MC-130E ‘Stray Goose’ ‘Combat Talon I’ 64-0547 ‘Romeo Charlie’ of the 314th TAW taking off on a mission. (John Gargus)
Colonel John Gargus, USAF (Ret)
During the course of our lives we experience events whose vivid memories remain undiminished in spite of the passage of time. My unforgettable event is the loss of eleven fellow crewmembers who failed to return from their mission over North Việtnam on 29 December 1967. They flew in a ‘Stray Goose’ Combat Talon MC-130E that belonged to Detachment 1 of the 314th TAW based at Nha Trang Air Base in South Việtnam. I was one of the three mission planners who charted the route for this tragic flight. S-01 crew, commanded by Captain Edwin N. Osborne, was tasked to fly it. It was a challenging mission that consisted of two air drops. The first one was a high altitude leaflet drop over the Red River [Sông Hồng] west of Hànôi and the second one a low level resupply drop on the other side of the mountains east of Điện Biên Phủ.
Before ‘Romeo Charlie’ 64-0547 took off, I walked through its inside length touching the lined up cardboard boxes that were secured to the floor mounted skateboard rails. They were filled with millions of propaganda leaflets that would be freed from the boxes once they ripped open after rolling off the exit ramp. After them were two palletized resupply bundles. After I exited the crew door, loadmaster James Williams closed it giving me thumbs up. We witnessed an orderly engine start and watched them taxi out to the end of the runway. From our vantage point, we saw the aircraft take off and disappear into the darkness over the South China Sea.
Three hours later, we, the flight planners, returned to our Detachment’s Operations Office to monitor the aircraft’s flight progress. All went well. Leaflets were gone and Gene Clapper, radio operator, sent a two Morse Code letter message signifying that the drop was successfully completed. The aircraft was back in a terrain following configuration, flying at 230 knots, headed westwards through the mountains. Then they would turn south for a drop of two ‘notional’ resupply bundles before exiting from North Việtnam.
John Gargus was born on 18 June 1934 in Velka Poloma, Czechoslovakia and escaped at the age of fifteen with the assistance of his parents in 1949 when the Communists pulled the country behind the Iron Curtain, to join his grandmother in the United States. He served in the Military Airlift Command as a navigator, then as an instructor in AFROTC. He went to Việtnam as a member of Special Operations and served in that field of operations for seven years in various units at home and in Europe. He is the author of The Son Tay Raid: American POWs in Vietnam Were Not Forgotten (Texas A&M University Military History Series).
Our whole detachment celebrated Christmas 1967 in the courtyard of Nha Trang’s Roman Catholic Cathedral with Christian Boy and Girl Scouts and their parents. Detachment 1 of the 314th Tactical Airlift Wing1 was based at Nha Trang Air Base, bounded on the north by Ninh Hoà district, on the south by Cam Ranh town and on the west by Diên Khánh District with six eleven-member crews and four MC-130E Combat Talon I aircraft. These were equipped with terrain following radar, Fulton Recovery System and an array of passive electronic countermeasures. They were painted with special dark green paint that significantly reduced their reflected radar energy and because of their overall appearance they were affectionately called the ‘Blackbirds’. They provided Military Advisory Command-Studies and Observations Group (MAC-SOG) with dedicated airlift during daytime and conducted highly classified, clandestine missions at night. These night missions were called ‘combat missions’ even though we never intended to engage in what would certainly be a one sided battle with the enemy. The only arms we carried were our survival .38 calibre pistols. We relied on our low level terrain following capability, the element of surprise and experienced airmanship to fly wherever tasked over North Việtnam.
‘When we returned to our hotel after the festivities, Major Roy Thompson, a C-130 navigator, came by to tell me that First Flight Operations had a classified message tasking us with our next combat mission. He wanted to know if I was interested in going with him to review it. I was eager to see what it was all about, so we hopped into our jeep and drove to the Việtnamese side of the base where we shared our secure mission planning and communications facilities with our sister unit designated ‘First Flight’; another SOG air asset flying C-123s with some very interesting crewmembers. First Flight cargo specialists assembled all our airdrop packages, rigged all our parachutes and even loaded the cargo for our combat missions. We were to trust their methods and procedures no matter how weird or foreign the resulting drop configurations looked to our loadmasters.
‘Our ‘combat missions’ were generated at SOG headquarters in Sàigòn. They ranged from quite ordinary to some bizarre airdrop operations. Thus, we would drop teams of infiltrators behind enemy lines and then resupply them periodically with all their needs. At times we would drop specially rigged personnel parachutes without infiltrators and imaginatively assembled resupply loads to convince the enemy that we had teams operating in this or that area. Sometimes our air dropped loads were rigged to fall apart in the air or be booby trapped for the NVA soldiers on the ground. And, of course, there were psychological operations consisting of high altitude leaflet drops and low altitude çwas now busy in the kitchen making sure that everything was going on schedule for our big evening meal. We were hosting the American officers of First Flight and borrowed their gourmet cook to assist our own very capable Chinese kitchen staff. Captain Gerald Van Buren, our Officers Open Mess steward, had already done his job. He made sure that all needed kitchen supplies were either procured in the Sàigòn Commissary, or that they were obtained from his various contacts at Special Forces operating locations. We would trade with the Special Forces outposts on almost every visit to their remote sites. We would trade San Miguel beer, obtained on our visits to Taiwan or to the Philippines, for crates of fresh vegetables grown in their neighbouring Montagnard villages. Charlie Claxton was aspiring to replace Gerald Van Buren as the mess steward when Gerry completed his one-year tour in Việtnam.
