Abelard, 172
abortion, 380
Adam and Eve, 283–84
Ad Caeli Reginam (Pius XII), 289–90
Against Heresies (Irenaeus), 100–102, 108
Against Jovinianus (Jerome), 291
Ágreda, Sister Maria de Jesus de, 308
Albert of Brandenburg, 235
Alexander V, 230
Alexander VI, 233–34
Alexander of Alexandria, 286
almsgiving, 36
altar, 188n74
Ambrose of Milan, 162, 218, 291, 302, 307
Anacletus, 264
Ananias, 96
annulments, 397n50
anointing of the sick, sacrament of, 116, 403–6
Anselm of Canterbury, 302
Apocrypha, 34–36
apologetics, Roman Catholic
and broader Christian apologetic enterprise, 270–73
canonical discernment, 257–63
dismissive of Protestantism, 273
fixating on weaknesses of Protestantism, 273–75
historical claims and assertions of, 264–67
infallible certainty and, 267–70
and motives of credibility, 271n38
on Petrine claims and papal succession, 264–65
and Protestant individualism, 262–63
sola Scriptura, 260–63
Apostolic Fathers, 17–19, 245–51, 276–77, 301–2, 322, 336
apostolic succession, 88, 97–98, 100–111, 115, 126, 138, 179, 198, 203, 247–48, 252–55
Aquinas, Thomas, 302–3, 316–17
arguments from silence, 246–50
Arianism, 319
Aristotle, 162–63
Armenian Apostolic Church, 286n27
assumption of Mary, 2, 31, 270, 306–8
Assumption of Mary, The, 307
assurance, Christian, 360–64. See also conversion
Assyrian Orthodox Church, 287
Athanasian Creed, 1
Athanasius of Alexandria, 14–15, 36, 286
Augustine of Hippo, 26, 30, 36, 184, 211, 218, 291, 297, 316
authority, of Scripture, 37–38, 133–35, 142–43
Avignon, 229–30
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 147n5
baptism
baptismal creed of early church, 16
infant baptism, 149–52, 323, 358
and justification, 322–23
meaning and nature of, 147–52
and regeneration, 356–59, 369, 372–73
Baxter, Richard, 6
“Bearer of God” (Mary), 285–90
beliefs
Catholic common with Protestantism, 1, 3–5
Catholic current beliefs and practices, 380–83
Protestant mainline, 380–81
Benedict IX, 223
Benedict XIII, 230
Berengar of Tours, 162
Bernard of Clairvaux, 282, 293, 298, 302, 311
Bible. See Scripture
Bible reading, 33–34
bishops of the early church, 171, 177, 178, 198–99. See also episcopate, monarchical
Bondage of the Will, The (Luther), 39
Boniface III, 207
Boniface VIII, 214, 225, 227–29
Borgia papacy, 233–34
born-again experience. See regeneration
Caesarean Creed, 16
Calvin, John, 23–24, 119, 121, 259–60, 291, 311, 317, 333
Canales, Arthur, 370–71
canon. See New Testament canon; Old Testament canon
Cartesian certainty, 267–70
castration, 182
Catanei, Vannozza, 233
Catechism of the Catholic Church
on Apocrypha, 35n12
on apostolicity of church, 102, 104
on baptism, 147–49, 150, 357–59
Bible as Word of God, 36–37
on bishops, 198
on catholicity of church, 97, 98
on Christ’s priesthood, 190–91
on conversion to Protestantism, 117–18
on docility of laity, 45
on doctrinal truth, 83
ecumenism and, 8
evocation of apostolic tradition, 179
on holiness of church, 95
on interpreting Scripture, 41–42
on justification, 322, 323–24, 327, 330, 332, 337
on Mary, immaculate conception of, 301
on Mary, virginity of, 290–91, 292, 294, 297
on Mary as co-redeemer, 314
on Mary as Mother of God, 288
on Mary’s glorification, 281, 308
on Mary’s intercessory role, 311–12
on Nicene Creed, 71–72
on ordination of women, 180–81
on the papacy, 200
on papal infallibility, 241, 242
on Petrine claims for papacy, 214–15
on priestly identity, 187–88, 192–93
on regeneration, 356–59
on Scripture, tradition, and the magisterium, 24–25, 47–49, 57–63
on transubstantiation, 163
on universality, 2
