Index
Page numbers in italics indicate images and tables.
Achiutla, 18, 19, 20, 47, 65–66, 67, 69, 81, 84, 151, 154
allegories, 13, 16, 22, 33, 36, 39, 40–41, 42, 61
alliances, 4, 16, 18, 19, 20, 47, 113, 149
ancestors, 1, 14, 16–18, 21–22, 123, 129
supernatural qualities of, 95. See also mummy bundles
Añute. See Jaltepec
Apoala, 9, 19, 20, 36, 61, 66, 67, 84, 106, 111, 137, 144, 157, 181, 189
cave at, 80, 81, 87, 99, 139, 141, 158
and Eight Wind, 7–8, 9, 62, 80, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 106, 113, 130, 138, 139, 141, 142, 142, 156, 158, 187
lineage rivers of, 65, 141, 158
plants at, 65
tree birth at, 54, 62, 65–66, 69, 81, 97, 99, 106, 110, 111, 122, 138, 139, 141, 142, 158, 159, 181
axis mundi. See world tree
Aztecs, 1, 2, 4, 8, 49, 53, 71, 89, 142, 160
codices of, 30
defeat of Mixtecs, 1–2, 3, 41n2, 45, 52, 143
writing system of, 49
ballcourts, 64, 71, 82, 83, 84, 103, 109–110, 127, 153, 167, 168, 176
Battle in the Sky, 170, 174, 175–176
books. See codices
European, 39–40, 94, 98, 129, 142, 163
sacred (260-day), 36, 37, 40–41, 99, 164, 165, 190
solar (365-day), 36, 40–41, 164, 190
Caso, Alfonso, ix, 9, 10, 13, 32, 34, 52, 112, 154, 180
caves: attributes of, 79, 86–87, 88, 96
in codices, 79–88
and Eight Deer, 81–84, 85, 168
and Eight Wind, 9, 66, 69, 80–81, 96–97, 99, 116, 139, 146, 157–158
as entrances to underworld, 73, 96, 116
iconography of, 69–71, 73–77, 79, 81, 157
mummy bundles in, 14, 87, 123, 148
as transportation through earth, 24n4, 70, 80, 87, 96, 102, 157–158
and Two Rain, 126, 150, 177, 183
Ceremonial Complex, 9, 70, 83, 88, 156–161
Cerro Jasmin, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23n2, 80, 95, 157, 186
Eight Wind at, 8, 9, 9, 13–14, 80, 97, 100, 116, 139, 146, 150, 177, 186
location of, 8
Suchixtlan on, 7, 8. See also Eight Wind; Monkey Hill
Chalcatongo, 18, 47, 56, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 166, 167, 170, 171, 178, 179, 180, 183, 185. See also Nine Grass
monuments of, 72–78, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 83, 87, 88, 89, 96
Classic period, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 16, 16, 37, 41, 42n3, 49, 51, 54, 64, 71, 79, 87, 105, 156
clouds, 7, 67, 69, 72, 74, 108
Codex Alfonso Caso, 4–5, 51, 80, 88, 126, 164, 165
date of, 83
Eight Deer in, xii, 124, 126, 164, 166, 170, 185
Codex Becker. See Codex Alfonso Caso
Codex Bodley, 4–5, 18, 20, 43, 51, 82, 139, 185
and Codex ZN, 83–84, 85, 112–114
Eight Deer in, xii, 82, 83–84, 85, 87, 149, 156, 165, 166, 177
Eight Wind’s kingdom in, 7–8, 97
Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl in, 99–100
Two Rain in, 23n2, 126, 127, 150, 179
War from Heaven in, 54, 62, 112–114
Codex Colombino-Becker. See Codex Alfonso Caso
Codex Egerton, 4–5
Codex Muro, 10
Codex Selden, 4–5, 20, 42, 51, 67–68, 80, 89, 116, 139, 177, 178, 185
and Codex Vienna, 67–68
and Codex ZN, 150
Eight Deer in, 87, 149–150, 164, 165, 166, 178
