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abortions, 244, 264, 498n
Adamowicz, Irena, 168–69, 175, 191–92, 319, 419, 487n
aid organizations. See rescue groups
AK. See Home Army
Akiva (organization), 134, 136–37, 141–42, 145–46, 491n
Aktions. See deportations
Aleichem, Sholem, 153
aliyah. See Palestine
Alster, Paula, 74, 475n, 477n
Altman, Tosia
aliyah desire of, 77
arrival in Vilna, 76–77, 78–79
background of, 77–78
Będzin ghetto visits, 126
as courier, 78, 176, 178, 179–80
death of, 222, 494n
escape and hiding, 221, 222
false news of death, 171, 211, 493n
Final Solution news and, 79–81
leadership role of, 8, 76, 77–78, 469n
use of codes, 127
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 155
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 196, 208, 213, 215
ZOB and, 89, 90, 150, 196
American Jews, 404–5, 513n
American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 46–47, 48–49, 83, 263–64, 394, 512n
Anilevitz, Mordechai, 126–27, 128, 151–52, 207, 208, 209–10, 211
Anna. See Heilman, Anna
Antek. See Zuckerman, Yitzhak
Anti-Fascist Bloc, 84–85
anti-Jewish laws, 76
antisemitism. See Nazi racial theory; Polish antisemitism
Arendt, Hannah, 405
armbands, 12, 43, 52, 106, 389, 464n
armed Jewish resistance, 7
couriers and, 176–77
Lubliniec revolt and, 132–33
Nazi comment on, 161, 486n
planning for, 83–85, 126–29, 137, 149, 160, 477n
ZZW, 149, 209, 213, 404, 485n, 491n, 517n
See also Fighting Pioneers; ZOB
Armia Krajowa (AK). See Home Army
Armia Ludowa (People’s Army) (AL), 149, 219, 221, 227, 410
Aryan side undercover activities, 3
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 89, 90, 150
Będzin, 164
Chaika, 496n
uniform disguises, 144, 484n
Vitka, 248
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 194, 209, 228, 490n, 494n
weapons smuggling, 90, 150, 164, 228, 230–31, 490n
ZOB work in, 89, 151
See also smuggling
Aspler, Mina (“Mad Maria”), 515n
assassinations, 3, 89, 90, 146, 151, 219, 478n
assimilation, 96–98
Bela, 181, 184–85, 186–87, 188, 489n
Bela’s imprisonment and, 325, 334
Catholicism and, 107–8, 179, 184–85, 488n
circumcision and, 97, 177, 479n
couriers and, 5, 177–78, 227–28, 268–69, 488n
Frumka, 47, 131, 178
Hantze, 130, 178
Hela, 227–28
Hungary, 394
need for witness and, 347, 353, 508n
Renia, 107–8, 204–5
Renia and Ilza’s imprisonment and, 318–24
survival and, 269–70, 277, 503n
survivor experience and, 428
Vitka, 248
Vladka, 178, 268–69
See also couriers
Association of Tartar-Muslims, 97
Astrid, 170, 171, 487n, 488n
Atid orphanage (Warsaw), 120–21, 158, 167, 310, 382, 497n, 512n. See also Atid orphans
Atid orphans
Aryan family placement of, 260, 379
attempt to join partisan detachment and, 241
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 303
deportations and, 236
ghetto formation and, 158, 159
Max and, 234
Sarah and, 379, 380
atrocities. See Nazi atrocities
Auerbach, Rachel, 74
Augenfeld, Liba Marshak, 498n, 516n, 519n, 520n, 521n
Augenfeld, Rivka, 519n
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
armed resistance in, 7
Bela and Lonka at, 329–34, 353–55, 359
camaraderie in, 355–56, 510n
couriers deported to, 169, 329–30, 496n
escape attempts, 352–53
executions at, 358–59
forced labor at, 350, 354, 355
ghetto deportations to, 159–60, 236, 238–39, 305, 347
Home Army revolt plans and, 350–51
kommandos (work units), 330–31
mugshots of, 330
organized escape plans at, 352
romantic relationships in, 351, 509n
sonderkommandos, 351, 357
underground resistance in, 7, 349–52, 353, 356–59, 508n, 509n, 510n, 511n
Avengers, 432–33
Baran, Dvora, 218, 505–6n
Baum, Rachel, 510n
Beatus, Frania, 218
Będzin
armed Jewish resistance planning, 126–29, 160
deportations from, 119, 121–26, 481n, 482n
despair in, 156–57
forced labor, 119
German invasion, 12, 464n
history of, 11–12, 480n
Renia’s relocation to, 14–15, 110–12, 129
Young Guard in, 119–20, 121, 125, 126, 164, 481n
Zonder passes, 129, 481n
See also Będzin Freedom youth movement; Będzin ghetto; Będzin Judenrat
Będzin Freedom youth movement
Atid orphanage, 120–21, 158, 167, 310, 382, 497n, 512n
attempt to join partisan detachment, 240–42
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 295
Bela and, 183–84, 187
betrayal of, 258–59, 501n
decision to stay, 13, 14, 15–16, 160
as early hub, 47
escape plans, 13, 15, 160
Judenrat conflict, 165–67
Sarah and, 108, 109
uprising preparations and, 163
Będzin ghetto, 7, 13–16
armed Jewish resistance planning, 126–29
Aryan family placement of children, 260, 379, 380
deportations from, 119, 121–26, 159–60, 233–37, 481n, 482n, 497n
educational activities, 121
escape plans, 272–80
forced labor and, 121–24, 164
formation of, 12, 158–59, 486n
German invasion, 12, 464n
ghetto formation, 12
Nazi atrocities, 156–57, 160
Renia’s relocation to, 14–15, 110–12, 129
uprising preparations, 163–64, 169, 224, 271
work permits, 129, 481n
Young Guard in, 119–20, 121
See also Będzin ghetto liquidation
Będzin ghetto liquidation
“fighters’ bunker”, 306–8, 506n
liquidation camp, 304–5, 308–9, 378
Renia’s arrival and, 281–83
rescue attempts, 310–13
resistance group discovered, 298–300, 506n
resistance group held by guards, 300–301, 302–4
resistance group trapped in bunker, 292–97
torture, 301–2
warnings of, 260, 261
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 306–8
Będzin Judenrat
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 128
children’s programs and, 119–20
deportations and, 124, 125, 235, 237, 239
Freedom conflict with, 165–67
ghetto formation and, 158, 159
Nazi atrocities and, 156–57
Renia’s lobbying, 132
uprising preparations and, 164
Begin, Menachem, 404
Bela. See Hazan, Bela
Ben-Avram, Chaim Shalom, 423, 518n
Ben-Gurion, David, 432, 441
Benito. See Ronen (Rosenberg), Benito
Berger, Frances (Fruma), 406, 407, 498n, 516n
Berman, Basia, 74, 270, 475n
Bernard, Mark, 462n
Betar youth movement, 84
ZZW militia, 149, 209, 213, 404, 485n, 491n, 517n
Bialik, Chaim Nachman, 121
Białystok, 7, 183, 226, 229, 230, 496n
Białystok Anti-Fascist Committee, 230
Bielicka, Chasia
on black market goods, 471n
Catholicism and, 488n
on courier logistics, 176
death of, 436
honor for, 520n
on psychological reactions, 180
on sexual assault, 286–87
strengths learned from family, 414, 516n
survivor experience of, 407, 429, 436, 515n, 520n
weapons smuggling and, 229–30, 499n
Bindiger, Marta, 356–57
Birkenau. See Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
black market
couriers and, 178
fake documents and, 104
ghettos and, 57, 58–59, 471n, 472n
Jews-in-hiding and, 264
Blass, Hanka, 140–41
“Bloody Sabbath” (April 1942), 85, 477n
Blum, Abrasha, 150
Bohm, Wolf, 298
books. See literary resistance
Borks, Edek, 496n
Bozian, Tzipora, 166
Brandes, Pesa, 294, 298–99, 303, 305
Brandes, Zvi
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 128
