Index
A1+allele, 191
Ability, 72–73, 76–77, 258. See also Talent
Abstract expressionism, 186, 290
Abstraction
brain correlates of, 239
processing speed and, 290–292
Acetylcholine, 162
Actualization, in creative insight, 26
AD. See Alzheimer’s disease
Adams, Anne, 121–122
Addiction, 191
Additive genetic factors, 96, 99
Adler, N., 242–243
Adoption design, 95–96
Aesthetics. See also Art
creativity in relation to, 294
evolutionary theory of, 79–83
experiential stages of, 274, 293
neuroscientific approach to, 294
and viewer’s perceptual-psychological experience, 273–294
Aharon-Peretz, J., 242–243
Alcohol and alcoholism, 176, 184–185, 187, 191
Alleles, 96
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, 162
Alpha-2 agonists, 161
Alpha activity, 209–216, 219–220, 222–223
Alternative uses test (AU), 210–211, 219–220, 243, 263, 265–266
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 116–117, 120, 123–124, 138, 162
Amabile, T. M., 212
Amati family, 95
Amygdala, 118
Analytic thought, 28, 31, 33
Andreasen, Nancy, 177, 179, 184
Angular gyrus, 136, 247
Angwin, A. J., 152
Animals, creativity in, 45, 134–135
Ansari, D., 223
Anterior cingulate, 152, 239, 247
Anterior cingulate gyrus, 247
Anterior insula, 82
Anterior temporal lobe, 119–120
Anthony, S. H., 263
Aphasia, 158
Appropriateness, of creative insights, 19, 21, 78
Aquarelle, 286
Archimedes, 45
Arcuate fasciculus, 248
Arden, R., 242
Aristophanes, 184
Aristotle, 176
Arnesen, E. M., 52
Arnheim, R., 279, 281
Aron, A. R., 142
Art. See also Aesthetics
abstraction and processing speed in, 290–292
commencement of, following brain damage, 140
creative devices of, 273–294
creativity in, 8
effects of neurodegenerative disease on, 119–122
evolutionary uses of, 79–80
framing, cropping, and visual balance in, 287–289
line depiction and object recognition in, 275–278
neuronal and biological foundations of, 133–144
peak-shift effect and visual emphasis in, 283–286
personal signatures in, 8
physical features and access to content, 289–290
psychological effects of, 273–274
sharpness of depiction and gaze patterns in, 286–287
social factors in, 71
spatial relations in, 279–283
style and conceptual spaces in, 11–12
talent and heritability in, 100, 102, 105–106
universality in, 78, 81
Artificial intelligence, 11, 13
Artists
brain-damaged, 137–140
with mental illness, 175–177
with Parkinson’s disease, 140–142
Association
through memory interference, 24–26
in poetic imagery, 9–10
Associative learning, 46–61
and behavioral variation, 47–61
explicit reinforcement and, 48–52
neuroscience of, 56–59
role of expectations in, 52–56
Associative memory, 25
Associative thought, 28–33, 37
Assortative mating, 98–99
Attention
focusing/defocusing of, 28, 29, 31–32, 37
frontal cortex as locus of, 213
visual, 123–124
Attentional control, 122, 125, 194, 264
Attention deficit disorder, 158, 161
Atypical cerebral asymmetry, 76
Augustin, M. D., 291
Autism, 158, 159
Autistic savants, 137
Bach, J. S., 45
Bach family, 95
Bachmann, T., 291
Basal ganglia, 56–59, 118, 142, 244
Baselitz, Georg, 289
Becker, G., 186
Behavior, 46–48. See also Behavioral variation
Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 116–117, 120
Behavioral variation
expectations as means for generating, 52–56
explanations of, 50–51
explicitly reinforced, 48–52
incidence of, 47
neuroscience of, 56–59
sources of, 49
Behaviorism, 47
Benedek, M., 218–219
Benzene molecules, 7
Bergson, Henri, 78–79
Berkowitz, A. L., 223
Berlyne, D. E., 274
Berns, G., 82
Beta-adrenergic antagonists, 160–161
Bhattacharya, J., 223
Biederman, I., 292
