Page numbers in italics denote tables.
ACID (acidification process) 39, 46, 50–51, 52, 53, 187; Italy 74–76, 94; Greece 196, 197
acidification of soil 25
Ackerman, F., et al. 179
AGE Applied General Equilibrium 29
agglomeration effect 37
aggregation bias 140–164; breakdown of sectors 156; changing patterns of consumption 140–143; comparison over time 160–162; methodology 145–150; tendency to overestimate 157; and vectors of final demand 149; see also NACE
agriculture and greenhouse gases 25
Ahmad, N. and A. Wyckoff 149, 160, 161
air emissions 2, 14, 16, 141, 150, 225; accounts at regional (NUTS 2) level 9, 14; breakdown of flows 16; Czech Republic 207, 208, 211, 213–214, 215–218, 219, 221, 225; EU level 14, 17–18; household consumption and 12; Italian Regions 36–56, 93–94, 104–118, 152; NAMEA–type accounts 9, 10, 14–16, 81–82; RAMEA, Italy 66, 67, 70, 73–76, 83, 87, 88, 91; see also NACE
air pollutants 9, 14, 16, 39–42
Air Pollution Emission Source Register (REZZO) 213–214
Air Quality Act No.389/1991 216
Air Quality Law, Czech Republic 204, 217
Alcantara, V. and E. Padilla 142, 174
Alcántara, V., et al. 174
Alessandria, Italy 88, 89, 90, 91; pollution in 90, NAMEA 92, 93
Allan, G., et al. 179
analysis of the sensitivity of coefficients 178
analytical tools and innovation 37
Andrew, R., et al. 144
Ang, B.W. 207
Ang, B.W. and N. Liu 208
Arpa Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente (Regional Environmental Protection Agency Emilia–Romagna, Italy) 3; employment use of regional NAMEA/RAMEA 66–67, 70, 72, 76
ASIA Archivio Statistico delle Imprese Attive (Statistical Inventory of Active Firms) 82, 101
Athens 187
Basina A. and A. Sfetsos 143
Belenzon, S. and T. Berkowitz 52
Bode, E. 41
Brekke, K.A. 23
Brůha, J. and M. Ščasný 204
Brundtland report 28
Butnar, I. and M. Llop 174
Canada 81
carbon dioxide (CO2): analysis of 144; emissions 73, 88, 95, 157; Greece 184, 196, 199; Italy 42, 89–92, 94, 96–97, 158–161, 163; Spain 142, 154, 160, 162, 163
carbon footprint 143; assumptions in calculating the carbon footprint 129–130; carbon footprint analysis 125; establishment of a multi–regional input–output framework 125; EU and non–EU emissions compared 126; and I–O applications 143; influence of non–European emission coefficients on European carbon footprint 125–126; international comparisons 125–139; methodology of regional comparison 126–130
carbon monoxide (CO) 152, 157, 158, 160, 163, 204, 213, 227; Italy 89, 90, 91, 92,94, 152
Central and Eastern Europe 204–205
Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS) 21
Centre of Environmental Excellence (CML) 131
changes in the shares of final demand and intermediate uses 136
Chen G.Q. and B. Zhang 174
Cherp, A., et al. 204
CLRTAP (Convention on Long–Range Transboundary Air Pollution) 15, 187
Club of Rome 29
CO see carbon monoxide
CO2 see carbon dioxide
COICOP Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (UN) 70, 73
commodity composition of industry 151
commodity–by–commodity tables 151, 163–164
Common M. and C. Perrings 23
composition effect 2
consumers and impact of industrial production 145
consumption activities 13
consumption structure Europe 141
consumption–based emissions (C) 145
converting between geographical and economic definitions of a country 15–16
CORe INventory AIR emissions (CORINAIR) 82–83; pollutants included 185
Costa M. and S. Iezzi 40
Costa S. and G. Ferri 107
Council Regulation (EC) No. 2223/96 151
Cuneo, Italy 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93–94; NAMEA 93; pollution in 90
CxHy pollution 213
Czech Hydro–Meteorological Institute 213
Czech nuclear power plant (Temelín) 214, 216
