Preceding the numbered notes in most of the chapters are background subjects, each with sources that were found especially valuable and pertinent. Full particulars of each work cited are given in the bibliography.
The following abbreviations are used in the citations:
|
AA |
Peter Force, ed., American Archives |
|
ABF |
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (ed. Labaree) |
|
ANB |
American National Biography |
|
BA |
Benedict Arnold |
|
BF |
Benjamin Franklin |
|
CHS |
Connecticut Historical Society |
|
DAR |
Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution |
|
DCL |
Dartmouth College Library |
|
DHNY |
O’Callaghan, ed., Documentary History of New York |
|
EA |
Ethan Allen |
|
EAC |
Duffy et al., eds., EA and His Kin: Correspondence |
|
FTM |
Fort Ticonderoga Museum |
|
FTMB |
Fort Ticonderoga Museum Bulletin |
|
GW |
George Washington |
|
IA |
Ira Allen |
|
JA |
John Adams |
|
JCC |
Journals of the Continental Congress |
|
JH |
John Hancock |
|
LAP |
Levi Allen Papers, University of Vermont |
|
LDC |
Smith et al., eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress |
|
LOCO |
Library of Congress Online |
|
ND |
Clark, ed., Naval Documents of the American Revolution |
|
NHA |
New Hampshire Archives |
|
N-YHS |
New-York Historical Society |
|
NYPL |
New York Public Library |
|
PAC |
Public Archives of Canada |
|
PCC |
Papers of the Continental Congress |
|
PGW |
Papers of George Washington |
|
PS |
Philip Schuyler |
|
PTJ |
Papers of Thomas Jefferson |
|
PUL |
Princeton University Library |
|
RM |
Richard Montgomery |
|
SA |
Samuel Adams |
|
TC |
Thomas Chittenden |
|
TJ |
Thomas Jefferson |
|
TP |
Thomas Paine |
|
TY |
Thomas Young |
|
UVA |
Alderman Library, University of Virginia |
|
UVM |
University of Vermont |
|
VH |
Vermont History |
|
VHS |
Vermont Historical Society |
|
VMHB |
Vermont Magazine of History and Biography |
|
VSA |
Vermont State Archives |
|
VSP |
Vermont State Papers |
|
WF |
William Franklin |
|
WLCL |
William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan |
|
WMQ |
William and Mary Quarterly |
|
WW |
Writings of Washington |
CHAPTER 1: “A SINCERE PASSION FOR LIBERTY”
Attack on Fort Ticonderoga: EA, Narrative of Colonel Allen’s Captivity, ed. Pell; Pell, EA; Randall, BA; ND, vol. 1; French, Taking of Ticonderoga; Commager and Morris, Spirit of ’Seventy-Six, 97–105; Fiske, Critical Period in American History; Force, ed., AA; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride; Stiles, Literary Diary; SA, Writings; JA, Diary and Correspondence; PTJ, vol. 1; TP, Common Sense; Jesuit Relations, vol. 72; Metzger, Quebec Act; Neatby, Quebec; Headley, Chaplains and Clergy; Lanctôt, Canada and the American Revolution; Reynolds, Guy Carleton; Hatch, Thrust for Canada.
1 Commager and Morris, 90–91.
2 SA, May 15, 1764, in “Instructions of the Town of Boston to Its Representatives in the General Court,” MS, Boston Public Library.
3 Gage to Conway, Dec. 31, 1765, quoted in Fischer, 38.
4 Gage to Barrington, Nov. 12, 1770, quoted in Fischer, 38–39.
5 Gage to Hillsborough, Oct. 31, 1768, quoted in Fischer, 40.
6 Fischer, 96.
7 Pitcairn quoted in Stiles, Literary Diary, 1:604–5.
8 JA, Diary and Autobiography, 3:314.
9 TJ to Wm. Small, May 7, 1775, in PTJ, 1:165–67.
10 BF to David Hartley, May 8, 1775, in LDC, 1:335–36.
11 TP, Common Sense, Jan. 1776.
12 GW to Wm. Fairfax, May 31, 1775, in WW, 3:291–92.
13 JCC, May 16, 1775.
14 Quoted in Jesuit Relations, 72:391–92; Stiles, quoted in Metzger, 102.
15 Metzger, 103.
16 Neatby, 148.
17 James Warren, “Suffolk Resolves,” in Commager and Morris, 54.
18 “Letter from a Gentleman at Pittsfield to an Officer at Cambridge,” May 4, 1775, AA, 4:507.
