1. “Die Schändung der neuen Kölner Synagoge,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 28, 1959, p. 1.
2. “Zwischenfälle in Braunschweig und Offenbach,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, December 31, 1959, p. 2. “In 5 Städten Hakenkreuze,“Neue Rhein Zeitung, January 1, 1960, p. 1.
3. “‘Hetze der besonderer Art’ und Schmierereien von Hakenkreuzen,” Präsidium der Volkspolizei (Eikemeier), 600229, LAB, C Rep 303, Nr. 41, shared by Jochen Staadt, personal archive.
4. “Hakenkreuze auch in London,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 2–3, 1960, p. 2.
5. “Neue Hakenkreuzschmierereien in England,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 7, 1960, p. 4. See also “Schlag gegen Neo-Nazisten,” Kölner Stadtanzeiger, January 6, 1960, p. 1.
6. “Anti-Jewish Signs, Swastikas Pop Up—Even in Israel,” Chicago Tribune, January 18, 1960, pp. 1–8.
7. “Anti-Semitic Signs Appear in 8 States,” Chicago Tribune, January 18, 1960, pp. 1–8; “Zwischenfälle und Gerichtsurteile,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 14, 1960, pp. 1–2.
8. “Third Synagogue in City Is Defaced,” The New York Times, January 4, 1960, p. 1.
9. “City Police Guard Seats of Worship,” The New York Times, January 5, 1960, p. 1.
10. “Anti-Semitic Signs Appear in 8 States,” Chicago Tribune, January 18, 1960, pp. 1–8.
11. Sebastian Haffner, “Bonn Hesitates in Nazi Fight,” The Observer, January 10, 1960, p. 6.
12. “Note Israels an Bonn,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 12, 1960, p. 1.
13. Irving Spiegel, “Jewish Unit Sees Nazi Resurgence,” The New York Times, January 6, 1960, p. 3.
14. “Anti-Semitic Signs Appear in 8 States,” Chicago Tribune, January 18, 1960, pp. 1–8.
15. “Thrash Swastika Thugs, Says Adenauer,” Empire News, January 17, 1960, p. 1.
16. “50,000 Join in London Protest, March on W. German Embassy,” The Washington Post, January 18, 1960, p. A7.
17. “Antideutsche Stimmung in England,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 14, 1960, p. 1.
18. “The World: Bonn Reaction,” The New York Times, January 10, 1960, p. E2.
19. “Antisemitismus beschäftigt die UNO,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 18, 1960, p. 2.
20. “Ursachen der Schmiererei im Dunkel,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 23–24, 1960, p. 2.
21. “Kirkpatrick befürchtet einen Rückfall in Deutschland,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 20, 1960, p. 4.
22. “Die antisemitischen und nazistischen Vorfälle. Weißbuch und Erklärung der Bundesregierung,” Bundesregierung (Bonn: H. Köllen, 1960), https://archive.org/details/1960-weissbuch.
23. Ibid., p. 58. The reference to the BND comes from Franz-Josef Strauss, then the minister of defense. See “Ist die Schmier-Aktion gesteuert?” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 20, 1960, p. 2.
24. “Die antisemitischen und nazistischen Vorfälle,” p. 58.
25. Ibid., pp. 56–57.
26. “Germans Nab Red Leader of Nazi Students,” Chicago Tribune, January 17, 1960, p. 1–8. It is unclear whether Schlottmann was actually involved in daubing swastikas; the German government’s Weißbuch does not mention him by name.
27. “Allegedly” because Henry Maule, the journalist who covered this story, likely used Bernard Hutton as one of his sources, and Hutton is not reliable. See also Henry Maule, “Swastika Wave Laid to Reds,” Sunday News 39, no. 38 (January 17, 1960), pp. 1, 2. The alleged memo is partly reproduced in Bernard Hutton (aka Joseph Heisler), Danger from Moscow (London: Spearman, Neville, 1960), pp. 158–60. See also “Caveat Lector,” Studies in Intelligence 15, no. 3 (1961), pp. A35–37.
28. Henry Maule, “Report Reds Ordered Acts Against Jews,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 17, 1960, pp. 1, 3.
29. The seven intelligence professionals (or spies) who mentioned the swastika-daubing operations in various levels of detail are Bittman, Frolik, Rupert Sigl, Kalugin, Deriabin, Kondrashev, and Wolf. An eighth KGB defector, Oleg Gordievski, also described the operation, including Agayants’s test run in a Russian village, but his account seems to rely on Barron.
30. Евгений Максимович Примаков, Очерки истории российской внешней разведки, Том 5, (Москва: Международные отношения, 1997), pp. 461–70.
31. Tennent Bagley and Sergei Kondrashev, Spymaster (New York: Skyhorse, 2013), p. 167.
32. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 405.
33. “Israel wird ausradiert,” Der Spiegel 51 (December 18, 1957), p. 35.
34. “Defendant Berates Jews in Key W. German Trial,” The Washington Post, April 10, 1958, p. A7; and “Jews’ Foe Sentenced,” The New York Times, April 12, 1958, p. 2.
35. John Barron, KGB (New York: Readers Digest, 1974), p. 234.
36. Ibid., p. 236. Andrew and Gordievski, a KGB defector and an eminent British chronicler of Russian intelligence, repeat and appear to corroborate Barron’s account of this story, but don’t seem to add any fresh detail on their own. See KGB: The Inside Story, p. 463.
37. Peter Deriabin and Frank Gibney, The Secret World (New York: Ballantine, 1959, 1987), p. 340.
38. Bagley and Kondrashev, Spymaster, p. 184.
39. Oleg Kalugin, Spymaster (New York: Basic Books, 2009), p. 54.
40. Oleg Kalugin, interview with Thomas Rid, June 5, 2017, Washington, DC, audio at https://archive.org/details/kalugin-on-antisemitic-operations.
41. Barron, KGB, p. 236.
42. The original quote: “ob gerade ich als Sohne eines jüdischen Vaters der Richtige gewesen wäre, die Schändung jüdischer Friedhöfe oder andere neonazistische Schanddaten zuzulassen oder zu initiieren,” Markus Wolf, Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg (München: Econ, 1998), p. 354. This quote is missing from the English original of Wolf’s memoirs; the German edition of Wolf’s memoir appeared after the English original, but is more extensive.
43. Примаков, Очерки истории российской внешней разведки, Том 5, p. 461.
44. Ibid.