Introduction
1. Anya Seton, Katherine (London, 1956), p. 20.
2. Anthony Goodman, Katherine Swynford (Lincoln, 1999), p. 7.
3. Seton, Katherine, p. 35.
4. Derek Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (Oxford, 1994), p. 7.
5. Nancy F. Partner, ‘No Sex, No Gender’, Speculum, 68/2 (1993), 423.
Chapter One
1. Anthony Goodman, Katherine Swynford (Lincoln, 1999), p. 7; Albert Stanburrough Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers I’, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 23 (1919), 57–8; Margaret Galway, ‘Walter Roet and Philippa Chaucer’, Notes and Queries (1954), 48.
2. Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, p. 57; Œuvres de Froissart, vol. 15: 1392– 1396, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Osnabrück, 1967), p. 399.
3. Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, p. 60; Œuvres de Froissart, ed. Lettenhove, vol. 23, p. 38.
4. Œuvres de Froissart, ed. Lettenhove, vol. 15, pp. 215–16. English translation in Edith Rickert, Chaucer’s World (New York and London, 1964), p. 307.
5. Margaret Galway, ‘Philippa Pan; Philippa Chaucer’, Modern Language Review, 35 (1960), 485; John M. Manly, Some New Light on Chaucer (Gloucester, Mass., 1959), pp. 50–1; Cartulaire des Comtes de Hainaut, vol. 1, ed. Léopold Devillers (Brussels, 1881), pp. 764, 766.
6. Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, p. 59.
7. Cartulaire, p. 766.
8. John Weaver, Ancient Funerall Monuments (Amsterdam, 1979), p. 661. My translation of the original Latin.
9. Galway, ‘Walter Roet’, p. 49; Manly, New Light on Chaucer, pp. 51–2; Cartulaire, pp. 321–2.
10. Girls often entered the monastic life at the age of 13 or so. See, e.g., Eileen Power, Medieval English Nunneries (Cambridge, 1922), pp. 25, 26.
11. Chartes du Chapite de Sainte-Waudru de Mons, ed. Léopold Devillers, vol. 2 (Brussels, 1903), pp. 478, 515. My translation from the original French.
12. Register of Edward, The Black Prince, pt 4 (London, 1933), pp. 114, 128, 162. See also Galway, ‘Walter Roet’, p. 48.
13. Galway, ‘Philippa Pan’, p. 481.
14. Manly, New Light on Chaucer, pp. 57–61.
15. Haldeen Braddy, ‘Chaucer’s Philippa, daughter of Panneto’, Modern Language Notes (1949), 343.
16. Galway, ‘Philippa Pan’, pp. 481–2, 487.
17. Chaucer Life-Records, ed. Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olson (Oxford, 1966), pp. 65, 67, 85, 88, 91; Margaret Galway, ‘Geoffrey Chaucer, JP and MP’, Modern Language Review, 36 (1941), 2.
18. T. Speght, The Works of our Ancient, Learned and Excellent Poet Jeffrey Chaucer (London, 1687). Although Speght referred to Philippa on the progenie page as ‘the daughter of Payne Roet’, his work contains a second genealogy table within an unpaginated biographical section on Chaucer. It is in this table that he states that Philippa was ‘altera filiarum’.
19. Œuvres de Froissart, ed. Lettenhove, vol. 15, p. 238.
20. George Williams, A New View of Chaucer (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 45.
21. Anne Crawford (ed.), Letters of the Queens of England 1100–1547 (Stroud, 1994), pp. 92–100.
22. Goodman, Katherine, p. 10.
23. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem Edward III, vol. 2, entry 197. From this entry the birth of Hugh can be dated to 1340 at the latest. Cole believes Hugh’s date of birth to be 1333. R.E.G. Cole, ‘The Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, Architectural Societies Reports, 31, report 66 (1911), 51.
24. Graham Platts, Land and People in Medieval Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1985), pp. 144, 153, 220; Calendar of Patent Rolls Edward III 1364– 1367, p. 136; Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 41.
25. J.W.F. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge, 1965), pp. 312–13.
26. Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, pp. 51–2.
27. Ibid., pp. 58–9.
28. Goodman, Katherine, p. 11; Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984), p. 148; Sydney Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (Westminster, 1904), p. 461; Joel T. Rosenthal, Nobles and the Noble Life 1295–1500 (London, 1976), p. 174.
29. Galway, ‘Philippa Pan’, p. 482.
30. Marie Louise Bruce, The Usurper King, Henry of Bolingbroke 1366– 99 (London, 1998), p. 10.
31. Lewis Bostock Radford, Henry Beaufort, Bishop, Chancellor, Cardinal (London, 1908), p. 1; Keith Dockray, in Biographical Dictionary of British Women, ed. Anne Crawford et al. (London, 1983), pp. 385–6.
32. The inquisition into Hugh’s death was held in Lincoln on 24 June 1372 and states that he died ‘on the Thursday after St Martin in the last winter’ (Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 54).
33. Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, p. 463. Goodman also comments that ‘The first grant made on 15 May 1372 was a life annuity of 50 marks, which more than doubled the annuities which Katherine received for her past service to Blanche’ (Katherine, p. 11).
34. Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), pp. 47–8. The papal response is documented in Rosenthal, Noble and the Noble Life, p. 174.
35. P.E. Russell, The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford, 1955), p. 179; Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 50–1. The relationship between Katherine and Constance will be addressed in Chapter Four.
36. JGR 1372–6. See, e.g., entries 1289, 1356 and 1357.
37. Records of the Borough of Leicester, vol. 2, ed. Mary Bateson (London, 1901), p. 155.
38. JGR 1379–83, entries 108–15; Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G.H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 237; The Anonimalle Chronicle 1333–1381, ed. V.H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1970), pp. 153–4; Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicon Angliae, ed. Edward Maunder Thompson (London, 1965), p. 328.
39. Goodman, Katherine, p. 12; JGR 1379–83, p. 183, entry 558. My translation from the original French.
40. JGR 1379–83, p. 307, entry 989; p. 366, entry 1157.
41. The enclosing of parkland was just one of many improvements Katherine made to the Kettlethorpe manor. See Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, pp. 42, 55–6. CPR 1381–5, p. 317, entry 20 October 1383; Goodman, Katherine, p. 15.
42. J.H. Wylie, History of England under Henry the Fourth, vol. 3 (London, 1896), p. 258; Jennifer Ward, Women of the English Nobility and Gentry 1066–1500 (Manchester, 1995), p. 63; Goodman, Katherine, pp. 14–15.
43. G.F. Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter (London, 1841), p. 250; G.E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, vol. 1 (Gloucester, 1982), p. 534.