Eight Wind in, 6, 80–81, 97, 100, 177
Eight Wind’s kingdom in, 7–8, 81, 97, 179
genealogy in, 19, 67–68, 84, 118, 120
as Jaltepec document, 67, 126, 139, 147, 149, 150, 154, 165, 179, 180–186
Six Monkey in, 102, 126, 164–165, 179–186
Codex Vienna, 4–5, 11, 30–31, 39, 51, 54n1, 63, 64 66, 72, 81, 96, 98, 111, 123, 140, 143, 157
and Codex Selden, 67–68
and Codex ZN, 31, 32, 33–34, 36, 39–40, 52–53, 64, 104, 105, 110–111, 112, 135–145, 156, 159, 160
creation of world in, 68, 141, 142–144
date of, 83
Eight Deer in, 165
historicity of, 144
as map, 140–141
Nine Rites in, 135–139
Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl in, 64, 67, 96, 111–112, 116, 138, 139, 141–143, 143, 157
plants in, 64–65, 104–105, 104, 109, 137–138, 140
resistance of, to analysis, ix
tree birth in, 53, 55, 105, 122
Yucuñudahui in, 9–10, 67, 99, 141
Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus. See Codex Vienna
Codex Zouche-Nuttall (Codex ZN), 4–5, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53–56, 57, 60, 63–64, 66, 93, 94, 101, 107, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 141, 168, 174, 179
chronology in, x, 33–34, 36, 39, 41–42, 144
and Codex Bodley, 83–84, 85, 112–114
and Codex Selden, 150
as Codex Tonindeye, 159
and Codex Vienna, 31, 32, 33–34, 36, 39–40, 52–53, 64, 104, 105, 110–111, 112, 135–145, 156, 159, 160
date of, 79–80, 83, 96, 144, 146
eclipsing of pages in, 61–62, 159
Eight Deer biography in, xii, 32, 52, 81–83, 85, 126, 142, 144, 146, 149, 151–154, 156, 164, 165, 166, 190, 190–198
Eight Wind saga in, 6–8, 31–32, 36–37, 46, 47, 60, 80, 93–100, 115–120, 121, 129, 131, 146–147, 153–154, 157–159
history of, 52–53
as map, 140
narrative structure of, 60–62, 159
and Nochixtlan Valley, 11–13, 16
as performance narrative, 37
purpose of, 36, 52–53, 64, 104, 105, 110–111, 112, 135–145, 156, 159, 160
reading order of, 93–95, 97–98, 101–103, 110, 113–114, 113, 118, 121, 130, 188, 189
relation between obverse and reverse of, 56, 126, 128, 129, 144–145, 148–149, 152–154
resistance of, to analysis, ix, 32, 156
reverse of, 36, 39, 40, 42, 53, 56, 123, 124, 127, 129, 148–149, 151, 158 (see also Codex Zouche-Nuttall: Eight Deer biography in)
scribal errors in, 43–44
tableaux on, 57, 65, 93–95, 97–98, 101–103, 107–111, 115–117, 121–125, 144, 156
as Tilantongo document, 18, 149, 150
War from Heaven in, 15, 54, 54n1, 61–62, 101–114, 156, 157
codices, 5, 6, 14, 16, 24n3, 34, 52, 81
chronology in, 41–42
comparison among, 32, 33–34, 39, 43
composition of, 5
creation of, by nobles, 5–6, 52
as historical documents, ix, 5, 21, 34, 52, 88, 129, 135, 163
iconography in, 45–46, 71, 79, 88
importance of, ix, 19, 48, 160–161
interpretation of, 32, 38–39, 69–70
Mixtec Group of, 5
mythic aspects of, x, 5, 13, 19, 21, 52, 53, 60, 95
performance of, 6, 22, 33, 35, 52, 129
preservation of, ix, 2, 4–5, 30, 36, 51, 52, 160
