Canada’s Residential Schools: The Inuit and Northern Experience: Volume 2

disease, epidemics, and illness (North): communication with family of, history of, influenza and pneumonia, measles, mumps, and chicken pox, medical examinations/services, overview of schools/hostels, tuberculosis, tubercular meningitis, various specific illnesses, whooping cough. See also health and medical care; hospitals (North)

Donavon, L. (parent of student)

Duke of Edinburgh School, Churchill

Dunford, F. (principal)

Earle, James (administrator)

École des Saints-Anges residential school. See Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic)

economic development of Aboriginal land (North). See also colonization; gold, oil, and minerals in the North

education, purpose of: general discussion, value recognized/questioned by Inuit families. See also curriculum and school year (North); parental and community resistance

educational standards: educational studies (North), reports and inspections. See also inspection of schools

Education for Yukon Indians (Yukon Native Brotherhood, 1972)

Education in Canada’s Northland (federal report, 1954): conclusions

education rights. See also funding of education

Edzo, near Belchoko (Fort Rae)

Elanik, Lawrence Jack (student): death of

Elias, Lillian (student)

Ellis, F. S. (principal)

Emmett, Ann (principal)

employment: of Carcross graduates, construction in Whitehorse, of students by schools, training in South for. See also curriculum and school year (North); manual labour by students

enfranchisement. See also Indian Act

English, teaching and learning of: disciplined for speaking Aboriginal languages, French-speaking teachers, for hostel parents, language of instruction, loss of Aboriginal and, standard curriculum. See also curriculum and school year (North); languages

enrolment (North): general, aging of students, criteria for selecting students, grade extension and, for Grandin College, in Kativik board area, large hostels and, in NWT, recruitment of students, religious rivalry and, small hostels and, in southern education, teacher/student ratio, in Yukon. See also compulsory attendance and enforcement; parental and community resistance; runaways and truants

epidemic. See disease, epidemics, and illness (North)

Erasmus, Bill (relative of student): on discipline/abuse, on food in school

Eskimo Language School, Rankin Inlet

Eskimo Point. See Arviat (Eskimo Point)

Evalik, Jeannie (student)

extracurricular activities. See also curriculum and school year (North)

Fafard, François-Xavier (Father)

family allowance payments

family separation. See separation of families (North)

Faraud, Henri (Father)

farming/gardening

federal Aboriginal and education policy: church role, commissioned studies, expansion of schooling in North, federal schools separated by religion (see segregation of schools and hostels); goals, uneven application of, Inuit participation in, in Newfoundland and Labrador, reasons for increased engagement, Sub-Committee on Eskimo Education, in Yukon. See also funding of education (North); Indian Act; Indian Affairs; Interior (department of); Mines and Resources; Northern Affairs and National Resources

Federal Hostel at Frobisher Bay. See Iqaluit, Nvt., residential school, Federal Hostel at Frobisher Bay, Ukkivik (non-denominational)

Feltham, V. J. (residence official)

F. H. Collins High School, Whitehorse

Finnie, O. S. (Northwest Territories and Yukon Branch)

Finnie, Richard: Canada Moves North

fires and fire hazards (North)

First Nations’ students: bullying, conflicts with Inuit students, enrolment in North schools, federal funding of, in large hostels, living conditions, religious rivalry for. See also individual students

fishing and hunting. See hunting, trapping, and fishing

Fleming, A. L. (archdeacon, bishop)

Fleming Hall. See Fort McPherson, NWT, residential school, Fleming Hall (Anglican)

food and diet: general, eggs, in large hostels, northern/southern, raw meat, rotten fish experience, school diet insufficient, in small hostels, supplies/shortages, trapping/fishing by students. See also health and medical care

Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic)

Fort Churchill. See Churchill, Man., residential school, Vocational Centre (non-denominational)

Fort George, James Bay: schools

Fort Good Hope

Fort Liard

Fort McPherson, NWT: parental objection to boarding, small hostels, young children in hostels

Fort McPherson, NWT, residential school, Fleming Hall (Anglican): general, enrolment, extracurricular activities, medical care, sexual abuse, supervision