on validity of Orthodox churches, 113
Catholic Charismatic Renewal, 369
Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, A, 211–12
Catholicism (McBrien), 386–87
catholicity, of Roman Catholic church, 97–100, 265–66, 275
Cavallier, Marie, 117
Celestine V, 227
celibacy, 30, 174, 179, 182–86, 298
certitude, infallible, 267–70
Chalcedon, Council of, 20, 23, 24, 28, 92, 164, 172, 206, 287
charismatic movement, 369
Charlemagne, 222–23
Christianity
core common beliefs among, 1, 3–5
ecumenism of, 7–9
mere Christianity, 5–8, 271–72
shared heroes and traditions of, 276–77
Chrysostom, John, 305
Church and Justification (Lutheran-Roman Catholic Joint Commission), 339
circumcision, 151
Clement II, 223
Clement V, 229
Clement VII, 230
Clement of Alexandria, 15, 34, 172–73
Clement of Rome, 103, 107, 108–9, 177, 217, 245–50, 264
Code of Canon Law, 118–19
Colloquy of Regensburg, 331
Committee on Doctrine of the National Council of Catholic Bishops, 386n22
Communion. See Eucharist, sacrament of
condemnation argument, 117–19, 121–24
Condemnations of the Reformation Era, The (Ecumenical Working Group of Protestant and Catholic theologians in Germany), 339, 341
confession of faith, 127–29, 132–33
confirmation, 358
Constance, Council of, 230, 231
Constantinople, First Council of, 319–20
Constantinople, Third Council of, 222
continent marriage, 298
conversion. See also assurance, Christian; regeneration
individual judgment and, 140–42
Pentecostalism, 365–72
to Roman Catholicism, 9–10, 47, 117, 127, 130, 131–32, 137–40, 273–79, 374–75, 399
from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism, 117–19, 121–24
Coronation of the Virgin Mary in Heaven, The (di Mino), 289
Council of Chalcedon, 20, 23, 24, 28, 92, 164, 172, 206, 287
Council of Constance, 230, 231
Council of Constantinople, 319–20
Council of Ephesus, 20, 92, 287, 288, 289, 320
Council of Ferrara-Florence, 91
Council of Jamnia, 35
Council of Nicaea, 19–20, 99, 167, 183, 319–20
Council of Pisa, 230
Council of Sutri, 223
Council of Trent, 25, 33, 45, 163, 303–4, 331–37, 360–61
Council of Trullo, 90
covenant, 189–96
Coverdale, Myles, 85
Cranmer, Thomas, 85
creeds
Athanasian Creed, 1
baptismal creed of early church, 16
Caesarean Creed, 16
and Christian truth, 1–5
in early church, 16
Nicene Creed, 1n1, 1–2, 16, 20, 23, 28, 29, 47, 50, 58–62, 71–74
Old Roman Creed, 16
as summaries of biblical revelation, 70
Cross, Bryan, 125–44
Cyprian, 177–78, 219, 243, 250
Cyril of Jerusalem, 162
Damasus of Rome, 20, 203–4, 210
Dante, 229
deacons/diaconate, 171–74
death and the last things, 403–6
Decree concerning the Canonical Scriptures (Council of Trent), 33
Decree on Ecumenism, 92, 114, 118
Defensor Pacis (Marsilius), 230–31
Descartes, Rene, 267–70
determinism, 135
Didascalia Apostolorum, 171–72
Dignitatis Humanae: Declaration on Religious Liberty, 120
“Directory concerning Ecumenical Matters,” 118
Divino Afflante Spiritu (Pius XII), 33–34, 38
divorce and remarriage, 382, 395–98
Doctor Mellifluus (Pius XII), 293–94
doctrine, Roman Catholic
Council of Nicaea and, 167
denial of, 270–71
doctrinal development, and necessity, 49–57, 74–78
revelation and, 78–83
dogmatic belief, and salvation, 48–49
Dominus Iesus, 352–54
Donation of Constantine, The, 223, 239
Donatist controversy, 193–94
Douay-Rheims translation, 85
Douthat, Ross, 397–98
Dulles, Avery, 391
Duns Scotus, John, 303
early ecumenical church
early church fathers, 16–19
equality before, and transcendence in Christ, 87–88
and the Holy Spirit, 87
and the Lord’s Supper, 156–58