toponyms in, 7, 10, 14, 24n3, 69, 125, 136–137. See also under individual names
colonial sources, 5, 11, 14, 15, 15, 16–18, 21, 66, 123, 148
confederacies, 1–2, 5, 7, 14, 79, 86
Cortés, Hernan, ix, 34, 52, 160
costumes, 6, 49–50, 82, 84, 87, 96, 99, 103, 104, 108
creation stories, 21, 68, 142–143. See also ordering rituals
day signs, 58, 59, 103, 108, 109, 110, 117
de Burgoa, Francisco, 47, 53, 66, 123, 148
de los Reyes, Antonio, 66, 96, 105
documents. See codices
dynasties, 6, 16, 18, 19, 95, 165
of Cerro Jasmin, 186
of Jaltepec, 55–56, 67–68, 80, 81, 84, 86, 117, 118–119, 139, 147, 149, 154, 179–180, 186
of Red and White Bundle, 186
of Tilantongo, 18, 22–23, 23nn1–2, 44, 61, 81, 82, 83, 106, 118–120, 123, 127, 147, 149, 150, 157, 163, 164, 177, 186
of Yucuñudahui, 13–14
of Zacatepec, 165. See also lineages
Dzaui (Dzahui), 8, 63, 110, 111, 116
and Eight Wind, 7, 60, 100, 112
personified, 100
and Stone Men, 105, 109. See also rain gods
eagles, 96, 103, 104, 108, 137, 172, 180
of Eight Wind, 6–7, 8, 54, 65–66, 69, 80, 96, 98, 99, 105, 106, 130, 139, 146, 188
of Eleven Wind, 67
of Nine Wind, 99
Eight Deer (m), 6, 14, 45, 89, 123, 124, 144, 158, 159, 168, 183, 184, 186
death of, 18, 23, 155, 156, 164, 166, 177
and Jaltepec, 16, 56, 83, 152, 165
and Red and White Bundle, 85–86, 126, 127, 153, 154, 166, 176, 184, 185
as social changer, 56, 126, 145, 156, 163
and Two Rain’s mummy bundle, 127, 128–129, 128, 149–150, 154, 166, 176, 179
as usurper of Tilantongo, 18, 23n2, 31, 56, 81, 83, 106, 125, 126, 128, 146, 149, 151, 163, 177
as yaha yahui, 46, 81, 154. See also Codex Zouche-Nuttall: Eight Deer biography in
Eight Wind (m), 6, 16, 31, 36, 103, 159
at Apoala, 7–8, 62, 65, 66, 80, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 110, 113, 130, 138, 139, 142, 158, 187
biography of, 33, 54, 60, 61, 95, 98, 114, 115–120, 129, 130, 153–154, 158
birth from the earth, 6–7, 8, 54, 65–66, 69, 80, 96, 98, 99, 105, 106, 130, 139, 146, 188
chronology of, 13, 18, 31, 33, 36, 39, 54, 94, 98, 117, 138, 142, 159, 163
in Codex ZN (see Codex Zouche-Nuttall: Eight Wind saga in); as creation story, 21
descendants of, xi, 6, 16, 85, 117, 118–120, 122, 126, 147, 149, 155, 158–159, 165, 179, 186 (see also Four Wind; Six Monkey; Two Rain)
and Eight Deer, 31–32, 46, 52–53, 56, 126–129, 142, 144
as Eight Wind Twenty, 97, 106, 164, 183
emerging from cave, 9, 66, 69, 80–81, 96–97, 99, 116, 139, 146, 157–158
emerging from river, 65, 66, 99, 139, 157
as historical personage, 33, 35, 144
identification of kingdom of, 7–8, 81, 97, 179
as lineage founder, 31, 33, 54–55, 62, 66, 80–81, 86, 95, 100, 116, 118, 128, 137, 139, 146, 154, 158–159
marriages of, 7, 81, 97, 116–117, 118–120, 118, 121, 130, 146–147, 158, 166
and Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl, 69, 99–100, 112, 137–138, 141–142, 159
as original Mixtec, 106
as personification of the landscape, 22, 102
as rain god, 100
as santo, 33, 35–36, 54, 98, 100, 116, 159