MC-130E ‘Stray Goose’ ‘Combat Talon I’ 64-0547 ‘Romeo Charlie’ of the 314th TAW taking off on a mission. (John Gargus)
‘That evening we had what must have been the best feast of our Việtnam tour. We all complimented our kitchen staff and Charlie Claxton and Gerald Van Buren for their superb performance. Our rooftop bar activity that night was somewhat subdued; Most of us retreated to our rooms early to make audiotapes for our families. We all owed special thanks to our wives for making our Việtnamese Christmas as good as it could have been. All the sweets, toys and clothing for the Cathedral party and gift dispensing visits to several local orphanages were sent to us by our wellorganized wives. They enlisted support of their local Chambers of Commerce for donations of clothing, candy and gifts and arranged with the USAF for shipment of assembled goods by opportune C-130 airlift. We were proud of them for their contribution to this civic action effort. Sorting of donated clothing became a major undertaking which took us several days to complete. We sized and sorted the clothing in the hot unventilated upstairs storage rooms of our operations building. Sergeant Jim Williams spent countless hours helping me in my capacity as the unit’s Civic Action Officer. He took charge in keeping the effort going when some other volunteers gave up because of uncomfortable heat and troublesome clothing lint and dust in our improvised Santa’s work shop. It was he who recruited Staff Sergeant Ed Darcy to help us until the clothing was finally sorted, boxed and labelled for distribution. During the festivities in the cathedral courtyard, both of these young men displayed great enthusiasm in playing games with the Scouts. We all had a great time. Christmas spirit and joy overcame all language and age barriers.
‘Early next morning Roy Thompson, John Lewis and I settled down in our secure planning room where we drew out the route and prepared master charts for the crew that was going to fly the mission. Our master charts would be used the next day by the mission crewmembers who would study them and customize them for their own personal use.
‘The entire flight would take about eight hours. It would follow our often-repeated high-level route from Nha Trang to the Skyline beacon in Laos. There the ‘Blackbird’ would descend to a terrain following altitude and fly a short zigzagging route toward the first leaflet drop area. Then, after a ‘short look’ (rapid climb to high altitude, quick drop and rapid descent), the aircraft would resume terrain following through the low level resupply drop and return to the Skyline beacon. From that point the aircraft would continue back home at normal cruising altitude.
‘In planning our terrain following routes, we always tried to stay away from populated areas, selecting prominent radar return targets for turning points and navigational instrument updates. A unique feature of our terrain following flights was that we flew at controlled ground speeds rather than constant airspeeds. Our aircraft was equipped with the APQ-115 terrain following radar that used aircraft’s speed over the ground in its computations for maintaining desired altitude above the ground. Typically, we flew at 500 feet above the ground during daytime and at 1,000 feet at night. Flights over uneven terrain required continuous throttle adjustments to maintain our standard 230-knot ground speed (265 mph). The pilots had a Doppler ground speed indicator that they monitored incessantly. The pilot (left seat) had an APQ-115 screen, which in one display mode traced the terrain directly ahead of the aircraft and in another, cross scan mode, painted the terrain 20 degrees left and right of the projected ground track. Radar navigator had a third mode option for map reading. This one gave him a 45-degree left and right view of the aircraft’s projected track, but when the radar was in this mode, the terrain following input used by the pilot was disabled. Flying in the left seat was very strenuous. For all practical purposes it was like flying sustained instrument landing system (ILS). ‘Blackbird’ pilots had to fly the attitude director indicator’s (ADI’s) pitch bar which received commands based on radar terrain returns and Doppler ground speed. They had to monitor their radar scope for visual terrain signals and manipulate engine throttles to maintain the desired ground speed. During daytime, well-placed cockpit windows allowed the pilot to verify approaching terrain, but on a dark night, this was impossible. One could not fix his eyes to the outside through the ever-present glare of the cockpit’s amber lights and not lose focus on the instruments by which he had to fly. For that reason it became our standard practice to have the First Pilot fly in the left seat and have the Aircraft Commander sit on the right. This was the only way he could command his eleven-member crew. He could not take time away from the instruments to focus on even a routine inflight problem.
‘Terrain following combined with special navigational and flying techniques would get us to where we needed to go, but our ultimate survivability over North Việtnam depended on the skills of our Electronic Warfare Officers (EWOs). At that time, North Việtnam had the most formidable air defence system in the history of air warfare. It is true that their radars were not of the latest state-of-the-art, but they were effectively used by operators who had gained considerable skills with them. The same could be said about the AAA and SAM crews. Their tours of duty were not limited to one year like ours. They were at home defending their families against the most advanced American war machines for as long as their war lasted. So these Soviet-made radars, which were first introduced in Eastern Europe, were now being combat tested. The US intelligence had appropriate nicknames for all of them. Thus we confronted ‘Bar Locks’ (Soviet P-35M acquisition radar for incoming aircraft) and ‘Spoon Rests’ (for longrange early warning), ‘Fan Song’ (for SA-2 surface to air missiles (SAMs) and ‘Fire Cans’ (SON-9 radar which controlled 57mm and 100m anti-aircraft artillery (AAA).2 Our knowledge of the locations of these radars, combined with our low level tactics, would get us into most target areas without detection. Once detected, however, it became the EWO’s job to analyze the threats these radars posed. If all radars were in the locations we plotted on our charts, we would be able to fly through their scanning ranges and stay away from the effective ranges of missiles or artillery they controlled. During mission planning, the EWO would prepare a scenario which would tell him at which point of flight and from which direction each radar scan would illuminate our aircraft. If he detected radars not plotted on his chart and the received signal strength was stronger, indicating a closer proximity to our flight track, he would have to direct the pilots to get us out of there.
