Product Differences
Most of the ingredients called for in the recipes in this book are available in most countries. However, some are known by different names. Here are some common American ingredients and their possible counterparts:
Sugar (white) is granulated, fine granulated, or caster sugar.
Powdered sugar is icing sugar.
All-purpose flour is enriched, bleached or unbleached white household flour. When self-rising flour is used in place of all-purpose flour in a recipe that calls for leavening, omit the leavening agent (baking soda or baking powder) and salt.
Light-color corn syrup is golden syrup.
Cornstarch is cornflour.
Baking soda is bicarbonate of soda.
Vanilla or vanilla extract is vanilla essence.
Green, red, or yellow sweet peppers are capsicums or bell peppers.
Golden raisins are sultanas.
Shortening is solid vegetable oil (substitute Copha or lard).
Measurement Abbreviations
| measurement | Abbreviations |
| fluid ounce | fl. oz. |
| gallon | gal. |
| gram | g |
| liter | L |
| milliliter | ml |
| ounce | oz. |
| package | pkg. |
| pint | pt. |
Common Weight Equivalents
| Imperial / U.S. | Metric |
| ½ ounce | 14.18 g |
| 1 ounce | 28.35 g |
| 4 ounces (¼ pound) | 113.4 g |
| 8 ounces (½ pound) | 226.8 g |
| 16 ounces (1 pound) | 453.6 g |
| 1¼ pounds | 567 g |
| 1½ pounds | 680.4 g |
| 2 pounds | 907.2 g |
Oven Temperature Equivalents
| Fahrenheit Setting | Celsius Setting |
| 300°F | 150°C |
| 325°F | 160°C |
| 350°F | 180°C |
| 375°F | 190°C |
| 400°F | 200°C |
| 425°F | 220°C |
| 450°F | 230°C |
| 475°F | 240°C |
| 500°F | 260°C |
| Broil | Broil |
*For convection or forced-air ovens (gas or electric), lower the temperature setting 25°F/10°C when cooking at all heat levels.
Approximate Standard Metric Equivalents
| measurement | ounces | metric |
| ⅛ tsp. | 0.5 ml | |
| ¼ tsp. | 1 ml | |
| ½ tsp. | 2.5 ml | |
| 1 tsp. | 5 ml | |
| 1 Tbsp. | 15 ml | |
| 2 Tbsp. | 1 fl. oz. | 30 ml |
| ¼ cup | 2 fl. oz. | 60 ml |
| ⅓ cup | 3 fl. oz. | 80 ml |
| ½ cup | 4 fl. oz. | 120 ml |
| ⅔ cup | 5 fl. oz. | 160 ml |
| ¾ cup | 6 fl. oz. | 180 ml |
| 1 cup | 8 fl. oz. | 240 ml |
| 2 cups | 16 fl. oz. (1 pt.) | 480 ml |
| 1 qt. | 64 fl. oz. (2 pt.) | 0.95 L |
Converting to Metric
| centimeters to inches | divide centimeters by 2.54 |
| cups to liters | multiply cups by 0.236 |
| cups to milliliters | multiply cups by 236.59 |
| gallons to liters | multiply gallons by 3.785 |
| grams to ounces | divide grams by 28.35 |
| inches to centimeters | multiply inches by 2.54 |
| kilograms to pounds | divide kilograms by 0.454 |
| liters to cups | divide liters by 0.236 |
| liters to gallons | divide liters by 3.785 |
| liters to pints | divide liters by 0.473 |
| liters to quarts | divide liters by 0.946 |
| milliliters to cups | divide milliliters by 236.59 |
| milliliters to fluid ounces | divide milliliters by 29.57 |
| milliliters to tablespoons | divide milliliters by 14.79 |
| milliliters to teaspoons | divide milliliters by 4.93 |
| ounces to grams | multiply ounces by 28.35 |
| ounces to milliliters | multiply ounces by 29.57 |
| pints to liters | multiply pints by 0.473 |
| pounds to kilograms | multiply pounds by 0.454 |
| quarts to liters | multiply quarts by 0.946 |
| tablespoons to milliliters | multiply tablespoons by 14.79 |
| teaspoons to milliliters | multiply teaspoons by 4.93 |