Będzin Freedom youth movement attempt to join partisan detachments and, 240–41
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 292–94, 295, 299
Będzin ghetto uprising preparations and, 163
Chajka names son for, 420
death of, 302–4
despair and, 157
Bricha, 409
Bronia. See Hazan, Bela
Brzezinsk, Matthew, 463n
Bund
couriers and, 476n
early optimism of, 26–27
Final Solution news and, 84
Holocaust narrative and, 404
Jews-in-hiding and, 263, 268, 503n
Palestine immigration restrictions and, 466n
resistance group alliances and, 149
self-defense leagues, 84
survivor experiences and, 435, 448
Warsaw ghetto and, 69, 72, 74, 86, 149, 150
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 156
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 194, 491n
weapons smuggling and, 90
Burman, 330
Catholicism
assimilation and, 107–8, 179, 184–85, 488n
Jews-in-hiding and, 263
non-Jewish assistance and, 487n
Polish antisemitism and, 24, 25
post-Soviet Poland, 451
Chaika. See Grossman, Chaika
Chajka. See Klinger, Chajka
“Chapter of Prayer, A”, vii
Chasia. See Bielicka, Chasia
Chawka. See Lenczer, Chawka
Chelmno death camp, 81, 126
children
Aryan family placement of, 260, 262–63, 269, 379, 380
assimilation and, 98
deportations and, 87–88, 91, 122, 125
at Mysłowice Prison, 348
Nazi atrocities and, 262, 501n
programs for, 70, 120–21
survivor experiences, 520n, 529
Children’s Aid Society, 430
Chmielnik, 33–34
cholent, 20
Church. See Catholicism
circumcision, 97, 177, 264, 479n
collaborators. See Nazi collaborators
communal farms. See kibbutzim
Communists
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 84–85
Fighting Pioneers and, 142
prewar strategies, 26
resistance group alliances and, 149, 163–64
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 210, 214, 491n
See also Polish Communist Party
concentration camps
armed Jewish resistance in, 7
sexual assault in, 285–87, 354–55
visual arts on, 475n
See also death camps
connectors. See couriers
Conti, Irena. See Gelblum, Irena
Cook, Arna, 354
couriers, 3, 6
armed Jewish resistance and, 176–77
assimilation and, 5, 177–78, 227–28, 268–69, 488n
Astrid, 170, 171, 487n, 488n
Będzin ghetto and, 127
Bela as, 181, 183–87, 188–89
Bund and, 476n
Fighting Pioneers and, 140, 143
Final Solution news and, 81, 85, 176
“fives”, 75
Frumka as, 47, 50–51, 74–75, 130, 176
honor for, 520n
importance of, 8, 17, 463n
Jews-in-hiding and, 261, 262–67, 271
Lonka as, 185–86, 188, 488n, 489n
losses of, 169–70
partisan detachments and, 257–58
psychological reactions, 180, 269
Renia as, 171, 172–76, 180, 225–26
suicide means and, 231–32, 323, 496n
Tema as, 188
Tosia as, 78, 176, 178, 179–80
use of codes, 127, 482n
Vitka as, 257–58, 501n
weapons smuggling and, 225–29, 253, 495n, 496n
women’s expertise, 177–80, 488n
Zelda as, 253–55
Zivia and, 74–75, 271
Częstochowa, 7, 150, 267
Davidson, Gusta. See Draenger, Gusta Davidson
death camps
mothers and, 57
sexual assault in, 354–55
underground resistance in, 7, 508n, 509n
See also deportations; specific camps
Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (Tec), 405
deportations, 64, 98
Będzin, 119, 121–26, 159–60, 233–37, 481n, 482n, 497n
Białystok, 496n
Hershel’s survival, 238–39
from Kraków, 143–44
metal file smuggling and, 228
from Mysłowice Prison, 347
from Pawiak Prison, 329–30
psychological reactions and, 93, 95–96
from Warsaw ghetto, 85–88, 91, 148, 470n, 477n, 478n
Diaspora identity, 22
Diner, Hasia, 404, 513n
disease
dysentery, 60, 331, 333
typhus, 58, 115, 332–34, 346
disguises. See assimilation
Draenger, Gusta Davidson
Akiva and, 136–37
arrival in Kraków, 135–36
on assimilation, 180
escape attempt, 370–72
Fighting Pioneers and, 137–38, 139–42
on Hela, 228
memoir of, 371–72
on Nazi atrocities, 473n
Draenger, Shimshon, 136–38, 139, 140, 141, 142, 370, 371, 372
Dreifuss, Havi, 504n
Dror. See Freedom youth movement
dysentery, 60, 331, 333
Dzielna. See Warsaw Freedom youth movement
Dzigan and Schumacher, 26, 466n
Edelman, Marek, 151, 211, 213, 215, 485n, 513n, 514n
Eichmann, Adolf, 415, 427
Eisenstat, Miriam, 474n
Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute, 220
Epstein, Helen, 516n
Erev Yom Kippur, 255
Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 424
EYAL. See ZOB
Fainer, Fania. See Laundau, Fania Fainer
fake documents, 3
Będzin escape plans and, 13, 15, 278
Bela and, 183, 185, 186
couriers and, 3, 79, 172–73, 174
Fighting Pioneers production of, 139–41
methods of obtaining, 103–4
non-Jewish assistance and, 480n
rescue groups and, 264
false documents. See fake documents
family survivor legacies
anxiety, 440
author’s memoir on, 441
distancing, 426, 441
empathy, 520n
family caregiving and, 519n
family loyalty, 437, 521n
fear, 3–4
Freedom philosophy and, 417
grandchildren and, 437, 521n
missing relatives and, 425
noncomforming, 518n
repression of past and, 415, 416, 428
risk-taking, 417, 517n
scholarship, 430, 434, 443
witness and, 437
Fania. See Laundau, Fania Fainer
Faye. See Lazebnik, Faye Schulman
Feinmesser, Bronka (Marysia), 262, 268, 270
Felix, Kitty. See Moxon, Kitty Felix
Ferstenberg, Luisa, 510n
Fighting Pioneers (Kraków)
action planning, 137–39
bonds within, 144–45
December attacks (1942), 146–47, 484n
forgery operation, 139–41
formation of, 137
gender roles in, 143
independence, 142–43
Oneg Shabbat tradition, 145–46
weapons, 141–42
weapons acquisition, 141–42
Final Solution
as code, 464n
news given to non-Jews, 309, 388
news spread among Polish Jews, 79–85, 89, 126, 128, 130–31, 176, 476n
reluctance to believe, 81–82
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 514n
Zaglembie region and, 12
Fischer, Anka, 287
Fischer, Max, 234, 238, 388, 497n, 506n
Fischer, Mina (pseudonym), 288, 505n
Fiszman, Yitzhak, 396, 476n
“fives”, 75, 128, 138, 163, 482n
Fleischmann, Gisi, 385–86, 512n
folksdeutsch, 52, 64, 361
Folman, Havka, 229, 496n
Folman, Marek, 240–41, 376–77, 497n
Folman, Rosalie, 275, 503n
forced labor
at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 350, 354, 355
Będzin and, 119, 121–24, 164
couriers and, 267–68
factories, 115, 119, 156, 481n, 486n
Final Solution and, 82
Jędrzejów, 56–57
Renia’s brother in, 59–61
sexual assault and, 285, 286
Warsaw ghetto, 49, 150, 485n
women and, 56, 60, 472–73n
Zaglembie region, 13, 118–19, 481n
See also forced labor camps
forced labor camps, 267, 472n
Renia’s brother Aaron in, 59–61, 99, 115
forced prostitution, 64. See also sexual assault
FPO (United Partisan Organization)
daily life, 252–53
founding of, 246, 248
German train sabotage, 248–49
German weapon storage destruction, 251
Ruzka and Vitka’s backgrounds, 246–48
sabotage missions, 248–50, 251, 499–500n, 501n
Soviet alliances, 250–51
Frank, Anne, 72, 424
Freedom youth movement, 6
Antek’s role in, 50–51
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 83–85, 88