Bipolar disorder, 127, 178–180, 191
Birds, 134
Birdsong, 59
Blake, William, 175, 180
Blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response, 208, 257, 260, 261, 267
Blough, D. S., 49
Bochumer Matrizen-Test (BOMAT), 262
Boden, Margaret A., 20, 46
Bonner, J. T., 134
Brain
case-study approach to, 234–235
creativity and, 210–224, 241–248, 257
and depression, 57
discrete regions of, 234
Einstein’s, 235–238, 248
intelligence and, 215–216, 238–240, 246–248
location of creativity in, 139
metabolic rate of, 257–258
plasticity of, 120–121, 224, 257
reorganizational capacities of, 116
representational capacity of, 20
sex differences in, 215–216
size correlated with creativity, 134
Brainard, M. S., 58–59
Brain damage, artists with, 137–140
Brainstorming, 218, 220–221
Brang, D., 191
Broca’s area, 137, 161
Brod, J. H., 182
Brodmann, Korbinian, 246
Brodmann areas, 239, 246–247
Brodovich, Alexey, 289
Bruce, V., 278
Bryant, D., 48
Burton, M., 278
Buschkuehl, M., 262
bvFTD. See Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 177
Cabeza, R., 239
Cameron, J., 126
Cantor, R. M., 76
Capra, M., 82
Carbon, C. C., 291
Carbon molecules, 7
Caricatures, 283
Carlezon, W. A., Jr., 57
Carlsson, I., 127, 211
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 286, 289
Catecholaminergic systems, 151–161
dopaminergic system, 151–156
noradrenergic system, 156–161
Cattell, R. B., 181
Chess, talent and heritability in, 97, 100, 102, 105–106
Cholinergic system, 161–162
Church, R. M., 48
Cingulate cortex, 118, 260
Clarity, visual, 286–287
Clonidine, 161
Close, Chuck, 290
Coarse coding, 21, 27, 36
Cocaine withdrawal, 158, 159
Cognition
genetic influences on, 73–74
neuroscientific approach to, 208–210
neurotransmitters’ effects on, 154–163
protective factors in, 189–190, 192–194
training for creativity in, 216–221, 223–224
Cognitive deliberate insights, 118
Cognitive flexibility, 159–160, 189, 194, 210, 213, 242
Cognitive spontaneous insights, 118
Cognitive stimulation, 220–221
Cognitive style, 181. See also Thinking styles
Cognitivist neuroscience, 15
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 9
Combinational creativity, 6, 9–10, 15, 143
Compulsiveness, 121, 122, 140–141
Computer memory, 22
Computer modeling, 11–14
Conative factors, genetic influences on, 74–75. See also Personality traits associated with creativity
Concepts, 34–35
Conceptual spaces, 6–7, 11–12, 35
Conditioning of behavioral variation, 46, 48–56
Connectionism, 13–14, 16
Connectivity, 136, 159, 189, 191–192, 238
Consumer psychology, 81
Contextual focus, 28, 31
Convergent thinking
brain activity during, 211
divergent vs., 210
role of, in creativity, 37
Corpus callosum, 248, 257
Cortical idling, 222
Cost-benefit analysis, 10–11
Crane, Hart, 175
Creative achievement test, 243
Creative thinking, 216–221, 223–224, 258
Creativity. See also Insight
aesthetics in relation to, 294
in animals, 45
behavioral variation and, 47–61
benefits of, 175, 176, 188
brain correlates of, 210–224
brain structures and, 242–248, 257
case reports on, 240–241
components of, 258
defining, xii, 45, 71, 176
depression and mood disorders associated with, 54–55, 177–180, 186, 187
evolutionary theory of, 78–81, 188
fostering/training for, 216–221, 223–224, 258, 266–268
interference with, by mental deficiencies, 138, 179–181, 184–185
mental illness associated with, 75–76, 176–177, 186–188
mystery of, 3–5
nature of, 3, 46, 73
neurodegenerative disease and, 115–129, 240–241
neuroimaging studies of, 241–246
neuroscientific approach to, 5, 9–16, 19–20, 24–26, 136–144, 208–210, 257–268
pharmacology and, 151–163