Czech Republic 203–228;abatement activity 218, 221; Communist era 204; decomposition analysis of air pollutants 203–204, 216–223; and EU 204–205; pollutant levels 204; see also SDA
Dasgupta, P. and K.G. Mäler 23
de Boo, A. 24
de Haan, M. and S.J. Keuning 1, 24, 152; and time aspect of NAMEA 26
Decision Support Matrix 68
decomposition analysis 203, 205–213; compared to econometrical analysis 37–39, 203; in Czech Republic 203–204, 219–223; decomposition approach 112; and EE–IO 105; four factor analysis 216–219; geographical coverage 203–204; and GHG 112–118; Italy 3; sector breakdowns 219–221; and services 142; and shift–share analysis 38; structural 141–142; techniques 205–209; time aggregations 221–223; use in investigating energy consumption and environmental side effects 141–142
Dellink, R., et al. 29
delocalization as a possible driver of improvements 107
DEM approach 130, 131–133, 134
demand composition shift effects 26
Denmark 208
developed countries 107
Dietzenbacher, E. and B. Los method 112
differentiated emission coefficients(GEN) 132, 134, 135
Dimas, Commissioner 31
Directive 2001/77/EC 192
disaggregation level and analysis of activities 88
disposal of waste in landfills 13, 34, 85, 80, 92
Divisia index 204, 206, 207, 223; see also LMDI
domestic emission coefficients 3, 135; applied abroad 125, 129, 132, 136; domestic production and environmental pressure 143
domestic industry products 10
domestic technology assumption (DTA) 142, 144, 155; aggregation bias 147–150; and EE–IOA 145; methodology 145–150; impact of privacy legislation 148; limitations 154; as proxy for world technology 146
Duarte, R., et al. 179
Dutch Statistical Institute 9
EA Environmental Accounts see under NAMEA
EC European Community, see under European Union
Eco–Budget method of green budget 80
eco–efficiency change effects 26
eco–indicators, calculating 187–189; methodology 187–189
econometric estimation, uses of 38, 46
econometrical analysis 203; difference from decomposition analysis 37–39, 203
economic growth and productivity as driving factors 37
economic module 9, 13; see also NAMEA
economic sectors composition 95
economic sustainability 23
Economidis, C., et al. 187
economy–environment interface 12
EE–IO environmentally extended input–output 148; and aggregation 148; analysis of the total GHG emissions 107–112; global–orientated IO model 108; studies, Italy 161
EE–IOA environmentally extended input output analysis 140, 141, 143–144
EE–MRIO environmentally extended Multi–Region Input–Output 144
efficiency spillovers 3, 47, 48–51; inter–sectoral 39; and interregional spillovers 37, 38–39, 40, 52, 100
EIPRO Environmental Impact of Products 143
El Serafy, S. 30
electricity generation mix and CO2 emissions 189–180
EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme 187
Emilia–Romagna, Italy 65–77; allocative aspect 68; differential aspect 68; ecoefficiency compared with Italy 68; extension to new environmental issues 70–73; GHG emission 67–68; RAMEA matrix 65, 66–67; regional average intensity of GHG emission 68; shift–share analysis in 67–69; use of environmental accounting tools in 65
emission processing system (EMMA 97
emission/energy statistics 16
emissions per worker employed, generated per country 145
ENEA Italian National Agency for Energy 70; sector Transportation 72
environment policy making and 21–24
environmental accounting 21–22; and economic performance 22; methodologies of 22; net national income 23; as an operational tool 81, 143–145; see also greened national income
environmental accounts harmonization between national and sub–national level 80–81
environmental and economic issues, linking 66
environmental burden 28, 206, 223