Fort Providence, NWT, residential school, Fort Providence Boarding Home, Sacred Heart (Catholic): general, discipline/abuse, enrolment, food supplies/shortages, illness and death, language of instruction, runaways, student experiences, student labour

Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school (Anglican)

Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic): general, curriculum, enrolment, food supplies/shortages, illness and death, parental resistance to treatment of students, religious rivalry, runaways, student experiences, teacher/student ratio

Fort Simpson, NWT, residential school, Bompas Hall (Anglican)

Fort Simpson, NWT, residential school, Lapointe Hall (Catholic): general, enrolment, sexual abuse, student experiences

Fort Simpson, NWT, schools and hostels. See also churches and missionaries; segregation of schools and hostels

Fort Smith, NWT: government schools and hostels, Northwest Territories offices. See also segregation of schools and hostels

Fort Smith, NWT, residential school, Breynat Hall (Catholic): general, student experiences

Fort Smith, NWT, residential school, Grandin College (Catholic): general, leaders who were students, student experiences

Forty Mile mission school. See also Carcross, YT, residential school, Chooulta (Anglican)

Foxe Basin

Fraser, Dora (student)

French, Alice (Masak) (student): experiences of

friendship. See also loneliness and lack of love

Frobisher Bay. See Iqaluit (Frobisher Bay)

funding of education (North): allowance for students, amount per capita, church role/federal responsibility, in decision to support church residential schools, early history for Inuit, extracurricular activities, federal funding for Grandin College, by federal government, by missionary organizations, overview of, perceived benefits and, religious rivalry and, of religious schools in Yukon, by schools selling produce, for small hostels, student dismissal and, students pressured to donate, teachers/staff salaries, by territorial governments, in Treaties. See also curriculum and school year (North); education, purpose of; educational standards; federal Aboriginal and education policy

Furlong, Arthur (student)

furnishing for mission schools. See living conditions

Gargan, Samuel (student)

Gavac, Tom (pastor)

George River (Kangiqsualujjuaq)

Gibson, Gordon (NWT Council)

Gibson, Roy A. (commissioner)

Gillie, B. C. (NWT)

gold, oil, and minerals in the North: federal government response to, schools and, Treaty negotiation and, Yukon population and. See also economic development of Aboriginal land (North)

Gordon Robertson Educational Centre (GREC)

Gorlick, P. B. (superintendent)

Goudie, Marjorie (student)

government. See federal Aboriginal and education policy; Indian Act; Indian Affairs; Northern Affairs and National Resources; individual provinces and territories

grade extension. See also day schools and public schools (North)

Grandin, Vital (bishop): Treaty negotiations

Grandin College. See Fort Smith, NWT, residential school, Grandin College (Catholic)

Grant, H. C. M. (principal)

Grant, W. E. (superintendent)

Grantham, E. N. (committee member)

Great Depression

Great Slave Lake

Great Whale River (Kuujjuaraapik)

Green, A. E. (Indian Affairs)

Grenville missions. See International Grenfell Association (Protestant)

Grey Nuns. See Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)

Grollier, Henri (Father)

Grollier Hall Drummers. See also Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Grollier Hall (Catholic)

group home policy. See also hostels, small (North)

Gwich’in students: bullying

Haggart, Ron (journalist)

Haines Junction

hair cutting and washing

half-day system. See manual labour by students

Hall Beach

happy and positive memories of schools/hostels

Haramburu, R. (Father)

Harris, T. W. (Indian agent)

Harvey, J. P. (doctor)

Hawkins, K. W. (administrator)

Hawksley, Joh (principal, superintendent)

Hay River, NWT, federal school: expansion of

Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican): general, curriculum, enrolment, food supplies/shortages, illness and death, religious rivalry for students

health and medical care: general, alcohol, (see also alcohol and drugs); in education curriculum, in large hostels, medical examinations, in northern Labrador, small hostels and, travelling nurse propositions, vaccination clinic. See also disease, epidemics, and illness (North); food and diet; nurses and nursing; water and sanitation

Hepburn, D. W. (principal)

Hinds, E. M. (teacher)

Hodgson, Stuart M. (commissioner)

Hoey, R. A. (Indian Affairs)

Holman, Leonard (residence administrator)

