Index
Acetylcholine, 39–40
Active zone, 52, 57
Addiction, 115–122, 150
Adolescence, 41, 70, 126, 134–136, 150
Aging, 139–143
Alcohol, 120
Altman, Joseph, 73
Alzheimer’s disease, 85, 90, 142–143
Amblyopia, 44, 47
AMPA receptors, 57–58
Amputation, 101
Amygdala, 117, 133, 137, 139
Amyloid-beta protein, 142
Antidepressants, 113
Astrocytes, 67–68
Athletic training, 90–93
Attention, 85, 128, 133, 139
Auditory system, 127–128, 136–137
Autism, 128
Axon, 7, 10, 40, 49, 50, 55, 97–98, 107–108, 117, 124, 150–151
Bach-y-Rita, Paul, 10, 22–23, 27–28
Bain, Alexander, 55
Basal ganglia, 117
Basket cells, 45–47, 152–153
Benzodiazepines, 120
Bilingualism, 90
Bliss, Tim, 10, 56, 59
Bonnet, Charles, 4, 54
Braille, 26
BrainPort V100, 27–28
Brain training, 85–88
Broca, Pierre Paul, 19–20
Brodmann, Korbinian, 20
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 47
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), 78
Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 6–10, 37, 62, 72, 145
Cannabinoids, 118
Cell body, 49
Cell theory, 5, 71
Cerebral cortex, 20, 28–33, 73, 107, 117
Channelrhodopsin, 60
Chromosomes, 129
Chronic pain, 125
Cingulate gyrus, 139
Cocaine, 120
Cochlea, 128
Cognitive reserve, 90
Cohen, Stanley, 35–36
Confocal microscopy, 58
Cortical reorganization, 101, 124
Corpus callosum, 91, 111
Cross-modal processing, 23, 28–33
Cross inhibition, 111
Critical period, 42–47
Das, Gopal, 73
Darwin, Charles, 5–6
Dendrites, 7, 49
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 27, 91, 98
Dendritic spines, 50, 62, 67, 97–98, 120
Dentate gyrus, 73
Deoxyribonulceic acid (DNA), 129
Depression, 80–82
Dorsal root ganglia, 122
Dopamine, 117–122
Dyslexia, 128
Echolocation, 24
Effector organ, 50
Electroencephalography (EEG), 127
Electron microscope, 53, 62
Endplate, 39
Environmental enrichment, 76, 133
Epigenetic modifications, 129–130, 133
Epilepsy, 21–22
Eriksson, Peter, 78
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 27
Feynman, Richard, 30
Filopodia, 39
Fluoxetine (Prozac), 79, 114
Fritz, Gustav, 19
Frontal lobe, 25, 108
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 23, 112
GABA, 44–47, 52, 67
GABA receptors, 58
Gall, Franz Joseph, 16–19
Glial cells, 66–70, 98
astrocytes, 67
microglia, 68–70
oligodendrocytes, 135, 150
Schwann cells, 150
Glucocorticoid receptor, 129–130
Glutamate, 50, 56, 67, 138
Gould, Elizabeth, 74
Growth cone, 39–40
Growth factors, 124
Habit formation, 117
Hair cells, 128
Hamburger, Victor, 34
Hebb, Donald, 55
Hippocampus, 62, 75–76, 79, 94, 129, 133, 141
Hitzig, Eduard, 19
Homunculus, 22
Hubel, David, 10, 43–44, 127
Hypothalamus, 137, 139
Inflammation, 124
Ion channel, 52
Insula, 139
Interneurons, 45–47, 79, 92–93, 152–153
basket cells, 45–47, 152–153
fast-spiking, 152–153
slow-spiking, 152–153
Intraparietal sulcus, 92–93
James, William, 8
Kandinsky, Wassily, 30
Knowledge, the, 93–97
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 5
Language, 16, 19, 21, 26
bilingualism, 90
centers, 113
learning, 88–90
Learning, 54, 60–66, 73, 76, 139
motor, 62–64
procedural, 117
Left hemisphere, 108
Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 34–36
Localization of cerebral function, 15, 28, 113
Lømo, Terje, 10, 56, 59
Long-term depression (LTD), 59, 141
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 10–11, 54–66, 68, 107, 113, 121, 124, 141
Lumosity, 87
Malcarne, Michele Vincenzo, 4, 54
McGurk effect, 30
Memory, 11, 16–18, 26, 42, 54–61
spatial, 60, 76, 93–97, 141
Mental exercise, 4