‘By monitoring his state of the art instruments, he could tell whether the enemy radars were in routine mode or were focused on his aircraft in sector scans with added height finders that would help them to acquire aircraft’s track, speed and altitude. The missile and AAA crews needed all this information before they could zero in on our aircraft’s position and fire. In addition, with SAM’s ‘Fan Song’ radar, he could tell when the radar pulse recurrence frequency changed to forecast an imminent missile launch. All that required good eyes to monitor several visual displays and good hearing to discern distinct chirping audio signals radar propagated. In a concentrated radar signal area, such as our aircraft would enter upon its climb to drop altitude, the EWO would receive welcomed assistance from the crew radio operator who shared his instrument console and sat on his left. All our radio operators became very adept EWO assistants.
Leaflet dropping from the rear of the Hercules. (John Gargus)
The lost aircraft and the ‘Stray Goose’ insignia. (John Gargus)
‘Blackbird’s EWOs also had the capability to detect and disrupt an attack by a MiG interceptor. Using passive electronic techniques, they could confuse a MiG long enough to enable their aircraft to escape into a hilly terrain where the interceptor’s radar became ineffective and the pursuing pilot risked flying into the ground.
First, by monitoring aural and visual signals, they could tell that ground control intercept radar was tracking their ‘Blackbird’ and most likely vectoring a MiG for an attack from the rear. Once the EWO picked up the interceptor’s radar, he could play with the target a pursuing pilot would see on his radarscope. By manipulating the radar echoes reflected from the ‘Blackbird’ to the interceptor’s radar he could offset the pilot’s target to the left or right. Then just as the MiG was ready to fire, he would call for a sharp break away from the established aircraft heading, causing the interceptor to miss his radar target. After the first missed pass the GCI site and the interceptor pilot would get smarter and come around for another pass. In the meantime our ‘Blackbird’ would make a rapid descent to the treetop level and get lost in the ground clutter where the airborne radar could not find it. The interceptor would have to abort the chase or risk flying into the ground.
‘In addition, ‘Blackbird’s EWOs could dispense highly reflective chaff, which would instantly paint a brighter and larger target than the aircraft. With all that equipment and our special training, we had what we needed to conduct gutsy, but safe operations in the hostile skies of North Việtnam. No one expected a large, slow and unarmed transport aircraft to operate in the same North Việtnamese air space, which proved to be so challenging to the most advanced high performance aircraft in the US inventory.
‘Our success rate over the enemy territory was commendable. Many of our low level missions through the North Việtnamese air space went undetected. Some were tracked during portions of their flight, but always succeeded in avoiding AAA fire. A few had to abort their high altitude leaflet drops when a missile control radar locked on to them and the EWO detected a frequency shift, which signalled an imminent SA-2 missile launch. They always managed to break their radar lock on during a rapid roller coaster dive down to the minimum safe altitude. Fewer still experienced a MiG chase with an airborne radar lock on. Our EWOs always saved the night for us. Consequently, it didn’t take long for the ‘Blackbird’ crews to develop a due respect for the skills of their EWOs.
‘Two months before, in mid October, our S-05 crew’s EWO, John Lewis, defeated three passes of an interceptor that jumped upon us just off the coast near the Hảiphòng harbour. We were dropping pre-tuned radios to the local fishermen. Pursued, we flew as low and as fast as we could, shaking and bouncing on the air currents our aircraft stirred off the otherwise calm sea water. When John called ‘Break Left’, we had to pop up a few feet in order to avoid dipping the left wing into the water. Our Ops Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Tom Hines, flew with us that night. It was daylight when we landed at Nha Trang. The wings and the fuselage of our ‘Blackbird’ were white with salt. John Lewis may still hold the ‘Combat Talon’ record for besting a pursuing fighter pilot three times on a single ‘combat mission’.
‘Our first problem on the 29 December mission would be the early warning radar at Nà Sản in Sơn La Province. We had to stay as low and as far south of its range as possible in order to avoid detection while crossing into North Việtnam. Once inside North Việtnam we had to get to the east side of the central mountains and stay out of range of wellplaced AAA and SAM sites along the Red River Valley. We tried to avoid getting picked up and tracked by the multitude of radars associated with those anti-aircraft weapons. These radars by themselves could not hurt us but would alert AAA and SAM crews for possible action if we came within range of their weapons. Our best scenario was to have no radar track us until we began our rapid climb to 30,000+ feet for the leaflet drop. We knew that once our aircraft got to 9-10,000 feet, all available radars would come up and keep our EWO extremely busy. If the enemy did not respond with a launch of interceptors, the leaflet drop would be completed and the aircraft would resume low level terrain following and proceed westward just south of the China border along the 22nd parallel until reaching the Black River Valley. There a southbound turn would be made. Then staying in the mountains along the west side of the river, the second airdrop would be executed NW of the Na San early warning radar.