Holy Angels residential school. See Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic)

Hopedale Mission Home, Labrador

hospitals (North): in Aklavik, in Churchill, Coppermine tent hospital, education for patients, expansion of. See also disease, epidemics, and illness (North)

hostels (North), closing of, clothing budget, criticism of system, federal government expansion of, under Northern Affairs, religious separation of (see segregation of schools and hostels); settlement of families near

hostels, large (North), closing of, daily schedules, discipline in, extracurricular activities, food, friendship and bullying, health care, overview, recruitment and resistance, regimentation, role of churches, staff and capacity, supervision of. See also alcohol and drugs

hostels, small (North), general, closing/lifespan of, enrolment and recruitment, extracurricular activities, food and clothing, funding and costs, group home policy, tent hostels. See also day schools and public schools (North)

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), Beaver. See also Beaver

Hunt, A. C. O. (administrator)

Hunter, James (Anglican)

hunting, trapping, and fishing: activity in hostel life, cost of commercial licence, in eastern Arctic, school food supplies/shortages, small hostels and. See also traditional way of life (Inuit)

Hydro-Québec

Idlaut, Eric (student)

Igloolik: expansion of hostel system, grade extension, parental resistance from, small hostels, students from

Igluligaarjuk. See Chesterfield Inlet and region (Igluligaarjuk)

Iguptak, Rosalie (teacher)

illness. See disease, epidemics, and illness (North)

Immaculate Conception school. See Aklavik, NWT, residential school, Immaculate Conception (Catholic)

Independent Assessment Process: sexual abuse claims

Indian Act: compulsory attendance and enforcement, curriculum of North, enfranchisement and, funding/responsibility for education, Inuit status and, Métis and. See also Indian Affairs

Indian Affairs: compulsory attendance enforcement, education funding and responsibility, enrolment in North schools, expansion of schools, funding of education, group home policy, NWT education transferred to Northern Affairs, recruitment/selection of students, responsibility for “Eskimo matters,” schools as homes for orphans. See also Indian Act

Indian and Northern Health Services. See also health and medical care

Indian Brotherhood of Northwest Territories

Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. See also, for a list of residential schools, TRC Report, v. Missing Children and Unmarked Burials, appendix

inspection of schools (North)

integrated school system (North): jurisdictional transfer. See also assimilation (North)

inter-denominational conflict: competition for funding, federal government and, location of schools, religious faith of staff, school recruitment, student conflict, war for the Inuit. See also segregation of schools and hostels; individual churches

Interior (department of)

International Grenfell Association (Protestant), student experiences of schools

International Year of the Child celebration (1981)

Inuit, traditional way of life. See traditional way of life (Inuit)

Inuit Cultural Institute, Arviat

Inuit (or Eskimo-Aleut) language group

Inuit of Québec

Inuit poverty

Inuit students: bullying, conflicts with First Nations students, denomination of schools attended by, enrolment, funding of, integrated schools in North, in large hostels, religious rivalry for, residential schools for, sports teams

Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami)

Inuit Today: “Inuit in Our Educational System,” school recruitment article

Inukjuak (Port Harrison)

Inukpuk, Petah (hostel resident)

Inuktitut: 1981 Inuit education issue

Inuvialuit students (Inuit of the western Arctic): bullying

Inuvik: church role at schools/hostels, condition of buildings, curriculum at schools, government schools, residences, planned community, language of instruction at schools, (see also languages); medical care at hostels, recruitment/selection for hostels, sports teams, student experiences. See also Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Grollier Hall (Catholic); Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Stringer Hall (Anglican); segregation of schools and hostels

Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Grollier Hall (Catholic): general, alcohol and drugs, bullying experiences, church role, discipline in, enrolment, extracurricular activities, sexual abuse, student experiences. See also Inuvik

Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Stringer Hall (Anglican): general, alcohol and drugs, capacity, church role, closing of, daily schedule, death of student, discipline in, enrolment, food, friendships formed, places students came from, runaways, student experiences, supervision (ratio, training, etc.). See also Inuvik

Ipellie, Allootook (cartoonist, writer)

Iqaluit (Frobisher Bay): American forces base, considered dangerous, grade extension, hostel in, MLA for, sexual abuse, students from