environmental damage and the environment, monetizing of 21
environmental externalities 65, 162
environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) 2, 3, 217, 223
environmental module 9, 10, 12, 13; see also NAMEA
environmental performance 37–45; community reaction and inducement effect 46–47; decomposition approach 38; driving forces 46–53; econometric estimation 38; impact of choice of production techniques 41–42; and innovation 40; as a measure of emission intensity 38; methods and conceptual background 37–39; using an Italian dataset 37–42
environmental policies 1, 42, 100–101, 162; and aggregation bias 140–141, 156, 162; focus of policies 140; role of final consumption 140; and sub–national government 80–81
environmental pressures 10, 13, 14, 39; responsibility for 106
environmental problems and NAMEA 25
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 82
environmental regulatory framework 42
environmental resources, prevention of use 29
environmental spillovers 3, 38–39, 41–42, 45, 48–52, 53–56, 60–140
environmental taxes 65, 70–72, 74–76
environmental technology, improvements in 29
environmentally extended Single Region Input–Output accounts and MultiRegion Input–Output (EE–MRIO) 144
EPA Environmental Protection Agency 82; see also ARPA
EPO European Patent Office 40
ESA European System of National and Regional Accounts 151
ESEA European Strategy for Environmental Accounting 14, 31
Esteban, J 95
EU European Union 22; acquis communitaire 204, 221; expansion of 134; EU directions 9–10; comparison of carbon footprint with non–EU states 125–139; assigning EU and non–EU components of constructs 127–129; carbon footprints inside and outside the EU 134–135; EU policy on SCP 144–145; and EE–IOA 145; EU Regulation on environmental accounts 14, 17; EU15 203; EU27 130, 131–133, 151; European Single Market 221;and Kyoto Protocol 183, 193; Kyoto target for ΕU15 194; and NACE 14; and NAMEA 17, 95; full regional NAMEA 39
Eulerian chemical transport model (FARM) 97
European Commission, Environment DG 66; Green Paper (2007) 71
European Community Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2186/93 82
European Environment Agency 192
European Patent Office (EPO) 40
European Strategy for Environmental Accounting (ESEA) 17
Eurostat 1, 14, 76, 131; see also NACE
EXIOPOL 129
Ferng, J.J. 174
Fiat group 83
Frenken, K., et al. 41
Friuli Venezia Giulia region Italy 44, 45
fuel intensity effect 211, 212, 217, 218, 225, 226–227
fuel purchase data 16
Gallego, B. and M. Lenzen 145, 174
general approach (GEN) 130, 131–132
general computable equilibrium (CGE) models 179
geographical distribution of environmental performance, analysing 37–42; driving forces 37–38; geographical distance and spatial weight 41; methods 37–39
Gerlagh, R., et al. 29
GHG see greenhouse gas
Gibbs, D. 36
Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies 17
Global Warming Potential (GWP) 185, 187
GNI green national income 21, and EU 31
Gray, W.B. and R.J. Shadbergian 53
Greece 183–200; air emissions 183, 185, 187, 196–199; electricity generation 189–191, 194–195; emissions 195, 197–198; and Kyoto Protocol 183, 190, 191–192, 193, 196, 199; Law 3468/2006 183–184; reduction of emissions 183–184; and renewable energy resources 192; results based on NAMEA 195–199; use of lignite 189–191, 192–195, 199; use of photovoltaic systems 192–195
green tax see environmental taxes
‘greened national income’ (GNI) 27
greenhouse effect 183