Bela’s involvement in, 181, 182, 183–84, 187
Bronka’s involvement in, 186
deportation responses, 125
Final Solution news and, 83–84
Frumka’s involvement in, 44–45
Frumka’s leadership role in, 44, 45
German invasion and, 39, 182
Ghetto Fighters’ House kibbutz and, 414, 415, 426, 429, 433, 437, 442
Grodno, 187
Hantze’s involvement in, 67
Holocaust narrative and, 404
memoirs on, 424
publishing by, 71
resistance group alliances and, 126, 137
Sarah’s prewar involvement, 28, 30
service mission of, 46–47
in Soviet territory, 39
survivor experiences and, 426
underground meeting (1939), 40, 469n
Zionism and, 13, 28, 467n
Zivia’s prewar involvement, 37
See also Będzin Freedom youth movement; Warsaw Freedom youth movement
Freiheit youth group, 467n. See also Freedom youth movement
Freud, Sigmund, 30
Freuen in di Ghettos (Women in the Ghettos), 2–3, 4, 5, 6, 8–9, 424, 439–40, 461n
Frumka. See Płotnicka, Frumka
Fuchrer, Mira, 209
Fuden, Regina (Lilith), 218
Futermilch, Macha Gleitman, 200, 219, 492n
Gaftek, Baruch, 163, 306
Galicia, 24
gas chambers. See death camps
Gelbard, Chana, 75, 176, 396, 475n, 476n
Gelbart, Ina, 225, 231, 272, 274, 277, 280
Gelblum, Irena (Halina), 376–77, 419, 506n, 511n, 517n
gender roles
armed Jewish resistance and, 143
in ghettos, 55
in partisan detachments, 242–44, 250–51, 497n
research and, 450
General Jewish Workers Union of Poland, 477n
Gertner, Ala, 351
Ghetto Fighters’ House kibbutz, 29, 414–15, 426, 429, 433, 437, 442
ghetto girls. See women resistance fighters
ghetto liquidations, 12, 168, 464n, 489n. See also Będzin ghetto liquidation
ghettos
black market goods in, 57, 58–59, 471n, 472n
conditions in, 58–59
couriers and, 176
escapes from, 3, 50
forced labor and, 12–13, 49, 56–57, 121–24, 150, 164, 485n
gender roles and, 55
isolation of, 176
Jędrzejów, 53–59
liquidation of, 12, 168, 464n, 489n
mothers in, 57
Nazi atrocities and, 62–65
standard policy for, 54
See also deportations; Judenrats; Warsaw ghetto
Gjedna, Shoshana, 327, 507n
Glanz, Rivka, 47, 150, 271, 278–79, 280, 287, 520n
Gleitman, Macha. See Futermilch, Macha Gleitman
Glick, Hirsh, 384, 512n
Goldfarb-Stypułkowska, Zofia, 515n
Goldman, Emma, 30
Goldstein, Bernard, 476n
Gone with the Wind, 72
Granatshtein, Sarah, 489n
Great Synagogue (Warsaw), 42, 220
Grinshpan, Pnina, 403, 493n
Grodno, 183–85, 187
Grossman, Chaika, 8, 180, 230, 289, 427, 496n, 519n
Grunwald–Spier, Agnes, 462n, 463n
Grupinska, Anka, 145, 491n
guilt, 91, 213, 381, 407, 417–18, 430, 515n
Gusta. See Draenger, Gusta Davidson
Hague, The, 16
Halina. See Gelblum, Irena
Halpern, Ada, 510n
Hammerstein, Leah, 230
Hanoar Hatzioni (The Zionist Youth), 310, 378, 404, 491n, 506–7n, 518n
Hansdorf, Ilza (Aliza), 497n
Aryan family placement of children and, 260
on Będzin ghetto liquidation, 306, 307
Będzin rescue attempts and, 310, 311–12
capture of, 313–19, 507n
death of, 364
deportations and, 234
imprisonment of, 319–24
Renia’s return to Będzin and, 291, 292
Hantze (Hanzte). See Płotnicka, Hantze
Harshav, Barbara, 517n
Hashomer Hatzair. See Young Guard, The
Hazan, Bela (Yaari), 181–91
aliases of, 183, 185
aliyah desire of, 182
assimilation, 181, 184–85, 186–87, 188, 489n
at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 330–34, 353–55, 359
background of, 181–83
capture and torture of, 189–91
as courier, 181, 183–87, 188–89
death march from Auschwitz, 428
deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 329–30
Freedom youth movement and, 181, 182, 183–84, 187
as Gestapo translater, 184–85
Lonka’s death and, 333–34
loss of family, 188–89
memoir of, 428, 429–30
as operating room nurse, 183
at Pawiak Prison, 191, 325–28
Polish intelligentsia painting of, 326
Russian prison detainment and, 182
smuggling and, 186
survivor experience, 428–30, 519n
typhus infection, 332
Hechalutz (Pioneer) Union, 30, 38, 39, 43, 46–47, 127
Hechalutz HaTsair (Young Pioneer), 467n
Hechtkop, Shayndl, 74
Heilman, Anna, 350–52, 356–57, 358, 359, 430, 508n, 509n
Heilman, Esther (Estusia), 350, 351, 352
Heinsdorf, Miriam, 196, 491n
Hela. See Schüpper, Hela
Herscovitch, Akiva, 424–27, 436
Herscovitch, Leah, 425, 426–27, 443
Herscovitch, Yakov, 425, 426, 427
Herzl, Theodor, 22
Himmler, Heinrich, 148, 192, 485n
Hitler’s Blitzkrieg strategy, 31, 38, 182, 468n
Holocaust. See Final Solution
Holocaust memoirs
Bela, 428, 429–30
Chajka, 380–81, 419–20, 421
memorial books and, 424, 519n
Oneg Shabbat group, 72–73
Renia, 6, 401, 404, 423–24, 427, 462n, 518n
sexual assault and, 285
as witness, 371–72
Zivia, 416, 417
Holocaust narrative
American Jews and, 404–5, 424, 513n
Israeli politics and, 402–4, 413, 415
minimizing of armed resistance, 7, 462n
Poland, 407–8, 447–48
silencing and censoring of women in, 7–8, 405–7, 463n, 514–15n
Young Guard and, 404, 415, 419–20, 421
Holocaust Remembrance Day, 427, 437
Holocaust study centers and museums
Ghetto Fighters’ House and, 414–15, 426, 429, 433, 437, 442
Moreshet, 433–34, 443
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 435
Yad Vashem, 442–43
Holocaust survivors. See survivor experiences
Home Army (Armia Krajowa) (AK)
Auschwitz-Birkenau underground and, 350
postwar Poland and, 408, 418–19, 447
resistance group alliances and, 149–50
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 213–14, 221
Warsaw ghetto uprising preparations and, 194
Warsaw Uprising and, 410
Horn, Yurek, 77
Hungary, Jewish refugees in, 392–95, 512n
Ilza. See Hansdorf, Ilza
Ina. See Gelbart, Ina
Irena. See Adamowicz, Irena
Israel
author’s visit to, 439, 441–43
Bela in, 429–30
Chaika in, 519n
Chajka in, 419–22
Holocaust narrative in, 402–4, 413, 415
Renia’s brothers in, 423, 518n
Vitka in, 433, 434–35
Zivia in, 413–18
See also Palestine
Janowska camp, 59–60, 472n
JDC. See American Joint Distribution Committee
Jędrzejów
antisemitism in, 26
forced labor, 479n
German invasion, 32, 33, 35
ghetto, 53–59, 61
Nazi occupation of, 35, 52–53
Renia’s childhood in, 19–23, 465n
Jewish Agency for Israel, 425
Jewish Diaspora identity, 22
Jewish Fighting Organization. See ZOB
Jewish Furstenberg Gymnazium, 116
Jewish Labor Committee, 263, 435
Jewish Military Union (ZZW), 149, 209, 213, 404, 485n, 491n, 517n
Jewish National Committee, 485n
Jewish partisan women, 244–46
antisemitism and, 242, 245–46
gender roles and, 242–44, 250–51, 497n
guerilla missions of, 245
medicine by, 244–45
sabotage missions, 255–56
sexual assault and, 243, 498n
in unique Jewish units, 246
See also partisan detachments
Jewish police, 47, 86, 88, 470n, 487n. See also Judenrats
Jewish refugees, 98, 246, 255, 256–57, 386–90
Jewish resistance
definition of, 4–5, 461n
Holocaust narrative on, 7, 403, 404, 405, 513–14n
humor as, 237, 497n
literary, 70–72, 75, 249
memoir writing as, 371–72
moral/spiritual, 5
possessions as, 279, 504n, 510n