as social changer, 54–56, 126, 145, 158
stages of life of, 7, 116, 123, 158–159
as tree born, 54, 66, 69, 81, 99, 139
and Two Rain, 7, 23n2, 31, 60, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 166, 177, 187
and War from Heaven, 62, 106, 139, 146, 158, 164
as yaha yahui, 46, 96–97, 98, 116
and Yucuñudahai, 8, 13–14, 62, 64, 80, 94, 95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 106, 109, 111, 130, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 187
defeat by Eight Deer, 85–86, 126, 153, 166, 176, 184, 185–186
and Six Monkey, 23n2, 85, 119, 126, 149–150, 153, 166, 179, 183–184, 185
elite, 1, 3, 65, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 88, 89, 96, 155
empowerment ceremonies, 79–80, 81–83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 168
Epiclassic Period, 33, 37, 39, 54, 62, 64, 88, 96, 105, 129, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158
ethnography, 34–35, 41n2, 65, 66, 67, 143
fire drilling, 64, 65, 66, 98, 99, 135–137, 138, 139, 175
Five Alligator (m), 23n2, 43, 82, 83, 167
Five Flower (m), 18, 47, 105, 109, 110, 111, 177, 180, 182, 187
Five Motion (m), 23n2, 119, 123, 166
Four Jaguar (m), 151, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175–176, 186
Four Motion (m), 104, 109–110, 111, 113, 175
Four Snake (m), 7, 104, 108, 111, 123
Four Wind (m), 6, 16, 18–19, 119, 166, 177, 185
biography of, 165
consolidates bloodlines, 186
and Eight Deer, 23n2, 85–86, 87, 126, 153, 154, 155, 165, 176
as yaha yahui, 46
calculating dates from, 13
in codices, ix, xi, 5, 30, 32, 33, 36–37, 52–53, 57, 60–61, 146
as heroic history, 21–22
use of, 18–19
gods, 1, 6, 63, 64–65, 66, 67–68, 74, 78, 95, 99, 100, 104, 104, 108, 135, 136, 138, 159, 168, 181
at Apoala, 137
of the dead (see Nine Grass)
of Evening Star, 67
of maguey, 103–105, 109, 110, 113, 130, 138
residences of, 81
of sun, 47, 67, 124, 151, 171, 175–176
of Venus, 84
of wind, 78. See also rain gods; and under individual names
grass mats, 68, 82, 103, 109, 116, 168
hieroglyphs, 29–30, 49–51, 50. See also pictograms
Hill of the Ballcourt, 7, 11, 23n2
Hill of Flints. See Mogote del Cacique
Hill of the Flower. See Yucuita
Hill of the Jewel—Hill of Feathers, 7, 11
Hill of the Monkey. See Monkey Hill
Hill of the Rain God. See Yucuñudahui
Hill of the Sun. See Achiutla
Hill of the Wasp. See Wasp Hill
Hill that Opens-Bee. See Wasp Hill
Hua Chino. See Red and White Bundle
iconography, 4, 5, 67, 68, 78, 79, 86
of caves, 69–71, 73–77, 79, 81, 88, 157, 158
in Mesoamerica, 69–70
Native American use of, 30
of plants, 65, 72, 74, 96, 104
jaguars, 70, 82, 84, 85, 87, 127, 172, 180, 182
Jaltepec, 7, 16, 20, 148, 151, 157, 177
and Chalcatongo, 154, 180, 183
in Codex Selden, 67–68, 80, 81, 117, 126
first dynasty of, 67, 84, 139, 149, 179–180
and Eight Wind, 80, 81, 117, 139
and Red and White Bundle, 56, 86, 126, 150, 158, 164–165, 179
second dynasty of, 80, 81, 86, 117, 118, 119, 139, 147, 154, 158, 180
