Dedication
v Disproportionately, these women are black and poor. Beth Richie, Research on Violence Against Women and Family Violence: The Challenges and the Promise, National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), 2004, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199731.pdf.
Prologue
xx Watts still struggled for redemption. Kirk Siegler, “After Years of Violence, L.A.’s Watts Sees Crime Subside,” NPR, July 25, 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/25/205198028/Once-Crime-Ridden-South-L-A-s-Watts-Sees-Violence-Drop.
xxi nearly six times the rate of whites. “Criminal Justice Fact Sheet,” NAACP, http://www.naacp.org/pages/criminal-justice-fact-sheet.
xxi a mere 4 percent recidivism rate. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 2014 Outcome Evaluation Report, CDC Office of Research, July 2015, http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_Research_Branch/Research_Documents/2014_Outcome_Evaluation_Report_7-6-2015.pdf.
xxii annual cost of up to $60,000 to incarcerate a woman. Center on Sentencing and Corrections, “The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers,” 2012, Vera Institute, http://archive.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/price-of-prisons-updated-version-021914.pdf.
1: Now What?
3 imprisons more people than any other country in the world. “Correctional Populations in the United States, 2014,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 21, 2016, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus14.pdf.
3 imprisoned for nonviolent offenses. “Fact Sheet: Incarcerated Women and Girls,” The Sentencing Project, November 2015, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Incarcerated-Women-and-Girls.pdf.
5 the average time for someone to relapse. Joshua Vaughn, “Roadblocks to Recovery: State Policy Causing Potential Problem for Substance Abuse Treatment,” The Sentinel, December 26, 2015, http://cumberlink.com/news/local/closer_look/roadblocks-to-recovery-state-policy-causing-potential-problem-for-substance/article_dce32535-5f5a-5c2e-a63c-5ee26d40cc5b.html.
2: Land of Opportunity
Changed names first appearing in this chapter: Mr. Robinson, Ms. Robinson, Curly
8 only 5 percent of the city’s residential areas allowed blacks. Dana Cuff, The Provisional City: Los Angeles Stories of Architecture and Urbanism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), p. 179.
11 the most violent neighborhood in L.A. Celeste Fremon, “Let No Child Be Left Behind: The Pico Gardens and Aliso Village Housing Projects Make Up the Most Violent Neighborhood in L.A. There, a Community of Mothers Fights for Peace, Facing Their Sorrow and Offering Friendship—and Grace,” Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-15/magazine/tm-57243_1_housing-projects.
3: Daddy’s Girl
14 consistently twice as high as for whites. “Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2014,” U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/archive/labor-force-characteristics-by-race-and-ethnicity-2014.pdf.
14 nearly the same rate of unemployment. Gillian White, “Education Gaps Don’t Fully Explain Why Black Unemployment Is So High,” The Atlantic, December 21, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/black-white-unemployment-gap/421497.
4: Hit the Road
19 children under the age of six live in poverty. “Quick Facts,” State of Working America, Economic Policy Institute, 2013, http://stateofworkingamerica.org/fact-sheets/poverty.
5: The Sacrifice
26 sexually assaulted before the age of eighteen. Diane Bloom, Diane Owen, and Stephanie Covington, Gender-Responsive Strategies: Research, Practice, and Guiding Principles for Women Offenders, National Institute of Corrections, June 2003, http://static.nicic.gov/Library/018017.pdf.
6: Things You Don’t Talk About
Changed name first appearing in this chapter: Cupcake
34 had at least one child as a teenager. Bloom et al., Gender-Responsive Strategies.
35 most densely populated neighborhood in the country. Carey McWillians, “Watts: The Forgotten Slum,” The Nation, April 2, 2009, https://www.thenation.com/article/watts-forgotten-slum.
37 tens of millions of dollars in property damage. “Watts Riots of 1965,” Encyclopedia Britannica, August 24, 2015, https://www.britannica.com/event/Watts-Riots-of-1965.