size and success/failure of, 6–7, 462n, 514n
songs of, 384, 512n
Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), 133, 482n
Jewish youth movements
banning of, 475n
couriers and, 179
financing of, 49
German invasion and, 36–37, 182
influence of, 36–37
prewar, 27, 28–29, 30, 31, 467n, 468n
strength learned from, 414
See also specific groups
Jews-in-hiding, 7, 262–68, 269–71
Będzin, 507n
Bund and, 263, 268, 503n
number of, 265, 462n, 502n
payment for, 96
Polish police and, 96
sexual assault and, 287–88
Slovakia news of, 389
Warsaw Uprising and, 411
Joint Distribution Committee. See American Joint Distribution Committee
JTA (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), 133, 482n
Judenrats, 47–49, 470n
armed Jewish resistance attacks on, 128, 151
bribes and, 61, 158
deportations and, 124, 125, 235, 237, 239
executions of, 63
Final Solution news and, 83
Grodno, 187
Jędrzejów, 54, 61
Nazi atrocities and, 156–57
sexual assault and, 287
Vilna, 496n
Warsaw, 47–49, 69, 83, 198, 470n
Zaglembie, 124–25
See also Będzin Judenrat; Jewish police
Kacengold, Hela, 241
Kanal, Israel, 89, 90, 478n
Kaplan, Josef, 91, 196
Karliner rabbi, 44
Karski, Jan, 463n
kasharit, 253
kashariyot. See couriers
Katowice prison, 318–24
Katz, Fela, 497n, 501n, 505n, 506n
Katzenelson, Yitzhak, 69, 71, 153
Katzenelson-Shazar, Rachel, 66
Kazik. See Rotem, Simha
Kazimierza Wielka, 106–7
Kempner, Vitka
Aryan side undercover activities, 247–48
as courier, 257–58, 501n
death of, 436, 521n
meets Ruzka, 246–47
partisan detachments and, 250–51
personality of, 435
sabotage missions, 248–50, 255–56, 499–500n
survivor experience, 431, 432, 433, 434–35, 521n
Kibbutz Hameuchad, 423
kibbutzim (Poland), 28, 37, 38, 47, 108, 109, 118, 120–21, 163, 182. See also Będzin Freedom youth movement
Kieffer, Fay
Kirshnboym, Rachel, 219
Kleinman, Yoram, 518n
Klibanski, Bronka, 227, 429, 488n
Klinger, Chajka
aliyah desire, 118
aliyah of, 391, 395
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 126–29
background of, 116–21
on Będzin fighters discovered, 298–300
on Będzin fighters trapped in bunker, 292–97
Będzin ghetto deportations and, 122–24, 126
Będzin ghetto uprising preparations and, 163, 224, 260, 261
Benito and, 389–90, 419, 420, 421
death of, 422
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 15
escape to Slovakia, 380, 381
Final Solution news and, 126, 128
honor for, 17
David Kozlowski and, 117–18, 126
in liquidation camp, 304–5, 308–9
on loss of couriers, 169, 170
loss of David and, 259, 380
memoirs of, 380–81, 419–20, 421
partisan detachments and, 497n
personality of, 117, 480n
as refugee in Hungary, 392–95, 512n
relocation to Będzin, 118
on resistance group held by guards, 300–301
survivor experience of, 401, 419–22
torture of, 301–2
as witness, 309, 390
Young Guard leadership role, 117, 118–20, 121
ZOB and, 127, 132
Klinger, Shoshana Gjedna, 327, 507n
Kobiletz hiding places, 375–76, 377–79, 390–91
Kojak, Bolk (Boleslaw Kozuch), 310–11, 312, 507n
Kol-Inbar, Yehudit, 468n, 490, 498n, 502n
Korczak, Janusz, 69, 87
Korczak, Ruzka
on armed Jewish resistance, 223
background of, 246–47
death of, 434
as fighter recruiter, 251
FPO roles of, 246, 252
on importance of women resistance fighters, 9
as Paper Brigade smuggler, 249
sabotage missions and, 251, 257, 501n
survivor experience, 430–32, 433–34, 520n
on Tosia, 79
Kosovska, Christina. See Hazan, Bela
Kovel, 17, 39, 50, 188
Kovner, Abba
death of, 434
Final Solution news and, 79–80
gender roles and, 250–51
partisan detachments and, 246, 247, 248, 250, 255
resistance mantra of, 115
resistance planning, 183
sabotage missions and, 249
survivor experience of, 412, 432–33
Kovner, Michael, 434–35
Kovner, Shlomit, 434
Kozibrodska, Lonka
assimilation, 188, 489n
at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 330–34
Bela’s memoir and, 430
Bela’s nursing attempts and, 333
capture of, 189, 190, 191–92
as courier, 185–86, 188, 488n, 489n
death of, 333–34
deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 329–30
Freedom and, 186
at Pawiak Prison, 325–28
typhus infection, 332–33
Kozlowski, David, 117–18, 126, 164, 241, 259, 380, 497n
Kozuch, Boleslaw. See Kojak, Bolk
Kraków
author’s visit to, 446
December attacks (1942), 7, 146–47, 227
ghetto, 135–37, 143–44, 226, 371–72
Jewish history of, 135
as Nazi capital, 483n
See also Fighting Pioneers
Kroin, Haya, 510n
Kukielka, Aaron
childhood of, 21
in forced labor camps, 59–61, 99, 109, 115, 472n
Renia’s wandering days and, 100
survivor experience, 423, 518n
Kukielka, Bela, 30, 55–56, 114, 466n
Kukielka, Esther, 21, 54–56, 114
Kukielka, Leah
death of, 480n
flees from Wodzisław ghetto, 99
Jędrzejów ghetto and, 53, 55, 57
Renia receives news of, 108–9
Renia’s childhood and, 19, 20
in Sandomierz ghetto, 113–14
Wodzisław ghetto and, 93
Kukielka, Moshe
death of, 480n
flees from Wodzisław ghetto, 98, 99
Freedom and, 28
German invasion and, 33
Renia receives news of, 108–9
Renia’s childhood and, 19–22, 466n
in Sandomierz ghetto, 113–14
Kukielka, Renia
Irena Adamowicz and, 168–69, 191–92
assimilation, 107–8, 204–5
author’s meeting with family of, 442, 443–44
background of, 14–15
Będzin Freedom youth movement betrayal and, 259
Będzin ghetto deportations and, 233, 234–35, 236
Będzin ghetto formation and, 158–59
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 260, 281–83, 305–6
Będzin ghetto uprising preparations and, 164, 224–25
Będzin reunion with Sarah, 112–13
birth of, 19, 464n19
brother Aaron in forced labor camps, 59–61, 99, 115
capture of, 313–19, 507n
childhood home of, 451–52
childhood of, 19–23, 30–31, 465n, 466n
as courier, 171, 172–76, 180, 225–26
death of, 437–38
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 13, 14, 15–16, 160
despair and, 156, 157
escape from Mysłowice Prison, 365–70, 372–77
escape to Slovakia, 378–83
fake documents, 103
family name of, 20, 465n
Final Solution news and, 131
flees from Wodzisław ghetto, 98–99
Freedom-Judenrat conflict and, 165–67
Chana Gelbard and, 476n
German invasion and, 32–35, 468n
Gestapo questioning and torture of, 334–40
Hantze’s arrival in Będzin and, 129–30, 482n
on Hantze’s death, 201
Hantze’s death and, 223–24
Hantze’s escape attempt and, 168
Hershel’s survival and, 237, 238, 239
interwar adolescence of, 27–31
interwar fashion and, 27, 466n
Jędrzejów ghetto and, 53–56, 57, 58, 59
on Judenrats, 48, 470n
in Katowice prison, 318–24
Kazimierza Wielka housekeeping job, 107–8, 109, 110
in Kobiletz hiding places, 375–76, 377–79
languages spoken by, 178, 465n
marriage of, 424–27
memoir of, 6, 401, 404, 423–24, 462n, 518n
at Mysłowice Prison, 340, 341–49, 360–64
on Nazi atrocities, 62–65, 93–94
Nazi occupation of Poland and, 35, 52–53
as orginary person, 6
partisan detachments and, 241–42
personality of, 436, 444, 507n
psychological reactions of, 283–85