as revealed in Scripture, 86–88
unity of, 22–24, 86–87, 90, 94
Eastern Orthodox church
divorce, 382n16
Great Schism, 91–94
ignored by converts to Rome, 266n29
as not catholic, 99
and priestly celibacy, 184
Roman Catholic views of, 89, 90, 113, 228
and transubstantiation, 167
Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), 36
ecumenical church. See early ecumenical church
Ecumenical Council, First. See Council of Nicaea
Ecumenical Council, Second. See Council of Constantinople
Ecumenical Council, Third. See Council of Ephesus
Ecumenical Council, Fourth. See Council of Chalcedon
Ecumenical Council, Sixth. See Third Council of Constantinople
ecumenical councils. See also specific councils
embrace of, by Reformed church, 23–24
history of early, 19–20
ecumenism. See also Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
baptism and, 148
of C. S. Lewis, 5–8
ecumenical dialogue, 12, 43, 82
of Gregory I, 208
and growth of Pentecostalism, 368–70
of Newman, 57
of Roman Catholic Church, 7–9, 116–22, 271, 275, 338–39, 351–52, 363–64
Edict of Milan, 19
eisegesis, 150
elders of the church, 171, 178
Eno, Robert, 245
Ephesus, Council of, 20, 92, 287, 288, 289, 320
episcopal consecration, 199
episcopate, monarchical, 102–4, 105–11, 139, 198, 243
Erasmus, Desiderius, 84, 237–38, 303, 317
eschatology, 406–10
Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, An (Newman), 49–57, 233n38, 318–19
Eucharist, sacrament of. See also Lord’s Supper
and anointing of the sick, 404
differing views of, 409n18
in early church practice, 156–58
exclusion of Protestants from, 115–16, 168–69, 277–78, 402, 408–9
original use of term, 156
as Passover meal, 152–53
priestly role and direction in, 160–61
transition of Lord’s Supper to, 145–46
transubstantiation, 30, 136, 162–69, 180, 389–90
Eusebius of Caesarea, 15, 36, 286
evangelicalism, 321, 380–81, 399
Eve, Mary as new or second, 282–84
evil, 96–97
excommunication, 215
Ex Corde Ecclesiae (John Paul II), 391–92
Execrabilis (Pius II), 231
extreme unction, sacrament of, 116, 403–6
sola fide justification, 328–30, 335–36, 344–45
Ferrara-Florence, Council of, 91
filioque clause (Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed), 28, 30, 90
First Ecumenical Council. See Council of Nicaea
First Lateran Council, 186n69, 294–95
First Vatican Council, 42, 240, 255n15
Formosus, 223
Formula of Concord, 294
Fourth Ecumenical Council. See Council of Chalcedon
Fourth Lateran Council, 163, 225–26
France, and the papacy, 229–30
Francis (Pope), 221, 315, 395, 408–9
Francis of Assisi, 227
Frederick II, 226–27
Frederick the Wise, 236
Gansfort, Wessel, 26
gospel, and Protestant confession, 133, 143–44
Gospel and the Church, The (Lutheran-Roman Catholic Joint Commission), 339
Gospels, 14
governance of church, 170–76. See also priests/priesthood
grace, 115
grace, cooperant, 325, 326, 327–30, 334–35, 343–44
Grace Given You in Christ, The: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church, 363–64
Gregory VI, 223
Gregory VII, 184–86, 224–25, 226
Gregory IX, 226–27
Gregory XI, 230
Gregory XII, 230
Gregory of Nazianzus, 183
Gregory of Nyssa, 183
Gregory of Tours, 308
Hahn, Scott, 117
“Hail Mary” (prayer), 282, 302
heaven and hell, 381
Hebrew Bible, 34–36
Heloise, 172
Helvidius, 295
Heraclitus, 27
heresy, 105
hermeneutics
and authority, 134–35
early attitudes toward Bible reading, 33–34
interpretational issues, 39–41
Roman Catholic, 41–43
hierarchical authority, of Roman Catholicism, 88, 91, 103, 155–56, 185–86, 198, 402–3
Hilary of Poitiers, 36
Hildebrand, 184