19 EA, Narrative, 5.
20 Ibid., 6–7.
21 According to the folklorist Benjamin A. Botkin, Israel Harris, one of the Green Mountain Boys present at the time, recounted Allen’s exact words to his grandson, the University of Wisconsin historian James D. Butler. See Botkin, A Treasury of New England Folklore, rev. ed. (New York: American Legacy Press, 1965).
CHAPTER 2: “THE ROUGHEST TOWNSHIP IN CONNECTICUT”
Ethan Allen’s Family Origins: Barr, Genealogy of EA; O. P. Allen, Allen Memorial.
The Antinomian Crisis: Heimert and Delbanco, eds., Puritans in America; Morgan, Puritan Family; D. H. Hall, Antinomian Controversy; Holifield, Theology in America; Stone, Family, Sex, and Marriage; Underdown, Revel, Riot, and Rebellion; Camden, Elizabethan Woman; C. Hill, Society and Puritanism; L. B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England; Huber, Women and the Authority of Inspiration; Randall and Nahra, “Anne Hutchinson,” in American Lives, vol. 1.
The Great Awakening: Heimert and Delbanco, eds., Puritans in America; Heimert and Miller, eds., Great Awakening; Morgan, Puritan Family; Morgan, Genuine Article; Stout and Onuf, “James Davenport and the Great Awakening”; Miller, “Half-way Covenants”; Goen, Revivalism and Separatism; Zeichner, Connecticut’s Years of Controversy; Gaustad, Great Awakening in New England; Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts; Butler et al., Religion and American Life; P. Miller, Jonathan Edwards; Winslow, Jonathan Edwards; Tracy, Jonathan Edwards; Holifield, Theology in America; Gipson, British Empire, vol. 3; Buckley, Place Called Paradise.
1 Frank Shuffleton, “Thomas Hooker,” ANB.
2 Stone, 102.
3 Heimert and Delbanco, 155.
4 Randall and Nahra, American Lives, 1:11–20.
5 Heimert and Delbanco, 154–55.
6 Ibid., 156; Morgan, Puritan Dilemma, 141–42.
7 Stone, 102.
8 Quoted in Heimert and Delbanco, 160.
9 Quoted in Morgan, Puritan Dilemma, 149.
10 Hugh Peter, quoted in Feintuch, 469.
11 Stone, 367.
12 Underdown, 39.
13 “Nathan Cole’s Spiritual Travels,” in Heimert and Miller, 183–86.
14 ABF, 175.
15 J. Edwards, quoted in Dudley and O’Neill, 235.
16 Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts, 96, 106.
17 Boston Evening Post, April 11, 1743.
18 Stout and Onuf, 557.
19 Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts, 36–37, 366.
20 Heimert and Delbanco, 409.
21 Gale to Ingersoll, quoted in Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee, 248.
22 Ezra Stiles to Leverett Hubbard, Sept. 21, 1766, MS, New Hampshire Historical Society Collections.
23 Morgan, Genuine Article, 24.
CHAPTER 3: “I EXPERIENCED GREAT ADVANTAGES”
Cornwall, Connecticut: EA, Reason; Gold, Cornwall; Starr, Cornwall; Dwight, Travels in New England, vol. 2; Dexter, Yale Graduates; Szatmary, Shays’ Rebellion; Gipson, British Empire, vol. 3; Belknap, History of New Hampshire, vol. 3; Pell, EA.
EA in French and Indian War: “Capt. Moses Lyman’s Co.,” in CHS Collections, 9:247.
1 Palmer, quoted in Dexter, 1:387.
2 Dwight, Travels, 2:260.
3 EA, preface to Reason (1784 edition).
4 IA to Samuel Williams, June 6, 1795, in EAC, 2:443.
5 EA, Reason, 99.
6 Pell, EA, 7.
CHAPTER 4. “ANY FURNACE FOR MAKING STEEL”
French and Indian War: Pell, EA; Randall, GW; Randall, Little Revenge; Randall and Nahra, “Teedyuscung,” in American Lives, vol. 1.
Palmer Controversy: Dexter, Yale Graduates, vol. 1; Pell, EA; Hawks and Perry, eds., Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
1 Randall and Nahra, 21–30.
2 Declaratory Act of 1766, in Pickering, ed.
3 Gipson, 3:225.
CHAPTER 5. “A TUMULTUOUS AND OFFENSIVE MANNER”
Forbes and Allen Forge: Pell, EA; Schallenberg, “Charcoal Iron”; Heyrman, Commerce and Culture; Rasmussen, “Wood on the Farm.”