Iqaluit, Nvt., residential school, Federal Hostel at Frobisher Bay, Ukkivik (non-denominational), sexual abuse

Iqaluktuuttiaq (Cambridge Bay): expansion of residential school system, parental complaints, small hostels, students from

Irniq, Piita (Peter Ernerk, student, MLA): experiences, intervention on behalf of student, on need for Inuit teachers, on Ritcey

itinerant teaching. See travelling schools and other proposals

Ittinuar, Peter (MP)

Itulu, Jimmie (student)

Iveson, Steve (CYC)

Jack, Marjorie (student)

Jacobson, J. V. (Northern Affairs)

James Bay Agreement

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (1975)

Jancke, Brenda (student)

Jeckell, George (Yukon)

Jenness, Diamond (researcher)

Jimmy, Bertha (student): death of

Johnson, Keith (administrator)

Jones, Mabel (teacher)

Joseph Bernier School, Chesterfield Inlet

Jules, Leda (student): public school experience

jurisdiction of northern mission/residential schools: transfer to northern governments

Jutras, M. G. (superintendent)

Kaiyogan, Richard (student)

Kakfwi, Stephen (Aboriginal leader, student)

Kangiqliniq (Rankin Inlet) region: deaths from illness, expansion of residential school system, students from

Kangiqsualujjuaq (George River)

Kangirsuk (Payne Bay): educational resources, expansion of residential school system, small hostels, students from

Karpik, Towkie (parent): on separation from children

Kasoni, David (student)

Kasudluak, Anna (student)

Kativik School Board

Katz, Joseph (professor)

Keelan, Sophie (student)

Keenleyside, Hugh (NWT commissioner)

Keewatin region. See also Churchill, Man., residential school, Vocational Centre (non-denominational)

Keewatin Region parents

Kemuksiak, Patricia (student)

kidnapping allegations

Kilabuk, Ipeelee (MLA)

Kimmirut (Lake Harbour)

King, C. D. (principal)

King, Richard (anthropologist), School at Mopass,

Kinngait, Nunavut (Cape Dorset), small hostels

Kirby, I. F. (Indian Affairs)

Kirkby, W. W. (Anglican)

Kitikmeot Regional Education Committee (KREC)

Kitto, F. H. (federal official)

Kivalliq Hall, Rankin Inlet

Koartak

Kochon, Judi (student)

Koe Go Cho Society

Krech, Shepard (researcher)

Kristensen, Karl (teacher)

Kristoff, Sister (Immaculate Conception)

Kugluktuk (Coppermine): education policy and, federal school, inter-denominational conflict, mentioned, students from, tent hostel student experience

Kusugak, Jose (teacher)

Kuujjuaq (Fort Chimo), Québec: day school, federal school opened, vaccination clinic

Kuujjuaraapik (Great Whale River)

labour. See manual labour by students

Labrador, government services, mission residential schools. See also Nunatsiavut

Lacombe, Albert (father): Treaty negotiations

Lacroix, Marc (bishop)

Laferty, James (student): as runaway

Lafferty, Steve (student)

Laird, David (commissioner)

Lampe, Matilda (student)

land claims agreement

languages: counselling in various, Dene and dialects of, disciplined for speaking Aboriginal, Dogrib, Inuktitut, language groups of the North, loss of Aboriginal, Slavey, in small hostels. See also curriculum and school year (North); English, teaching and learning of

Lapointe, Sister S. (Fort Resolution)

Lapointe Hall. See Fort Simpson, NWT, residential school, Lapointe Hall (Catholic)

Larson, Orland (principal)

Laviolette, G. (Father)

lay teachers

Leduc, Alberta

Lee, Earl (principal)

Lee, H. J. (Yukon school)

LeFrancois, Roger (educational consultant)

Leishman, Margaret (hostel resident)

Lennie, Angus (student)

Lepage, Eva (student)

Lesage, Jean (Northern Affairs and National Resources), Beaver article

Lewis, Brian (principal)

living conditions, overcrowding. See also building conditions; classroom conditions and supplies; hostels, large (North); hostels, small (North)

loneliness and lack of love, friendship, homesickness. See also separation of families (North)