Hille, Rolf, 362
history of the church
and conversion to Roman Catholicism, 138–39
early church fathers, 16–19
early ecumenical councils, 19–20
Newman’s reading of, 11–12
oral tradition in, 13–16
recognition of New Testament canon, 20–22
rule of faith, 15–16
study of, by converts, 130
tradition, understanding and problems of, 24–31
unity of ancient ecumenical church, 22–24, 86–87, 90
Hocken, Peter, 365–66
Holy Orders, sacrament of, 114, 179–80
Holy Spirit
and apostolic succession, 105–6
and encountering Jesus Christ, 143–44
and holiness of the church, 95
and justification, 321, 327, 330, 332, 337
and life of the early church, 87
and New Testament canon, 21, 69
revelation and doctrinal development, 79
and salvation, 114–15
in Trinity, 4
Honorius I, 222
Howard, Thomas, 117
Humanae Vitae, 384
Hus, Jan, 26
idolatry, 167
Ignatius of Antioch, 22, 103, 105, 106, 156, 169n84, 177, 198, 245, 247–50, 266
imago Dei, 165
immaculate conception of Mary, 31, 43, 58–62, 75–78, 284, 301–6
imputation, 325–27, 334, 342–43
Index librorum prohibitorum (Paul IV), 237–38
indulgences, 235–36
Ineffabilis Deus (Pius IX), 301, 304
inerrancy, 38
infallibility
arguments against, 57–63
and canon discernment, 261–62
claims of, in Roman Catholic doctrine, 46–47, 51–63, 78, 136
infallible certainty, 267–70
magisterium and interpretation of Scripture, 52–53, 57–63
papal infallibility, 42–43, 238–43, 270–71, 307, 364, 376
infant baptism, 149–52, 323, 358
Innocent III, 163, 187, 225–26
Innocent VIII, 232
inspiration, of Scripture, 36–37
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 311
intercessory prayer, 308–11
International Marian Association, 314
Inventing Catholic Tradition (Tilley), 389–91
investiture controversy, 184–85
Ireland, Republic of, 381–82
Irenaeus of Lyons, 14, 15, 34, 100–102, 108, 109–10, 116, 159, 219, 283
Islam, 213
Italian unification, 238–39
James (brother of Jesus), 214n68
Jamnia, Council of, 35
Jerome, 35–36, 184, 219, 243, 282, 291, 295, 298
Jerusalem, 217
Jesus Christ
and Adam, 283
and the church, 138–39
critical of certain human traditions, 30
divinity of, 72–73
and early church’s charismatic roles, 174–76
as establishing papacy, 208–9
as head of the church, 14
immaculate conception of Mary and, 305–6
intercession and mediation, 310, 312
and Lord’s Supper, 152–53
Mary as co-redeemer with, 313–15
Mary seated on the right hand of, 289, 308
sacrifice of, and priesthood, 190–91, 194–95
time and proximity to living, 17
transubstantiation, 162–68
Jews, 226
John (disciple), 18
John, King (England), 226
John Chrysostom, 305
John of Constantinople, 206–7
John of Jandun, 230
John Paul II, 180, 181, 209, 221, 281, 286n27, 294, 312–14, 368, 391
John Scotus Eriugena, 162
John the Baptist, 147
Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
aftermath of, 352–54
on assurance, 361–63
confusion of justification with sanctification, 340–42
on cooperant grace, 343–44
documents informing, 339
on imputation and impartation, 342–43
inadequacy of, 348–52
on merit, 345–47
new perspective, 347–48
outline of, 340
on sola fide, 344–45
Joseph (husband of Mary), 294–96
Josephus, 35
Julius II, 241
justice issues, 5
justification
about, 321–23
and baptism, 322–23
common understanding of justification, 348–52
and cooperant grace, 327–30, 335, 343–44, 349
Council of Trent on, 332–37
and imputation/impartation, 325–27, 334, 342–43
Joint Declaration aftermath, 352–54
Joint Declaration outline, 339–40
and merit, 330, 336–37, 345–47
new perspective, 347–48
no catholic consensus on, 136