process of, 24–26, 29–33
psychopathology and, 175–195
social factors in, 8
talent and, 95–107
types of, 5–9
unpredictability of, 4
valuation of, 8, 71, 77–78
Crick, Francis, 8
Cropping, 287–289
Crosstalk, 24, 27
Crystallized intelligence, 261
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 78, 126
Cubism, 291–292
Cultivation of taste, 81, 82–83
Cultural economics, 81
Culture
creativity’s place in, 77–78
genes in interaction with, 83–84
Cuneus, 247
Cyclothymia, 179
D1 receptors, 152, 155
D2 receptors, 141–142, 154–155
Dalí, Salvador, 290
Davies, G., 277
Deary, I. J., 135
De Bruin, A. B., 97
Decision making, 142, 155–156
Defocused attention, 28, 29, 32, 37
Deiss, C., 51
Deliberate emotional insights, 118
De Manzano, Ö., 141
Dementia. See Neurodegenerative disease
Dench, N., 278
Depression
artists with, 176, 178, 179
brain circuitry and, 57
creativity associated with, 54–55, 186, 187
Derby, S., 53
Dickens, Charles, 11
Dickinson, Emily, 187
Dietrich, A., 117–118, 194, 242
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 244, 245
Disinhibition. See Inhibition and disinhibition
Dissanayake, E., 79
Distributed aggregates of neurons, 20–25, 36
Divergent production tests, 210
Divergent thinking
brain research related to, 211, 243, 248, 265
components of, 242
convergent vs., 210
fluid intelligence and, 263, 265
genetic influences on, 74
mental state and, 181, 183
neurotransmitter systems and, 154
training in, 217–220
Dizygotic (DZ) twins, 99, 105–106
Dopamine, 56–57, 59, 75, 140–142, 191, 194, 217, 241
Dopaminergic system, 151–156, 160, 162, 163, 217
Dorsal frontoparietal network, 124
Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 260
Dorsal prefrontal cortex, 152
Dorsal raphe nucleus, 163
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), 118, 247
Doupe, A. J., 58–59
Drayna, D., 80
Drevdahl, J. E., 181
Dual process theory, 28
Dugosh, K. L., 221
Dürer, Albrecht, 278
Dykes, M., 181
Edelman, G., 24
Einstein, Albert, 45, 235–238, 248
Electroencephalography (EEG), 208–209, 211, 214, 222–223, 233, 242, 268
Electronic brainstorming, 218
Ellis, H., 277
Eminence, 96
Environmental influences
genetics vs., 95–96
shared vs. nonshared, 96, 99
Ephedrine, 157
Epstein, R., 48
Ernst, Max, 290
Escher, M. C., 279
Event-related desynchronization (ERD), 209, 215
Event-related synchronization (ERS), 209, 213
Evolution
creativity’s role in, 78–81, 188
of relevance recognition, 10–11
Executive functions, 154–155
Executive switching, 263
Expectation
behavioral variation conditioned through, 52–56
neuroscience of, 58
Explanation
in neuroscience, 5
proper level of, 19–20
Exploratory creativity, 6–8
Exploratory tendencies, 81
Extinction phase, behavioral variation during, 53
Extrastriate cortex, 239
Extrastriate gyrus, 247
Eyeblink rate, 154
Eysenck, H. J., 187, 233, 249
Face inversion effect, 289
Face perception, 277
False memories, 24
Familial clustering, 95, 106
Fantastic Voyage (film), xi
Farmer, J., 48
Faulkner, William, 175
F-DIM model, 244–245
Fechner, G. T., 273, 274
Feist, G. J., 79–80
Figure-ground relationship, 279–283
Findlay, C. S., 84
Fink, A., 212–215, 219–221, 265–266
Fioratou, E., 263
Fisher, J., 134
Flaherty, A. W., 141, 241
Flat activation function, 27–29, 32–33
Fleming, S. M., 142
Flexibility. See Cognitive flexibility
Flow, 126–127
Fluency. See Ideational fluency
Fluid intelligence, 261–264
fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fodor, Jerry, 11
Forebrain, 163
Forgeard, M., 268
Fox, M. D., 116
Frame problem, 11–14, 16
Framing, 287–289
Frontal attentional system, 118
Frontal cortex, 116, 119, 122, 128, 213, 215, 220, 264