as refugee in Hungary, 392–95, 512n
as refugee in Slovakia, 386–90
relocation to Będzin, 14–15, 110–12, 129
resistance background of, 14–15
return to Będzin, 291–92, 308
Sarah’s capture and, 423, 518n
smuggling, 54–55, 59, 471n, 472n
survival of, 288, 291
survivor experience of, 401, 402, 423–27, 435–38, 521n
wandering days, 99–107
Warsaw missions from Będzin, 272–80, 503n
weapons smuggling, 225–26, 231–32, 241–42
as witness to Warsaw ghetto uprising, 201–5
Wodzisław ghetto and, 61–62, 93–96
youth groups and, 27
Kukielka, Rivka. See Kukielka, Renia
Kukielka, Sarah
Aryan family placement of children and, 379, 380
assists Renia to Będzin, 14–15, 110
Będzin children’s programs and, 120–21
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 296
Będzin liquidation camp rescue attempts and, 313, 507n
Będzin reunion with Renia, 112–13
capture of, 423, 518n
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 15
escape from Będzin ghetto liquidation, 305
interwar fashion and, 27
Nazi occupation of Poland and, 53
Renia’s childhood and, 27, 466n
Renia’s correspondence with, 108, 109
Renia’s escape from Mysłowice Prison and, 365–66, 368, 372–77, 378
Renia’s escape to Slovakia and, 379, 380, 391–92, 512n
youth groups and, 27, 28, 121
Kukielka, Yaacov (Yankel), 21, 99, 109, 113–14
Kukielka, Zvi (Zamir), 30, 53, 426, 518n, 523
Kuprienko, Tatiana, 361–62
Labor Zionism, 13, 28, 31, 84, 443. See also Freedom youth movement
Langer, Genia, 510n
Laskier, Rutka, 72, 481n
“Last Jew in Poland, The” (Dzigan and Schumacher), 26
Laundau, Fania
Laundau, Fania Fainer, 355, 427, 436, 510n
Lazebnik, Faye Schulman
honor for, 520n
partisan guerilla missions, 245
as partisan nurse, 244–45
Passover and, 245–46
photographer, 244
suicide means and, 496n
survivor experience of, 408–9
Lemberg (Lvov), 7
Lenczer, Chawka
background of, 506n
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 296, 305
escape to Slovakia, 380, 381
Kobiletz hiding places and, 378, 379
survivor experience, 401, 424
Lerer, Zippora, 200
Lewisohn, Ludwig, 424
libraries. See literary resistance
Lichtensztajn, Margolit, 73
Limanowska, Bronislawa. See Hazan, Bela
literary resistance, 70–72, 75, 249
Lodz, 47, 58, 72
Lonka. See Kozibrodska, Lonka
Loren, Lea, 218
love relationships. See romantic and marital relationships
Lubetkin, Zivia
aid, education, and cultural activity focus of, 68–70, 81
aliyah of, 412–13
assassinations and, 478n
background of, 37
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 261
on Betar, 485n
children’s programs and, 70
as courier, 74–75, 271
directives from, 16
emissaries and, 167, 196–97
escape and hiding, 220, 221
false news of death, 171, 192, 211, 493n
fight with Kazik, 217, 493–94n
Final Solution news and, 81, 82–84
Freedom underground meeting (1939), 40, 469n
Frumka’s conflict with Jewish police and, 487n
German invasion and, 38–39
on ghetto isolation, 176
on Hantze, 473n
in hiding, 270–71, 503n
historical inattention to, 463n
on Jewish cemetery, 495n
Jews-in-hiding and, 271
leadership role of, 49, 84–85, 196, 477n
liberation of Warsaw and, 411–12
memoirs of, 416, 417
name as code for Poland, 51, 212, 470n
personality of, 37–38
on psychological reactions, 91
relationship with Antek, 40, 50–51
relocation to Warsaw, 36, 40–41, 42–44, 469n
Renia’s escape from Mysłowice Prison and, 376
Renia’s escape to Slovakia and, 378–79
sewer escapes and, 210–11, 213, 214–17, 493–94n
on Shoshana, 507n
survivor experience of, 411–18
tactical change to defense and, 82–85
training camps and, 49–50
use of codes, 127
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 148, 151, 152–53, 154–55, 167
Warsaw ghetto soup kitchen and, 73–74
in Warsaw ghetto uprising, 197–98, 199–200, 206–9, 210–11, 213
Warsaw ghetto uprising preparations and, 192, 195–96
Warsaw Judenrat and, 47–49, 69, 470n
Warsaw Uprising and, 410–11
Zionism and, 38
ZOB and, 88–92, 148, 196, 478n, 482n
ZOD headquarters gassing and, 212–13
Lublin, 17, 286, 412, 432, 462n
Lubliniec revolt, 132–33
Lutz, Fanny Solomian, 244
Luxemburg, Rosa, 30
Lvov, 7
Macha. See Futermilch, Macha Gleitman
Madejsker, Sonia, 255, 256
Mahut, Helene, 515n
Majdanek death camp, 286
Majewska, Wanda. See Schneiderman, Tema
Mann, Franceska, 352, 509n
Marcus, Moshe, 506n
Marder, Tziporah, 234, 241
Marshak, Liba, 515n
Marx, Karl, 30
Marysia. See Feinmesser, Bronka
Mazia, Fredka, 518n
Meed, Vladka
Aryan family placement of children and, 262–63
assimilation, 178, 268–69
death of, 436
deportations and, 85–88
fake documents and, 264
Jews-in-hiding and, 264–67, 270
resistance group alliances and, 150–51
schmaltzovniks and, 180
survivor experience, 435
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 152
Warsaw ghetto uprising preparations and, 194
weapons smuggling, 228–29, 490n
ZOB and, 90, 150
melinas. See Jews-in-hiding
Meltzer, Genia, 372
memoirs. See Holocaust memoirs
Mengele, Joseph, 333, 507n
Meth, Rose, 510n
militias. See armed Jewish resistance; specific militias
Mire, Gola, 142, 147, 371, 372
Mirka, 145, 343–44, 508n
Mitchell, Margaret
Montelupich Prison, 370–72
moral/spiritual resistance, 5
Moreshet, 433–34, 443
Moscovitch, Rivka, 260, 272–75, 277, 376, 410
Moxon, Kitty Felix, 357, 510n
Mysłowice Prison
Halina’s escape from, 376–77, 511n
Renia at, 340, 341–49, 360–64
Renia’s escape from, 365–70, 372–77
Na’amat (Pioneer Women’s Organization), 424
Nazi atrocities
Będzin, 156–57, 160
Bela witnesses, 327
children and, 262, 501n
forced labor and, 56, 60
Frumka’s news of, 131
ghettos and, 62–65
invasion of Poland and, 32–33, 34, 35, 183
psychology of, 473n
Renia hears stories of, 93–94
Renia on, 62–65, 93–94, 160, 486n
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 202–3
Nazi collaborators
atrocities and, 64–65
Holocaust narrative on, 405
imprisonment and, 326
Judenrats and, 48
Polish police, 96, 478–79n
Ukrainians as, 64, 473n
ZOB assassinations, 151
See also Polish antisemitism
Nazi occupation of Poland, 35, 52–54, 70
Nazi racial theory, 25, 80, 81
non-Jewish assistance
Irena Adamowicz, 168–69, 175, 191–92, 487n
betrayal and, 240–42, 258–59
circumcision and, 97, 479n
extent of, 447–48, 522n
factories and, 119, 237, 300, 481n
fake documents and, 480n
Hershel and, 238–39
imprisonment and, 326
Jews-in-hiding and, 96, 263, 270
Kobiletz family, 375–76, 377–79, 390–91
payment for, 96, 377, 511n
postwar experiences and, 419
punishment for, 348, 361–62
Renia’s escape from Mysłowice Prison and, 375
Renia’s wandering days and, 99, 101, 102–3, 106, 107
sexual assault and, 287–88
Warsaw Uprising and, 411
Novogrodsky, Sonya, 74
Olomucki, Halina, 475n
Oneg Shabbat group, 72–73, 74
Oneg Shabbat tradition, 136, 145–46
Ornstein, Jonathan, 446
Paldiel, Mordechai, 404, 461n, 502n
Palestine
Bela’s aliyah, 429
Chajka’s aliyah, 391, 395
Chajka’s aliyah desire, 118