‘Our avoidance of Nà Sản radar was not our concern at this point in the flight. By this time a warning would have been issued from the Hànôi side of the mountains that a leaflet dropping intruder was moving westward toward Điện Biên Phủ. Consequently this early warning radar would be scanning in a NW direction, expecting the emergence of our ‘Blackbird’. Nà Sản’s detection of our flight at this time could actually assist in the accomplishment of the second portion of our mission. Our resupply drop was what we called a ‘notional’ drop or a diversionary drop. There was no friendly team to receive the two resupply bundles. These bundles were carefully planned by imaginative minds at SOG to confuse the enemy and to have him expend considerable resources searching for infiltrators that did not exist. So the resupply bundles were meant to be captured by the enemy. Nà Sản’s detection of our aircraft’s slow down could assist the enemy in locating this bogus cargo.3
‘By the time we finished with our planning, we learned that augmented S-01 crew would fly the mission. It was S-01’s turn to take the next mission, but there were some questions about the possibility of having this crew skip its turn. Major Dick Day, its Aircraft Commander and one of the crew’s loadmasters were on duty not involving flying (DNIF). His senior navigator, Lieutenant Colonel Don Fisher, was not yet back from his R&R (rest and recreation) in Hawaii. His earliest expected return was on that day, 26 December. Earlier on this day, the other crew load master departed with S-03 crew on that crew’s flight to our parent 314th Wing in Taiwan. He had made arrangements with Staff Sergeant Ed Darcy from S-03 crew to switch places. Ed Darcy, a quiet, conscientious young man, planned to save some money by staying in Nha Trang. He did not want to spend it on a three to five day stay in Taiwan while the ferried ‘Blackbird’ went through its scheduled inspection and repair as necessary (IRAN) in a maintenance facility that was equipped to handle C130 aircraft. The crews looked forward to their turn to ferry a ‘Blackbird’ for an IRAN in Taiwan. It was a most welcomed vacation break from the wartime conditions in Việtnam. So, Ed Darcy became a volunteer replacement for one S-01 loadmaster. Sergeant James Williams agreed to take the place of the other load master who was also DNIF.
‘This mission provided an opportunity for Captain Edwin Osborne to take command of the S-01 crew and for Captain Gerald Van Buren to move up to the first pilot’s position. The second pilot’s slot was filled by Major Charlie Claxton from my S-05 crew. He had missed an earlier combat mission when he was DNIF, so this would become a make-up mission for him. I made up my mind that I would take Lieutenant Colonel Don Fisher’s place if he did not return in time from Hawaii. I would have been the logical replacement in any case because I already knew the route and mission details and could be used to step in to replace him up to the last minute. Later on that evening I heard that Don Fisher was back. I went to see him and found him in a most jovial mood. He had just returned from a memorable R&R in Hawaii with his whole family. He had just had the greatest of Christmases and repeated to me and to others that he was ‘in love with the whole world.’ He was ready to fly combat.
‘Edwin Osborne was also ready to fly as an aircraft commander of a combat mission. All our first pilots were highly experienced as C-130 airlift aircraft commanders before becoming qualified in the Combat Talon ‘Blackbirds’. Many felt that to become a highly qualified co-pilot in the Combat Talon programme was somewhat of a career regression even though they understood the need for such demanding pilot qualification. As experienced pilots, they were simply outranked by others with more impressive pilot credentials that became Combat Talon Aircraft Commanders. Edwin Osborne was clearly a pilot who should not be taking a back seat to anyone. He was an excellent pilot qualified as an instructor pilot in the ‘Blackbirds’.
‘The next day John Lewis and I rode with the S-01 officer crew to the mission planning room. Van Buren drove the crew van. He normally drove whenever his crew went places. I was told that as our Commissary Officer he even drove through Sàigòn on his crew’s periodic commissary runs when his crew’s ‘Blackbird’ got extra ground time at Tân Sơn Nhứt to accommodate his grocery shopping. Since Charlie Claxton was destined to inherit that duty from him, it meant that my S-05 crew would get the long ground time on some future transits through Sàigòn.
Lieutenant Colonel Tom Hines, Ops Officer and John Gargus at Nha Trang Air Base. (John Gargus)
‘On the way to our secure mission planning room, I sat right across from Captain Frank Parker, a tall blond young man who was the crew’s EWO. He was telling several of us how fortunate we were in having missions where we could sneak in and sneak out without stirring up a hornets’ nest. He had recently returned from Thailand where he ran into several of his EWO classmates who were flying the RB-66s. Their mission was to deliberately challenge the enemy’s electronic detection systems and deadly retaliation in their efforts to pinpoint locations of enemy radars. He used the term we sometimes applied to those situations when one would prefer to be on the ground rather than in the air. He said that his friends were ‘eating their livers’ on their RB-66 missions.
‘Roy Thompson had everything ready for us when we arrived. All the charts we prepared the day before were either posted on easels or laid out on worktables. Fresh, unmarked charts, flight plan logs and other necessary mission forms were placed on tables where the crewmembers would use them. Roy gave a brief overview of what the mission entailed. About the only unusual thing that he noted was that TOTs (times on targets) were not prescribed because neither drop zone had a reception team. The psy-ops (leaflet) drop had a fixed drop leg at altitude of 30,000 or more feet, depending on the wind velocity and direction. Weaker winds would require a higher altitude. The heart of Hànôi would be from 65 to 70 miles away and it was hoped that some of the leaflets would make it that far before the sunrise. Lack of TOTs also explained to them why their flight plan was not completed with time of arrival at turning points. They were to calculate these by themselves, planning on a 260-265 true air speed at high altitudes and a standard 230 ground speed at terrain following levels.