Thomas Young and Deism: Pell, EA; Hawke, “Dr. Thomas Young”; Caldwell, “The Man Who Named Vermont,”; Edes, “Memoir of Dr. TY”; Transactions of the Colonial Society of MA; Morais, Deism in Eighteenth-Century America; C. Wright, Beginnings of Unitarianism in America; Holmes, Faiths of the Founding Fathers.
Smallpox Inoculation: Henderson, “Smallpox and Patriotism”; Middlekauff, “Cotton Mather,” in ANB; Warden, Boston; Randall, Little Revenge.
Postwar Connecticut: Gipson, British Empire, vol. 3; Randall, BA; Gipson, Jared Ingersoll.
Palmerite Controversy: Hawks and Perry, eds., Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church, vol. 2; Dexter, Yale Graduates, vol. 1.
1 Morgan, Genuine Article, 25–27.
2 Pell, 11.
3 Jellison, 8.
4 Ibid.
5 Hawke, “Dr. TY,” 9–11.
6 GW to Francis Hopkinson, quoted in Britt, 177–78.
7 Quoted in Hawke, 10.
8 Ibid., 11.
9 EA quoted in Pell, EA, 16.
10 IA to Sam. Williams, June 6, 1795, in EAC, 2:443.
11 EA, preface to Reason.
12 BF to Thomas Hopkinson, [October 16, 1746], Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950–), 3:84–88.
13 ABF, 113–14.
14 TJ to JA, April 11, 1823, WTJ, 1466.
15 Holmes, 49.
16 Quoted in Randall, “WF,” in Loyalist Americans, 63.
17 Connecticut Gazette, quoted in Gipson, Jared Ingersoll, 115, 155.
18 Ethan Allen Papers, 1:431–34, Henry Stevens Collection, VSA.
19 Tousley v. Heman and EA, Salisbury Justice Records, 1:25, Aug. 1764.
20 Hawke, 12.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., 12–13.
23 Ibid., 8.
24 Salisbury Justice Records, 1:3, Sept. 1765.
25 Ibid., 1:11, Oct. 1765.
26 Ibid., 1:27, Oct. 1765.
CHAPTER 6. “THE GREATEST HASSURDS OF HIS LIFE”
Northampton Sojourn: Nobles, Divisions throughout the Whole; Nobles, “Breaking into the Backcountry”; Buckley, Place Called Paradise; Trumbull, History of Northampton, vol. 1; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards.
New Hampshire Grants: Gipson, British Empire, vol. 3; Jones, Vermont in the Making; Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town; Shalhope, Bennington.
1 Quoted in Burrows and Wallace, 204.
2 Edwards, quoted in Buckley, ed., 95; Marsden, 298–99.
3 Burrows and Wallace, 199; F. L. Engelman, “Cadwalader Colden and the New York Stamp Act Riots,” WMQ, 3d ser., 10 (Oct. 1953): 511; Nash, Urban Crucible, 58; Anderson, Crucible of War, 678–79.
4 Colden to Board of Trade, Sept. 26, 1763, MS, Colden Letter Books, 2:106, N-YHS.
5 Order in council, July 20, 1764, DHNY, 4:574.
6 H. Schuyler to Colden, DHNY, 4:575–76.
7 Wentworth to Colden, DHNY, 4:576.
8 Randall, BA, 56–57.
9 IA to Sam. Williams, June 6, 1795, in EAC, 2:443.
10 Dwight, quoted in Thompson, Independent Vermont, 2.
11 Hall, EA, 15.
12 Quoted in Pell, EA, 18.
13 Champlain, 164.
14 Quoted in Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town, 49.
15 Hemenway, 2:889.
16 John Wentworth to Lord Hillsborough, Dec. 4, 1771, MS, Wentworth Letter Book, NHA.
CHAPTER 7: “NO BETTER THAN PEDDLERS”
Jurisdictional Struggle: Jones, Vermont in the Making, 132–223; Shalhope, Bennington, 52–69; Pell, EA, 28–29; Randall, Little Revenge, 208–50; Burrows and Wallace, Gotham; DHNY, vol. 4.
Onion River Company: Jones, Vermont in the Making, 196–200.
Green Mountain Boys: Shalhope, Bennington; Thompson, Independent Vermont; Jones, Vermont in the Making; Pell, EA.
Evictions from the Grants: Shalhope, Bennington; Jones, Vermont in the Making; Hamlin and Baker, Supreme Court; Thompson, Independent Vermont.