escape routes to, 39–40, 47, 388
Frumka’s aliyah desire, 46
immigration restrictions, 31, 38, 393, 409, 466n
Renia’s aliyah, 394, 395–97, 512n
Ruzka’s aliyah, 431
survivor experience and, 401–2
Tosia’s aliyah desire, 77
Zivia’s aliyah, 412–13
See also Israel; Zionism
Palevsky, Chayele Porus, 521n
Paper Brigade, 249
partisan detachments, 5
abortions and, 244, 498n
antisemitism of, 242, 245–46
Będzin Freedom youth movement attempt to join, 240–42
Będzin Freedom youth movement betrayal and, 258–59, 501n
couriers and, 257–58
daily life, 252–53
gender roles in, 242–44, 250–51, 497n
geography and, 493n
guerilla style tactics of, 240
Jewish refugees and, 98, 246, 255, 256–57
number of, 7
refugees and, 242
resistance group alliances and, 149, 240
sabotage missions, 3, 251, 255–56, 500n, 501n
sexual assault and, 243, 498n
sexual/defense economy of, 243–44
treatment of Jewish women, 242–44
types of, 498n
unique Jewish units, 246
weapons smuggling for, 229, 241–42, 250
ZOB group, 241–42, 497n
See also FPO; Jewish partisan women
Passamonic, Rivka, 218–19
passing. See assimilation
Passover, 198, 245, 513n
Paulsson, Gunnar S., 447–48, 461n, 495–96n, 522n
Pawiak Prison, 266
Bela at, 191, 325–28
couriers at, 169
deportations to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 329–30
executions at, 328, 507n
Freedom proximity, 326–27
Pearlstein, Leah, 47, 89, 150, 469n, 470n, 489n
Pejsachson, Idzia, 169–70, 224, 487n
Pejsachson, Irka, 119, 120, 125, 497n
Pejsachson, Leah
Chajka and, 119, 123–24
deportation to labor camp, 123
as Young Guard coleader, 122–24
Young Guard leadership role, 122–24
People’s Army (Armia Ludowa) (AL), 149, 219, 221, 227, 410
Piłsudski, Józef, 25
Pioneer (Hechalutz) Union, 30, 38, 39, 43, 46–47, 127
Pioneer Women’s Organization (Na’amat), 424
Pitluk, Zlatka, 355
Płotnicka, Elyahu, 67
Płotnicka, Frumka
asked to leave country, 16, 167
assimilation, 47, 131, 178
background of, 44–46
Będzin educational activities and, 121
Będzin ghetto deportations and, 233, 236
Będzin ghetto formation and, 158, 159
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 260, 306, 307–8
Będzin ghetto uprising preparations and, 224
as courier, 47, 50–51, 74–75, 130, 176, 226–27
death of, 306, 308
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 14, 16, 160
disguise as non-Jew, 47
as emissary, 16, 167, 197
Final Solution news and, 81, 85, 476n
Freedom-Judenrat conflict and, 165–66, 167
Hantze and, 66, 67
Hantze’s death and, 223–24
honor for, 17, 427–28, 446, 520n
intelligence gathering, 47
Jewish police conflict with, 487n
leadership role of, 44, 45, 132, 469n
partisan detachments and, 241
relationship with Hantze, 66, 67, 131
use of codes, 127
Warsaw ghetto soup kitchen and, 73–74
Warsaw leadership of, 40
weapons smuggling, 90, 226–27
writings on, 424
Zivia’s relocation to Warsaw and, 41, 44
ZOB and, 89, 90
Płotnicka, Hantze
arrival in Będzin, 129–30, 482n
assimilation, 130, 178
attempt to escape Poland, 167, 170
background of, 66–68
childhood of, 66–67
death of, 201, 224, 492n
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 15
despair and, 157
as emissary, 167, 170, 197
Frumka’s relocation to Warsaw and, 470n
honor for, 520n
leadership role of, 469n
Lodz Freedom community and, 47
personality of, 66, 67, 473n
relationship with Frumka, 66, 67, 131
relocation to Warsaw, 67–68
Warsaw Freedom youth movement and, 66, 68
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 200–201
writings on, 424
Płotnicka, Zlatka, 44, 66–67
Poalei Zion party, 467n, 491n
pogroms, 25
Poland
author’s visits to, 444–52
citizen arrests in, 148
German invasion, 12, 31, 32–35, 36–37, 182–83, 464n, 468n
Holocaust narrative in, 407–8, 447–48
kibbutzim in, 13, 15, 28, 37, 38, 47, 108, 109, 118, 120–21, 163, 182
occupations and partitions of, 20, 24
post-Soviet nationalism, 447
post-Soviet “new Jewish” culture, 445, 446, 449
Soviet territory in, 39, 67, 76
survivor experiences and, 407–8, 418–19, 517n
women’s rights, 29, 467n
Zivia as code for, 51, 470n
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, 23, 446
Polish antisemitism
assimilation and, 97–98
Będzin ghetto deportations and, 236
Będzin ghetto formation and, 159
Bund on, 26–27
Catholicism and, 24, 25
Final Solution news and, 273
Jewish culture on, 26
memoirs on, 448, 522n
partisan detachments and, 242
Polish identity and, 25
in Renia’s childhood, 22, 31, 465n, 468n
survivor experiences and, 412, 516n
Zivia’s experience of, 41
Polish chalka, 24
Polish Communist Party (PPR), 142, 149, 163–64, 210, 214. See also Communists
Polish Jews
culture of, 21, 26, 28
history of, 23–26
interwar experience, 27–31, 466n
interwar fashion, 27
prewar youth movements, 27, 28–29, 30, 31, 467n, 468n
women’s public sphere involvement, 29–30, 467n
Polish police, 96, 478–79n
Polish Scouts, 28
Polish underground, 5
Irena Adamowicz, 168–69, 487n
Final Solution news and, 83, 84
Jews-in-hiding and, 270, 502n
postwar Poland and, 407–8, 418–19, 447
resistance group alliances and, 149–50
rival factions of, 149–50
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 194
Warsaw Uprising, 410–11, 515n
weapons and, 226
Ponary mass executions, 80, 81, 183, 187, 248, 476n, 496n
Poppert-Schonborn, Gertrude (Lyuka), 509n
post-traumatic stress, 414, 420, 421, 516n
Potasz, Abram, 307, 506n
Poznán, 29
PPR. See Polish Communist Party
preparation kibbutzim. See kibbutzim
psychological reactions
assimilation and, 269
callusing of the soul, 62
collective depression, 27
couriers, 180, 269
crying, 283–84, 380, 430–31
deportations and, 95–96
depression, 381, 421
despair, 136, 156–57, 284–85
family deaths and, 114–15, 139, 224, 244–45, 269, 282, 480n
gallows humor, 237, 497n
grief, 297
hyperactivity, 412, 415, 516n
hysteria, 294, 322
Jews-in-hiding, 269, 270
post-traumatic stress, 414, 420, 421, 516n
restlessness, 128
survivor’s guilt, 91, 213, 381, 407, 417–18, 430, 515n
vengeance, 282, 412, 432
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 192, 490n
wish for death, 342
See also suicides and suicide attempts
Purim, 120
Radom forced labor camp, 267
rape. See sexual assault
Ratajzer, Kazik. See Rotem, Simha
reading. See literary resistance
Reich, Haviva, 407
Reinhartz, Henia, 72
Renia. See Kukielka, Renia
rescue groups, 5
American Joint Distribution Committee, 46–47, 48–49, 83, 263–64, 394, 475n, 512n
as community, 270
Hanoar Hatzioni, 310, 506–7n
Jews-in-hiding and, 263–64, 502n
Polish dearth of, 461n
Żegota, 263, 264–65, 271, 502n
Resistance: Jews and Christians Who Defied the Nazi Terror (Tec), 405
resistance group alliances
armed Jewish resistance planning and, 84–85, 149
Będzin, 126
Betar and, 485n
Kraków, 137
Polish Communist Party and, 142, 163–64
Revisionist Zionism. See Betar youth movement
Ringelblum, Emanuel, 8, 17, 69, 71, 72–73, 86, 266
Rivka Glanz, 150
Robertson, Wlodka, 263