Frontal lobes, 116, 117, 119, 125, 127–128, 138, 141–142, 152, 233, 240–244, 247
Frontal projection zones, 248
Frontoparietal system, 257, 261
Frontopolar cortex, 260
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 115–116, 119, 123–125, 138, 240–241
Fullerenes, 7–9
Functional localization in the brain, 137
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 135, 142, 152, 159, 208, 217, 221, 223, 242, 258, 260, 266
Fusiform areas, 152
Fusiform gyrus, 239, 247
Gage, Phineas, 234
Galton, Francis, 72, 96, 106
Gardner, Howard, 80, 135
Gardner, J. S., 280–281
Garner, J. P., 57
Gaze patterns, 286–287
Gene-culture coevolution, 83–84
Gene-finding studies, 107
Genetics, 71–85
additive vs. nonadditive effects in, 96
and art-madness connection, 177, 179–180
of cognitive factors, 73–74
of conative factors, 74–75
culture in interaction with, 83–84
environmental influences vs., 95–96
of individual creativity, 72–77
reception of creative products influenced by, 71–72, 77–85
and talent, 95
Genius
brain networks and, 246–248
case study of (Einstein), 235–238
intelligence in relation to, 233
talent identified with, 96
Genome-wide association studies, 73–74, 107
Gharib, A., 53, 55, 58
Ghosts, 24
Gilhooly, K. J., 263
Glial cells, 236, 238, 248
Goel, V., 211
Grabner, R. H., 212–213
Graham, D. J., 278
Graybiel, A. M., 58
Gray matter, 122, 124–125, 154, 244–245
Green, H. A., 127
Guilford, J. P., 210
Gustafson, R., 187
Haag, R., 49
Haier, R. J., 264
Hanna, E., 278
Harlan, P., 76
Harlow, H. F., 126
Harmony theory, 13
Harris, A. H., 48
Harvey, Thomas S., 235–236
Healey, P., 278
Helmholtz model, xiv
Hemingway, Ernest, 175, 186
Hempel, A., 260
Heritability, 96. See also Genetics
Heston, L. L, 177
Hierarchy, neural implementation of, 12–13, 16
Hinde, R. A., 134
Hines, D., 214
Hippocampus, 121, 161
Hirshfeld, A., 186
Hirstein, W., 283
“H.M.” (case study subject), 234–235
Horizontal cultural transmission, 99
Howe, M. J. A., 96
HTR2A gene, 191
Hubbard, E. M., 192
Hudspeth, S., 127
Hughes, Ted, 11
Humor, 216–217
Hutzler, F., 291
Hypomania, 187
Hypothesis testing, brain correlates of, 239
Ideational fluency, 210, 215, 242
Imagery, brain correlates of, 239
Impossibility, 6–7
Individual differences, 214–215
Infants, aesthetic responses of, 80–81
Inferior frontal cortex, 260
Inferior parietal lobule, 236, 248
Information processing, 5, 238–240, 290–292
Information seeking, 81
Inhibition and disinhibition
brain correlates of, 142, 233, 239, 264
creativity in relation to, 127–128, 138, 141, 142, 193, 233, 240–241, 243–245
neurodegenerative disease and, 127–128, 138, 141, 142
shared vulnerability and, 189, 190
Insight
brain correlates of, 212–213
distributed memory and, 26–27
example and analysis of, 32–33
mathematical description of, 33–36
thought processes in, 27–33
types of, 118–119
Insight task (IS), 210–211, 219–220
Instrumental behavior, 46–47
Intelligence
brain research related to, 215–216, 238–240, 246–248
case study of (Einstein), 235–238
creativity associated with, 135–136, 262–264
crystallized, 261
fluid, 261–264
genetic influences on, 73–74, 261–262
genius in relation to, 233
neuroimaging studies of, 238–240
neuroscientific approach to, 264
as protective factor, 189, 192
Intraparietal sulcus, 122
Introspection, 4
Jacobs, A. M., 292
Jaeggi, S. M., 262
Jamison, K. R., 178, 187
Jaušovec, N., 214
Jigsaw puzzles, 127
Jonides, J., 262
Joyce, James, 11
Jung, R. E., 136, 264
Jung-Beeman, M., 212
Juxtaposition, 279–283
Kanso, R., 242
Karlsson, J. L., 75, 177
Keefe, J. A., 181
Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August, 45