Lothian, W. F. (government official)

Lower Post, BC, residential school (Catholic), general, closing of, mission school, recruitment of students, sexual abuse, student experiences

Lyall, Bernice (student)

Lyall, E. W. (HBC)

Mac. See also Mc

Mackenzie Delta

Mackenzie District: 1955 Northern Affairs report, first school inspector, government control of schools, school attendance survey, staffing of hostels

Mackenzie River basin

Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry

Macpherson, N. J. (principal, superintendent)

Macrae, J. A. (Indian Affairs)

Makinson, G. T. (RCMP)

Makkovik day school

Maktar, Alain (student)

Mallon, S. T. (teacher)

manual labour by students: interfere with class time, overview of (overwork and abuse), student experiences. See also employment

mapping the North

Maritain, Jacques (philosopher)

Marsh, Donald (bishop)

Marsh, T. J. (Anglican)

Martin, Jim (education official)

Martin, Mabel (student): illness and death of

Masak (Alice French) (student): experiences

Masuzumi, Barney (student)

Mayo, schools in

McCabe, Mary (teacher)

McCoy, I. M. (teacher)

McDonald, Robert (Anglican)

McKenzie, Rod (administrator)

McKinnon, J. W. (school inspector)

McLean, J. D. (Indian Affairs)

McLeod, Melody (student)

McQuillan, Sister

McQuirk, Sister: students’ deaths

Mead, Margaret (anthropologist)

medical examinations. See health and medical care

Meek, R. J. (Indian agent)

Meldrum, Ann (principal)

memoirs

Métis Association of the Northwest Territories

Métis students: educational funding for, integrated schools in North, in large hostels, living conditions, public schools not open to, in Yukon. See also individual students

Michel, Joanna (student)

military presence in the North

Miller, Donald (Whitehorse student): death of

Miltenburger, Michael (Aboriginal leader)

minerals in the North. See gold, oil, and minerals in the North

Mines and Resources: educational standard, Education Section created, NWT commissioner, runaways, cost of. See also federal Aboriginal and education policy

missionaries and churches. See churches and missionaries

Missionary Society, Anglican

mission schools (North). See residential and mission school model in North

Mistake Bay

Mitsuk, Rose (student)

Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet): grade extension, mentioned, small hostels

modernization. See also traditional way of life (Inuit)

Mokwa, Father

Moore, Andrew (school inspector, North): 1944 report on schools

Moose Factory, Ont.

Moosehide

Moravian Mission/Brotherhood

Mouat, Ivan (Northern Affairs)

Mountain, Antoine (student)

Mountain Sanatorium, Hamilton

Mounted Police (including RCMP): alcohol and drugs, compulsory attendance enforcement, consulted on education planning, federal representation in North, funding for education, investigations by, recruitment/selection of students, report critical of schools, representation on NWT Council, sexual abuse investigations, small hostels and

Nashook, Elijah (student)

Naujaat (Repulse Bay)

Newfoundland

Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal

Nielsen, Erik (MP)

Nind, Evelyn (letter writer)

Nivixie, Carolyne (student)

Nochasak, Abraham (student)

Norman Wells: oil discovery in

North: overview of history of

Northern Affairs and National Resources: 1950 schooling overview, 1955 report, allowance for students, assimilation and extracurricular activities, creation of, curriculum development, day schools and hostels under, educational sub-committee, hostel system criticism, language of instruction in schools, (see also languages); NWT commissioner, NWT education transferred to, recruitment/selection of students, small hostels, southern education for northern students, supervision of hostels (ratio, training, etc.). See also federal Aboriginal and education policy

Northern Canada Power Commission Project

North West River

North West River school

Northwest Territories: 1969 residences/hostels, corporal punishment, dismantling of hostel system, educational funding and initiatives, enrolment in schools (see enrolment (North)); federal control of Aboriginal education, government of, grade extension, history of, Inuit languages in schools, large hostels in, (see also individual hostels); leaders who were students, medical examinations, mission school origins, report on medical care in hostels, (see also health and medical care); reports on schools, sexual abuse claims, small hostels, number of, (see also hostels, small (North)); Special Education Committee