44. CPR 1381–5, p. 501, entry 17 August 1384.
45. Goodman, Katherine, p. 25.
46. J.H. Wylie, History of England under Henry the Fourth, vol. 4 (London, 1898), pp. 162, 165; Rosenthal, Nobles and the Noble Life, p. 153.
47. D. Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (Oxford, 1994), p. 27; Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, pp. 149–50; Russell, English Intervention, p. 525. Constance was buried in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of Newarke in Leicester. Leland described her tomb: ‘[She] lieth before the high altar in a tomb of marble with an image of brass (like a queen) on it.’ The church was destroyed in the late sixteenth century. C.J. Billson, Medieval Leicester (Leicester, 1920), p. 81.
48. James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster, vol. 2 (Oxford, 1913), p. 308; Goodman. Katherine, p. 15.
49. The Register of the Guild of the Holy Trinity, St Mary, St John the Baptist and St Katherine of Coventry, vol. 1, ed. Mary Dormer Harris (London, 1935), p. 49.
50. CPR 1396–99, p. 412.
51. Christopher Wordsworth, ‘Inventories of Plate, Vestments, etc., Belonging to the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Mary of Lincoln’, Archaeologia, 2nd ser. 53 (1892), 23–5, 62, 71. These gifts, and in particular the significance of the insignia, will be discussed in detail in Chapter Five.
52. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge 1965), p. 167.
53. Francis Blomefield, An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, vol. 3 (London, 1769), p. 549.
54. Walter Rye, ‘John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford’, Times Literary Supplement, 17 April 1924, p. 240.
55. Excerpta Historica or, Illustrations of English History, ed. Samuel Bentley (London, 1833), p. 154; Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 150.
56. CPR 1396–9, pp. 516, 555; DNB, vol. lv, p. 243; CCR 1401–5, p. 218; Crawford, Letters of the Queens of England, p. 111; Wylie, History of England, vol. 4, p. 186; Robert Somerville, History of the Duchy of Lancaster, vol. I: 1265–1603 (London, 1953), pp. 135n., 156–7 and n.
57. John H. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry (Lincoln Minster Pamphlets, 2nd ser. no. 6), p. 19; Robert Sanderson, Lincoln Cathedral: An Exact Copy of all the Ancient Monumental Inscriptions Collected by Robert Sanderson and Compared with and Corrected by Sir W. Dugdale’s MS Survey (London and Lincoln, 1851), pp. 11–12.
58. JGR 1372–6, entry 181.
59. Rosenthal, Nobles and the Noble Life, p. 174.
60. Galway, ‘Philippa Pan’, p. 482.
61. Goodman, Katherine, p. 24.
62. CPR 1370–4, p. 202.
63. Simon Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity 1361–1399 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 82, 217, 282; C.D. Ross, ‘The Yorkshire Baronage 1399–1433’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis), fo. 202.
64. Excerpta Historica, p. 157.
65. CPR 1391–6, p. 266.
66. Derby Accounts, ed. Lucy Toulmin Smith (London, 1894), pp. 38, 100, 121, 128, 133, 138, 301–2.
67. The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1421, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997), pp. 89–91.
68. Ibid.; Beltz, Memorials of the Garter, p. 236.
69. CPR 1399–1401, pp. 42, 295; Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity (New Haven and London, 1986), p. 195.
70. DNB, vol. 55, p. 244; Somerville, Duchy of Lancaster, p. 528.
71. Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 60. The request for the letters to be in Latin and not French could, however, have been a matter of political posturing.
72. Excerpta Historica, p. 157; CPR 1408–13, pp. 323–4.
73. Excerpta Historica, p. 158.
74. http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/s/t/e/Thomas-E-Stevenson/FILE/0003page.html?Welcome=1040309424, accessed 19 December 2002. Information on this website was taken from A. Campling, The History of the Family of Drury (London, 1937).
75. J. Elder, ‘A Study of the Beauforts and their Estates’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Bryn Mawr, 1964), fo. 211.
76. DNB, vol. 55, p. 244.
77. Chaucer Life Records (Oxford, 1966), p. 67.
78. These have been collated in the invaluable Chaucer Life Records. The biographical information on Chaucer that I have included here is, unless otherwise cited, from The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson (Oxford, 1988).
79. Derek Brewer, An Introduction to Chaucer (London, 1984), pp. 2–3.
80. Power, Medieval English Nunneries, p. 19.
81. Williams, New View, pp. 46–8.
82. Edith Rickert, ‘Elizabeth Chausir, a Nun at Barking’, Times Literary Supplement, 18 May 1933, p. 348; William Page and J. Horace Round (eds), The Victoria History of the County of Essex, vol. 2 (London, 1907), pp. 118–19.
83. Russell Krauss, ‘Chaucerian Problems: Especially the Petherton Forestship and the Question of Thomas Chaucer’, in Russell Krauss, Three Chaucer Studies (Oxford, 1932), p. 169.
84. Photographs of the tomb are included in Pearsall, Geoffrey Chaucer, pp. 280–1.
85. Ibid., p. 279.
86. A full list of the arms can be found in Krauss, ‘Chaucerian Problems’, pp. 49–50.
87. Ibid., p. 37.
88. Joseph Arthur Dodd, A Historical Guide to Ewelme Church (London, 1916), pp. 1, 7, 8.
89. CPR 1396–9, pp. 490, 494; CCR 1402–5, pp. 11, 46; Pearsall, Geoffrey Chaucer, pp. 124, 494, 498–9, 539, 544.
90. See, e.g., Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, p. 389.
91. Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, pp. 44–55.
92. I believe that John and Joan were named for their father, and that Henry and Thomas were named after the Lancastrian heritage of Blanche’s family.
93. Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, p. 199; Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, pp. 148–9. See also Goodman, Katherine, p. 12, for an explanation as to the origins of the Beaufort name.
94. G.L. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort (Oxford, 1988), p. 2. See Elder, ‘A Study of the Beauforts’, for a detailed appraisal of the Beauforts’ offices, lands, wealth and households.
95. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, pp. 1–3.
96. The Chronicles of Froissart, vol. 2, ed. Thomas Johnes (London, 1852), pp. 434–46.
97. Radford, Henry Beaufort, p. 1.
98. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 2.
99. K.B. McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), p. 134.
100. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 3.
101. CPR 1391–6, p. 196.
102. CPR 1388–92, p. 409; Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 2.
103. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 49.
104. G.E. Cockayne, The Complete Peerage, 2nd edn, vol. 12 (London, 1953), pp. 40–1.
105. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, pp. 4–5; CPR 1396–9, pp. 289, 334; Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fos 26–7.
106. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1995), p. 21.
107. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 10.
108. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 22; A.L. Brown, ‘The Reign of Henry IV’, in S.B. Chrimes, C.D. Ross and R.A. Griffiths (eds), Fifteenth Century England 1399–1509 (Manchester, 1974), p. 6.
109. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, pp. 10–11; Cockayne, Complete Peerage, vol. 12, p. 42.
110. CPR 1401–5, p. 34.
111. Ibid., p. 298; CPR 1402–5, pp. 342–3.
112. Cockayne, Complete Peerage, vol. 12, pp. 42–3; Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 29.
113. C.E. Woodruff and W. Danks, Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral (London, 1912), p. 201; Cockayne, Complete Peerage, vol. 12, p. 44.
114. CPR 1396–9, pp. 171, 414.
115. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 16.
116. DNB, vol. 4, p. 50; CCR 1402–5, p. 415.
117. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 47.
118. R.B. Dobson, Durham Priory 1400–1450 (Cambridge, 1973), p. 28.
119. William Worcestre Itineraries, ed. John H. Harvey (Oxford, 1969), pp. 355–7.
120. DNB, vol. 4, p. 50.
121. P. Strong and F. Strong, ‘The Last Will and Codicils of Henry V’, English Historical Review, 96 (1981), 84–5.
122. K.B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford, 1972), pp. 106–7.
123. Goodman, Katherine, p. 22.
124. CPR 1391–6, p. 529; Cockayne, Complete Peerage, vol. 12, p. 39n.; Goodman, Katherine, p. 22; Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 6.
125. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 38. Joan left 300 marks in her will to her daughter Mary, and Elizabeth married John Lord Greystoke on 28 October 1409 with a dowry of 440 marks. Ibid., fos 38n., 48; Historiæ Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. James Raine (London, 1834), p. cclix.
126. Cockayne, Complete Peerage, vol. 12, p. 39n; Goodman, Katherine, p. 23.
127. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 35.
128. Goodman, Katherine, p. 23.
129. S.B. Chrimes, Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII (London, 1966), p. 87; Jennifer Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), p. 27; Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fos 28–9.
130. M.H. Keen, England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1997), pp. 436, 464.
131. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fos 39–40. Katharine Stafford is an error for Margaret.
132. Ibid., fos 40–5.
133. Dobson, Durham Priory, pp. 187–90.
134. J.R. Lander, ‘Marriage and Politics in the Fifteenth Century: The Nevilles and the Wydevilles’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 36 (1963), 120.
135. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 2.
136. CPR 1436–41, p. 137.
137. Goodman, Katherine, p. 23; Francis Peck, Desiderata Curiosa (London, 1779), p. 301; Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores, p. cclviii. In Joan’s will the request to be buried with her mother is clear: ‘In primis, do et lego animam meam Deo omnipotenti, et beatæ Mariæ virgini, et omnibus Sanctis, corpusque meum ad sepeliendum in ecclesiæ Cathedrali Lincolniensi, ad idem altare ubi corpus dominæ Katerinæ Ducissæ Lancastriæ, matris meæ, sepelitur . . .’. Katherine is later described as ‘illustrissimæ dominæ et matris meæ dominæ Katerinæ Ducissæ Lancastriæ . . .’.
138. Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History Comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard III, ed. Henry Ellis (London, 1844), pp. 73–4.
139. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. v.
140. Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, p. 49.
141. CPR 1396–9, p. 46; Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, pp. 7–8; Œuvres de Froissart, ed. Lettenhove, vol. 15, pp. 238–9; Cook, ‘Chaucerian Papers’, pp. 49, 51; Radford, Henry Beaufort, p. 1.
142. Harris, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 9.
143. Ibid., p. 18.
144. DNB, vol. 4, pp. 42–3.
145. Lander, ‘Marriage and Politics’, p. 130.
146. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fos 113–14.
147. Ibid., fo. 114.
148. Ibid., fo. 41; Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 151.
149. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 151. Walsingham suggested that Henry was nominated for the papal throne at the Council of Constance. Ross, ‘Yorkshire Baronage’, fo. 36n.
150. Chronicles of London, ed. C.L. Kingsford (Stroud, 1977), p. 95.
151. Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, vol. 2: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1998), pp. 199–200.
152. DNB, vol. 4, p. 47.
153. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, pp. 151–2.
154. Radford, Henry Beaufort, p. 3.
155. Excerpta Historica, p. 154.
156. Ibid.
157. DNB, vol. 4, p. 41.
Chapter Two
1. An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI Written before the Year 1471, ed. J.S. Davies (London, 1856), p. 114.
2. Alice Perrers was mistress to Edward III.
3. The Brut or The Chronicles of England, ed. Friedrich W.D. Brie, pt 2 (EETS; London, 1908), pp. 329–30, 334.
4. Ibid., p. 595.
5. Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles, ed. James Gairdner (London, 1965), p. 24.
6. The Chronicle of John Hardyng, ed. Henry Ellis (London, 1812), pp. 290–1, 339; Sydney Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (Westminster, 1904), p. 362; Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, vol. 2: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1998), pp. 276–9.
7. Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), p. 15.
8. John Capgrave’s Abbreuiacion of Cronicles, ed. Peter J. Lucas (EETS; Oxford, 1983), p. 205; Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, pp. 389–90.
9. Capgrave’s Abbreuiacion, p. 205.
10. J. Elder, ‘A Study of the Beauforts and their Estates’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Bryn Mawr, 1964), fo. 22.
11. English Historical Documents, vol. 4: 1327–1485, ed. D.C. Douglas and A.R. Myers (London, 1969), p. 343.
12. The Paston Letters, vol. 2, ed. John Fenn, re-ed. L. Archer-Hind (London, 1924), p. 237n.
13. Margaret Aston, ‘Richard II and the Wars of the Roses’, in F.R.H. du Boulay and C.M. Barron (eds), The Reign of Richard II (London, 1971), p. 283.
14. J.D. Mackie, The Earlier Tudors 1485–1588 (Oxford, 1992), p. 46.
15. Ibid., p. 60.
16. John Weaver, Ancient Funerall Monuments (Amsterdam, 1979), p. 365.
17. Ex qua numerosam suscepit prolem, uncle genus ex matre duxit Henricus Septimus Rex Anglie prudentissimus.
18. R.A. Griffiths and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (Gloucester, 1985), pp. 192–3.
19. The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil 1485–1537, ed. Denys Hay (London, 1950), pp. xxviii, xxix; Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, pp. 427–40.
20. Cited in Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 274.
21. Cited in Ibid., vol. 2, p. 316.
22. Polydore Vergil’s English History, ed. Henry Ellis (London, 1846), p. 124.
23. Cited in Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, pp. 246–7, 469.
24. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 231.
25. Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts, ed. Henry Ellis (London, 1811), p. 533.