‘Once Roy Thompson was finished with his mission introduction, I joined Don Fisher and Gordie Wenaas, the two crew navigators, to work on the flight planned route. John Lewis and Frank Parker got together to work on the enemy’s defences. Roy joined the three pilots. Our enlisted crew members: two flight engineers, two load masters and one radio operator, normally did not participate in mission planning.
John Gargus at his navigator’s position. (John Gargus)
‘Gordie Wenaas thought the mission would be a ‘piece of cake.’ He quickly noted that there were practically no threat circles anywhere near our track. Then he started crunching out flight plan times between turning points. Don and I went over each low level turning point, examining the terrain in its vicinity. Practically all were river bends or rivers that would show up well on radar. Some turning points had been used on previous missions and were reported to be good ones. Selected drop zone for the second drop was a location with good radar targets everywhere. He was satisfied with everything and began to prepare his own navigational chart. In this task, Gordie was way ahead of him. Gordie was a man who undertook every single task very seriously. I remember him going around our hotel taking care of chores whenever his S-01 crew was scheduled to be the hotel’s duty crew. Each crew was regularly scheduled for hotel crew duty by the Ops Scheduling as if it were a flight assignment. These duties consisted of servicing our two electrical generators, bringing in fresh potable water from the Air Base, taking care of mail; stocking the rooftop bar and performing whatever maintenance chores were needed at the hotel. Gordie Wenaas was conspicuous by keeping himself occupied with these chores. He showed me how to start up and switch our two noisy generators.
‘I was then drawn into a conversation with the pilots. Osborne liked the route and had only one concern. It was the time interval between the end of the first drop and the start of the second one. Would his two loadmasters have enough time to move the cargo to the ramp for this drop? How many bundles would there be? How much would they weigh? And, of course, ‘What is this notional stuff?’ The answer to this question could only be provided by our cargo rigger, a Warrant Officer from the First Flight. Van Buren was dispatched to go next door to get him. Van returned alone, but he had the information we needed. He also succeeded in making arrangements for the loadmasters and the flight engineers to be at the aircraft next morning to witness the cargo loading. He commented that the Warrant Officer reminded him that no one was to mess with the cargo and question its rigging. Everything would be set up by the First Flight crew just the way it should be dropped. Anything non-standard or out of place should be ignored. Our job was to fly it there and drop it just as it was configured.
‘Ed Osborne showed much interest in the terrain following portion of flight. So the pilots gathered around Don Fisher who had already drawn his chart. He walked through every leg of flight and explained each turning point. Charlie Claxton had the weight of the aircraft calculated at the point of acceleration and climb to high altitude. There were questions about how much of the area west of Hànôi the crew would be able to see. Aircraft’s track was over the eastern slopes of the central highlands. Numerous peaks with elevations of up to 9,000 feet were immediately to the left and the sprawling Red River Valley with level terrain west of Hànôi to the right. It was to be a dark night with new moon beginning on 30 December. There would be total darkness. Some lights would no doubt be lighted towards Hànôi. Our prior flights noted that North Việtnam did not have a complete night-time blackout. The night would be perfect for the two map-readers - Gordie Wenaas on the right and Charlie Claxton on the left - to use the somewhat cumbersome starlight scope to monitor the terrain below. The scope was of little use at terrain following levels because it had excessive tunnel vision. This made the terrain whiz by so fast that it caused the images to blur. But at drop altitude, where the ‘Blackbird’ would seem to be at a standstill in relation to the ground below, the scope would give its user a fascinating view of terrain otherwise hidden in total darkness. Very little cloud coverage was predicted for that night.
‘We pointed out the location of Yên Bái Air Base that would be at the aircraft’s 1 to 2 o’clock position during the drop. If there were any MiGs on night alert, that base would pose their greatest threat. This would also be Frank Parker’s greatest challenge that night. He would have to defend against a possible interceptor activity.
‘Ed Osborne examined the terrain into which the aircraft would have to descend after the leaflet drop. He was concerned about the rapidly approaching ground during their maximum rate of descent when the radar stabilization was habitually, but only temporarily, lost and the Doppler limits were also exceeded. Here I pointed out that a rapid descent should not be executed unless the aircraft was in jeopardy due to SAM or interceptor attack. All crews seemed to have the same Pope AFB training mind set. During our training there, each short look was followed by a maximum rate descent, a manoeuvre which put a lot of stress on the aircraft. This needed to be practiced at every opportunity. Now in real life, if a threat to our aircraft did not materialize, there was no need to put it through such a stressful manoeuvre where the crew experienced weightlessness and everything not tied down started floating about. Then at the point of level off, the tremendous G load would force the standing crewmembers down to their knees. On this mission there would be additional cargo just behind the EWO and the radio operator compartment. We did not want any of it to break loose during such a stressful manoeuvre.