North-West Territories

Northwest Territories Act,

North-West Territories Act,

Northwest Territories Council: criticism of hostel system, members of

Nui, Samuel (student)

numbers assigned to students. See also discipline, punishment, and physical abuse

Nunatsiavut. See also Labrador

Nunavik. See also Arctic Québec

Nunavut: general, politicians of, sexual abuse claims. See also Arctic Québec

Nungak, Zebedee: attended school in South

nurses and nursing: medical examinations/screening, recruitment of, as residence staff, training for Inuit, travelling, vaccination clinic. See also health and medical care

Oblate Indian and Eskimo Commission

Oblates (Catholic). See also Roman Catholic Church and missionaries (including Oblates); individual clerics and institutions

O’Connell, Martin (MP)

oil in the North. See gold, oil, and minerals in the North

Old Crow, federal school in

Oldenburg, Margaret (researcher)

Oliver, Frank (Indian Affairs)

Oliver, Rose (student)

Oudlanak/Oudlynnock, John Ell: education of son, Benjamin

Our Lady of Lourdes (supply boat)

Ovayuak, Marjorie (student)

overcrowding. See under living conditions

Overvold, Bob (student)

Pangnirtung

Pardy, Mel (education official)

parental and community resistance: allegations of kidnapping by schools, complaints to authorities, concern for care of children, to curriculum, experience of separation, giving up Indian status, to lack of educational options, moving to be close to children, overview, to overwork of children, refusing Treaty payments, removing and withholding children from schools, report by parents, to separation distance

parental consent. See consent for children entering hostels

parental visits to boarding schools

Parker, John (commissioner)

Payne Bay. See Kangirsuk

Pearson, Bryan (MLA)

Peryouar, Sarah (student)

Peterson, Katherine (lawyer)

Phelan, Philip (Indian Affairs)

Phillips, R. A. J. (Northern Affairs)

physical abuse. See discipline, punishment, and physical abuse

Piché, Marcel (principal)

Piché, Paul (oblate)

Pochat-Cotilloux, Jean (Father)

policy. See federal Aboriginal and education policy

population figures

positive memories. See happy and positive memories of schools/hostels

pregnancy of students

private-boarding home allowance

Proctor, H. A. (Indian Health Services)

Protestant missionaries. See churches and missionaries

public schools (North). See day schools and public schools (North)

Pudlutt, Samuel, of Kimmirut (Lake Harbour)

punishment. See discipline, punishment, and physical abuse

purpose of education. See education, purpose of

Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake): day schools, expansion of residential school system, health care, inter-denominational conflict, small hostels, students from, traditional community

Qikiqtarjuaq (Broughton Island): grade extension, small hostels

Quassa, Paul (student)

Québec (North). See Arctic Québec

racism: discipline and, public school experiences

Rankin Inlet. See also Kangiqliniq (Rankin Inlet) region

rape of students. See also sexual abuse

Read Island

record keeping, schools and hostels

recruitment of students. See enrolment (North)

Red River: Oblate priests’ arrival

Reed, Hayter

regimentation, daily schedules

religious rivalry. See inter-denominational conflict

Renaud, André (Father)

residential and mission school model in North: 1950, number of, closing in North, closing in South, criticism by Aboriginal groups of, government control over, (see also federal Aboriginal and education policy); local control of, mission and government schools compared, overview of history, per-capita impact, staffing of, studies and recommendations regarding. See also day schools and public schools (North); hostels (North); manual labour by students ; individual residential schools

residential hostels. See hostels (North)

resistance to residential schools. See parental and community resistance

Resolute Bay: grade extension, students from

Resources and Development (department of): NWT commissioner. See also Northern Affairs and National Resources

Riopel, J. H. (Indian agent)

Ritcey, Ralph (Northern Affairs)

Roberts, Ada (student): death of

Robson, Ivan (principal)

Roman Catholic Church and missionaries (including Oblates): 1850 to 1900, mission schools, 1900 to 1960, mission schools, administrating government schools, consulted on education planning, languages of instruction, religious rivalry (see inter-denominational conflict); Treaty negotiations. See also churches and missionaries; Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual clerics and institutions

Ross, Peggy (nurse)