and Tilantongo, 18, 55–56, 82, 83, 86, 87, 117, 120, 124, 126, 147, 149, 150, 154, 158, 164, 166, 177, 178, 183
women ruling, 154, 180, 183. See also Nine Wind (f); Six Monkey
ladies. See under individual names
Lienzo de Zacatepec, 18–19, 165
lineages, 65, 84, 85, 86, 110, 112, 139, 156, 157, 159
consolidated, 186
founders, 33, 39, 65–66, 80, 81, 85, 95, 100, 116, 151, 154
role of 21–22, 54. See also dynasties
lords. See under individual names
maguey, 64, 96, 99, 103–105, 104, 109, 110, 111, 113, 130, 138. See also plants, sacred; pulche
maize, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 99n1
manuscripts. See codices
marriage alliances, 18, 19, 125, 149
control of, 47, 113, 126, 128, 149–150, 154, 178
severance of, 82–83, 86, 126, 127, 154, 158, 164, 178
use of, 6
Maya, 42n3, 68, 87, 88–89, 99n1, 142
surviving codices of, 30
writing system of, 4, 29, 49–51
metaphors, 36, 39, 40, 41, 85, 95, 98–99, 116
Middle Formative period, 38, 49, 70, 71, 80, 83, 87, 96
Mixteca, 46, 47, 54, 56, 80, 81, 83, 100, 105, 106, 112, 126, 131, 138, 145, 148, 159, 186
Alta, 1, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 47
Mixtecs, 1, 3, 14, 15, 21, 89, 105, 117
art of, 3–4
cognition of, 30
communities of, 45–46
concept of time, 36, 40–42, 142
creation chronology of, 13, 14, 41n2, 142–143
Cult of the Dead, 123, 148, 156, 159
defeated by Aztecs, 2, 52, 143
history of, 1, 33, 34, 39, 45–47, 79, 129–131, 158, 159
as People of the Rain, 38, 55, 105, 138, 159
role of codices among, ix, 29–30, 52–53
surviving codices of, 4–5, 30, 51, 88
Mogote del Cacique, 1, 2, 13, 14, 17, 20, 22n1
Monkey Hill, 8, 13, 15, 54, 60, 94, 97, 99, 116, 123, 124, 142, 146, 147. See also Cerro Jasmin; Eight Wind
Monte Alban, 4, 10, 16, 22n1, 45, 79
mummy bundles, 111, 117, 126, 130, 154, 147n1, 177
of Eight Wind, 60, 123, 124, 130, 154, 158, 166
of Four Motion, 109–110
of Seven Flower, 109–110
speaking to, 47, 123, 124, 127, 128, 128, 147–148, 158, 159, 166, 176
of Three Lizard, 149–150
of Twelve Motion, 152, 154, 176
of Two Rain, 60, 67, 124, 127, 128, 128, 130, 150, 166, 176
Nahuas, 1, 2, 4, 5, 14, 24n3, 50
Nine Grass (f), 84, 151, 154, 157, 183, 184, 185
consulting mummy bundles, 47, 87, 123, 128, 147–148, 149–150
controlling marriage alliances, 47, 113, 126, 128, 149–150, 154, 178. See also oracles
Nine Wind (f), 118, 119, 120, 166, 179, 180, 183
Nine Wind (m), 23n1, 106, 157, 175
Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl (m), 67, 82–83, 111, 112, 116, 139, 169, 171, 177
birth of, 111, 141, 143, 157, 159
and Eight Wind, 69, 99–100, 112, 137–138, 141–142, 159
holding water and sky, 64, 67, 111, 138, 141, 142, 143, 143, 164
importance of, in codices, 157
as yaha yahui, 96
nobles, 1, 6, 14, 20, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 67–68, 79, 81, 95, 99n1, 105, 139, 147
composition of codices by, 5–6
as divinities, 6
ethnicity of, 18