26. The writings of the fourteenth-century chroniclers will be discussed in detail in the following chapter.
27. The English Works of John Fisher, ed. John E.B. Mayor (EETS; London, 1876), pp. 290–1.
28. Edward Hall, Hall’s Chronicle, ed. Henry Ellis (London, 1809), pp. 2, 26.
29. Ibid., p. 130.
30. John Hayward, The Life and Raigne of King Henrie IIII, ed. John J. Manning (London, 1991), pp. 68–9, 204.
31. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 19.
32. Ibid.
33. Cited in Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984), p. 41.
34. Weaver, Ancient Funerall Monuments, p. 661.
35. Giovanni Francesco Biondi, A History of the Civil Wars of England between the Two Houses of Lancaster and York, trans. Henry, Earl of Monmouth (London, 1641), vol. 1, p. 51.
36. T. Speght, The Works of our Ancient, Learned and Excellent Poet Jeffrey Chaucer (London, 1687), preface.
37. Richard Baker, A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans Government unto the Death of King James I (London, 1696), p. 236.
38. M. Rapin de Thoyras, The History of England, trans. John Kelly (London, 1732), pp. 524, 754.
39. Ibid., pp. 507–8.
40. Excerpta Historica or, Illustrations of English History, ed. Samuel Bentley (London, 1833), p. 152.
41. J.H. Wylie, History of England under Henry the Fourth, vol. 3 (London, 1896), p. 260.
42. William Godwin, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (London, 1804), vol. 2, pp. 198–9, 380; vol. 4, p. 104.
43. Lewis Bostock Radford, Henry Beaufort, Bishop, Chancellor, Cardinal (London, 1908), pp. 1–2.
44. Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, p. 392.
45. James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster, vol. 2 (Oxford 1913), p. 47n.
46. Ibid., p. 47.
47. Philip Lindsay, King Henry V: A Chronicle (London, 1934), p. 17.
48. R.E.G. Cole, ‘The Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, Architectural Societies Reports, 31, report 66 (1911), 41–86.
49. Alison Weir, Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses (London, 1995), pp. 27–8. Anya Seton’s novel has: ‘The Bishop of Lincoln had not failed to point this out in a sermon, with reference to Adam and Lilith, and a long diatribe about shameless, scheming magdalenes. This sermon was preached at Katherine during the first hullabaloo after her return’ (Katherine (London, 1956), p. 532).
50. Seton, Katherine, p. 7.
51. Marchette Chute, Geoffrey Chaucer of England (London, 1951), pp. 47, 85.
52. See, e.g., Margaret Galway, ‘Geoffrey Chaucer, JP and MP’, Modern Language Review, 36 (1941), 1–36; ‘Chaucer’s Hopeless Love’, Modern Language Notes, 60 (1945), 431–8; ‘The Troilus Frontispiece’, Modern Language Review, 44 (1949), 161–77; ‘Walter Roet and Philippa Chaucer’, Notes and Queries (1954), 48–9; ‘Philippa Pan; Philippa Chaucer’, Modern Language Review, 55 (1960), 481–7; John M. Manly, Some New Light on Chaucer (Gloucester, Mass., 1959); George Williams, ‘The Troilus and Criseyde Frontispiece Again’, Modern Language Review, 57 (1962), 173–8; A New View of Chaucer (Durham, NC, 1965).
53. Williams, New View, pp. 16–17.
54. K.B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford, 1972), p. 15.
55. S.B. Chrimes, Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII (London, 1966), pp. 8–9.
56. Joel T. Rosenthal, Nobles and the Noble Life 1295–1500 (London, 1976), p. 34.
57. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, pp. 10–11, 148–50.
58. Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 50, 156, 362; Anthony Goodman, Katherine Swynford (Lincoln, 1999), pp. 8–20.
59. Anil de Silva-Vigier, This Moste Highe Prince, John of Gaunt (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 153.
60. Ibid., p. 155.
61. Ibid.
Chapter Three
1. Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicon Angliae, ed. Edward Maunde Thompson (London, 1965), p. 196. My translation. There has been much debate over the authorship of this text. For the purposes of this analysis I concur with Galbraith’s view that the chronicle was the record of one writer. V.H. Galbraith, ‘Thomas Walsingham and the Saint Alban’s Chronicle, 1272–1422’, English Historical Review, 47 (1932), 29.
2. The St Albans Chronicle: The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham 1376–1394, ed. John Taylor and Wendy R. Childs, trans. Leslie Watkiss (Oxford, 2002), pp. xvii–xxi, xxxiii.
3. Ibid., p. 13.
4. Ibid.
5. A. Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), p. 260.
6. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 9.
7. Ibid., p. 39.
8. Ibid., p. 61.
9. Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 260–1.
10. Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, vol. 2: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1998), pp. 138–9.
11. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 129.
12. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 133–5. Kim M. Philips, Medieval Maidens: Young Women and Gender in England, 1270–1540 (Manchester, 2003), p. 155.
13. Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, pp. 146–7.
14. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, ‘Including Women’, in Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, A History of Women: Silences of the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), pp. 7–8.
15. Derek Brewer, ‘Gothic Chaucer’, in Derek. Brewer (ed.), Writers and their Background: Geoffrey Chaucer (London, 1974), p. 17.
16. Marbod of Rennes (c. 1035–1123), The Femme Fatale.
17. Malleus Maleficarum (1486).
18. Elisabeth van Houts, ‘Women in Medieval History and Literature’, Journal of Medieval History, 20/3 (1994), 282.
19. D.W. Robertson, A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives (Princeton, 1963), p. 227.
20. Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven and London, 1997), p. 35. Saul states that Gaunt’s delay was due to the logistical problem of a shortage in his fleet.
21. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 362.
22. Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984), p. 40.
23. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 567.
24. JGR 1379–83, p. 366, entry 1157, 14 February 1382.
25. Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G.H. Martin (Oxford, 1995), p. 237; The Anonimalle Chronicle 1333–1381, ed. V.H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1970), pp. 153–4.
26. See Chapter One for further information on these connections.
27. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 891.
28. Ibid., p. 947.
29. Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 178.
30. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 159.
31. Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 233.
32. Ibid., p. 237.
33. Ibid., p. 235.
34. Goodman, John of Gaunt, contains these and numerous other references to the relationship between Gaunt, Wyclif and the Lollards. 35 Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 170.
36. Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 313.
37. Ibid., p. 251.
38. May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399 (Oxford, 1997), p. 393. Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 138.
39. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 75.
40. . . . et fletibus ac singultu facere videbatur poenitentiae dignos fructus.
41. . . . conversus ad religionem . . .
42. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 13.
43. Sydney Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (Westminster, 1904), p. 409.
44. Cited in Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 131.
45. The Anonimalle Chronicle, p. 153. Translation in Anthony Goodman, Katherine (Lincoln, 1999), p. 14.
46. Ibid., p. 154. My translation.
47. Goodman, Katherine, p. 14.
48. The Anonimalle Chronicle, p. xxiii.
49. Ibid., p. xxxiv.
50. Goodman, Katherine, p. 17.
51. Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity (New Haven and London, 1986), p. 147.
