1. The Russian designation was Otdel D (Oтдел Д) for the Department, and Sluzhba A (Cлужба A) for the Service. See Евгений Максимович Примаков, Очерки истории российской внешней разведки, Том 5, 1945–1965 годы (Москва: Международные отношения, 1997), p. 13.
2. Ladislav Bittman, The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider’s View (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985), p. 39.
3. CIA, “The Soviet and Communist Bloc Defamation Campaign,” CIA-RDP67B00446R000500070009-1, September 1965, p. 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Ladislav Bittman, The Deception Game (New York: Ballantine, 1972), p. 245.
6. “Testimony of Lawrence Britt” (pseudonym), Hearing, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 5, 1971).
7. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Oversight, “Soviet Covert Action (the Forgery Offensive),” February 6, 1980, 96th Congress, 2nd session, p. 34.
8. Richard Sandomir, “Lawrence Martin-Bittman, 87, Cold War Master of ‘Dirty Tricks,’ Is Dead,” The New York Times, September 21, 2018, p. A25.
9. Bittman, The Deception Game, p. 18.
10. Ibid.
11. CIA, “The Soviet and Communist Bloc Defamation Campaign,” CIA-RDP67B00446R000500070009-1, September 1965, p. 2.
12. “Soviet Defamation Campaign Against DCI, the CIA, and the Intelligence Community,” CIA-RDP74-00115R000300020054-2, November 20, 1961, p. 4.
13. CIA, “The Soviet and Communist Bloc Defamation Campaign,” CIA-RDP67B00446R000500070011-8, September 1965, pp. 8–9.
14. Alma Fryxell, “Psywar by Forgery,” Studies in Intelligence 5 (Winter 1961), p. 25. The study was initially classified secret, but released on September 18, 1995.
15. Ibid.
16. Georg Bönisch and Klaus Wiegrefe, “Ein Abgrund von Lüge,” Der Spiegel 38 (September 17, 2012), p. 65.
17. Germany never came to terms with the role of disinformation in the affair. Der Spiegel, in a fifty-year-anniversary story on the affair, simply ignored the defector accounts, focusing—ironically—on press freedom instead.
18. Graham Turbiville, “Intervention in Yugoslavia,” Strategic Review 5, no. 1 (Winter 1977), p. 69.
19. Brian Crozier, The KGB Lawsuits (London: Claridge Press, 1995), p. 7.
20. The column was widely distributed in the United States and published under different titles. The Boston Globe was first, on January 15. The title here is from William Buckley Jr., “The Vindication of Strauss,” National Review, February 8, 1980, pp. 176–77.
21. Crozier, The KGB Lawsuits, p. xiii.
22. “Herbert Wehner 70,” Der Spiegel 28 (July 5, 1976), p. 49.
23. Crozier, The KGB Lawsuits, p. 7. See also Ilya Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), p. 292.
24. Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant, p. 299.
25. Crozier, The KGB Lawsuits, p. 44.
26. Ibid.
27. Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant, p. 303.
28. Ibid., p. 301.
29. Ibid., p. 153.
30. Crozier, The KGB Lawsuits, p. 7.
31. Oleg Gordievsky, “The Greater Truth” (book review), The Spectator, August 26, 1995, p. 25.
32. “Une lettre de l’ambassade de Chine à Berne à l’hebdomadaire ‘France Nouvelle,’” Le Monde, March 9, 1963.
33. Victor Zorza, “West Plays a Russian Trick,” The Guardian, March 13, 1963, p. 7.
34. “L’ambassade de Chine a Berne dément avoir adressé une lettre à ‘France nouvelle,’” Le Monde, March 21, 1963.
35. “More Nazi Printing Gear Is Found in Austrian Lake,” The New York Times, November 26, 1963, p. 16.
36. “Divers’ Search of Austrian Lake Deflates Wild Tales of Nazi Gold,” The New York Times, December 8, 1963, p. 167.
37. Ladislav Bittman (Brychta) et al, “Návrh na aktivní opatřeni ‘NEPTUN’,” May 5, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 6, pp. 1–9, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/stb-neptun-90039.
38. Ladislav Bittman (Brychta) et al, “Návrh na aktivní opatřeni ‘NEPTUN’,” May 5, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 6, pp. 1–9, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, see also Ladislav Bittman (Brychta), “Věc: Záznam o provedení prvého potapěčskeho průskumu dna Čertova a Černého jezera na Šumavě,” May 3, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 8, pp. 53–55.
39. Ladislav Bittman (aka Brychta), “Věc: Záznam z proedení I. etapy akce ‘V’,” June 22, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 22, pp. 86–87, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague. Stejskal was “Borecký.”
40. “Gesundes Volksempfinden,” Der Spiegel 11 (March 10, 1965), pp. 31–44.
41. Bittman, The Deception Game, p. 46.
42. For more details on the counterintelligence ruse, see Klaus Haupt, “Geheimnis des Schwarzen Sees ist gelüftet,” Neues Deutschland 19, no. 257 (September 17, 1964), p. 7.
43. “Naziarchive im Schwarzen See,” Neue Zeit 165 (July 17, 1964), p. 2.
44. “Zpráva o otevření čtyř beden a jedné kovové krabice z Černého jezera,” July 18, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039-011, 1, pp. 1–4, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/stb-neptun-90039-011.
45. Bittman, The Deception Game, p. 51.
46. StB’s international press clippings of the event are at V-Neptun, MTH 21996, 90039-105, pp. 1–86, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/stb-neptun-90039-105.
47. “Naziarchive im Schwarzen See.”
48. Thomas Rid’s automatic page count of the full cache of German documents in StB’s NEPTUN case files. The precise number is 30,622. A smaller, unknown number was from Czechoslovak archives. The KGB-StB transfer memorandum is Воробьев (Colonel), “АКТ,” September 10, 1964, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039-013, 52, pp. 130–38, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/stb-neptun-90039-013/page/n143.
49. “Dokumente klagen Nazi-Verbrechen an,” Berliner Zeitung, August 22, 1965, p. 3.
50. “Découverte d’importants documents du IIIe Reich en Tchécoslovaquie,” Le Monde, September 17, 1964; and “Les documents allemands trouvés en Tchécoslovaquie apporteraient d’importants éclaircissements sur l’histoire du nazisme,” Le Monde, September 30, 1964.
51. Josef Houska, “Akce ‘NEPTUN’—její průběh a dosavadní výsledky,” March 19, 1965, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 3, pp. 3–10, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague. See also Stejskal’s remarks about sub-measure ANABELA, in Jiří Stejskal (aka Borecký), “Zpráva o činnosti po linii 8. odboru za I. pololetí 1965,” June 30, 1965, 8. odbor, I. správy, Čj.: A/1-00 333/80-65, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/1965-06-30-stb-8-report/page/n13.
52. Josef Houska, “Akce ‘NEPTUN’—její průběh a dosavadní výsledky,” March 19, 1965, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039, 3, pp. 3–10, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague.
53. Александр Сахаровский, “НАЧАЛЬНИКУ 1 ГЛАВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ВНУТРЕННИХ Дьл ЧССР,” September 21, 1965, V-Neptun, MTH 21998, 90039-015, 91, pp. 194–95, Ministerstvo vnitra, Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Prague, https://archive.org/details/stb-neptun-90039-015/page/n243.
54. “Verjährung? Gesundes Volksempfinden,” Der Spiegel 11 (March 10, 1965), p. 43.
55. Bittman, The Deception Game, p. 69.
56. Ladislav Bittman, interview with Thomas Rid, Rockport, Mass., March 25, 2017.
57. Bittman, The KGB and Soviet Disinformation, p. 70.