mummy bundles of, 14, 123, 148
and supernatural, 6, 74, 129, 148, 155
use of marriage by, 6
Nochixtlan Valley, 15, 62, 64, 112, 156
importance of, in codices, 16
original inhabitants of, 105
northern, 7, 8, 8, 11–13, 13, 31, 61, 110
southern, 2, 13, 16, 16–17, 18, 19, 22–23n1, 54, 61, 157
unification of, 144
nose-piercing, 151, 170, 171, 186
Nuttall, Zelia, 33, 52, 53, 54, 160, 163
ñuu, 68, 95, 105, 106, 180, 182
Ñuu Dzaui, 38. See also Mixtecs
Ñuu Tnoo. See Tilantongo
Oaxaca, 2–3, 5, 6, 14, 62, 65, 79, 97, 129–131, 146, 147, 161
Mesoamerican cultures in, 37, 45, 48
Mixtec culture in, ix, 1, 4, 29–30, 48, 154
Spanish arrival in, 31, 66, 160, 165 (see also Spanish entrada)
Olmecs, 29, 45, 49, 65, 70, 71, 74, 76, 87, 88, 96
One Alligator (m), 86, 87, 119, 126, 153, 155, 165, 166, 177, 185, 186
One Death (m), 47, 67, 84, 89, 151, 171, 175, 181
One Motion (m), 67, 84, 89, 167, 181
oracles, 16, 47, 66, 67, 68, 84, 170, 179
of dead, 47, 56, 113, 123, 125, 128–129, 147–148, 150, 156, 163, 164, 170, 178, 180
of Venus, 84
of Zapotecs, 79. See also Nine Grass
oral histories, 30, 32, 38, 42, 57
ordering rituals, 64, 65, 95, 98, 99, 105, 109, 111, 135–139, 136, 141, 142, 156, 187
performances, 6, 35, 37, 52, 57, 64, 67–68, 126, 129
personifications: of flint knife, 181
of meteorological phenomena, 7, 46, 108
of nature, 6, 22, 63, 68, 69, 73–74, 81, 83, 157
of underworld waters, 78
pictograms, 2, 4, 29–30, 38, 48–51, 50, 53, 63, 85, 102, 141
guidelines in, 57, 61, 114, 123
as mnemonic devices, 38, 41, 42, 57, 61, 63
origins of, 49
reading order of, 57, 61, 95, 122–123
place signs. See toponyms
Place Where the Sky Was (Place Where the Sky Is Held Up), 63, 143, 151, 164, 174
plants, sacred, 74, 75, 76, 77
at Yucuñudahui, 64. See also maguey; maize; mushrooms; tobacco
Pohl, John, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 67, 79
Postclassic period, 2–3, 4, 9, 22, 33, 39, 45, 64, 69–70, 71, 79, 83, 88, 96, 105, 156
beginning of, 1
founding of kingdoms during, 16, 22–23n1, 62
languages of, 4
Mixtec history during, 37, 129, 147, 154
Yahuitlan during, 11–13
priests, 1, 6, 16, 46, 67, 82, 86, 149, 170, 179, 181, 182, 183
Eight Wind as, 31, 96, 97, 98, 116
powers of, 85, 123, 129, 147–148
Two Rain as, 124, 126, 148. See also shamans; yaha yahui
pulche, 64, 103–104, 104, 110, 138. See also maguey
pyramids, 1, 13, 15, 51, 71, 75
rain, 46, 63, 64, 70, 72, 74, 78, 108
Rain God Hill. See Yucuñudahui
rain gods, 8, 60, 63, 78, 80, 113, 116, 117, 118, 130, 137, 138, 139, 159
Chaac, 78
Tlaloc, 8. See also Dzaui
Red and White Bundle, 148, 151
claim to, 7
and Eight Deer, 85–86, 126, 127, 153, 154, 176, 185
and Jaltepec, 56, 86, 126, 150, 158, 164–165, 179
war against, 56, 113, 126, 127, 153, 154, 158, 176, 185. See also Eleven Wind
river birth, 6, 18, 19, 23n1, 65, 66
bird, 82, 103, 108, 109, 113, 116, 130, 135, 137, 171, 172, 177, 187, 188
heart excision, 85, 108, 124, 152