Ross River

Rouselière, J. M. (Oblate)

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). See Mounted Police (including RCMP)

runaways and truants, overview. See also discipline, punishment, and physical abuse

Sachs Harbour

Sacred Heart residential school. See Fort Providence, NWT, residential school, Fort Providence Boarding Home, Sacred Heart (Catholic)

St. Joseph’s Mission school. See Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic)

St. Laurent, Louis

St. Peter’s mission school. See Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican)

Sakaluk, Joseph (student): accidental death of

Sales, Bob (hostel administrator)

Samuel Angnetsiak hostel, Mittimatalik

Sanikiluaq (Belcher Islands): grade extension, hostel occupancy, small hostels

Scott, Duncan Campbell (Indian Affairs)

Scott, Frank (poet)

Scouting

Second World War

segregation of schools and hostels: of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, Aboriginal students and, Métis and, religious separation policy, (see also inter-denominational conflict); religious separation policy ended

separation of families (North): 1948-1954 education studies and, communication of illness, experience of returning students, family members at school together, length of, reasons for. See also compulsory attendance and enforcement; loneliness and lack of love; parental and community resistance

sewage. See water and sanitation

sex separation, schools compared

sexual abuse: church role in government schools, educational outcomes and, generational impact, hinted at, overview, in small hostels, student experiences of. See also discipline, punishment, and physical abuse ; rape of students

shame and humiliation

Shasstein, B. (Northern Affairs)

Shawanda, Violet (teacher)

Shea, Dolphus (student)

Shepherd, H. S. (principal)

Shields, L. R. (Children’s Aid)

Shingle Point, YT, residential school (Anglican): food supplies/shortages, funding of education, illness and death from, medical examinations, origins/history

Sibbeston, Nick Fane (Aboriginal leader, student)

Sidney, Angela (student)

Simailak, David (student)

Simon, John (local council)

Sir Alexander Mackenzie School, church role, student experiences

Sir John Franklin School, Yellowknife

Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns): Chesterfield Inlet day school, Fort Chipewyan school, Fort Providence school, Fort Resolution school, languages of instruction. See also Roman Catholic Church and missionaries (including Oblates); individual nuns

Smith, James (commissioner)

smoking (cigarettes). See also alcohol and drugs

Snag

Snare Lake

social development students. See also child welfare and Children’s Aid

Society for the Propagation of the Faith (Catholic): funds for Fort Providence

South, education (for northern children), “experimental Eskimo” program. See also curriculum and school year (North)

sovereignty in the Arctic, Canadian: Aboriginal education and, Aboriginal presence and

Squirrel, Helen Naedzo (student)

staff of schools and hostels: alcohol and, community relations with, numbers at large hostels, relations among staff and students, salaries, of small hostels, group/boarding homes, staff to student ratio, supervision (ratio, training, etc.). See also teachers and instructors; individual staff members

Stanger, C. T. (principal)

Stevenson, A. (administrator)

Stewart, Charles (federal minister)

Stockton, E. E. (government inspector)

Stringer, Isaac (bishop)

Stringer Hall. See Inuvik, NWT, residential school, Stringer Hall (Anglican)

student labour. See manual labour by students

students/Survivors. See Survivors (North); individual students

substance abuse. See alcohol and drugs

suicide of students

Survivors (North). See also individual students

Tagoona, Armand (journalist)

Taloyoak (Spence Bay)

Tatty, Mary Olibuk (student)

Tatty, Melinda (community representative)

Tautu, Andre (student)

teachers and instructors: federal policy of religious separation, lay teachers versus religious, living conditions, qualifications, relations with community, salaries, selection of students for Inuvik, of small hostel staff, teacher/student ratio, turnover of, on washing people, etc., upon arrival. See also staff of schools and hostels; travelling schools and other proposals; individual schools, teachers and nuns

Telegram (Toronto)

tent hostels. See also hostels, small (North)

territorial administration: creation of commissioners, dismantling of hostel system. See also individual territories

Territorial Experimental Ski Training (TEST)

theft: of food, lack of spending money, out of boredom

Thrasher, Anthony (student): experiences

Tizya, Clara: on death of Carcross student

Tlingit language group

Toasi, Robert (student): death of

Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow (1977)