1 DHNY, 4:558–60
2 Burroughs and Wallace, 222.
3 Journal of Major Walter Rutherford, MS, James Duane Papers, N-YHS.
4 Colden to Board of Trade, Sept. 26, 1763, Colden Letter Books, 2:106, MS, N-YHS.
5 Order-in-council of July 20, 1764, DHNY, 4:574–75.
6 Quoted in Mark, 135.
7 Shelburne to Moore, April 11, 1767, DHNY, 4:589–90.
8 Wilbur, IA, 1:vii.
9 Colden to Board of Trade, Feb. 8, 1769, in Coll. N-YHS, 9:232–37.
10 “Affidavit of Breakenridge and Robinson,” Feb. 14, 1770, DHNY, 4: 617–19.
11 Ibid.; Shalhope, 72–73.
12 Colden, “Proclamation,” Dec. 19, 1769, DHNY, 4:615–16.
13 Petitions, Oct. 18 and 19, 1769, Papers of the Continental Congress (PCC), 1774–89, National Archives, Washington, D.C., microfilmed as M247, r47, i40, VI, pp. 38–47, and M247, r47, i40, VI, pp. 29–31.
14 Belknap, History of New Hampshire, 3:192.
15 Wentworth to Wm. Bayard, Feb. 23, 1769, in Jones, 210.
CHAPTER 8: “GODS OF THE HILLS”
New York Eviction Trials: Pell, EA, 28–33; Jellison, EA, 31–38; Gipson, Jared Ingersoll; Alexander, Revolutionary Conservative; Thompson, Independent Vermont; DHNY, vol. 4; Jones, Vermont in the Making; Hamlin and Baker, Supreme Court; Shalhope, Bennington; Kierner, Traders and Gentlefolk; Upton, Loyal Whig; Lustig, Privilege and Prerogative; H. Hall, History of Vermont; Crary, “American Dream”; Sparks, Library of American Biography, 240–42; DePuy, EA.
1 Quoted in Hamlin and Baker, 1:356.
2 EA, Vindication, 5.
3 B. J. Lossing, “EA and the Green Mountain Boys,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 102 (Nov. 1858): 742; DePuy, 148–50; Pell, 32–33; Jellison, 37; IA, History, 24; Van der Water, 82–83.
4 Hall, “Journal of James Duane, July 4, 1770, in Alexander, Revolutionary Conservative, 76 n. 34.
5 EA, Brief Narrative, in EA and IA, Collected Works (hereafter cited as Works), 1:25.
6 Ibid.
7 Breakenridge petition, Feb. 22, 1770, PCC, in m247, r47, i40, VI, pp. 51–54.
8 Dunmore to Board of Trade, March 6, 1771, DHNY, 4:676.
9 Wentworth to Tryon, Dec. 14, 1771, DHNY, 4:671–72.
10 Dunmore, Nov. 1, 1770, DHNY, 4:661–63.
11 Ibid., Feb. 27, 1771, 4:687.
12 Ibid., 4:690.
CHAPTER 9: “THE LAW OF SELF PRESERVATION”
EA as Outlaw: Pell, EA, 34–65; Jones, Vermont in the Making; Shalhope, Bennington; Thompson, Independent Vermont; EA and IA, Works, 1:113; DHNY, vol. 4.
1 Randall, Little Revenge, 136.
2 Levi Allen Papers, MS, Wilbur Coll., UVM.
3 Charles Hutcheson to Duane, Sept. 10, 1771, Duane Papers, N-YHS.
4 Quoted in P. D. Nelson, William Tryon, 111–12.
5 DHNY, 4:763–64.
6 Reproduced at Pell, EA, 42.
7 Connecticut Courant, March 24, April 21 and 28, June 2, and July 7, 1772.
8 EA, Vindication, 6.
9 EA to Skene, quoted in Pell, EA, 45–46.
10 James Duane Papers, N-YHS.
11 Wentworth to Wheelock, Jan. 29, 1771, quoted in Chase, History of Dartmouth College, 435–36.
12 EA to Tryon, June (?) 1772, VSP, 25–28.
13 Connecticut Courant, June 9, 1772.
14 Tryon to the Inhabitants of Bennington, Aug. 11, 1772, DHNY, 4:793–94.
15 Ibid.
16 IA, Autobiography, 18.
17 Ibid., 44.
18 Pell, EA, 59.
19 IA, Autobiography, in Wilbur, 40–43.
20 TC quoted in TC’s Town, 43.
21 Pell, EA, 59–60.
22 IA, Autobiography, 43.
23 DHNY, 4:859–73.
24 EA to Crean Brush and Sam. Wells, May 19, 1774, in EAC, 1:16.
25 DHNY, 4:891–93.
26 EA to Oliver Wolcott, March 1, 1775, in EAC, 1:18.
CHAPTER 10: “IN THE NAME OF THE GREAT JEHOVAH”
Attack on Ticonderoga: Pell, EA; Randall, BA; EA, Narrative; French, Taking of Ticonderoga; Commager and Morris, Spirit of ’Seventy-Six, 97–105; ND, vol. 1.