Kéri, S., 74, 190, 195
Kinney, D. K., 76, 183
Kischka, U., 151
Klingberg, T., 259–260
Knowledge, talent and heritability in, 98, 100, 104, 105–106
Kowatari, Y., 223
Krampen, G., 216
Kuchinke, L., 292
Kulisevsky, J., 141
Lachaux, J.-P., 213
Lakke, J. P. W. F., 140
Lange, Dorothea, Migrant Mother, 284–285
Language, talent and heritability in, 97–98, 100, 104, 105–106
Latent inhibition, 189, 190, 193
Lateral occipital lobes, 247
Lateral temporoparietal regions, 116
Law of effect, 47–48
L-dopa, 151–153, 155
Leabra software system, 13–14
Learning. See also Training in creative thinking
behavioral variation and, 47–61
behaviorist account of, 47–48
evolutionary processes of, 82
neuroscience of, 58–59
LeBlanc, D., 76
Leder, H., 274, 277, 286, 288, 291, 292
Left anterior temporal lobe, 127, 248
Left dorsal lateral cortex, 211
Left frontal lobe, 137
Left fronto-opercular cortex, 121
Left inferior parietal gyrus, 136
Left lateral orbito-frontal region, 136, 244
Left middle temporal gyrus, 152
Left rolandic operculum, 152
Left temporal lobe, 137, 243
Lesions, and creativity, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248
Limbic system, 118
Line depiction, 275–278
Locarnini, A., 182
Locus coeruleus, 157, 158, 159
Loo, S. K., 76
Lowes, John Livingstone, 9–10
Lowing, P. A., 76
Lubart, T. I., 77, 78, 81
Ludwig, A., 178, 184
Lumsden, C. J., 83, 84
Mackey, George, 180
Madness. See Mental illness
Magaro, P. A., 181
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 136
Mandelbrot, Benoit, 45
Mania, 178, 179
Marr, David, 275
Martindale, C., 214
Mathematics
and insight, 33–36
physiological factors in, 98
talent and heritability in, 98, 100, 105–106
Maturana, Humberto, 15
Mayhew, John, 5
Mayseless, N., 242–243
McCain, R. A., 83
McGhie, A., 181
McGue, M., 100
McManus, I. C., 288
Medial septal nucleus, 161
Medial temporal lobe, 116
Memory
associative, 25
in computers, 22
as content addressable, 22, 25, 36
distributed nature of, 21–22, 24–27, 36
implicit information in, 21–22, 25–26
interference in, as source of association, 24–26
operating processes of, 29
reconstructive nature of, 24
representations encoded in, 21–22
retrospective, 50
talent and heritability in, 98, 100, 103, 105–106
working, 155, 161, 189, 192–193, 213, 258–261
Mental deficiencies, creativity obstructed by, 138, 179–181, 184–185
Mental illness. See also Psychopathology; specific disorders
costs of, 175
creativity associated with, 75–76, 176–177, 186–188
Metabolic rate, of brain, 257–258, 264
Michelangelo, 176
Microeconomics, 81
Microfeatures, 21, 25, 36
Middle frontal gyrus, 125
Miller, B. L., 127
Mindwandering, 21
Mobbs, D., 217
Mölle, M., 211
Monkeys, 134, 161
Monozygotic (MZ) twins, 99, 105–106
Monroe, Marilyn, 278
Mood disorders, 54–55, 177–180. See also Bipolar disorder; Depression
Moore, S., 82
Motivation, 125–126, 258
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
Multigeneration design, 98
Munafo, M. R., 75
Munakata, Y., 13–14
Murphy, J., 186
Muscarinic receptors, 162
Music
effects of neurodegenerative disease on, 119
talent and heritability in, 97, 100, 101, 105–106
N-acetyl-aspartate, 243, 248
Nadolol, 157
Nash, John Forbes, 175, 180, 181
Naturalism, 15
Natural selection, 79–80
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 208
Nelson, B., 182
Neocortex, 122, 161, 163
Nestler, E. J., 57
Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR), 100–106
Nettle, D., 182
Neubauer, A. C., 212–213, 215–216
Neural cliques, 23, 28–32, 36–37
Neural efficiency, 215, 238, 258, 264, 265
Neural hyperconnectivity, 189, 191–192