52. F. George Kay, Lady of the Sun: The Life and Times of Alice Perrers (London, 1966), p. 7.
53. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 43.
54. Ibid., p. 45.
55. Ibid., p. 47.
56. Ibid., p. 57.
57. James Bothwell, ‘The Management of Position: Alice Perrers, Edward III and the Creation of a Landed Estates, 1362–1377’, Journal of Medieval History, 24 (1998), 31.
58. Ibid., p. 46.
59. The Anonimalle Chronicle, pp. 87–8.
60. The Westminster Chronicle, ed. L.C. Hector and Barbara F. Harvey (Oxford, 1982); The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1421, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997).
61. Adam Usk, p. 63.
62. Westminster Chronicle, p. 193.
63. Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, pp. 166, 176–7.
64. Westminster Chronicle. For positive portrayals see pp. 67, 407–9; for negative portrayals see pp. 37, 68–70, 519.
65. Ibid., pp. 188–90.
66. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 823.
67. Ibid.
68. Historica Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi, ed. George B. Stow Jr (Pennsylvania, 1997), p. 135. My translation.
69. The St Albans Chronicle, pp. xxviii, lxvi.
70. Galbraith, ‘Thomas Walsingham’, p. 25.
71. Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicon Angliae, pp. xix–xxiii.
72. The St Albans Chronicle, p. 221.
73. Ibid., p. 229.
74. Gransden, Historical Writing, vol. 2, p. 152.
75. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 89, 174.
76. The Chronicles of Froissart, vol. 2, ed. Thomas Johnes (London, 1852), pp. 599–600.
77. Ibid., p. 600.
78. Ibid.
79. Philips, Medieval Maidens, p. 156.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid., p. 601; Œuvres de Froissart, vol. 15: 1392–1396, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Osnabrück, 1967), p. 240.
82. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 149.
83. Goodman, Katherine, p. 19.
84. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, trans. Nevill Coghill (London, 2003), p. 234.
85. The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson (Oxford, 1987), p. 903.
86. Charles A. Owen Jr, ‘Relationship between The Physician’s Tale and The Parson’s Tale’, Modern Language Notes, 72 (1956), 85.
87. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), p. 27 (emphasis added).
88. Owen, ‘Relationship’, p. 85.
89. Riverside Chaucer, p. 901.
90. The Canterbury Tales, ll. 121–90.
91. Lynn Staley, ‘Chaucer and the Postures of Sanctity’, in David Aers and Lynn Staley, The Powers of the Holy (Pennsylvania, 1996), 180–1.
92. Emerson Brown Jr, ‘What is Chaucer doing with the Physician and his Tale?’ Philological Quarterly, 60 (1981), 134.
93. Goodman, Katherine, p. 19; Riverside Chaucer, p. 929.
94. Edith Rickert, Chaucer’s World (New York and London, 1964), p. 325.
95. Aage Brusendorff, The Chaucer Tradition (Oxford, 1967), pp. 22–3.
96. George Williams, ‘The Troilus and Criseyde Frontispiece Again’, Modern Language Review, 57 (1962), 173. All future references to Williams’s view of the frontispiece are from this article.
97. Margaret Galway, ‘The Troilus Frontispiece’, Modern Language Review, 44 (1949), 161. All future references to Galway’s view of the frontispiece are from this article.
98. Riverside Chaucer, pp. 1020–1.
99. George Williams, A New View of Chaucer (Durham, NC, 1965), pp. 17, 19, 73.
100. Ibid., p. 74.
101. Ibid., pp. 176–95; quotations from p. 66.
102. Ibid., pp. 67–9.
103. Ibid., pp. 56–65.
104. Ibid., p. 58.
105. G.T. Shepherd, ‘Troilus and Criseyde’, in D.S. Brewer (ed.), Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature (London, 1966), p. 79.
106. We know of four children but there is, of course, the possibility that Katherine had others that died at birth or in infancy.
107. Anil de Silva-Vigier, This Moste Highe Prince, John of Gaunt (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 154.
108. L.D. Benson, ‘Chaucer: A Select Bibliography’, in Derek Brewer (ed.), Writers and their Background: Geoffrey Chaucer (London, 1974), p. 361.
109. Williams, New View, p. 69.
110 .Ibid., p. 79 (emphasis added).
111. Ibid., p. 80.
112. Ibid., pp. 45, 58.
113. Robertson, A Preface to Chaucer, p. 482.
114. Ibid., p. 499.
115. Ibid.
Chapter Four
1. The Chronicles of Froissart, vol. 2, ed. Thomas Johnes (London, 1852), p. 601.
2. Anthony Goodman, Katherine Swynford (Lincoln, 1999), p. 10.
3. George Williams, A New View of Chaucer (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 45.
4. Anne Crawford (ed.), Letters of the Queens of England 1100–1547 (Stroud, 1994), pp. 92–100.
5. M. Galway, ‘Philippa Pan; Philippa Chaucer’, Modern Language Review, 55 (1960), 482.
6. Ibid., p. 481.
7. Œuvres de Froissart, vol. 15: 1392–1396, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Osnabrück, 1967), p. 238.
8. Goodman, Katherine, p. 10.
9. Nicholas Orme, Education and Society in Medieval and Renaissance England (London, 1989), p. 164.
10. Katherine did not join the Fraternity when her sister and her children underwent the initiation ceremony in 1386 with Henry of Derby. Chaucer Life Records, ed. Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olson (Oxford, 1966), p. 91. This indicates that Katherine was already a member by 1386.
11. Christopher Wordsworth, Notes on Medieval Services in England (London, 1898), p. 170. The significance of St Katherine to Katherine will be discussed fully in Chapter Five.
12. Goodman, Katherine, p. 24.
13. Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396, ed. G.H. Martin (Oxford, 1995). See, e.g., pp. 239, 241.
14. John of Gaunt’s Register 1379–1383, ed. E.C. Lodge and Robert Somerville (London, 1937), p. xxii.
15. Sharon D. Michalore, ‘The Education of Aristocratic Women in Fifteenth Century England’, in Sharon D. Michalore and A. Compton Reeves (eds), Estrangement, Enterprise and Education in Fifteenth Century England (Stroud, 1998), p. 123.
16. Anne Crawford (ed.), Letters of Medieval Women (Stroud, 2002), pp. 228–9.
17. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), p. 29.
18. The following information on the education of noble women was obtained from Nicholas Orme’s excellent study Education and Society in Medieval and Renaissance England (London, 1989), pp. 162–75.