greenhouse gases (GHG) 3, 39, 46, 46, 52, 53, 56, 106, 187, 193; breakdown of Italian GHG 114–115; drivers of regional GHG, Italy 48–49; EE–IO model 107–112; Emilia–Romagna 66; emissions embodied in trade 109, 112; impact of emissions avoided 109; impact of manufacturing 112; Italy 74–75, 83–84, 91; and NAMEA 24–25; relationship between domestic emissions and total emissions 108; structural decomposition analysis of total GHG 112–115; UN classifications 187
Guivarch, C., et al. 179
GVA gross value added 215
GWP Global Warming Potential 184, 187, 196, 199
Hamilton, K. 23
Hartono, D. and B.P. Resosudarmo 179
Hartwick–Solow sustainability 23
Heteroskedasticity 47
Hoekstra, R. and J.C.J.M. van den Berg 205
Hoekstra, R., et al. 143
household emissions 88
households and modules 13
Hueting, Roefie 21, 23, 27–30; and de Boer 28; et al. 28; and Reijnder 28; sustainability 28–29
Hungary 151
Huppes G., et al. 143
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives 80
IDA Index Decomposition Analysis 205
IEA International Energy Agency see OECD
imported goods, modelling of technology of 140
income–environmental relations 2, 140, 162
index decomposition analysis (IDA) 204, 205–209, 221
industrial production: producer–centric and consumer–centric approach 145; environmental impact 145
industrial waste production 65; and RAMEA 72
industries and modules 13
industry: standard 105; and efficiency 141; and emissions 114–115; environmental aspects 2, 105; international displacement of industrial production 106–107, 117–119; method of retracing flow inter–industrial transactions 145; vertically integrated 105–106, 108, 109, 112, 140, 162
industry–by–industry tables 151, 163–164
INEMAR INventario EMissioni Aria (Inventory of Air Emissions) 83
inflation, impact of 109
innovation spillovers 2, 38–39, 40, 41, 52
Input–Output approach 24, 171–179; analysis of allocation of responsibility 145; data availability 41; Input–Output (I–O) tables 143–144, 150–155; in a multi–regional framework 125; and sector/commodity aggregation 148–149; misalignment with environmental data 143–144; and NAMEA 171–179; uses of 171; see also Leontief, MRIO, NAMEA
integrated environmental and economic accounts 80–81
internal innovation 52
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) 80
inter–provincial environmental accounts 88, 90, 92–93
INTERREG IIIC Program 2005–2007 66
inter–regional spillover 40
IPTS ‘EIPRO’ report 143
IPTS Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 130–131
IREA Inventario Regionale delle emissioni in atmosfera (Regional inventory of Air Emissions) 82, 83, 97, 98, 101
ISTAT Istituto di Statistica (National Statistical Institute, Italy) 9, 14, 17, 36, 81; 2005 regional NAMEA accounts 70
Italian Automobile Association (ACI) 41
Italy 9, 18, 36–56, 83–101, 150; air emission accounts 18, 36–56; and aggregation bias 156–158, 159; CO2 emissions 161; displacement of GMG emissions 118–119; economic breakdown of regions 18; 37; efficiency gap 44, regional breakdown 44); environmental performance in regions 42–46; geographical distribution of polluting emissions 46, 153, 155; NAMEA analysis 140–164; national statistical office (ISTAT) 82; north–south divide 42, 44, 46, 56; North Western 83; North–East 43, 44, 45, 56; regional breakdown 43, 44; register of active enterprises(ASIA). 82; the South 45; see also air emissions, specific regions
Jacob–type externalities 40
Jevons, Stanley 29
Joint Research Centre’s IPTS of the European Commission. 131
Jungnitz, A 205, 207, 208, 209
Keuning, S.J. and M. de Haan 1
Keuning, Steven 18, 24, 26, 29, 152
knowledge spillover 37
Kretschmer, B. and S. Peterson 179
Kyoto Protocol and Greece 183, 190, 191–192, 193, 196, 199
labour productivity, impact of 47
Lagrange Multipliers (LM) 53
landfill 92
Laspeyres index 206 207–208, 223; (Sun/Shapley method) 208; Laspeyres Paasche index 207–208