and sanctification, 323–24, 332–33, 340–42, 349
and sola fide, 328–30, 335–36, 344–45, 349
unavailable under law of Moses, 189
Justification: God’s Plan and Paul’s Vision (Wright), 347–48
Justification by Faith (Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue in the USA), 339
Justin Martyr, 34, 157–58, 159, 177, 246, 247–50
Karekin I, 286n27
Kirchengemeinschaft nach evangelischem Verständnis, 353
knowledge, human claims of, 267–70
Kolbe, Maximilian, 313
Kram, Heinrich, 232
Kruger, Michael, 66–70, 259, 261–62
Küng, Hans, 394
laity
Bible reading among, 33–34, 85
clericalism and, 187–88
inculcating docility in, 45, 166
magisterium and, 44
Langton, Stephen, 226
last rites, sacrament of, 116, 404
Lateran Council, First, 186n69, 294–95
Lateran Council, Fourth, 163, 225–26
Latin America, 365–68
Latin Vulgate edition of Bible, 35–36, 84
Lausanne Movement, 38
laying on of hands, 176
Lectures on Genesis (Luther), 149
Leo III, 222–23
Leo X, 234–36
Leo XIII, 33
“Letter to a Roman Catholic, A” (Wesley), 6
Letter to Women (John Paul II), 312
Levitical priesthood, 189–96
Leviathan (Hobbes), 201
Liber Requiei Mariae, 307
libertarianism, 135
Licet ab initio (Paul III), 237
Licinius, 19
Life of the Virgin Mary (Agreda), 308
Lombard, Peter, 147n5
Lord’s Supper. See also Eucharist, sacrament of
differing views of, 409n18
early church’s practices, 156–58
as meal fellowship, 153–54, 156–58
and rise of priesthood, 176–79
and sacrifice, 158–61
setting and meaning of, 152–53
transition of, to sacrificial sacrament, 145–46, 154–56, 188
Lumen Gentium: Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, 37, 114, 383–84
Luther, Martin, 23, 24, 84, 149, 207, 215, 236, 294, 303n17, 324, 333n42, 342
Lutheran World Federation, 339, 342, 348
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 233
magisterium of Catholic Church
and apologetics, 271
authority of, 44, 47–49, 136–37, 402–3
on Bible reading, 33
and birth control use, 384–85
and infallible interpretation of Scripture, 42, 43, 52–53, 57–63, 78
and regressive method, 240
Malleus Maleficarum (Kram and Sprenger), 232
Marcellinus, 222n1
Marcian, 20
Marian doctrines, 2, 136, 270. See also Mary
Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons, 314
marriage
annulments, 397n50
clerical, 5, 30, 182–86. See also celibacy
continent marriage, 298
divorce and remarriage, 382, 395–98
same-sex marriage, 381, 382, 392–93
Marsilius of Padua, 230–31
Martin I, 294–95
Marx, Reinhard, 392–93
Mary
about, 280–82
assumption of, 2, 31, 270, 306–8
Newman’s defense of cult of, 318–20
celestial crowning of, 289–90
as conceived without sin, 288n29
as co-redeemer, 313–15
devotion to, 300
faults and possible sins of, 304–5
humanity of, 305–6
immaculate conception of Mary, 31, 43, 58–62, 75–78, 284, 301–6
as intercessor, 308–11
Marian Years, 281
as mediatrix, 311–13
“Mother of God,” 285–87
as needing redemption, 306
as new or second Eve, 282–84
postpartum virginity of, 294–97
on right hand of Jesus, 289, 308
as virgin, 290–97
worship of, 315–17
Maximus the Confessor, 98
McBrien, Richard P., 386–87
McInerny, Ralph, 377–78, 385–86
means of grace, 146
mediation, with God, 308–13
Melanchthon, 344
Melchizedek, 190
Melito of Sardis, 36
Mercier, Désiré-Joseph, 313
Mere Christianity (Lewis), 5–8, 272
ministry. See priests/priesthood
Molinist-Dominican controversy, 135, 136
monarchical episcopate, 102–4, 105–11, 198, 243, 244–51
monasticism, 184
monergism, 328
Montanism, 172
moral commitments, 5
Moravianism, 329
Mosaic covenant, and priesthood, 189–96
Mother of God, 285–87