‘Ed was concerned with the time remaining before the second drop. His loadmasters and the second flight engineer would have to move the cargo to the back of the aircraft and get it set for the drop. Normally, the cargo would be all set from the point of take off. But not this time. The back of the aircraft would have to be cleared of any remaining restraining straps from the leaflet drop. Then the resupply bundles would have to be moved into place. Normally this would not be that difficult because the palletized bundles were on rollers. But being on rollers in straight and level flight is one thing, being on rollers in an up and down terrain following flight is another. Great care was needed to avoid an injury or have a cargo slip off the rollers at an angle where the pallet would jam. This would no doubt be a new experience for these loadmasters. Ed noted with some satisfaction that the terrain following leg going westbound along the 22nd parallel was relatively level because we were taking advantage of the break between 10,000 feet high peaks on the right and 9,000 feet ones on the left.
‘At a prominent turning point over the Black River the mission would turn south. The ‘Blackbird’ would fly almost due south hiding behind the high terrain west of the river. This would keep it west of the valley’s populated areas. Ahead at the aircraft’s 10 to 11 o’clock position would be the Nà Sản early warning radar. This radar would be looking for the reappearance of the intruder that was sure to excite the radars on the Hànôi side of the mountains in the Red River valley. This radar was not capable of directing MiG interceptors and none were expected to come west out of the Red River valley.
‘Our drop zone was in an isolated area just north of Highway 6. It was a logical place for a drop zone. This would no doubt add to the credibility to the nonexistent team’s presence. Roy Thompson explained the deceptive nature of this drop. There would be no ground markings or signals. The drop would occur on Don Fisher’s green light command when his Doppler distance to go ran out. After this drop the crew would continue terrain following into Laos where the high altitude route home would resume at the Skyline beacon. North Việtnam’s western early warning radar at Nà Sản would have an unobstructed scan of our aircraft’s pre drop slow down and the post drop acceleration on its escape heading. The enemy would have a good indication for where to look for whatever the intruding aircraft delivered. We planned it that way.
‘At some point during this low-level route review we were joined by Frank Parker and John Lewis who had concluded their study of the enemy’s electronic air order of battle. They pointed out correctly that once the aircraft crossed into the Black River region the enemy defences were such that a return home at any altitude would be safe. That was a good thought in case of any in-flight problems, such as navigational, mechanical, or outside visibility degradation due to weather.
‘Then the whole group gathered around Frank Parker’s chart. His chart differed from those of Don Fisher and the map-readers Charlie Claxton and Gordie Wenaas. Theirs had smaller threat circles along the flight-planned track. They represented lethal ranges of SAMs and AAA. Frank’s chart had the mission flying through much larger circles that outlined scan ranges of various radars. His chart showed that the aircraft would be exposed to many types of radar throughout its northbound portion of flight along the Red River. He estimated that even before the aircraft would reach its drop altitude of 30,000+ feet, all available radars would be alerted to their presence and that he would be saturated with a tremendous amount of visual and aural signals. He acknowledged that he would have to rely on very able assistance from Gean Clapper, the crew radio operator, who would be sharing his console behind the cargo compartment curtain.
‘Gean Clapper was a true professional in his field. He had many years of experience as a HAM radio operator. As such he had contacts with colleagues throughout the world. On flights over international waters, where it was permissible, he would raise his contacts and relay personal greetings and messages to families back home. He was also very good at electronic warfare. He could positively recognize the chirping sounds of various radars. This should be a great asset on a flight such as this one where sound-wise things would get extremely noisy for Frank. Frank concluded that with Gean’s help he should be able to detect anything out of the ordinary and call for evasive action before any harm could come to the ‘Blackbird’. It would be Don Fisher’s task to find a safe evasive flight path through the mountains on the left.
‘After that each crewmember went on his own, putting finishing touches on all paperwork he was producing. We three mission planners assisted them with anything they needed and insured that all mission documents they produced were properly stamped TOP SECRET. None of the documents could leave with the crew. They were collected by us and locked in First Flight’s safe. They would not be released to the crew until the next night before the pre-departure mission briefing.
‘The next day’s mission briefing was a whole crew affair attended by our Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Dow Rogers and our Operations Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Tom Hines. This would be the first time the enlisted crewmembers learned about the target area. All five, the two engineers, two loadmasters and the radio operator, were present when the First Flight’s cargo handlers loaded the aircraft. Flight engineer Tech Sergeant Jack McCrary gave us thumbs up on the condition of the aircraft. He was a very meticulous crewmember, well regarded, not just by Ed Osborne, but also by his flight engineer peers. I wondered how much sleep he had gotten during the day. His eyes looked red as if he had not slept at all. But we all knew that his nickname was ‘Red Eye.’ He had an eye condition that made them look red and blood shot all the time. His second, Staff Sergeant Wayne Eckley, was an engineer of lesser experience, but not short on enthusiasm. His nickname was ‘Bones.’ The jungle fatigue uniforms (designed as one size fits all) exaggerated his lean and bony body. There was so much more space left for him inside his fatigues.
John Gargus receiving the Bronze Star. (John Gargus)
Nha Trang air base. (John Gargus)
‘The mission briefing started with Roy Thompson who stood in front of several chart filled easels placed in the front of the briefing room. He briefed the weather. It was going to be favourable for this flight with very few clouds on the east side of the mountains in North Việtnam and strong favourable WNW winds at drop altitude. A low level pressure was moving southeast from China, bringing some cloudiness into the target area in the Black River valley late in the morning.