Lazio region, Italy 43
Leontief 24, 126–127, 136, 171–172; direct flow approach 106; extended Leontievian model 106, 178; input–output approach 24; Leontief components 113, 116; Leontief inverse matrix 129, 135, 137, 147, 148, 149, 172–174, 188, 205; Leontief matrix 174, 176–177, 178; Leontief quantity model 126; partitioned Leontief inverse 127; total flow approach 106
Li, P. and A. Rose 179
Li, Y. and C.N. Hewitt 179
Liang, Q.M., et al. 179
Lisbon Strategy 70
LMDI Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index 208, 209–213; see also Divisia index
local or sub–national government 81–83
Löfgren, A. and A. Muller 203, 208–209, 223, 225
London Group 22
Los, B. 41
Máca, V., et al. 206
Machado, G., et al. 174
Malthus, Thomas 29
Manresa, A. and P. Sancho 179
Marin, G. and M. Mazzanti 142
Mazzaniti, M. 1
McGregor, P.G., et al. 179
Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress 17
methane (CH4) 88 89, 90, 91, 92, 94; Italy 89–97
Mexico 179
Milan province, Italy 88, 89;, municipality 83
Mill, J.S .28
Ministry of Development, Greece 183
model setting 37
Moll, S., et al. 143, 154–155, 161
monetary Supply and Use 9, 10, 12
Monetary transactions 11
Mongelli, L., et al. 174
Moran’s Index 46
Morimoto, Y. 149
Morozzo, Italy 93, 94, MRIO Multi–Region Input–Output analysis 144, 146, 179
MUD Modello Unico di Dichiarazione ambientale (Declaration of Industrial
Waste Production) 72
Munksgaard, J. and K.A. Pedersen 174
NACE (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) 67, 70, 82–83, 164–165, 187, 225; 226; classification 14; NACE codes 40, 41, 57–58, 186; NACE Rev. 1.1 level 11, 14, 149, 157; section C 146, Rev 2 14; see also NAMEA
Nakano, S., et al. 161
NAM National Accounting Matrix framework 184
NAMEA National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts: advantages of approach 36; advantages of NAMEA 171; analyses enabled by local NAMEA–type accounts 95–98, 100; analysing relationship between production technologies and emissions 175; analysis of sensitivity of coefficients 175–178; British NAMEA 27; and CO2 reduction 184; compiling NAMEA–type accounts 14–16; and core national accounts 26; Czech 214; database incompleteness 101; delinking process 36; demographic variables 88; as descriptive tool 30; development of 1; different approaches to changes in NAMEA 174–175; and DTA 145; economic module/NAM side 9; environmental module/EA side 9; and elasticity of generation/consumption 176; environmental pressures 13; EU27 NAMEA 1, 27; extension over conventional NAM 25; factors involved in NAMEA 173; general features of a local NAMEA type account 81–83; German NAMEA 27; Greek NAMEA 183–200; history of providing aggregate indicators 27; identifying coefficients 177–178; impact of changes 173–174; and Input–Output framework 171–179; integrated European, NAMEA and I–O 2; integration of NAME and I–O tables 162–163; integration of NAMEA accounting and I–O tables 141; intra–provincial and inter–municipal environmental accounts 93–94; Italian NAMEA 140–164; Japanese NAMEA 27; joint presenting of modules 12, 13; limitations 178–179; linking emissions and concentrations 96–98; as multi–purpose information system 26–27; NAMEA accounts and tables 10–14; NAMEA and bilateral trade 144; NAMEA at national level 100; NAMEA handbook (European Commission, 2009) 83; NAMEA national or regionalised 1, 2; nature of 24; Netherlands NAMEA 21–31, 36, 81; origins 9, 24, 184–185; and regional context 36; shift–share analysis 95; Spanish NAMEA 140–164; Swedish NAMEA 27, 41, 151–152; technological relevance of coefficients 176; use in North–Western Italy 80–101; see also satellite accounting matrix