Mesolimbic pathway (reward system), 115, 117, 120
Microglia, 68–70
Midbrain, 117, 120, 122
Morphine 120
Motion-sensitive neurons, 92
Motor cortex, 22, 92, 108
Motor neuron, 40, 108
Multiple sclerosis, 151
Multisensory integration, 28–33
Musical training, 90–93
Myelin, 98, 135, 150–152
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 35–36
Nerve injury, 101, 103–108
Nerve terminal, 49–50, 53, 123–124
Nervous impulse, 49, 151
Neural stem cells, 11, 75, 78
Neural tube, 75
Neurogenesis, 125
Neuromuscular junction, 37, 39
Neuron, 6–7, 33
interneurons, 45–47, 79, 92–93, 152–153
pain-sensing, 122–124
pyramidal, 7,
primary sensory, 34–35, 122
Neuron doctrine, 72
Neurotransmitters, 39–40, 50, 52, 56, 67, 117–122, 151–152
acetylcholine, 39–40
dopamine, 117–122
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 52, 58, 67, 118
glutamate, 50, 56, 67
Neurotrophic hypothesis, 35
Nicotine, 120
NMDA receptor, 57, 59–60, 62–64
Nodes of Ranvier, 98, 151
Nottebohm, Fernando, 73–74
Nucleus, 7
Nucleus accumbens, 117–121
Object recognition, 76
Occipital lobe, 25
Ocular dominance columns, 43
Occipitotemporal cortex, 92
Olfactory bulb, 73
Oligodendrocytes, 135, 150–151
Optic disc, 26
Optic nerve, 26
Optogenetics, 60
Orbitofrontal cortex, 139
Orientation selectivity, 43
Otx2, 45
Pain, 122–124
Paralysis, 108
Parenthood, 136–139
Parkinson’s disease, 122
Pathological gambling, 122
Pattern separation, 76
Parietal lobe, 25
Penfield, Wilder, 21–22
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 150
Phagocytosis, 68
Phantom limb syndrome, 101
Phrenology, 5, 15–20
Physiotherapy, 110
Polio, 151
Postcentral gyrus, 20, 22
Postsynaptic density (PSD), 53–54
Postsynaptic membrane, 50–53
Prefrontal cortex, 41–42, 135–136, 138–139
Prenatal plasticity, 126–128
Presynaptic membrane, 50–53
Procedural learning, 117
Programmed cell death, 35–36
Prozac (fluoxetine), 79, 114
Pyramidal neuron, 7
Quantum dots, 58
Rakic, Pasko, 80–82
Receptor trafficking, 58–59
Rehabilitation, 110
Reward system (mesolimbic pathway), 115, 117, 120
Rostral migratory stream, 75, 79
Schizophrenia, 128
Schleiden, Matthias, 5, 71
Schwann cells, 150
Schwann, Theodore, 5, 71
Senescence, 126
Senile plaques, 142
Sensory substitution, 10, 22–23
Sherrington, Charles, 9
Socioeconomic status (SES), 130–133
Spatial learning and memory, 60, 76, 93–97, 141
Silent synapses, 58
Soma, 7
Somatosensory cortex, 20, 22, 24, 32, 91, 105, 108, 123
Spinal cord, 6, 40, 67, 71–72, 75, 101–102, 105, 109, 115, 122–124
Spurzheim, Johann, 5
Stress response, 129
Stroke, 19, 101, 108–114, 151
Structural plasticity, 13
Striate cortex (see visual cortex), 43
Striatum, 76, 79, 80, 120, 137, 139
Substantia nigra, 120, 122
Super Agers, 142
Synapse, 8, 9, 11, 13, 50–54, 67, 123, 125
bouton (see nerve terminal), 50, 63, 67
formation, 37–41, 61–66, 125–126, 135
plasticity, 49–70
pruning, 41–42, 68–70, 135
vesicles, 52, 57, 59
Synesthesia, 30–32
Task-switching, 139
Temporal lobe, 25, 108
Thalamus, 27, 107, 137
Topographic organization, 22
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 105, 112
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 23, 24, 105, 111–112
Tritiated thymidine autoradiography, 73, 78
Two-photon laser scanning microscopy, 63
Visual cortex, 21, 24–26, 40, 43
Visual system, 25
Ventral tegmentum, 117–118
von Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas, 5
Wernicke, Carl, 19
White matter, 92, 126, 135
Withdrawal symptoms, 121
Wiesel, Torsten, 10, 43–44, 127
Wind-up, 124