1. The full name is Bundesbehörde für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik.
2. Jens Gieseke, Die Stasi (Munich: Pantheon, 2011), p. 359.
3. Helmut Müller-Enbergs, “Die inoffiziellen Mitarbeiter,” in Anatomie der Staatssicherheit, MfS-Handbuch IV/2 (Berlin: BStU, 2008), p. 38.
4. There were, to my knowledge, no female officers in HVA/X. See Günter Bohnsack and Herbert Brehmer, Auftrag Irreführung (Hamburg: Carlsen, 1992), p. 81.
5. “Geheimdokument Rockefellers,” Neues Deutschland, February 15, 1957, p. 1.
6. “Testimony of Lawrence Britt” (pseudonym), Hearing, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 5, 1971), p. 5.
7. Michel Foucault, L’ordre du discours (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), p. 16.
8. Horst Kopp, former officer in HVA X/3, interview with Thomas Rid, Kyritz, May 4, 2017.
9. Евгения Котляр, “первое видеоинтервью с экс-сотрудником американского отдела ‘фабрики троллей,’” Dozhd, October 27, 2017.
10. Lawrence (Ladislav) Bittman, interview with Thomas Rid, Rockport, Mass., March 25, 2017, https://archive.org/details/bittman-on-measuring-am.
11. Kate Starbird, in correspondence with Thomas Rid, online and offline, Sausalito, CA, April 2019.
12. Mike Isaac and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Russian Influence Reached 126 Million Through Facebook Alone,” The New York Times, October 17, 2017.
13. The most recent term, in Russian, is “мероприятия содействия”; see Евгений Максимович Примаков, Очерки истории российской внешней разведки, Том 2 (Москва: Международные отношения, 1996), p. 14. See also Ivo Juurvee, “The Resurrection of ‘Active Measures’,” Strategic Analysis (Hybrid CoE), April 2018.