human, 46, 82, 85–86, 87, 124, 126, 153, 166, 168, 169, 172, 175, 176–177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186
of Stone Men, 7, 11, 102–103, 108, 113, 130, 139, 187
santos, 33, 95, 96, 98, 116, 159. See also supernatural; yaha yahui
Seven Flower (m), 79, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109–110, 111, 113, 123, 175
Seven Motion (m), 7, 11, 102–103, 108, 111, 113, 123, 130, 139, 153
Seven Reed. See Two Rain
Seven Snake (m), 7, 102, 104, 108, 111, 169, 188
Seven Wind (m), 7, 11, 66, 103, 104, 111
shamans, 74–75, 79, 96. See also priests; yaha yahui
Six Eagle (f), 7, 102, 111, 166, 188
Six Monkey (f), 6, 19, 23n2, 144, 154, 166
biography of, 164–165, 179–186
and Eight Deer, 19, 153, 154, 165, 166, 167, 184
as Eight Wind’s granddaughter, 31, 55, 118, 126, 147
as Eleven Wind’s wife, 42, 126, 149, 150, 164, 166, 179, 183–184
as Four Wind’s mother, 46, 85–86, 118, 119, 126, 153, 165, 185
and Tilantongo, 16, 55–56, 126, 147, 179
as War Garment, 184, 185. See also Jaltepec
sky, 31, 65, 67, 68, 69, 85, 89, 109, 140, 143, 157–158, 164, 168, 176, 181
birth from, 6, 69, 100, 111, 141
people from, 7, 108, 113, 130, 143, 157
and water held, 64, 67, 111, 138, 141, 142, 143, 143
snakes, 67, 68, 72, 78, 85, 96, 127, 182
Spanish entrada, 2, 11, 14, 18, 19, 23n2, 31, 34, 37, 45, 54, 67, 81, 118, 157, 160, 165
spirits, 4, 74, 79, 180. See also ancestors; mummy bundles
Spores, Ronald, 9, 10, 14, 46, 48, 117, 157
stone knife birth, 69, 100, 111
Stone Men, 7, 54n1, 60, 62, 102, 111, 126, 159
as original people of Mixteca, 54, 64, 105, 112, 138
sacrificed, 7, 11, 102–103, 108 130, 139
war with, 102, 103, 112, 113, 130, 157, 158, 188, 189
at Yucuñudahui, 7, 102, 105, 110. See also War from Heaven
war with, 60, 102, 108, 112, 113, 130, 157, 159, 188, 189. See also War from Heaven
Suchixtlan. See Monkey Hill
figures, 79, 82, 87, 95, 96, 109
and Mixtec aristocracy, 6, 155
power, 74, 76. See also santos; yaha yahui
symbols. See iconography
techutli, 146, 151, 170, 186, 195
temples, 7, 46, 47, 49, 50, 157, 167, 169, 176, 180, 182
Eight Wind in, 97, 116, 117, 123, 124, 147, 147
at Jaltepec, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184
of Nine Grass, 84, 123, 148, 151
as residences of gods, 81, 175
Two Rain in, 124, 125, 147, 152–153
Ten Deer (f), 123
and Eight Wind, 7, 117, 118, 119, 146–147, 166, 183
and Jaltepec dynasty, 117, 139, 147, 179, 183
Ten Eagle (f), 67, 97, 117, 146, 181
Ten Eagle (m), 23n2, 118, 119, 120, 153, 166, 179, 180, 183
Tey Ñuu. See Stone Men
Three Flint (f), 16, 36, 60, 61
Three Lizard (m), 23n2, 117, 126, 149, 150, 177, 179, 183
Tilantongo, 2, 7, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24n4, 38, 87, 112, 124, 155, 167, 171, 172
dialect of, 19
first dynasty of, xii, 18, 22n1, 23n2, 44, 61, 81, 82, 83, 86, 106, 118, 119, 123, 147, 149, 150, 157, 158, 164, 177
location of, 17
second dynasty of, xii, 18, 23n2, 118, 119, 127, 163
and War from Heaven, 112