19. Goodman, Katherine, p. 18.
20. For further information on the practice of mass and private devotion, see, e.g., Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven and London, 1992), particularly pp. 91–130; The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. B.A. Windeatt (London, 1985).
21. R.E.G. Cole, ‘The Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, Architectural Societies Reports, 31, report 66 (1911), 55.
22. Nicholas Orme, ‘The Education of the Courtier’, in V.J. Scattergood and J.W. Sherbourne (eds), English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1983), p. 63.
23. Alexandra Barrett, Women’s Writing in Middle English (London, 1999), p. 3.
24. Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), p. 38.
25. Susan H. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Privately Owned in England 1300–1450’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1980), fos 474–6.
26. Ibid., fo. 279; Richard F. Green, ‘King Richard II’s Books Revisited’, The Library, 5th ser., 31 (1976), 238–9. A particular favourite of Richard’s appears to have been the ‘Roman de la Rose’.
27. Mary Erler, Women, Reading and Piety in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2002), p. 3; Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’, fo. 9.
28. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’, fos 725–31.
29. Ibid., fos 154–5.
30. Ibid., fo. 211.
31. Nigel J. Morgan and Lucy Freeman Sandler, ‘Manuscript Illumination of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries’, in Jonathan Alexander and Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry (London, 1987), p. 155.
32. Ibid., pp. 108–9, 110–12; Karen K. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Women’s Literary Patronage: England, 1200–ca. 1475’, in June Hall McCash (ed.), The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women (Athens, Ga., and London, 1996), pp. 236–7.
33. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’. fos 408–11.
34. Nicholas Orme, ‘Education of the Courtier’, in K.B. McFarlane (ed.), The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), p. 43.
35. Mary Anne Everett Wood (ed.), Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain, vol. 1 (London, 1846), p. 90.
36. Sydney Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (Westminster, 1904), p. 415; J.H. Wylie, History of England under Henry the Fourth, vol. 2 (London, 1894), p. 332.
37. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, pp. 235–6.
38. Wylie, History of England, vol. 2, p. 333.
39. Jennifer Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), p. 160.
40. Francis Sandford, A Genealogical History of the Kings of England (London, 1677), p. 252.
41. www.ampthillhistory.co.uk, accessed 5 May 2001.
42. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, p. 235.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Carol M. Meale, ‘“. . . alle the bokes that I have of latyn, englisch, and frensch”: Lay Women and their Books in Late Medieval England’, in Carol M. Meale (ed.), Women and Literature in Britain 1150–1500 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 145; The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 173.
46. Meale, ‘Lay Women and their Books’, p. 142.
47. Hoccleve’s Works, vol. 1: The Minor Poems, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall (EETS; Oxford, 1892), p. 242; Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, p. 242.
48. Meale, ‘Lay Women and their Books’, pp. 140–1; John Nichols (ed.), Royal Wills (London, 1780), p. 254; Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, p. 239.
49. Crawford, Letters of Medieval Women, p. 59.
50. R.D. Dobson, Durham Priory 1400–1450 (Cambridge, 1973), p. 187.
51. Ibid.
52. Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. James Raine (London, 1834), p. cclviii. This is the only record I have so far found that provides evidence of the books owned by Katherine herself.
53. Meale, ‘Lay Women and their Books’, p. 145.
54. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, p. 240; Michalore, ‘The Education of Women’, p. 127.
55. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, pp. 240–3.
56. Erler, Women, Reading and Piety, p. 25.
57. Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven and London, 2003), p. 243.
58. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’, fo. 18.
59. Barrett, Women’s Writing, p. 5.
60. Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 60.
61. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’, fo. 179.
62. Jambeck, ‘Patterns of Patronage’, pp. 243–4.
63. Ibid., p. 244.
64. Cavanaugh, ‘A Study of Books Owned’, fos 81–3.
65. See, e.g., CPR 1388–1392, p. 409, entry 17 April 1391, ‘Grant to the king’s kinsman Henry de Beaufort . . .’.
66. Excerpta Historica or, Illustrations of English History, ed. Samuel Bentley (London, 1833), pp. 153–4.
67. Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984), p. 49.
68. Ibid., p. 57.
69. Joel T. Rosenthal, Nobles and the Noble Life 1295–1500 (London, 1976), p. 153.
70. For gifts to the Beauforts, see CPR 1391–6, pp. 15, 63; CPR 1396–9, pp. 171, 205, 211, 410, 414, 532. These are references to just some of the gifts received by the Beauforts.
71. CPR 1391–6, p. 266, entry 12 May 1393.
72. Excerpta Historica, p. 157.
73. CPR 1402–5, p. 473, entry 17 October 1404.
74. See, e.g., CFR 1399–1405, pp. 85, 250, 316; CFR 1405–13, pp. 24, 45, 71, 116, 185.
75. CPR 1401–5, p. 34, entry 26 November 1401.
76. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 51.
77. Anil de Silva-Vigier, This Moste Highe Prince . . . John of Gaunt 1340–1399 (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 148.
78. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 54; Crawford, Letters of Medieval Women, p. 56.
79. Chris Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity (New Haven and London, 1986), p. 195.
80. The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1421, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997), pp. 89–91.
81. G.F. Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter (London, 1841), p. 236: ‘Cuidam valtetto Thome Swynford militis venienti de castro de Pountfreyt versus Lond. ad certificand. cons°. R. de crtis materiis com` odu-d?i Reg. Concernentibus In denar. Sibi librat pro vad. Et exp. Suis et locatione unius equi causa festinaco`is viaii pd`ci – xxvi s. viii d.’
82. Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 60; Derby Accounts, ed. Lucy Toulmin Smith (London, 1894), pp. 38, 100, 121, 128, 133, 138, 301–2.
83. CPR 1408–13, pp. 323–4, entry 5 October 1411.
84. Excerpta Historica, p. 157.
85. Cited in Judy Perry, ‘Katherine Roet’s Swynfords: A Re-Examination of Interfamily Relationships and Descent, Part 2’, Foundations, 1/3 (2004), 166.
86. CPR 1381–5, pp. 501, 504, entries August and September 1384; J.W.F. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge, 1965), p. 259.
87. CPR 1381–5, p. 503, entry 20 September 1384. Accusation of robbery made by Roger Langford.
88. Cole, ‘Manor and Rectory of Kettlethorpe’, p. 55.
89. James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster, vol. 2 (Oxford, 1913), p. 308.
90. CPR 1396–9, p. 516, entry 9 March 1399; CFR 1391–9, p. 303, entry 1 May 1399; CCR 1396–9, p. 476, entry 23 May 1399.
91. CPR 1399–1401, pp. 58, 218, 408, entries 9 November 1399, 25 January 1401, 12 April 1403.
92. Henry also referred to his mother-in-law Joan de Bohun as ‘his beloved mother’, but this only emphasises the familial nature of his relationship with Katherine. Jennifer Ward, Women of the English Nobility and Gentry 1066–1500 (Manchester, 1995), p. 153.