Munificentissimus Deus (Pius XII), 270, 306–7
National Association of Evangelicals, 399
Neoplatonism, 183–84
Neuhaus, Richard John, 117
new birth. See regeneration
Newman, John Henry, 11, 49–57, 74, 80–82, 233n38, 265, 269, 288, 318–20
New Testament canon, 20–22, 64–70, 258–63
Next Christendom, The: The Coming of Global Christianity (Jenkins), 365
Nicaea, Council of, 19–20, 99, 167, 183, 319–20
Nicene Creed, 1n1, 1–2, 16, 20, 23, 28, 29, 47, 50, 58–62, 71–74
Novak, Michael, 385
O’Collins, Gerald, 388
Oddie, William, 392–93
Old Catholic Church, 43
Old Roman Creed, 16
Old Testament canon, 34–36, 258–63
On the Body and Blood of the Lord (Paschasius), 162
Opus Dei, 376n6
oral tradition, 13–16
Oration of the Emperor Constantine (Eusebius), 286
Orders, sacrament of, 114, 179–80
Origen, 36, 177, 182, 218, 284, 302
original sin, 291, 301–6, 327–28
Palin, Sarah, 117
papacy
birth control and papal authority, 383–85
censorship and, 237–38
Christ as center of church and not, 100
claims of temporal authority of, 224–26, 228–29, 234, 239–40
and Dominican-Molinist dispute, 135–37
early history of, 202–7
events to 1215, 222–25
events 1215 to 1377, 225–30
events 1377 to 1497, 230–34
events 1497 to 1555, 233–38
events 1861 to 1870, 238–40
and Great Schism, 92
infallibility and assurance, 364
infallibility claims, 42–43, 136, 238–43, 270–71, 307, 376
and inquisitions, 227, 231–32, 237
and monarchical episcopate, 102–4, 105–11, 198, 243, 244–51
morals and ethics of individuals of, 241, 251–55
Petrine claims of, 100–102, 207–20, 264, 402
power claims and authority of, 199–202
probability of corruption and scandal in, 251–55
probability of monarchical bishop in Rome, 246–51
theology of indulgences, 235–36
as unique, 30
Parmenides, 27
Paschasius Radbertus, 162, 293
patriarchates, 205
Paul (apostle), 14, 87, 100–101, 202, 214, 217, 347–48, 359–60
Paul IV, 237–38
Paul and the Palestinian Judaism (Sanders), 347
Pawlenty, Tim, 117
Pelikan, Jaroslav, 318
penance, sacrament of, 116
Pence, Mike, 117
Pentecostalism, 365–72
Peter, 100–101, 138, 200, 203, 204
Petrine claims of papacy
about, 100–102, 207–10, 242–43
Calvin on, 213
in Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, 211–12
and city of Rome, 216–20
Luther on, 215
and Matthew 16:18, 210–14
and Matthew 16:19, 214–16
in Roman Catholic apologetics, 264
silence of Apostolic Fathers on, 245, 250–51
Philip IV, 227–28
Philo, 35
Photius, 223
Pisa, Council of, 230
Pius II, 231
Pius IX, 42, 43, 59n25, 239–40, 304, 338–39, 375
Pius XII, 270, 281, 289–90, 293–94, 306–7, 394
Plotinus, 183–84
pluralism, 376–80
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, 339, 344
Pope and the Council, The (Dollinger), 240
Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 237–38, 303
predestination, 135
presbyters of the church, 103, 107, 109, 146, 175–79, 185, 199
priests/priesthood. See also hierarchical authority, of Roman Catholicism
acting in persona Christi Captitis, 192–94
clericalism and identity of, 187–88
creation of, 160–61
and early charismatic roles in church, 174–76
in early church practices, 176–79
“father” designation, 17n20, 45, 188
and investiture controversy, 182–86
Levitic priesthood versus NT covenant, 189–96
marriage and celibacy of, 30, 182–86
moral integrity of, 253
ordination of women, 45, 180–82
private masses, 154–55
Roman Catholic conception of, 179–82
transubstantiation and, 160–61, 168
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 233
Protestant Church in Germany (EKD), 353
Protestantism
authority in, 142–43