Neural networks
involved in creativity, 117–119, 233–234
involved in intelligence, 233–234
involved in neurodegenerative disease, 117
Neural reentrance, 21
Neurds, 31, 37
Neuregulin, 190
Neuringer, A., 49–51, 53–54
Neuroaesthetics, 294
Neuroanatomy, 136–137, 138
Neurodegenerative disease, 115–129
association of creativity with, 115, 119–125, 129, 138–140, 240–241
case example of, 121–122
creativity as subject for, 257–268
disinhibition resulting from, 127–128, 138, 141, 142
and flow, 126–127
neural circuits affected in, 116–117
visual attention and search tasks for subjects with, 123–125
Neurons. See also Distributed aggregates of neurons
memory encoding in, 21
operating processes of, 29
Neuroscience
aesthetic experience as subject for, 294
of behavioral variation, 56–59
cognition as subject for, 208–210
cognitivist, 15
creativity as subject for, 5, 9–16, 19–20, 24–26, 136–144, 208–210
explanation in, 5
intelligence as subject for, 264
limitations of, 12–15
and thought patterns, 28–33
Wittgensteinian critique of, 14–15
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five Factor Inventory (NEO FFI), 210, 243
Neurotransmitters, 140–142, 151–163, 194
Newman, Barnett, 290
Niche-construction theory, 83–84
Nicotinic receptors, 162
Nonadditive genetic factors, 96
Noradrenergic system, 153, 154, 156–161
Norepinephrine, 153, 159, 161
Norlander, T., 187
Norton, A., 268
Noussair, C., 82
Novelty
acceptance/adoption of, 7–8, 81–83
behavioral variation and, 47–61
types of, 3
Novelty seeking, 75, 81, 189, 190–191
Nucleus accumbens, 217
Nucleus basalis, 161
Nusbaum, E. C., 263
Nyberg, L., 239
Object recognition, 275–278, 292
Obsession, 120–122, 125, 126, 140–141
Occipital lobes, 125, 137, 240, 247, 260
Oliva, A., 291
Olson, G., 51
Openness to experience, 75, 81, 190, 210–211, 248
Opioid agonists, 56
Optimal stimulation level, 81
Orbitofrontal cortex, 247
O’Reilly, J., 49
O’Reilly, R. C., 13–14
Originality, 210, 242–243
Orme-Johnson, D. W., 216
Overinclusion, 187
Page, S., 49–50
Palmer, S. E., 280–281
Parent-twin design, 98–107
Parietal cortex, 116, 239
Parietal lobes, 240, 243, 247, 260
Parietal operculum, 236
Parietal regions, 214
Parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT), 238–240, 264
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 140–142, 154–156
Particularism, 9–10
Pastel, 286
Patterson, K., 127
Paulus, P. B., 221
Peak-shift effect, 283–286
Pelli, D. G., 290
Performance anxiety, 156
Perrig, W. J., 262
Perry, D., 242–243
Personality traits associated with creativity, 74–76, 176, 190–191
Personal signatures, artists’, 11
Petsche, H., 223
PFC. See Prefrontal cortex
Pharmacology, 151–163
dopaminergic system, 151–156, 160, 162, 163
noradrenergic system, 153, 154, 156–161
other systems, 161–163
Phase locking value (PLV), 213
Phenotypic assortment, 99
Photography
clarity in, 286–287
framing, cropping, and visual balance in, 288–289
object recognition in, 276–277
peak-shift effect and visual emphasis in, 283–286
spatial relations in, 280–283
Physical orientation, of art work, 289–290
Picasso, Pablo, 8
Guernica, 290
Pierce, W. D., 126
Pigeons, 49–51, 54–55
Plato, 176
Pleasure, 293
PNFA. See Progressive nonfluent aphasia
Poetic imagery, 9
Polgár, László, 97
Pollock, Jackson, 290
Polymorphisms, 74
Porpoises, 49
Positive affect, 216–217
Positron emission tomography (PET), 208, 233, 257
Post, F., 178, 184
Posterior association cortex, 118
Posterior brain regions, 247
Posterior cingulate/precuneus, 116
Posterior parietal regions, 222
Posterior superior temporal sulcus, 10
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 160–161