Naqvi, F. 179
national accounting matrix, conventional 25
national inventories 15–16; adjustments to 16
National Statistical Institute, Italy natural environment and economy, relationship 24
net national income (NNI) 22, 27–28; gap between NNI and SNI 28
Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) 131
Netherlands 17; and NAMEA 21–31, 36, 81; Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment 25; Noord Brabant 66; and SNI 27, 29, 30
Neuwahl, F. 130
New Zealand 81
nitrogen oxide NO2, 92, 98, 154, 156, 221; nitrogen oxides (NOx), 90, 213, 214; NOx 152,153–154, 156, 157–159, 163; NOx in Czech Republic 204, 213, 214, 216, 217, 221–222, 223, 225, 227; NOx in Greece 185, 187, 190, 195–196, 200; NOx in Italy 4, 42, 75–76, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 99, 158, 163; Italy 42, 74–76, 89, 90, 91, 92,
nitrous oxide (N2O), 88, 89, 99–100; Spain 160
NMVOC non–methane volatile organic compounds 154, 157, 158, 185, 213; Italy 42, 88, 89–92, 94, 96–97, 158, 163; Spain 160, 163
non–market factors 65
Norway 14
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 131
NSI National Statistical Institute 131
NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology 131
OECD 17, 22, 52, 71, 160, and IEA 149, 157, 158
OEDC Technology Concorance 40
offshoring and displacement 107
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) 47, 53; impact on NAMEA 47; and R&D public expenditure 53
output growth effects 26
ozone layer depletion 25, 27, 93
Paasche index 206
Parikh et al. 179
PATSTAT Worldwide Patent Statistical Database 40
perspectives, disentangling of production and consumption 2
Peters and Hertwich 174
Philippines 81
Piemonte Region, Italy 3, 81,44, 83–88, 91, 93; shift–share analysis 95
PM particulate matter 204, 213, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
PM10 (particulate matter) 42, 74–76, 89, 92, 94
Poland 66
policy makers and NAMEA 26–27; evidence based policy making 65; policy issues 27
policy target and flow approaches 106
pollution and pollutants: 53, 85, 88, 187; causes 92, 95, 223, 225; drivers of 98; damage caused by 187; emissions 39; local government and 81; and NAMEA 2, 26, 174; pollution control policies 88, 98, 132, 145, 208; pollution haven 2, 156; and RAMEA 67; and SDA 142; trade–embodied pollution 140, 141, 145, 162; see also air emissions, air pollutants
polluting industries 104, 146, 155, 204, 211; international shifts of 47, 106–107; inducement to pollution reduction 47, 70, 71, 76, 225; see also air emissions, air pollutants
POPs (persistent organic pollutants) 187
PPC Public Power Company, Greece 192, 199
producer–based emissions (P) 145
production activities 13
production specialization, impact of 140–141
production vs. consumption perspective 140, 162
progress, comprehensive view of 65
Proops, J.L.R. 174
PSUT physical supply–and–use table 10–11, 17; extension of coverage 17; merging with monetary supply–and–use table 12
RAMEA Regional Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts 65, 66–69; RAMEA framework 67; distinction between one–to–one and one–to–several correspondence 70, 72; integrating eco–taxes 71–72; monitoring hot spots 76; as a tool for supporting sustainable regional policies 73, 76–77; see also eco taxes, NAMEA
Regional Environmental Reports and Environmental Assessments 66
Regional Framework Operation ‘GROW’ 81
Regional Inventory of Air Emissions (IREA) 82, 83
regional R&D 40
Regional Territorial Plan 73
regionalised NAMEA 2
REGPAT (OECD) Regional Patent Database 40
regression models 47
regulatory frameworks 39
Reinert K.A. and D.W. Roland–Holst 179
Replacing the GDP (Gross National Product, P.S.)