catholicity of, 275
condemnation argument, 117–19, 121–24
denominationalism, 374–75
individualization in, 262–63
mainline beliefs and practices, 380–81
Protestants excluded as “separated brethren,” 115–16, 168–69, 277–78, 406–10, 409n18
Roman Catholic views of today, 113–16, 271–73
Rose’s critiques of, 257–63
sola Scriptura and, 12, 24, 27, 39–41, 71, 80–81, 131, 260–63
Protestant’s Dilemma, The (Rose), 257–60, 338n1
Protevangelium of James, 292, 294, 297
Providentissimus Deus (Leo XIII), 33
Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, The, 223
purity laws, 173
Rabanus Maurus, 162
Ratramnus of Corbie, 162
Redemptoris Mater (John Paul II), 281, 294, 312, 313
Reformation. See also Protestantism
effects on Roman Catholicism, 275–76
papacy and, 236–38
pluralism and, 354n71
thoughts on origins of, 24
regeneration. See also conversion
and assurance, 359–60
baptism and, 149
justification and, 325, 329, 333, 334, 342
and Pentecostalism, 365–72
Roman Catholic position on, 356–59
religious liberty, 119–21
resurrection, 4
resurrection of Jesus Christ, 61–62, 387–88
revelation
apostolic testimony as, 14
Christ’s words as, 14
and doctrinal development, 78–83
infallible development of, 51–63
reveal as achievement verb, 65n1
rule of faith and, 15–16
Tilley’s views of, 391
tradition and content of, 24–25
right and wrong, 380
righteousness, 325–27
right to life, 5
Roman Catholic Church. See also apologetics, Roman Catholic; magisterium of Catholic Church; papacy
apostolic succession claims, 88, 98, 100–111, 115, 198, 401–2
as catholic, 97–100, 265–66, 275
Catholics as functional liberal Protestants, 376–80
condemnation argument, 117–19, 121–24
conservative critiques of, 397–98
current beliefs and practices of Catholics, 380–83
doctrine, 49–57, 74–83, 167, 270–71
early church and, 86–88
ecumenism of, 116–17
exclusivity of claims of, 401–2
Great Schism, 91–94
hierarchical authority in, 88, 91, 103, 155–56, 185–86, 198, 401–2
holiness of, 94–97
pluralism of, 385–93
Reformation roots of, 275–76
religious liberty and, 119–21
Roman Catholic understanding of, 88–89
Rome at center of unity of, 89–91, 401–2
theologians’ mandate, 391–92
types of Catholics, 376
views of Protestantism today, 113–16, 271–73
Roman Inquisition, 237
Romans, Letter to, 107
Rome
city of, 106–7
early presbyters and bishops of, 202–7
Peter and founding of church in, 216–20
Rufinus, 36
rule of faith (regula fidei), 15–16
sacraments. See also specific sacraments
etymology and origins, 145–47
fragility of, 182
Newman on, 54
role of, 88
sacrifice, and Lord’s Supper, 158–61
saints, communion of, 2
same-sex marriage, 381, 382, 392–93
sanctification, 323–24, 326, 328, 332–33, 340–42, 359n13
San Martino, Conte Gustavo Ponza, 239
Sapphira, 96
Savonarola, Girolamo, 233–34
Schillebeeckx, Edward, 387–88
schism
Photian schism, 90
Roman Catholic interpretations of, 127
Scripture
authority of translations, 134
canon recognition, 21–22, 34–36, 64–70, 257–63
clarity of, 131–32
Douay-Rheims translation, 85
early attitudes toward Bible reading, 33–34
inspiration and authority, 36–38, 133–35, 142–43, 257–60
interpretational issues, 39–41
perspicuity of, 39–40
and rise of new Roman Catholic doctrines, 43–45
Roman Catholic doctrine and, 49–57
Roman Catholic interpretation of, 41–43, 47–49
salvation and, 39–41
sola Scriptura, 39–41, 71, 80–81, 131, 260–63
study of, by converts, 130
vernacularization, 84–85
Second Ecumenical Council. See Council of Constantinople
2 Maccabees, 35
Second Vatican Council
ambiguity of documents of, 383–84