Precentral sulcus, 260
Precuneus, 116, 124–125, 247
Predictability, 4
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 118, 121, 125, 142, 155, 159, 161, 162, 194
Prefrontal lobes, 190
Prentky, Robert, 181, 182
Primates, 134–135
Problem solving
aesthetic experience and, 293
learned behavioral variation and, 52
verbal, 154, 156–158, 160–161
Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), 117, 119, 121, 125
Propranolol, 156–161
Protective cognitive factors, 189–190, 192–194
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 243, 245
Proust, Marcel, 4
Pryor, K. W., 49
Psychology
of art, 273–294
possibility of, 14–15
Psychopathology, 175–195. See also Mental illness
alcoholism and, 184–185
mental illness, 176–177
models of creativity’s interface with, 185–188
mood disorders, 177–180
schizospectrum disorders, 180–184
shared vulnerability in creativity and, 188–194
Quantum mechanics, 34
Radial basis function, 27–29
Ramachandran, V. S., 191, 192, 283
Rankin, K. P., 120
Rats, 48, 50–54, 56
Ravel, Maurice, Bolero, 121–122
Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), 262
Rawlings, D., 182
Reception of creative products
artistic means and perceptual-psychological factors influencing, 273–294
genetic influences on, 71–72, 77–85
Reconstructive interference, 25–26, 36
Redies, C., 278
Regional cerebral blood flow, 211
Reinforcement learning, 82
Relaxation, 216
Relevance, 10–11, 15, 25
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 128
Representations
brain’s capacity for, 20
memory encoding of, 21–22
Response selection, brain correlates of, 239
Retrospective memory, 50
Rewards of creativity, 126
Richards, R., 76, 186
Right angular gyrus, 136, 244
Right anterior cingulate, 243
Right cingulate cortex, 136
Right dorsal parietal network, 127
Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 154
Right parietal lobe, 139
Right ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, 266, 267
Risk taking, 75
Roberts, S., 53
Rorty, Richard, 15
Ruprecht, W., 81–82
Sass, L. A., 187
Savant abilities, 235. See also Autistic savants
Sawyer, K., 242
Schildkraut, J., 186
Schizophrenia, 177, 180, 188, 190, 191–192
Schizospectrum disorders, 180–184
Schizothymia, 181
Schizotypy, 181–183, 187, 191
Schlaug, G., 257, 268
Schoenfeld, W. N., 48
Schoppe, K., 219
Schrag, A., 141
Schumann, Robert, 175, 180
Schwingenschuh, P., 141
Science
aim of, 4
creativity in, 8
creativity as subject for, 4–5
Scott, G., 217
SD. See Semantic dementia
Seeley, W. W., 122
Selby, E. C., 77
Semantic dementia (SD), 116–117, 119–121, 123–128
Semantic information processing, 213
Semantic priming, 151–154
Sensation seeking, 75, 81
Sensory transcoding, 123
Serial search tasks, 124–125
Serotonergic system, 163
Serotonin, 74, 141
Serotonin transporter, 191
Set shifting, 154–155, 160, 162
Sex differences, in brain function, 215–216
Sexual selection, 79–80
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., 242–243
Shape grammar, 11
Shared vulnerability, of creativity and psychopathology, 188–192
Sharpness of depiction, 286–287
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 177
Shepherd, J., 277
Silvia, P. J., 263, 274
Simonton, Dean, 120
Single-neuron simulations, 14
Single nucleotide polymorphisms, 74
Size, of artwork, 289–290
Skinner, B. F., 47, 48
Smalley, S. L., 76
Snyder, A. W., 128
So, K. T., 216
Social cognitive learning, 82
Social homogamy, 98–99
Social interaction, 99
Social networks, 195
Songbirds, 59
Spiky activation function, 27–29, 33
Spontaneous behavior, 47
Spontaneous emotional insights, 118
