List of Illustrations

Dover lighthouse. Birgitta Hoffmann

Wroxeter fortress baths. Birgitta Hoffmann

Interior of the Lunt, one of the many pre-Flavian forts in the Midlands, in the background the reconstructed granaries. Birgitta Hoffmann

Reconstructed fort defences at the Lunt. Birgitta Hoffmann

Silchester defences. David John Woolliscroft

Caerleon Prysg Field, corner of the fortress. Birgitta Hoffmann

Stanwick defences. Birgitta Hoffmann

Chester, corner tower of Roman fortress. Birgitta Hoffmann

Dere Street, in a typically straight stretch in county Durham. David John Woolliscroft

Caerleon Prysg Field, legionary barracks. Birgitta Hoffmann

Inchtuthil fortress. David John Woolliscroft

Cawthorne Camps, Yorkshire. Birgitta Hoffmann

Hadrian’s Wall on the Whin Sill Crags of the central sector. Birgitta Hoffmann

Risingham Roman fort. Birgitta Hoffmann

Roman road at Roundlaw, Perthshire. David John Woolliscroft

Aerial photograph of Chester fort. David John Woolliscroft

Aerial photograph of Housesteads. David John Woolliscroft

Milecastle 39 on Hadrian’s Wall. David John Woolliscroft

Milecastle 49 to Birdoswald. David John Woolliscroft

The gate at High Rochester fort. Birgitta Hoffmann

Aerial photograph of Bewcastle fort. David John Woolliscroft

Antonine Wall base in Bearsden cemetery. Birgitta Hoffmann

Roman road cutting at Innerpeffray, Perthshire. David John Woolliscroft

York, Multangular tower. Birgitta Hoffmann

Aerial view of Vindolanda; the praetorium of the Severan fort is on the right hand (western) end of the Vicus. David John Woolliscroft

Vindolanda, praetorium of Fort II and Severan roundhouses. Birgitta Hoffmann

Carpow aerial photograph. David John Woolliscroft

London city wall, one example of the increasing use of defences around towns from the late third century onwards. Birgitta Hoffmann

Caerwent late Roman defences. Birgitta Hoffmann

Richborough: in the foreground the ditches of the third century fortlet around the Claudian monument, in the background the defences of the Saxon Shore fort. David John Woolliscroft

Scarborough Yorkshire Coast tower. Birgitta Hoffmann

Cardiff Castle, South Wall, with Roman, Medieval and modern walling. Birgitta Hoffmann

Burgh Castle. David John Woolliscroft

Hen Waliau, Caernarvon, late Roman harbour fort. Birgitta Hoffmann

Caer Gybi late Roman fort overlooking Holyhead harbour. Birgitta Hoffmann