and anointing of the sick, 405–6
on authority of Scripture, 38
on Christ’s presence in priests during Mass, 191–92
and ecumenism, 114, 115, 116–17
on hierarchical fellowship, 155–56, 188
on justification, 322, 323–24, 330, 337, 339
on Mary’s divinity, 289
on Mary’s intercessory role, 312
need for, 338
on the papacy, 200
and Petrine theory, 208, 210–11
on polity of church, 243n68
on powers of priests, 179–80
and reliability of magisterium, 136–37
on revelation, 25
on use of Scripture, 34
Septuagint, 35
sexual behavior, clerical, 183. See also celibacy
sexuality and sin, 291–92, 297–99
Shepherd of Hermas, 18–19, 177, 245n3
Simon Magus, 218
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), 36
Six Articles Act, 85n3
Sixth Ecumenical Council. See Third Council of Constantinople
Sixtus IV, 231–32
Smalkald Articles (Luther), 23
social commitments, 5
sola fide, justification by, 328–30, 335–36, 344–45
sola Scriptura, 12, 24, 27, 39–41, 71, 80–81, 131, 260–63
Soubirous, Bernadette, 304
South America, 365–68
Spanish Inquisition, 231–32
Spong, John Shelby, 263
Sprenger, James, 232
St. Peter’s Basilica, 219, 235
Stella Maris myth, 293
Stephen I, 203, 210, 219, 250–51
Stephen VII, 223
Suenens, Leo, 385
Sutri, Council of, 223
Swenson, Julie, 265
“Syllabus or Summary of the Main Errors of Our Age” (Pius IX), 338–39, 375
Sylvester I, 19
Sylvester III, 223
synergism, 327–30, 335, 343–44
Synod Hippo Regius, 21
Tertullian, 14, 15, 25–26, 159, 177, 183, 292, 305
Tetzel, 235–36
thanksgiving, 159–60
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 210, 286, 287
Theodosius II, 20
theotokos (Mary), 285–90
Third Council of Constantinople, 222
Third Ecumenical Council. See Council of Ephesus
Third Synod at Toledo, 23, 28, 90
Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter (Athanasius), 21
Tilley, Terrence W., 389–91
Tobit, 36
Tome of Leo, 206
Torquemada, 232
tradition
conflicts over emphasis on, 25–27
early church fathers, 16–19
early ecumenical councils, 19–20
Inventing Catholic Tradition (Tilley), 389–91
oral, 13–16
problems of Roman Catholicism regarding, 27–31
recognition of New Testament canon, 20–22
Roman Catholic understanding of, 24–25
rule of faith, 15–16
Scripture, magisterium and, 42, 48–49
transubstantiation, 30, 136, 162–69, 180, 389–90
treasury of merits, 31
Treatise on Good Works (Luther), 336
Trent, Council of, 25, 33, 45, 163, 303–4, 331–37, 360–61
Trullo, Council of, 90
Tyndale, William, 85
Unam Sanctam (Boniface VIII), 228–29
Unitarianism, 56
United Methodist Church, 378–80
Unity of the Catholic Church, The (Cyprian), 219n99
unity of the early church, 22–24, 86–87, 90
Urban VI, 230
Ut Unum Sint (John Paul II), 88, 113, 209
Valentinian III, 205
Vatican Council, First, 42, 240, 255n15
Vatican Council, Second. See Second Vatican Council
Vatican II. See Second Vatican Council
veneration of saints, icons, and relics, 30
vernacularization, of Bible, 84–85
Victor, 203
Victor Emmanuel, 239
virginity, 184, 290–97, 291, 297–99. See also celibacy
Warranted Christian Belief (Plantinga), 66
Wesley, John, 119
on being born again, 371–72
on justification, 325n19
“Letter to a Roman Catholic, A” 6
Newman on, 56–57
Wesleyanism, 329
Westminster Confession, The, 131
What Christians Believe (Lewis), 6
Wibert of Ravenna, 184
witches and witchcraft, 232–33
women
as deaconesses of early church, 171–72
exclusion from ordained diaconate of, 172–74
Letter to Women (John Paul II), 312
ordination of, 45, 180–82, 312–13
as sexual threat, 232
Wright, N. T., 347–48
young-earth view, 61n27