‘Then, the mission briefing was turned over to Don Fisher who briefed the route and the drop sequences. He was followed by Frank Parker, who covered the enemy order of battle. He presented the latest SOG intelligence that included known numbers of different MiG interceptors available to North Việtnamese defences. As always, he mentioned the standard radio silence precautions. Minimum chatter on the intercom! He was going to run every one of his sophisticated tape recorders that registered all electronic signals generated by enemy radars and also captured crew’s intercom transmissions. This was going to be a special night for him to gather electronic intelligence signals for our future use. We should end up with a sizable amount of signals from all types of radars. These tapes would then be used by other crew EWOs interested in sharpening their listening and signal interpretation skills.
‘Frank’s briefing was followed by the Aircraft Commander Osborne. He briefed the crew assignments that had been previously reviewed with Lieutenant Colonel Tom Hines. He would fly the entire mission in the right seat. Van Buren would be in the left seat from the take off through the low level terrain following part of the flight. Charlie Claxton would map read from behind Van Buren during terrain following and then take the left seat at high altitude on the way home. Don Fisher would ride the radar navigator’s seat with the curtain drawn during terrain following and the leaflet drop. Gordie Wenaas would stand behind Osborne’s right seat and map read from there. Jack McCrary would fly the engineer’s seat during terrain following. Wayne Eckley would spend his time in the back playing the safety observer role and provide assistance to the loadmasters. Frank Parker and Gean Clapper were to man their console behind the bulkhead curtain and the two substitute loadmasters, Jim Williams and Ed Darcy, were to make sure they kept their restraining harnesses on during the drops. All crewmembers were to go on demand regulator oxygen upon entering North Việtnam and then on 100% oxygen during the leaflet drop.
‘There were a few standard questions from Lieutenant Colonels Rogers and Hines about everyone’s fitness and emphasis on safety. Finally, the crew was wished good luck.
‘After this the crew was sanitized. All personal effects, identifications, family photographs and even jewellery were placed into plastic bags and saved for the crew’s return. Each crewmember had only his dog tags and Geneva Convention card as identifying documents. That was the standard procedure for all combat missions.
‘Because the mission planners had to secure all the classified mission documents and personal effects, the crewmembers were already in their assigned positions running their pre-departure checklists when we rejoined them at the aircraft. We witnessed an orderly engine start and watched the ‘Blackbird’ taxi out to the end of the runway. From our vantage point we saw them take off and disappear into the darkness over the South China Sea.
‘About three hours later, I returned with Roy Thompson to our Operations Office to monitor the North Việtnamese portion of the mission. We had one of our radio operators monitor a special HF radio frequency over which Gean Clapper transmitted coded mission progress reports every 30 to 40 minutes when the aircraft reached a significant in-flight turning point. A radio station in an unknown location would broadcast continuous one letter Morse code at regular intervals. Our airborne operator would monitor the same frequency and at proper moments would insert a two letter Morse code signal which would let us know which point of the route was reached and gave us the status of the mission’s progress. This was such a short burst of transmitted energy that our enemy, who was sure to monitor the same frequency, would not have enough time to zero in his direction finders to locate the position of our aircraft. These transmissions were the only breaks in radio silence allowed during our combat missions.
‘Upon checking with our radio operator, we learned that the flight was already over North Việtnam and right on time. We did not have any mission documents with us other than the radio operator’s log with numbered points and corresponding estimated times of arrival over them, but we had a good mental picture of what must have been happening in the cockpit. So as we sat there, sipping on some very strong coffee that the radio operator prepared, we made occasional comments on what the crew must have been going through.
‘For the leaflet drop, all the lights were at their dimmest and the radar navigator and EWO/radio operator compartment curtains were drawn to prevent any outside light to affect the night vision of the rest of the crew. All were on oxygen and their intercom voices were muffled by the oxygen mask microphones that registered and exaggerated the sound of every breath they took. The aircraft began its acceleration prior to the rapid climb. Maximum aircraft acceleration to 932-degree turbine inlet temperature was attained in relatively short level flight with aircraft shaking as if its four turbojets were ready to tear loose and leave the bulky aircraft carcass behind.
‘Then as the aircraft began its rapid climb, Frank Parker’s console surely began to light up. At first he would pick up a number of AAA and SAM radars, which would routinely scan their assigned areas. As they detected the ‘Blackbird’, they would focus their scan on their just discovered target and activate their height finders to establish the aircraft’s altitude. They would pass their acquired target data through their established notification channels. This would cause even more radars to come up and focus on this rapidly rising, but now slow moving target. The crew would hear Frank reporting the inevitable. Two or three AAA radars were tracking them, but from a safe distance. Of greater concern would be the SAM radars. These had longer reach, but were expected to be out of range. He would certainly be calling these to Osborne’s attention. Then would come the level off and the start of drop. Each man could tell when each cardboard box exited the aircraft. There was a whoosh sound to each exit as the departing load created an added vacuum in the rare atmosphere of the cargo compartment. The aircraft would seem to stand still, just hanging on in the thin air, being as high as it could climb on the thin cushion of available air. And as Frank watched for the emergence of a GCI radar and its tracking pattern in order to determine if there was an intent to launch a MiG, Gordie Wenaas must have struggled with the night vision scope looking for Yên Bái Air Base 30 miles away. This was the place from which the nearest MIGs could come. His night vision scope would certainly pick up the heat of an interceptor at take off. He would have to be pointed in the right direction. Others in the cockpit were getting the answer to whether they could see the lights of distant Hànôi now at their 3 o’clock position. Don Fisher must have had his face buried in the hood of his radar as he carefully traced every mile of ground covered by the aircraft. He had to know exactly where he was in case Frank reported radar or interceptor lock on which would demand an immediate descent to a safe terrain between the mountain peaks on the left.