RES Renewable Energy Sources 189–190
‘residence principle’ (residents units) 15
responsibility emission balance (REB) 128, 145
rest of the world (RoW) component 11, 15
Revised European Strategy for Environmental Accounting (ESEA) 65, 70; ESEA Task Force 65–66
REZZO Air Pollution Emission Source Register 213–214
Rodríguez–Morilla, C., et al. 179
role of displacement from decomposition analyses 117–118
Rormose, P., et al. 143
role of environmental legislation on GHG and Acidification 54–55
RUG University of Groningen 131
SAM satellite accounting matrix 24, 130, 143, 171–172, 179
Sánchez–Chóliz, J. and P. Duarte 174, 179
Sánchez–Chóliz, J., et al. 179
Sardinia 46
Schmoch, U., et al. 40
Scientific Council for Government Policy of the Netherlands (WRR) 29–30
SCP sustainable consumption and production 1, 140, 142–143; effects of varying data disaggregation 208; EU policies on 140, 141; final imports model 116; intermediate imports model 116–117; Leontief component 113; model 112–113; SDA structural decomposition analysis: final components 112–115, 205–208; total final demand component 113; with GHG avoided through imports 116–118
sector based analysis 37; and clustering 38
SEEA 31
Seibel, S. 112, 203, 206–207, 208
Selected Nomenclature for Sources of Air Pollution (SNAP) 82–83, 185
Serrano, M and E Dietzenbacher 145, 146, 160
shift–share analysis 38, 39, 43, 44, 52, 56, 65, 67–70, 95–98; and analysing regional environmental performances 38
Sixth Community Action Programme on the Environment 70
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 45
SNA 23
SNAP Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution 82–83, 185
SNI sustainable national income 23–24, 27–21; gap between NNI and SNI 28; rejection of as a tool 29; see also GNI, NNI`
SO2 sulphur dioxide emissions 42, 158, 163, 219, 222, 225, 226; Italy 88, 89–92, 94, 96–97, sulphur oxides (SOx) 154, 156, 157, 204, 213, 214, 221, 223,
social accounting matrix (SAM) 178
Spain 150, 193; and aggregation bias 156–160, 161, 163; CO2 emissions 142, 162; emissions 145, 151, 152, 153–154
Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community see NACE
Stauvermann, PJ 152
steady state and stationary state 28
Stern report 21
Stiglitz–Sen–Fitoussi Commission 17
strong sustainability 23, 28, 30
structural decomposition analysis (SDA) 105, 116, 141–142, 205, 207, 208, 219
structural stability hypothesis 178
structuralanalytical techniques 100
Su, B., et al. 144, 149–150, 152
Sun/Shapley method 206–207, 208
sustainability 2, 28, 65, 142, 192; definition 22–24; Hueting and 27–29; macro–meso perspective 1
Sustainable National Income (SNI)
Sweden 81
Switzerland 14
system Earth 30
System of Environmental–Economic Accounting for Energy (SEEA–E) 11–12, 30
System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) (UN) 9, 31 80; NAM side 9
system of national accounts (SNA) 23
taxes, correlating regional and national 71
technologial innovation and spillover 53–55, 60; dimensions of 39–42, 45; internal variable 39; inter–regional intra–sector spillover effect 39, 52; and inducement effect orientating towards pollution reduction 47
Temelin power plant, Czech Republic 216
TERNA Spa 70
three–factor and four–factor decomposition 210–211; four factor decomposition analysis 216–219
TNO Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research 131
TOFP Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential 94, 187, 196, 197
Tol, R.S.J. and J.P. Weyant 203
total intermediate input coefficients applied abroad 130, 136–137
total use–based approach (TOT) 130, 131–133
trade emission balance (TEB) 128, 145
trade–off between prevention of environmental damage and macro–economic policy objectives 26–27
Trentino Alto Adige region Italy 44, 45
Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential (TOFP) 94, 187, 196, 197
TSAP Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (EU) 191
Turin province, Italy 88, 89, 91; municipality 83, 95; NAMEA 93
Turkey 151
United Kingdom 81, 193; South East England 66; Wales 81
United Nations 9
UNECE Convention on Long–range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europa 187
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) 14–15, 16, 187
UNFCCC CRF (Common Reporting Format) 15, 187
United States 179
University of Groningen (RUG) 131
urban pollution control 81
Vehmas, J., et al. 204
Verbruggen, H., et al. 29
vertically integrated industries see under industry
Viguier, L. 204
Wales 81
water accounts 10
water PSUTs 17
Watson and Moll 142
weak sustainability 23
Wiedmann, T. 179
WIOD 129
WIPO 52
World Bank 22
World Input–Output Database Construction and Applications EU project 130
Wyckoff, A.W. and J.M. Roop 149
Zhang, Z. 179