93. The Chronicles of Froissart, vol. 2, ed. Johnes, p. 600.
94. Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven and London, 1997), p. 183; Anthony Steel, Richard II (Cambridge, 1941), p. 112.
95. Joanna Chamberlayne, ‘Joan of Kent’s Tale: Adultery and Rape in the Age of Chivalry’, Medieval Life, 5 (1996), 9.
96. James Bothwell, ‘The Management of Position: Alice Perrers, Edward III and the Creation of a Landed Estates, 1362–1377’, Journal of Medieval History, 24 (1998), 48.
97. Chamberlayne, ‘Joan of Kent’, p. 7.
98. Carolyn P. Collette, ‘Joan of Kent and Noble Women’s Roles in Chaucer’s World’, Chaucer Review, 33/4 (1999), 351.
99. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 9.
100. JGR 1379–83, p. 183, entry 558; JGR 1372–6, p. 19, entries 1356, 1357.
101. Goodman, Katherine, p. 12.
102. JGR 1372–6, pp. 60–1, entry 718. The phrase ‘nostre tres chere et tres amee fille Katerine’ suggests this to be the case.
103. CPR 1396–9, p. 412, entry 17 September 1398.
104. Excerpta Historica, p. 154.
105. Janet Coleman, English Literature in History 1350–1400: Medieval Readers and Writers (London, 1981), p. 18.
106. Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, p. 357.
107. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 362.
108. P.E. Russell, The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford, 1955), p. 179.
109. G.E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, vol. 1 (Gloucester, 1982).
110. Derek Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (Oxford, 1994), p. 271; Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, pp. 149–50; Russell, English Intervention, p. 525.
111. Gaunt and Constance married in September 1371, but lived separately from the November of that year and for most of 1372. Gaunt and Katherine’s relationship appears to have started in the spring of 1372. Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 48, 50–1.
Chapter Five
1. Many thanks must go to Nicholas Bennett of Lincoln Cathedral for his assistance in attempting to track down Katherine’s testament.
2. Katherine J. Lewis, The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 63, 66. Lewis has also speculated as to the significance of St Katherine to Katherine Swynford within the context of the saint’s status as a model of respectable femininity.
3. Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth Century Europe (Harlow, 1992), p. 217; Ann Payne, ‘Medieval Heraldry’, in Jonathan Alexander and Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry (London, 1987), p. 59.
4. Felicity Heal, ‘Reciprocity and Exchange in the Late Medieval Household’, in B.A. Hanawalt and D. Wallace (eds), Bodies and Discipline: Intersections of Literature and History in Fifteenth Century England (Minneapolis, 1996), pp. 184–5.
5. Ibid.
6. George Williams, A New View of Chaucer (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 72; John Cherry, ‘Jewellery’, in Alexander and Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, p. 178.
7. Williams, New View, p. 72.
8. Jeffrey Denton, ‘Image and History’, in Alexander and Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, 24.
9. Arthur P. Purey-Cust, The Collar of SS: A History and Conjecture (Leeds, 1910), pp. 14–15.
10. Ibid., pp. 17–18.
11. Doris Fletcher, ‘The Lancastrian Collar of Esses: Its Origins and Transformations down the Centuries’, in James L. Gillespie (ed.), The Age of Richard II (Stroud and New York, 1997), 191. Fletcher also records in a footnote that Richard had his cook make jumbles in the form of an S.
12. Purey-Cust, Collar of SS, p. 19. Both Purey-Cust and Fletcher list the details of several tombs that display the collar of esses.
13. Fletcher, ‘The Lancastrian Collar’, p. 192.
14. Ibid., pp. 193–4.
15. Ibid., pp. 196–7.
16. Ibid., p. 199.
17. Payne, ‘Heraldry’, p. 55.
18. Ibid., pp. 58–9.
19. Veronica Sekules, ‘Women and Art in England in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries’, in Alexander and Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, 44.
20. Excerpta Historica or, Illustrations of English History, ed. Samuel Bentley (London, 1833), p. 155; Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis, The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984), p. 50.
21. Robert Sanderson, Lincoln Cathedral: An Exact Copy of all the Ancient Monumental Inscriptions Collected by Robert Sanderson and Compared with and Corrected by Sir W. Dugdale’s MS Survey (London and Lincoln, 1851), p. 12. Many thanks must go to Dr Nicholas Bennett of Lincoln Cathedral for his kind assistance in establishing Holles’s description and illustration of Katherine’s arms.
22. Photographs of both Thomas Chaucer’s tomb and the ‘Progenie’ page are in Derek Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (Oxford, 1994), pp. 280–1.
23. John Nichols (ed.), Royal Wills (London, 1780), p. 259.
24. Joseph Hunter, ‘The Seal of Chaucer: Copy of the Deed to which it is Appended . . .’, Archaeologia, 34 (1852), 42.
25. Sanderson, Lincoln Cathedral, p. 12.
26. Peter Coss, The Lady in Medieval England 1000–1500 (Stroud, 1998), p. 45.
27. Karen A. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs: Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval England (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1997), p. 3.
28. Ibid., p. 12.
29. Ibid., p. 89.
30. Lewis, St Katherine, p. 69.
31. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs, p. 98.
32. Lewis, St Katherine, p. 63.
33. Katherine J. Lewis, ‘Model Girls? Virgin Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England’, in Katherine J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Philips (eds), Young Medieval Women (New York, 1999), p. 33.
34. Lewis, St Katherine, pp. 56, 66.
35. Nichols (ed.), Royal Wills, p. 208. My translation.
36. Anthony Goodman, Katherine Swynford (Lincoln, 1999), p. 21.
37. Catherine Jamison, The History of the Royal Hospital of St Katherine by the Tower of London (Oxford, 1952), pp. 38–9.
38. Lewis, ‘Model Girls’, p. 35.
39. The Register of the Guild of the Holy Trinity, St Mary, St John the Baptist and St Katherine of Coventry, vol. 1, ed. Mary Dormer Harris (London, 1935), p. 49.
40. Chaucer Life Records, ed. Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olson (Oxford, 1966), p. 92; Christopher Wordsworth, Notes on Medieval Services in England (London, 1898), p. 170.
41. Christopher Wordsworth, ‘Inventories of Plate, Vestments, etc., Belonging to the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Mary of Lincoln’, Archaeologia, 2nd ser. 53 (1892), pp. 23, 25; J.F. Wickenden, ‘“Joyalx” of John of Gaunt, Bequeathed to the Cathedral Church of Lincoln’, Archaeological Journal, 32 (1875), 318–19.