Tologanak, Peggy (student)

traditional way of life (Inuit): 1955 Northern Affairs report and, case studies (Beaver), educational outcomes and, impact of schools on, school year and. See also assimilation (North); curriculum and school year (North); hunting, trapping, and fishing

trapping. See hunting, trapping, and fishing

travelling schools and other proposals. See also teachers and instructors

Treaty: education and funding of, negotiation of

Treaty: negotiation of

Treaty commissioners: educational choices for Aboriginals

Trocellier, Joseph-Marie (bishop)

truancy. See discipline, punishment, and physical abuse ; runaways and truants

T’seleie, John (Aboriginal leader)

Tuktoyaktuk

Tulita (Fort Norman)

Turquetil Hall. See Chesterfield Inlet, Nvt., residential school, Turquetil Hall (Catholic)

Tyzya, Clara (parent)

Tyzya, James (student/employee)

Ukkivik hostel. See Iqaluit, Nvt., residential school, Federal Hostel at Frobisher Bay, Ukkivik (non-denominational)

Uluqsaqtuua (Holman Island)

Umbrella Final Agreement (1993)

Unitas Fratrem. See Moravian Mission/Brotherhood

United States

Urquhart, Dr. J. A.: “The Education of Eskimo and Destitute Orphan White children,”

Vale, A. J. (principal). See also Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican)

value of education. See education, purpose of

Van Camp, Rosa (student)

violence: related to alcohol and drugs. See also discipline, punishment, and physical abuse

vocational schools, federal. See also curriculum and school year (North)

Vocational Training Section

Voudrach, Paul (student)

Vowell, A. M. (Indian superintendent)

Wah-shee, James (Aboriginal leader)

Waller, L. G. P. (school inspector)

Walsh, M. P. (principal)

Walters, Yvette (student): death of

water and sanitation. See also health and medical care

Watson Lake

Watt, Eric (journalist)

Webber, Rosalie (student)

Wherrett, George (doctor)

Whitehorse, considered dangerous, medical services, population of, schools and hostels in. See also individual residential schools

Whitehorse, YT, residential school, Baptist Mission/Baptist Indian School, (Baptist), closing of, deaths, illness, etc., details of (food, health, curriculum, etc.), official church support for, purchase of loom/vocational training, religious rivalry and, student experiences

Whitehorse, YT, residential school, Coudert Hall (Catholic): general, abuse/sexual abuse, amalgamated with Anglican, medical care, runaways, student experiences

Whitehorse, YT, residential school, Whitehorse Hostel/Yukon Hall (Protestant): general, abuse/sexual abuse, alcohol and drugs, amalgamated with Catholic, closing of, medical care, runaways, supervision and staff ratio

Whitehorse Indian Day School

Williamson, R. G. (MLA)

Wilson, Dawn (principal)

Winnipeg Free Press: school recruitment article

Winter, W. E. (superintendent)

Wood, S. T. (RCMP inspector)

Wright, J. G. (Bureau of Northwest Territories and Yukon Affairs): 1946 report on schools (North), education policy (North)

Yakeleya, Norman (student)

Yellowknife: considered dangerous, name of school and hostel, non-denominational residence, Northwest Territories offices, places students came from, public school in, vocational training (school and hostel). See also Sir John Franklin School, Yellowknife

Yellowknife, NWT, residential school, Akaitcho Hall (non-denominational): general, alcohol and drugs, daily schedule, deaths, discipline/abuse, enrolment, extracurricular activities, food, health care, reputation of, role of church, student experiences, supervision (ratio, training, etc.). See also Yellowknife

Yukon: Aboriginal access to education, corporal punishment, early missionary work, education studies, federal control of Aboriginal education, funding of education, gold and growth of schools in, government control of schools, government of, history of, land claims agreement, large hostels in, (see also individual hostels); mission school origins, (see also individual schools); population, responsibility for First Nations education, sexual abuse claims

Yukon First Nations

Yukon Hall. See Whitehorse, YT, residential school, Whitehorse Hostel/Yukon Hall (Protestant)

Yukon Native Brotherhood

Zisman, B. (Indian Affairs)