Robota, Roza, 351, 357, 358–59, 509n
romantic and marital relationships
in Auschwitz-Birkenau, 351, 509n
fighters trapped in bunkers and, 294, 505–6n
FPO and, 248
ghettos and, 57–58
partisan detachments and, 243–44
purity codes and, 117, 426, 505n
survivors, 409, 412–13, 436–37
tough assignments and, 248, 499n
witness and, 390
Ronen, Avihu, 405–6n, 420, 421, 497n, 506n, 518n
Ronen (Rosenberg), Benito, 389, 390, 392, 397, 419, 420, 421
Rosh Hashanah, 35
Rosnow, Mira, 521n
Rosnow, Sara, 521n
Rossner, Alfred, 119, 237, 300
Rotem, Simha (Kazik Ratajzer)
aliases of, 467n, 493n
on backup plans, 503n
Irena and, 517n
Kukielka, Renia’s Warsaw missions and, 275–76, 503n
romantic relationships and, 505–6n
survivor experience of, 419, 517n
Warsaw sewer escape and, 209, 213–14, 215, 216, 217, 218
Russia, 36, 42. See also Soviet Union
Ruzka. See Korczak, Ruzka
sabotage, 3, 248–50, 251, 499–500n
Sandomierz ghetto, 113–14, 480n
Sarah. See Kukielka, Sarah
Saving One’s Own: Jewish Rescuers During the Holocaust (Paldiel), 404
Schindler, Oskar, 119
schmaltzovniks (blackmailers), 97–98, 180, 287
Schneiderman, Regina, 91
Schneiderman, Tema, 187–88, 229, 489n
Schulman, Faye. See Lazebnik, Faye Schulman
Schulman, Meir
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 292, 295, 299, 305, 506n
Kobiletz hiding places and, 377, 390–91
Renia’s capture and, 319
Renia’s return to Będzin and, 292
Schulman, Morris, 409
Schulman, Nacha, 292, 295, 299, 305, 319, 374, 375
Schumacher, Dzigan and, 26, 466n
Schumacher, Yisroel
Schüpper, Hela, 141–42, 143, 147, 208, 211, 227–28, 436
Schwartz, Helen, 510n
Schwartz, Sheindel, 39
Second Republic, 25
Sedziszów labor camp, 99, 479n
Segal, Faige, 510n
Seksztajn, Gela, 73
Semitic
Senesh, Hannah, 2, 403, 407, 424
sexual assault
in death camps, 354–55
extent of, 285–88
forced prostitution, 64
ghettos and, 57
partisan detachments and, 243, 498n
Shabbat, 19
Sharon, Arieh, 443
Shazar, Zalman, 412, 518n
shtiebel (prayer house), 19
Sikorski, Władysław
Skarzysko-Kamienna arms factory, 115, 286
slave labor. See forced labor
Sleeping Girl (Seksztajn), 73
Slovakia
Jewish conditions in, 384–85
Jewish deportations from, 385–86, 389
Jewish refugees in, 386–90
Renia’s escape to, 378–83
smuggling, 6
books, 249
Jews, 378–83, 386, 391, 512n
maps of death camps, 150
methods for, 495–96n
Nazi concern with, 474n
Renia, 54–55, 59, 471n, 472n
underground news, 150
weapons, 90, 149–50, 164, 225–26, 241–42, 250, 490n
See also couriers
Sobibor death camp, 7, 85, 352, 509n
Socha (Polish officer), 240
Solomian Lutz, Fanny
sonderkommandos, 351, 357
Sosnowiec, 7
Soviet-Saxon border, 36
Soviet Union
Battle of Stalingrad, 225–26
couriers and, 230
honors given by, 520n
partisan detachments and, 243, 250–51
postwar Poland and, 407–8, 418–19
resistance group alliances and, 149
Warsaw Uprising and, 410
Spartacus, 219
Spizman, Leib
Springer, Hershel
Będzin ghetto deportations and, 233, 238
Będzin ghetto formation and, 158, 159
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 260, 296, 299, 304, 305, 506n
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 13, 14, 15, 16, 160
false news of death, 235, 237, 238
Freedom-Judenrat conflict and, 166, 167
partisan detachments and, 241
Springer, Yoel, 166
Stalingrad, Battle of, 225–26
Star of David armbands, 12, 52, 464n. See also armbands
Stroop, Jürgen, 161, 486n, 492n, 496n
“Struggle for a Jewish Palestine, The”, 22
suicides and suicide attempts, 92, 125, 202, 218, 322–23, 353
survivor experiences
Bela, 428–30, 519n
Chaika, 427, 519n
Chajka, 401, 419–22
Chasia, 407, 429, 436, 515n, 520n
children, 520n, 529
co-survivors as surrogate families, 427–28
Faye, 408–9
fragility, 426–27, 519n
guilt, 407, 417–18, 430, 515n
Israeli politics and, 402–3, 413
lack of identity, 401, 408–10, 417n, 418
long lives, 436, 521n
missing relatives and, 425, 519n
Polish antisemitism and, 412, 516n
post-traumatic stress, 414, 420, 421, 516n
postwar Poland, 407–8, 418–19, 517n
Renia, 401, 402, 423–27, 435–38, 521n
repression of past, 415, 419
Ruzka, 430–32, 433–34, 520n
silencing and censoring of women and, 406–7, 419–20, 514–15n
vengeance and, 432–33
Vitka, 431, 432, 433, 434–35, 521n
Vladka, 435
witness and, 402, 413–14, 416, 431, 435, 437
Zivia, 411–18
See also family survivor legacies
survivor’s guilt, 91, 213, 381, 407, 417–18, 430, 515n
Szwajger, Adina Blady (Inka), 227, 262, 270
Tarnów, 7
Tec, Nechama, 405
Teitelbaum, Niuta, 219–20
Tema. See Schneiderman, Tema
Tenenbaum, Mordechai, 187, 429, 475n, 496n
The Count of Monte Cristo, 247
Tolman-Zlotnicki, Hadassah, 510n
Tosia. See Altman, Tosia
training camps (hachshara), 28, 49–50, 67
train sabotage. See sabotage
Treblinka death camp, 7, 89, 91, 114, 126, 130–31, 154
Treger, Zelda, 253–55, 257, 432
typhus, 58, 115, 332–34, 346
Ukrainian collaborators, 64, 188, 473n
Ukrainian kalach, 24
umschlagplatz, 87, 151
underground bunkers, 3, 13, 164, 207–8, 292–97
underground flyers and newsletters, 3, 128, 129, 187–88
United Partisan Organization. See FPO
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 435
UN’s International Court of Justice, 16
Uprising (television show), 7–8
Uris, Leon, 401, 415
victim-blaming, 405, 513–14n
Vilna
Bela as courier to, 185–86, 188
Judenrat, 496n
Nazi occupation of, 182–83
sabotage missions in, 3, 255–56, 500n, 501n
weapons smuggling, 495n
Youth movements and, 182
See also FPO; Vilna ghetto
Vilna ghetto
Irena Adamowicz’s visit to, 168
Bela and, 182–85
FPO and, 248, 250
Nazi atrocities, 131
Tosia’s arrival in, 76–77, 78–79
Vitka and, 250
weapons, 226
visual arts, 73, 475n
Vitis-Shomron, Aliza, 490n
Vitka. See Kempner, Vitka
Vladka. See Meed, Vladka
Warman, Marysia, 490n
Warsaw
author’s visit to, 445–46
Frumka’s relocation to, 46
German invasion, 42–43
Hantze’s relocation to, 67–68
Jewish cemetery, 226, 495n
Jewish culture in, 21, 42
Jewish history in, 41–42
Jews-in-hiding in, 262–67, 502n
Nazi anti-Jewish laws, 42–43
Renia as courier to, 171, 172–76
Soviet liberation of, 411–12
Warsaw Uprising, 410–11, 515n
Zivia’s relocation to, 36, 40–41, 42–44, 469n
See also Warsaw ghetto; Warsaw ghetto uprising
Warsaw Aktion (1943), 470n
Warsaw Confederation (1573), 23
Warsaw Freedom youth movement
Antek’s role in, 50–51
Dzielna center, 43–44
educational and cultural activities, 68–70, 71
Hantze and, 66, 68
mini uprising and, 154
soup kitchen, 46–47
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 199, 219, 491n
Zivia’s role in, 51
Warsaw ghetto
Irena Adamowicz’s visits to, 168
archives on, 72–73, 475n
Aryan family placement of children and, 262–63
conditions within, 73–74, 474n, 475n
couriers and, 74–75
cultural and educational activities in, 68–70, 74, 474n, 475n
deportations from, 85–88, 91, 148, 470n, 477n, 478n
forced labor, 49, 150, 485n
Judenrat, 47–49, 69, 83, 198, 470n