Spreading activation, 31
Spurious memories, 24
State context property theory of concepts, 34–35
Stein, M. I., 78
Stereotypic behavior, 56–59
Sternberg, Robert, 135
Stochastic behavior-generation process, 50–51
Stress, 156–157
Striatum, 155
Structural magnetic resonance imaging, 245
Style. See Thinking styles
Styron, William, 184
Subcortical brain regions, 217
Subthalamic nucleus, 142
Superior parietal lobe, 124–125
Superior parietal lobule, 122
Superior temporal sulcus, 122
Superposition catastrophe, 24
Supramarginal gyrus, 236, 238
Surprise, 6
Surrealism, 11
Symbolic computationalism, 11
Symbolism, brain correlates of, 239
Synesthesia, 191, 235
Syntactical analysis, brain correlates of, 239
Talent, 95–107. See also Ability
of autistic savants, 137
genetic influences on, 95, 136–137
neuroanatomy of, 136–137
properties of, 96–97
Talent Inventory, 100
“Tan” (case study subject), 234
Taste, aesthetic, 81, 82–83
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 187
Temporal lobes, 116, 117, 137, 240–241, 244
Tesla, Nikola, 180
Test anxiety, 156
Thalamus, 141–142, 244, 248
Thinking styles, 6–7, 11–12. See also Cognitive style
Thorndike, E. L., 47
Tinio, P. P. L., 288
Titmice birds, 134
Torralba, A., 291
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, 210, 243
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 175
Training in creative thinking, 216–221, 223–224. See also Learning
by cognitive stimulation, 220–221
by computerized divergent thinking exercises, 217–220
fluid intelligence improvement, 264, 266–268
transfer of, 259–261, 268
working memory improvement, 258–261, 266–268
Transcendental meditation, 216
Transformational creativity, 6–8
Trapp, S., 292
Treisman, Anne, 124
Trimble, M., 141
Tryptophan, 163
Twin studies, 96, 98–107
Understanding, operation of, 11
Universality of aesthetic judgment, 78, 81
Utopian situation task (US), 210–211, 219–220
Van Gogh, Vincent, 175
Varela, Francisco, 15
Vartanian, O., 211
Ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, 211
Ventral tegmental area, 217
Ventromedial PFC, 118
Verbal creativity, 151–158, 160–161
Verbal intelligence, 210–211, 215–216
Vermeer, Johannes, The Lacemaker, 290
Vertical cultural transmission, 99
Verweij, K. J. H., 75
Viewer experience of art, 273–294
Vipper, K., 291
Visual attention, 123–124
Visual balance, 287–289
Visual continuation, 279–283
Visual emphasis, 283–286
Visual perception
abstraction and processing speed, 290–292
framing, cropping, and visual balance, 287–289
line depiction and object recognition, 275–278
peak-shift effect and visual emphasis, 283–286
physical orientation and size, 289–290
sharpness of depiction and gaze patterns, 286–287
spatial relations, 279–283
Visual search tasks, 124–125
Visuomotor search, 122
Volf, N. V., 74
Von Neumann machines, 16
Voxel-based morphometry, 154
Vygotsky, Lev, 71
Walker, R. H., 141
Warhol, Andy, 278
Watson, James, 8
Wechsler Scales, 243
Wernicke’s area, 137, 152, 239
White matter, 136, 239, 244–245, 248
Wickens, T. D., 280–281
Wilson, E. O., 83
Winner, E., 268
Witt, U., 79, 81–82
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 14–15
Woolf, Virginia, 175
Word ends task (WE), 210–211, 219–220
Working memory
brain structures and, 213
creativity and, 264–266
fluid intelligence and, 264–266
improving, 258–261
neurotransmitters’ effects on, 155, 161
as protective factor, 189, 192–193
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 11–12
Writing, talent and heritability in, 100, 103, 105–106
Wynn, V., 263
Yang, M. H., 76
Yin, R. K., 289
Zebra finches, 59
Zimbalist, M. E., 76
Zuckerman, M., 75