1 Gen. Frederick Haldimand to Tryon, Sept. 19, 1774, Canadian Archives, Report, 1887, xii.
2 BA to Albany Comm. of Safety, May 3, 1775, MS, Copley Library.
3 E. Mott to Mass. Prov. Cong., May 11, 1775, ND, 1:315–16.
4 EA, Narrative, 8.
5 Lt. Jocelyn Feltham to Gen. Thomas Gage, June 11, 1775, in Commager and Morris, 101; B. A. Botkin, A Treasury of New England Folklore, rev. ed. (New York: American Legacy Press, 1965).
6 Feltham to Gage, June 11, 1775, in Commager and Morris, 101.
CHAPTER 11: “THOU BOLD BLASPHEMER”
Lake Champlain 1775 Campaign: ND, vol. 1; Randall, BA, 87–114; Pell, EA; AA, 4th ser., vol. 3; Fleming, Now We Are Enemies.
1 Feltham to Gage, June 11, 1775, in Commager and Morris, 102.
2 EA to the Treasurer of Connecticut, May 12, 1775, in EAC, 1:23.
3 BA to Mass. Comm. of Safety, May 11, 1775, in ND, 1:312–13.
4 EA to Jonathan Trumbull, May 12, 1775, in EAC, 1:22–23.
5 EA to the Albany Comm. of Corres., May 11, 1775, in EAC, 1:20.
6 EA, Narrative, 11; BA to Mass. Comm. of Safety, May 14, 1775, in ND, 1:330.
7 John Brown to Mass. Comm. of Safety, Aug. 14, 1775, in AA, 4th ser., 3:135.
8 EA to Montreal merchants, May 18, 1775, in EAC, 1:25–26.
9 EA to Noah Lee, May 25, 1775, in EAC, 1:28.
10 EA to the Connecticut Assembly, May 26, 1775, in EAC, 1:29–30.
11 EA to Continental Cong., May 29, 1775, in EAC, 1:31–33.
12 JCC, June 1, 1775.
13 BA to Mass. Comm. of Safety, May 19, 1775, MS, Copley Library.
14 Wm. Gilliland to Continental Cong., May 29, 1775, in AA, 4th ser., 2:731.
15 EA et al. to Continental Cong., June 10, 1775, in ND, 1:647.
16 BA in Regimental Memorandum Book, MS, FTM.
17 Fleming, Now We Are Enemies; Randall, Little Revenge, 341–46.
18 JA to AA, June 10, 1775, in LDC, 1:465.
19 Randall, Little Revenge, 293–94.
20 JCC, June 23, 1775.
21 JH to N.Y. Provincial Cong., June 24, 1775, in AA, 4th ser., 2:1076.
22 Hawke, Paine, 31; American Magazine, June 1775;
23 Hawke, “Dr. TY,” 17; Edes, “Memoir,” 38–39; TY to John Lamb, Oct. 4, 1774, Lamb Papers, N-YHS.
24 SA to TY, Oct. 17, 1774, in SA, Writings, 3:130.
25 BA to JH, July 11, 1775, in ND, 1:862.
26 William Smith, Diary, April 29, 1775, quoted in Burrows and Wallace, 224.
27 EA and Seth Warner to Eliphalet Dyer and Silas Deane, July 4, 1775, in EAC, 1:41.
28 PS to the President of Cong., July 10, 1775, NYPL, Schuyler Papers, Letter Book 1775–76, 52.
29 PS to Daniel Fay, July 10, 1775, quoted in Lossing, Life and Times of Philip Schuyler, 1:363.
30 Wm. Marsh to PS, July 16, 1775, Journals of the New York Provincial Congress, 1:72.
31 July 20, 1775, in EAC, 1:45–46.
32 EA to Trumbull, Aug. 3, 1775, in EAC, 1:47.
33 IA, quoted in Wilbur, IA, 1:67.
34 Quoted in C. E. Crane, 130.
CHAPTER 12: “I HAD NO CHANCE TO FLY”
Invasion of Canada: Lanctôt, Canada and the American Revolution; EA, Narrative, 12–23; Jellison, EA, 121–42; Pell, EA, 116.