liquidation of, 168, 489n
literary resistance in, 70–72
mini uprising (January 1943), 148, 151–56, 167, 171, 192, 486n, 490n
resistance activity as inspiration for Będzin, 126
resistance group alliances within, 149–51
service activities in, 69, 73–74, 475n
size of, 474n, 478n
Socialist Red Cross, 69
telephone communication, 192, 208, 489–90n
underground bunkers, 164, 207–8
visual arts on, 73
See also Warsaw Freedom youth movement
Warsaw ghetto uprising, 197–205
Anna and, 350
Będzin ghetto and, 224, 261, 271
burning of the ghetto, 206–7
escape and hiding, 220–22, 494n
funding for, 195, 490n, 491n
Great Synagogue destruction, 220
Hantze and, 200–201
impact on Nazi policy of, 514n
as inspiration for other cities, 224
Passover and, 513n
Passover celebrations during, 198
preparations for, 192–97, 227, 490n
Renia as witness to, 201–5
reports on women fighters in, 200, 203, 218, 492n
romantic relationships and, 505–6n
sewer escapes, 209, 210–11, 213–18, 493–94n
survival during, 201
women fighters’ deaths, 218–19
Zivia’s role in, 197–98, 199–200, 206–9, 210–11, 213
ZOB control of ghetto and, 195, 490n
ZOD headquarters and, 207–8, 212–13
Wasser, Manya, 74
Weinstein, Mala, 510n
Weitzman, Lenore J., 406, 461n, 514n
We Remember with Reverence and Love: American Jews and the Myth of Silence After the Holocaust (Diner), 404
Wilczynska, Stefa, 69, 87
witness
assimilation and need for, 347, 353, 508n
German soldiers and, 309
historical inattention to women and, 405–6
memoirs and, 371–72, 430
romance and, 390
by survivors, 402, 413–14, 416, 431, 435, 437
See also Holocaust memoirs
WIZO (Women’s International Zionist Organization), 385
Wodzisław ghetto, 61–62, 93–96, 98–99
Women of Birkenau Camp (Olomucki), 475n
women resistance fighters
activities of, 2–3
historical inattention to, 7–8, 405–7, 463n, 514–15n
importance of, 8–9, 463n
lack of focus on, 7–8, 463n
Nazi comments on, 161, 486n
number of, 4
strengths learned from family, 414, 516n
Women’s International Zionist Organization (WIZO), 385
Woranowicz, Halina. See Grossman, Chaika
World War I, 24–25
writing. See literary resistance
Yaari, Bela Hazan. See Hazan, Bela
Yaari, Yoel, 430, 519n
Yad Mordechai Museum, 207–8, 443
Yad Vashem, 442–43
Yad Vashem Studies
Yiddish, 27, 45, 467n
Yiddishe Kamf Organizatsye. See ZOB
Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO), 249, 466n
YIVO (Yiddish Scientific Institute), 249, 466n
Young Guard, The (Hashomer Hatzair), 6, 78
Irena Adamowicz and, 168
Anna and, 350
Będzin, 119–20, 121, 125, 126, 164, 481n
beliefs of, 117
Benito and, 389
Chaika and, 496n
Chajka’s leadership role in, 117, 118–20, 121
fictional representations of, 7–8
vs. Freedom, 467n
Holocaust narrative and, 404, 415, 419–20, 421
kibbutz of, 419
Kraków alliances, 137
partisan detachments and, 241
purity laws of, 117, 426
resistance group alliances and, 126
Tosia’s arrival in Vilna and, 76–77, 78–79
Tosia’s leadership role in, 76, 77–78
Vilna, 183
Vitka and, 248
Warsaw deportation attack by, 151–52
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 151–52
Warsaw ghetto uprising and, 196, 491n
women in, 30
Zelda and, 253
Zionism and, 117–18, 466n
Young Pioneer (Hechalutz HaTsair), 467n
Żabiński, Jan, 149
Zabludowicz, Noah, 358–59
Zaglembie region
forced labor in, 118–19, 481n
German annexation of, 15, 118
ghettos in, 12–13
Jewish identity and, 11
partisan units in, 240
ZOB cell founding, 127, 132, 482n
See also Będzin
Żegota (Council for Aid to the Jews), 263, 264–65, 271, 502n
Zelda. See Treger, Zelda
Zelshinski, Haim, 428
ziemlankas, 252
Zimetbaum, Mala, 352–53, 509n
Zionism, 22
Akiva and, 136
Bela and, 181–82
Betar, 485n
Final Solution news and, 84
Freedom youth movement and, 13, 28, 39–40, 47, 467n
Frumka’s involvement in, 44
Labor, 13, 28
religious, 22, 26
Renia’s family and, 22, 26
socialist, 466n
survivors and, 402
women in, 30
Young Guard and, 117–18, 466n
Zivia’s involvement in, 37, 38
Zionist Congress (1939), 38
Zionist Youth, The (Hanoar Hatzioni), 310, 378, 404, 491n, 506–7n, 518n
Zitenfeld, Aliza
Aryan family placement of children and, 260, 380
Będzin ghetto liquidation and, 296, 297, 298, 299
children’s programs and, 497n
decision to stay in Będzin ghetto, 15
deportations and, 238
escape from Będzin ghetto liquidation, 305
in hiding, 378
Renia’s escape to Slovakia and, 379, 391
torture of, 301, 302
Zivia. See Lubetkin, Zivia
Zivia’s girls. See couriers
Zlotnicka, Hadassah, 510n
ZOB (Jewish Fighting Organization)
Akiva Pledge, 134
alliances of, 149–50
Będzin, 164, 272
Będzin ghetto uprising preparations and, 164
betrayal of, 240–42, 258–59
Chajka and, 127, 132
control of Warsaw ghetto, 195
deportation response, 88, 89–90
escape to join partisans and, 241
Final Solution news and, 89
“fives”, 128, 482n
formation of, 88, 278n
Frumka and, 89, 90, 150
group suicide mission plans, 92
Jewish community mistrust and fear of, 88, 91
Jews-in-hiding and, 263
militia phase, 92
Nazi collaborators and, 151
partisan detachments and, 241
psychological reactions, 92
Renia and, 241–42
Socha infiltration of, 240–41
Tosia and, 89, 90, 150, 196
Vladka and, 90, 150
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 149, 151–56
Warsaw Uprising and, 410
weapons, 90–91, 128, 149–50, 163, 164, 194–95, 226, 485n, 490n, 491n
women’s roles in, 196
Zaglembie cell founding, 127, 132, 482n
Zivia and, 88–92, 148, 196, 478n, 482n
See also Warsaw ghetto uprising
Zoberman, Irene, 515n
Zonder passes, 129, 165, 233, 481n
Zosia. See Adamowicz, Irena
Zuckerman, Eyal, 416–17, 418, 469n, 516n
Zuckerman, Roni, 417
Zuckerman, Shimon, 416
Zuckerman, Yael, 416, 418
Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek)
archives and, 475n
assimilation and, 276–77, 504n
on Betar, 485n
Bronka and, 489n
escape and hiding, 221–22
Final Solution news and, 83, 84
Frumka’s conflict with Jewish police and, 487n
on Hantze, 473n
Havka and, 496n
Jewish cemetery and, 495n
Jews-in-hiding and, 267, 270, 502n
leadership of, 152
nom de guerre of, 469n
on non-Jewish assistance, 487n
on Pawiak Prison, 507n
relationship with Zivia, 40, 50–51
Renia’s escape from Mysłowice Prison and, 376
Renia’s escape to Slovakia and, 378–79
Renia’s return to Będzin and, 292
Renia’s Warsaw missions and, 272, 278, 503n
on Shoshana, 507n
in Soviet territory, 39
survivor experience of, 412–15, 416
on telephone communication, 489–90n
on use of codes, 482n, 489–90n
Warsaw ghetto activities, 70, 71
Warsaw ghetto deportations and, 477n
Warsaw ghetto mini uprising and, 152–55, 167
Warsaw ghetto uprising preparations and, 194, 209, 490n, 491n, 494n
Warsaw Uprising and, 411
Zivia’s death and, 418
on ZOB mass suicide plan, 92
on ZOB weapons, 91, 490n
Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa. See ZOB
ZZW (Jewish Military Union), 149, 209, 213, 404, 485n, 491n, 517n