‘We did not hear any interruptions to the monotonous ‘V’ sound on the radio, so we assumed that all was okay. All the leaflets were delivered. The aircraft was on its way down and proceeding westward to its turning point over the Black River. The next report came just as expected. All was still okay. The aircraft was now southbound running its checklist for the bundle drop by Highway 6.
While we waited for the next report, that would come when the aircraft turned southward along the western side of the Black River valley, we talked about some of the peculiar missions which we called ‘notional’ resupply drops. These were drops of resupply bundles into drop zones where we did not have previously infiltrated South Việtnamese Special Forces teams. These bogus resupply bundles were designed to be discovered by the enemy who would then spend much time combing the area searching for non-existing infiltrators. Among the usual resupply items of food, ammunition, explosives and medicines would be false targeting plans and even points of contact with friendly supporters that would cast doubts on the loyalty of some local officials. Some bundles were booby trapped, designed explode during disassembly by those who discovered them. We knew that the two resupply bundles that were about to be delivered were not of this type.
At 0430 we received a coded letter signal that all was still normal. The aircraft was now headed southward and the crew was running the air drop checklist. The next report would be made after the drop when the aircraft headed for the Laotian border and from there, home at normal high altitude. We planned to return to the hotel right after the next report and get a couple of hours of sleep before coming back to greet the returning crew. But as we waited, nothing happened. There were no further reports from the aircraft. Our first assumption was that something went wrong with their radios. We would surely hear something once the aircraft emerged from radio silence over the Skyline TACAN in Laos. That is where the aircraft would report a small problem like that to our radar sites in Thailand. Once again, there was nothing. With that we returned to the hotel and reported our concerns to the Detachment’s Commander and the Operations Officer.
The track taken by MC-130E 64-0547 ‘Romeo Charlie’ on 29 December 1967. (John Gargus)
‘Roy and I planned to return to the hotel right after the next report and get a couple of hours of sleep before coming back to greet the returning crew. But as we waited, nothing happened. There were no further reports from the aircraft. Our first assumption was that something went wrong with Clapper’s radio. We would surely hear something once the aircraft emerged from its radio silence over the Skyline beacon. That is when the aircraft would report a small problem like that to our radar sites in Thailand. Once again, there was nothing. With that we returned to the hotel and reported our concerns to Dow Rogers and Tom Hines.
‘There were anxious moments as the aircraft’s return time approached. Calls were made to find out if any landings were made in Thailand or at Đà Nẵng. Then the command at SOG was notified. The SOG took over all search and rescue efforts. Several F-4 Phantoms were launched to survey the area south of the last known reported position. The weather turned bad. The front moved in as expected and the F-4s could not see a thing on the ground. They monitored radios for signals from the aircraft’s crash position indicator and from any crewmember survival radios. They heard nothing. After several attempts, the search was given up. The crew of eleven was declared as missing in action (MIA).
‘At the time of the crash the crew was getting ready for the second drop. Eckley, Darcy and Williams were in the cargo compartment making sure that the load was properly positioned for the drop. They were moving about and did not yet have their restraining harnesses hooked on. Claxton and Wenaas were the other two crewmembers that were not fastened to any seats. Their map reading duties called for them to stand behind the pilots and peer outside through the side windows.
‘The first person on the scene of the crash was a twelve-year-old boy. He reported that the aircraft was in many pieces and that it was still burning. He saw several bodies, many of them burnt. He did not find any survivors.
‘After many years of silence, Major John Plaster authored a book, SOG - The Secret Wars of America’s Commandos in Vietnam, in which he described exploits of commandos who lost their lives on missions that had not been brought to public attention for numerous security reasons. The loss of this aircraft fits into that mould. It was, according to Major Plaster, our largest single aircraft loss over North Việtnam.’
1 Later, the 15th Air Commando Squadron and finally the 90th Special Operations Squadron.
2 ‘Fan Song’ got its name from its horizontal and vertical fan scanning antennas and its distinctive sounding emissions, which could be picked up by the aircraft’s warning equipment. The ‘Spoon Rest’ radar detected incoming aircraft as far as seventy miles, providing location data to the system computer. The ‘Fan Song’ guidance radar performed two functions: target acquisition and missile guidance. It acquired as many as four targets before firing. After launch, it guided up to three SA-2s against one target. The North Việtnamese sometimes placed the radars away from the missiles to make the site harder to destroy.
3 ‘Notional’ resupply drops were drops of resupply bundles into drop zones where we did not have previously infiltrated South Việtnamese Special Forces teams. These bogus resupply bundles were designed to be discovered by the enemy who would then spend much time combing the area searching for non-existing infiltrators. Among the usual resupply items of food, ammunition, explosives and medicines would be false targeting plans and even points of contact with friendly supporters that would cast doubts on the loyalty of some local officials. Some bundles were booby trapped, designed explode during disassembly by those who discovered them. We knew that the two resupply bundles that were about to be delivered were not of this type.