Attack on Montreal: Pell, EA, 115–21; Jellison, EA, 143–56; Randall, BA; Lanctôt, Canada and the American Revolution; Hatch, Thrust for Canada, 1–20; Bush, Revolutionary Enigma, 27–55; Reynolds, Guy Carleton, 59–66.
1 GW to PS, Aug. 20, 1775, in Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 300–301.
2 PS to GW, Aug. 31, 1775, in PGW, 1:394–95.
3 PS to JH, JCC, July 12, 1775.
4 EA, Narrative, 13.
5 Samuel Mott to Gov. Trumbull, Oct. 6, 1775, in AA, 4th ser., 3:973.
6 Ibid., 3:973–974.
7 EA, Narrative, 14.
8 EA to RM, Sept. 20, 1775, in EAC, 1:51–52.
9 EA, Narrative, 14–15.
10 Ibid., 15.
11 “Extract of a Letter from Quebec dated Oct. 25, 1775,” AA, 4th ser., 3:1185–87.
12 EA, Narrative, 15–22.
CHAPTER 13: “YE SHALL GRACE A HALTER”
Ethan Allen, POW: Pell, EA, 120–34; EA, Narrative; PGW, vols. 1 and 2; WW, vols. 11, 19, and 21; Burrows, Forgotten Patriots; Dandridge, American Prisoners; Metzger, Prisoner of the American Revolution; O. Anderson, “Treatment of Prisoners”; Lord Dorchester Papers, WLCL; Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence; Bowman, Captive Americans; Bowman, “Pennsylvania Prisoner Exchange Conferences”; NDAR; Curtis, Tracts on the Exchange of Prisoners; T. S. Anderson, Command of the Howe Brothers; Burrows and Wallace, Gotham; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels; DAR, vol. 12; Fleming, Now We Are Enemies; Nelson, General Sir Guy Carleton; Ferling, Almost a Miracle, 102–5.
1 GW to Thomas Gage, Aug. 11, 1775, in PGW, 1:289.
2 Gage to GW, Aug. 13, 1775, in PGW, 1:301.
3 EA, Narrative, 25.
4 EA to Richard Prescott, Sept. 25, 1775, in EAC, 1:52–53.
5 EA, Narrative, 26–27.
6 Ibid., 27.
7 Ibid., 28.
8 PS to GW, Aug. 27, 1775, AA, 3:442.
9 RM to Janet Livingston Montgomery, Sept. 12, 1775, MS, Edw. Livingston Coll., PUL.
10 Randall, BA, 148–50.
11 Ibid., 168–75.
12 Ibid., 178.
13 Ibid., 186.
14 PS to JH, MS, Letter-book for 1775–76, NYPL.
15 TJ, Jan. 2, 1776, PTJ, 1:276–77.
16 Gage to GW, Aug. 13, 1775, in PGW, 1:301.
17 GW to PS, Dec. 18, 1775, in PGW, 2:578.
18 GW to Wm. Howe, Dec. 18, 1775, quoted in Crockett, Vermont, 2:249–50.
19 IA quoted in Wilbur, IA, 1:64–65.
20 EA, Narrative, 32–35.
21 Ibid., 32.
22 Ibid., 35.
23 Ibid., 36.
24 Ibid., 39.
25 Ibid., 38; Germain to John, Earl of Sandwich, Dec. 27, 1775, in Barnes and Owen, eds., Private Papers of Earl of Sandwich, 1:86.
26 EA, Narrative, 37.
27 Suffolk, reprinted in Wharton, 2:289n.
28 Horace Walpole, entry of June 23, 1775, Last Journals, 1:467.
29 Wedderburn to Wm. Eden, Dec. 27, 1775, VHS, Stevens facsimiles, 5:462.
30 EA, Narrative, 42–43.
31 Ibid., 40–41.
32 Germain to Mansfield, Aug. 6, 1776, in DAR, 12:176–77.
33 EA, Narrative, 45–46.
34 EA to the Gentlemen of Cork, Jan. 24, 1776, in EAC, 1:54–55.
35 EA, Narrative, 53.
36 Ibid., 52.
37 Ibid., 57–58.
38 Ibid., 58–59.
39 Ibid., 67–68.
40 EA to Conn. Assembly, Aug. 12, 1776, in EAC, 1:59–60.
41 EA, Narrative, 69–72.
42 EA to GW, Nov. 2, 1776, in EAC, 1:61–62.
43 John Adlum, quoted in Burrows, 61.
44 Graydon, 243, 242.
45 IA to Samuel Williams, June 6, 1795, in EAC, 2:443.
46 EA to Heman Allen, June 4, 1777, MS, Ethan Allen Papers, Henry Stevens Collection, VSA; EA to Levi Allen, July 27, 1777, in EAC, 1:71.
