospects’, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 101, no. 4 (2016), 1605–13

59. Author’s interview with David Cooper, 25 May 2016

60. Calne, op. cit.

61. Wayne Paris et al., ‘Psychosocial challenges of xenotransplantation: the need for a multidisciplinary, religious, and cultural dialogue’, Xenotransplantation 23, no. 5 (2016), 335–7

62. Ernest W. Goodpasture, Leo Loeb, 1869–1959: A Biographical Memoir (New York: National Academy of Sciences, 1961), 209–10

63. C. A. Vacanti, ‘The history of tissue engineering’, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 10, no. 3 (2006), 569–76

64. R. Langer and J. Vacanti, ‘Tissue engineering’, Science 260, no. 5110 (1993), 920–26

65. Toshiharu Shin’oka, Yasuharu Imai and Yoshito Ikada, ‘Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery’, New England Journal of Medicine 344, no. 7 (2001), 532–3

66. J. A. Thomson et al., ‘Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts’, Science 282, no. 5391 (1998), 1145–7

67. K. Takahashi et al., ‘Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors’, Cell 131, no. 5 (2007), 861–72

68. Author’s interview with Sanjay Sinha, 25 October 2016

69. D. Kehl, B. Weber and S. P. Hoerstrup, ‘Bioengineered living cardiac and venous valve replacements: current status and future prospects’, Cardiovascular Pathology 25, no. 4 (2016), 300–05

70. B. Schmitt et al., ‘Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement using completely tissue-engineered off-the-shelf heart valves: six-month in vivo functionality and matrix remodelling in sheep’, EuroIntervention 12, no. 1 (2016), 62–70

71. Rachael W. Quinn et al., ‘Performance of allogeneic bioengineered replacement pulmonary valves in rapidly growing young lambs’, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 152, no. 4 (2016), 1156–65.e4

72. H. C. Ott et al., ‘Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature’s platform to engineer a bioartificial heart’, Nature Medicine 14, no. 2 (2008), 213–21

73. A. Weymann et al., ‘Bioartificial heart: a human-sized porcine model – the way ahead’, Plos One 9, no. 11 (2014)

74. L. A. Hockaday et al., ‘Rapid 3D printing of anatomically accurate and mechanically heterogeneous aortic valve hydrogel scaffolds’, Biofabrication 4, no. 3 (2012), 35005

75. Thomas J. Hinton et al., ‘Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels’, Science Advances 1, no. 9 (2015), e1500758

76. Carnegie Mellon University, ‘Carnegie Mellon researchers hack off-the-shelf 3D printer toward rebuilding the heart’, cited 5 December 2016: http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/#interview

77. H. M. Sherman, ‘The future of heart surgery’, California State Journal of Medicine 8, no. 7 (1910), 227–32

78. Judith Mackay et al., The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004), 75

79. Harry M. Sherman, ‘Suture of heart wounds: oration on surgery, delivered before the fifty-third annual meeting of the American Medical Association at Saratoga Springs, NY, June 10–13, 1902’, JAMA 38, no. 24 (1902), 1560–68