42. Wordsworth, ‘Inventories of Plate’, pp. 23, 62.
43. The Book of the Knight of the Tower, trans. William Caxton, ed. M.Y. Offord (EETS; London, 1971), p. 76.
44. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs, p. 1.
45. Jennifer Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), p. 161.
46. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1995), p. 232.
47. Ward, English Noblewomen, p. 149.
48. Coss, The Lady in Medieval England, p. 47. 49 Ibid., p. 105.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., pp. 74, 78.
52. Sekules, ‘Women and Art’, p. 45. The dog in medieval art was a symbol of faithfulness.
53. Paul Binski, ‘Monumental Brasses’, in Alexander and Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, p. 172.
54. J.H. Wylie, History of England under Henry the Fourth, vol. 3 (London, 1896), p. 259.
55. John H. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry (Lincoln Minister Pamphlets, 2nd ser. no. 6), p. 1.
56. Ibid., pp. 1, 19.
57. Ibid., pp. 22–3.
58. Ibid., p. 9.
59. C.E. Woodruff and W. Danks, Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral (London, 1912), p. 201.
60. Wordsworth, ‘Inventories of Plate’, p. 14.
61. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry, p. 11.
62. CPR 1436–41, p. 137, entry 28 November 1437.
63. Wordsworth, Notes on Medieval Services, pp. 194, 217.
64. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry, pp. 14–15.
65. Ibid., p. 15.
66. Katherine may not have left instructions for a chantry because of her belief that Gaunt’s request was operable. It is probable, however, that she made reference to it in her will.
67. Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. James Raine (London, 1834), p. cclviii. My translation of the original Latin.
68. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry, p. 9.
69. Peter Draper, ‘Architecture and Liturgy’, in Alexander and Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, p. 89.
70. Sanderson, Lincoln Cathedral, p. 12.
71. Historiae Dunelmensis, p. cclviii. My translation of the original Latin.
72. Harvey, Catherine Swynford’s Chantry, pp. 19–20.
73. Nichols (ed.), Royal Wills, p. 322.
74. CPR 1408–13, pp. 323–4, entry 5 October 1411; Excerpta Historica, p. 157.
75. Given-Wilson and Curteis, Royal Bastards, p. 49.
Chapter Six
1. V.A. Kolve, ‘Chaucer and the Visual Arts’, in Derek Brewer (ed.), Writers and their Background: Geoffrey Chaucer (London, 1974), pp. 310–11.
2. Katherine L. French, ‘ “I leave my best gown as a vestment”: Women’s Spiritual Interests in the Late Medieval Parish’, Magistra, 4/1 (1998), 58.
3. Ibid., pp. 70–1.
4. Ibid., p. 71.
5. Karen A. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs: Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval England (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1997), p. 100.
6. Ibid., p. 117.
7. Ibid., p. 86.
8. Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven and London, 2003), pp. 244–5.
9. Kathleen Ashley and Pamela Sheingorn, Interpreting Cultural Symbols: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Society (Athens, Ga., and London, 1990), p. 2.
10. Katherine J. Lewis, ‘Model Girls? Virgin Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England’, in Katherine J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Philips (eds), Young Medieval Women (New York, 1999), p. 35.
11. M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII (London, 1974), p. 92.
12. Lewis, ‘Model Girls’, p. 26.
13. Lynn Staley, Margery Kempe’s Dissenting Fictions (Pennsylvania, 1994), pp. 35–41, 171.
14. Ibid., p. 3.
15. Ibid., p. 36.
16. Timea K. Szell, ‘From Woe to Weal and Weal to Woe: Notes on the Structure of The Book of Margery Kempe’, in Sandra J. McEntire (ed.), Margery Kempe: A Book of Essays (New York and London, 1992), pp. 83–5.
17. Clarissa W. Atkinson, Mystic and Pilgrim: The Book and the World of Margery Kempe (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1983), p. 13.
18. The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. B.A. Windeatt (London, 1985), p. 90.
19. Ibid., p. 88.
20. Ibid., p. 109 (emphasis added).
21. S.B. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio in The Book of Margery Kempe’ (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford 1997), fos 3–4.
22. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 33.
23. Ibid., p. 55.
24. Ibid., p. 57.
25. Ibid., p. 195.
26. Ibid., pp. 102–3.
27. Ibid., pp. 56–7.
28. Carolyn Coulson, Mysticism, Meditation and Identification in The Book of Margery Kempe www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol12/coulson.html, accessed 22 November 2000.
29. Susan Eberly, ‘Margery Kempe, St Mary Magdalene, and Patterns of Contemplation’, Downside Review (1989), 213.
30. Coulson, Mysticism, Meditation; The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 229.
31. Coulson, Mysticism, Meditation.
32. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio’, fo. 179.
33. Julia Bolton Holloway, ‘Bride, Margery, Julian and Alice: Bridget of Sweden’s Textual Community in Medieval England’, in Sandra J. McEntire (ed.), Margery Kempe: A Book of Essays (New York and London, 1992), p. 203.
34. Ibid., p. 214.
35. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 83.
36. Ibid.
37. Katherine J. Lewis, The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), p. 244.
38. Ibid., pp. 242–6.
39. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 150.
40. Ibid., p. 169.
41. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio’, fo. 255.
42. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 149.
43. Lewis, St Katherine, pp. 251–2.
44. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 149.
45. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio’, fo. 261.
46. Ibid., fo. 200.
47. Ibid.
48. Laurie A. Finke, Women’s Writing in English (London and New York, 1999), p. 215.
49. Lewis, St Katherine, p. 249.
50. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 153.
51. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio’, fos 268–9.
52. The Book of Margery Kempe, pp. 64, 162.
53. Fanous, ‘Biblical and Hagiographical Imitatio’, fo. 272.
54. Ibid.
55. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 65.
56. Ibid., p. 170.
57. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England 450–1500 (London, 1997), p. 28.
58. Elizabeth Alvilda Petroff (ed.), Medieval Women’s Visionary Literature (Oxford and New York, 1986), p. 302.
59. The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 60.
60. Ibid., p. 151.
61. The following information on The Life of St Edward is from Antonia Grandsen, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London and New York, 1998), pp. 60–6.
62. Ibid., p. 42.
63. The following information is derived from Paul Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the Representation of Power 1200–1400 (New Haven and London, 1995).
64. Ibid., p. 5.
65. Ibid., p. 4.
66. Ibid., p. 5.
67. K.J. Lewis, ‘Becoming a Virgin King: Richard II and Edward the Confessor’, in S.J.E. Riches and Sarah Salih (eds), Gender and Holiness: Men, Women and Saints in Late Medieval Europe (London and New York, 2002), pp. 86–100.
68. Ibid., p. 93.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., p. 94.
71. C.J. Billson, Medieval Leicester (Leicester, 1920), p. 80.