47 Fitch, quoted in Huguenin, 115.
48 E. Boudinot to John Adams, May 20, 1778, Boudinot Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
49 Huguenin, 117; EA, Narrative, 97; Fell, quoted in Burrows, 94.
50 EA, Narrative, 97–99; Burrows, 94.
51 EA, Narrative, 98.
52 Ibid., 102.
53 Ibid., 120.
54 Samuel Blachley Webb to Trumbull, quoted in Burrows, 103.
55 Randall, Alexander Hamilton, 166–67.
56 EA, Narrative, 121–22.
57 Ibid., 123.
58 GW to Laurens, May 12, 1778, in WW, 11:381.
59 Graydon, 243–44.
60 TJ to William Phillips, July 22, 1779, PTJ, 3:44–49.
61 EA, Narrative, 93.
CHAPTER 14: “A GAME OF HAZARD”
EA Returns to Vermont: Pell, EA, 135; Jellison, EA, 195–202; EA, Works, vol. 2; ND, vol. 10; LDC, vol. 10; Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town; R. N. Hill, College on the Hill; D. F. Hawke, Paine; EAC, vol. 1; WW, vols. 19–20.
1 EA to GW, May 28, 1778, in EAC, 1:78.
2 Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town, 60.
3 Ibid., 63.
4 Hawke, “Dr. TY,” 27.
5 Ibid., 28; N.Y. delegates to president of N.Y. Convention, April 21, 1777; Wm. Duer to Robert R. Livingston, July 9, 1777, in Burnett, ed., 2:336, 410; Edes, 48; Caldwell, 297.
6 Duane to R. R. Livingston, June 28, 1777, in LDC, 7:260–61.
7 VSP, 242, 244–46.
8 In council, June 9, 1778, VSP, 239–40; EA to Henry Laurens, June 17, 1778, in EAC, 1:81.
9 TC in TC’s Town, 71–72.
10 Ibid., 52.
11 EA to Eleazar Wheelock, June 14, 1778, in EAC, 1:80, and MS, DCL.
12 EA to Elisha Payne, July 11, 1778, in EAC, 1:82.
13 See EAC, 1:83, n. 2. The author is indebted to the editors of the Correspondence of EA and His Kin for their careful research into confiscation in Bennington County. The quotations are from Jellison, 198, and DePuy, 251.
14 EA to Elisha Payne, July 11, 1778, in EAC, 1:82.
15 Connecticut Courant, March 2, 1777.
16 Quoted in Jellison, EA, 203.
17 Josiah Bartlett to Meshech Weare, Aug. 4, 1778, in LDC, 10:388.
18 Sept. 26, 1778, in LDC, 10:693–94.
19 EA, Vindication, 22.
20 Quoted in Pell, EA, 160.
21 Bartlett to Weare, Sept. 26, 1778, in LDC, 10:693–95.
22 Gouverneur Morris to George Clinton, Sept. 27, 1778, in LDC, 10:703.
23 EA to Watson and Goodwin, Dec. 28, 1778, MS, Morgan Library.
24 Burrows, 161.
25 EA, Vindication, 159–60.
26 Ibid., 132.
27 Ibid., 139.
28 E. Wheelock to Benj. Pomeroy, March 30, 1778, MS, DCL.
29 T. Green to E. Wheelock, July 16, 1778, MS, DCL.
CHAPTER 15: “A HOOK IN THE NOSE”
Haldimand Negotiations: Pell, EA, 185–220; Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town; Wilbur, IA, 1:148–291; Sherwood, Journal of an Expedition; McIlwraith, Sir Frederick Haldimand; PAC, Haldimand Papers, reels 88–93; Wardner, “Haldimand Negotiations”; Richardson, “Chief Justice William Smith”; Van Doren, Secret History.
Philosopher: Pell, EA, 226–28; Jellison, EA, 299–334; EA, Reason; Williamson, Vermont in Quandary; Shalhope, Bennington; Shapiro, EA; Wardner, “Journal of a Loyalist Spy.”