war with Jaltepec, 55–56, 83, 86, 124, 126, 128, 147, 149, 150, 154, 158, 164, 165, 177–178, 183
war with Red and White Bundle, 55–56, 113, 126, 158. See also Eight Deer; Ten Eagle (m); Two Rain
Tolteca-Chichimeca, 45, 47, 126, 127, 151, 170, 186
of Apoala, 141
in codices, 7, 10, 14, 24n3, 69, 125, 136–137
of Monkey Hill/Suchixtlan, 7, 116
Toto Cuee Cave, 95, 96, 98, 187, 188
tree birth, 53, 66–68, 81, 105, 138, 139, 141, 181
at Achiutla, 19, 65, 67–68, 69, 81
at Apoala, 54, 62, 65, 66, 69, 81, 99, 110, 111, 122, 138, 139, 158, 181
trees, 65–68, 81, 182. See also tree birth
Tututepec, 2, 81–82, 84, 86, 126, 151, 166, 168, 169, 170
Twelve Motion (m), 23n2, 123, 151, 152, 154, 167, 168, 170, 171, 175, 176
Two Dog (m), 99, 104, 109, 110, 111, 116, 137, 138, 141
Two Rain (m), 6, 144, 166, 183, 185
biography of, 177–179
death of, 18, 23n2, 82, 126, 127, 147, 150, 151, 164, 166, 169, 179
and Eight Wind, 7, 23n2, 60, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 158, 166, 177, 187
as Eight Wind’s great-grandson, 31, 55, 117, 118, 147
mummy bundle of, 60, 67, 124, 125, 127, 128–129, 128, 130, 148, 150, 152–153, 166, 176, 179
and Tilantongo’s first dynasty, 23n2, 56, 118, 119, 123, 147, 149, 164, 177
and war with Jaltepec, 55–56, 82, 117, 164, 166, 177, 183
Two Snake (f), 117, 118, 119, 120, 166, 179, 180
underworld, 73, 76, 86, 96, 116, 148
as part of cosmos, 65, 68, 70, 80, 83, 87, 89. See also caves
War from Heaven, 8, 11, 15, 18, 157
on Codex ZN, 7, 10, 16, 32, 60, 61, 95, 100, 101–114, 101, 107, 113, 113, 146, 157, 158, 159
differing versions of, 16–17, 32, 164
importance of, 61–62, 112. See also Stone Men; Striped Men
War with the Stone Men. See Stone Men; War from Heaven
War with the Striped Men. See Striped Men; War from Heaven
Wasp Hill, 1, 2, 14, 23n1, 86, 184
lineage at, 157
war at, 18, 54, 61–62, 112, 139, 186
world tree, 65, 72, 74, 79, 81
Eight Wind as, 46, 96, 97, 98, 116
Four Wind as, 46
Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl as, 96. See also priests; santos; shamans; supernatural
Yanhuitlan, 8, 11–13, 14, 15, 16–18, 19, 20, 48, 66, 157
year signs, 58, 58, 102–103, 108, 117
Yucu Dzahui. See Yucuñudahui
Yucuita, 1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 48, 102, 108, 111, 156
Yucuñudahui, 1, 9, 10, 10, 12–13, 13, 14, 15, 64, 156
and Eight Wind, 7, 8, 9, 62, 80, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, 109, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 142, 187
importance of, 64, 111, 138, 141
and Nine Wind Quetzalcoatl, 67, 138, 141–142, 142, 143, 143
as personification of rain, 63, 108, 138
as Rain God Hill, 8
as source of Mixtec name, 55
as Stone Men territory, 105, 106, 138
War from Heaven at, 9, 102–103, 105, 110, 113, 139
Yucu Yoco. See Wasp Hill
Yuta Tñohu. See Apoala
Zapotecs, 1, 14, 18, 19–20, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 79, 89, 112
ZN. See Codex Zouche-Nuttall