1 EA to Samuel Huntington, March 9, 1781, in EAC, 1:109–10.
2 Beverley Robinson to EA, March 30, 1780, in Haldimand Papers, PAC, reel 88, ser. B175, BM 21835.
3 Burlington Sentinel, March 10, 1849; Thompson, Independent Vermont, 400; Holbrook, EA, 140; Jellison, EA, 192.
4 Haldimand to Germain, Oct. 15, 1778, MS, Germain Papers, WLCL
5 C. Carleton to Haldimand, Nov. 14, 1778, Haldimand Papers, PAC.
6 Justus Sherwood to Haldimand, Oct. 26, 1780, “Journal of an Expedition to Negotiate with the State of Vermont,” Haldimand Papers, PAC, reel 88, ser. B180. BM21840.
7 Ibid.
8 GW to Haldimand, Aug. 30, 1780, in WW, 19:473–74;
9 EA to C. Carleton, Nov. 4, 1780, in EAC, 1:105.
10 EA to John Stark, Dec. 7, 1780, EAC, 1:106–7.
11 EA to Samuel Huntington, March 9, 1781, in EAC, 1:109–10.
12 EA to Haldimand, June 16, 1782, in EAC, 1:130–31.
13 Charles Inglis, Dec. 12, 1778, MS, Riker, Memoria, vol. 15, 4–5. NYPL.
14 Justus Sherwood to Haldimand, Feb. 2, 1781, PAC.
15 Haldimand to Henry Clinton, Aug. 13, 1780, quoted in McIlwraith, Sir Frederick Haldimand, 208–10.
16 GW to TC, Jan. 1, 1782, in WW, 23:420–21.
17 GW to PS, quoted in Randall and Nahra, TC’s Town, 82.
18 EA to Horatio Gates, July 15, 1778, in EAC, 1:83–84.
19 EA, preface to Reason.
20 Bassett, The Gods of the Hills, 19.
21 EA, Reason, 7, 59, 100.
22 EA to Stephen Bradley, Sept. 7, 1785, in EAC, 1:181–82.
23 EA to Benj. Stiles, Nov. 16, 1785, in EAC, 1:184.
24 EA to Crèvecouer, March 2, 1786, in EAC, 1:190–92.
25 Dwight, Travels, 2:283–84.
26 Bassett, “Intolerant Vermonters,” in We Vermonters, 137.
27 Shalhope, Bennington, 187; EA’s great-great-grandson and family historian, the late Ethan Allen Hitchcock Sims, maintained that Allen was “really a transcendentalist.” Quoted in Burlington (Vt.) Free Press, Nov. 12, 2010.
CHAPTER 16: “CLODHOPPER PHILOSOPHER”
Shays’s Rebellion: Pell, EA, 249–51; Minot, History of the Insurrection; Sanford, “Rutland Court Riots”; EAC, 1:235–45; Randall, AH, 317–27; Szatmary, Shays’ Rebellion; Richards, Shays’s Rebellion; Royall Tyler Papers, VHS.
Wyoming Valley Venture: EA, Works, 2:95–101; Pell, EA: 249–56; Randall, AH, 323–26; Freeman, GW, 6:15; Oliver Wolcott Sr., Papers, CHS; Pickering Papers, Mass. Historical Society; Cabell Gwathmey Papers, UVA; Nevins, Allan, American States.
1 EA quoted in Pell, EA, 257.
2 EA to IA, Aug. 18, 1786, in EAC, 1:205.
3 Vermont Gazette, Feb. 28, 1786; Aug. 28, 31, 1786; DePuy, 425.
4 John Marshall to James Wilkinson, Jan. 1787, MS, LOCO.
5 Hamilton to Franklin, March 24, 1786, in Boyd and Taylor, Susquehannah Company, 8:313.
6 Julian P. Boyd, “A Rare Broadside by EA,” in PUL.
7 EA to Matthew Griswold, April 30, 1786, in EAC, 1:197–98.
8 GW to JM, Jan. 1782, quoted in Freeman, GW, 6:15.
9 TC, Feb. 27, 1787, in VSP.
10 EA, MS, Royall Tyler Papers, VHS.
11 Alexander Hamilton, “Remarks,” Feb. 8, 1787, in Syrett, ed., Papers, 4:115–18.
12 Pell, EA, 244–45; F. J. Fairbanks, “The Other Parish,” in Hemenway, 5:588; Holbrook, 210–13.
13 EA to Bradley, Nov. 16, 1787, in EAC, 1:249–50.
14 E. Stiles, Literary Diary, entry for Feb. 12, 1789.
AFTERWORD
1 Lossing, 1:164.
2 DHNY, 4:1024. The first post-revolutionary mayor of New York City, Duane served as a U.S. district court judge from 1790 until his death, in 1797. Only then were the funds distributed, his relatives receiving $2,621.29, the third-largest share.
3 JM quoted in Randall and Nahra, Forgotten Americans, 115–16.