7: The Life
Changed name first appearing in this chapter: James
46 Only 1 percent reported having received counseling. “Prostitution and Trafficking Chapter,” By the Numbers: Sexual Violence Statistics Manual, Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault, 2007, http://www.icasa.org/forms.aspx?PageID=475.
8: From the Skillet to the Frying Pan
54 larger than the entire population of Wyoming or Vermont. “Prisoners and Prisoner Re-Entry,” United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/archive/fbci/progmenu_reentry.html.
9: No Justice, No Peace
62 the only parent in the household. Lauren E. Glaze and Laura M. Maruschak, “Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, United States Department of Justice, March 30, 2010. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf.
10: A New Drug
69 85 percent of people in federal prison for crack offenses are black. “U.S. Supreme Court Weighs 100-to-1 Disparity in Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing,” Press Release, ACLU, October 2, 2007, https://www.aclu.org/news/us-supreme-court-weighs-100-1-disparity-crackpowder-cocaine-sentencing.
73 supplied by the Contras. Marcus Hoover, “Where All the Madness Began: A Look at Gang History,” Journals on Poverty and Prejudice: Gangs of All Colors, Stanford, May 28, 1999, http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/madness.htm.
73 was sentenced to life without parole. Veronica Rocha and Joe Mozingo, “Former L.A. Cocaine Kingpin ‘Freeway’ Ricky Ross Arrested in Sonoma County,” Los Angeles Times, October 23, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-freeway-ricky-ross-arrested-20151023-story.html.
11: Incarceration Nation
75 one in three black men will see the inside of a jail cell. T. Bonczar, “Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974–2001,” Washington, D.C.: Bureaus of Justice Statistics.
75 the same as the time whites serve for violent offenses. “Fair Sentencing Act,” Summary Report, ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/feature/fair-sentencing-act.
83 frequent disputes with the phone company. Vera Bergengruen, “FCC Gives Inmates Price Break on Prison Phone Calls,” McClatchy DC, October 22, 2015, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article40881675.html.
12: Collateral Damage
85 the rate is one in nine. Pew Charitable Trusts, Press Release, “Pew Quantifies the Collateral Costs of Incarceration on the Economic Mobility of Former Inmates, Their Families, and Their Children,” http://famm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Pew-Center-on-the-States1.pdf.
85 shifted from rehabilitation to punishment. Little Hoover Commission, California State Government, “Solving California’s Corrections Crisis,” January 25, 2007, http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhc/185/Report185.pdf.
87 the state could issue a warrant for your arrest. Tanzina Vega, “Costly Prison Fees Are Putting Inmates Deep in Debt,” CNN Money, September 18, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/09/18/news/economy/prison-fees-inmates-debt.
92 merely sounded good on paper. Michelle Alexander, “Go to Trial: Crash the Justice System,” New York Times, March 10, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/opinion/sunday/go-to-trial-crash-the-justice-system.html.
92 “the worst corruption scandal in L.A.P.D. history.” Scott Glover and Matt Lait, “A Tearful Perez Gets 5 Years,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/feb/26/news/mn-2806.
92 total settlements estimated around $125 million. “Rampart Scandal Timeline,” PBS Frontline, 2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html.
93 100 kilos of marijuana (worth a total of around $20,000). Eric Sterling, “Drug Laws and Snitching: A Primer,” PBS Frontline, 2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/primer. See also Robin Moroney, “Cocaine Keeps Getting Cheaper and Cheaper,” Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2007, http://blogs.wsj.com/informedreader/2007/06/06/cocaine-keeps-getting-cheaper-and-cheaper; and Lana Harrison, Michael Backenheimer, and James Inciardi, “Cannabis Use in the United States: Implications for Policy,” Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware, June 12, 1995, http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/harrison.cannabis.pdf.
93 passed into law without any hearings. Sterling, “Drug Laws and Snitching.” Note: the disparity was revised in the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act to eighteen to one.
13: The Revolving Door
Changed name first appearing in this chapter: Chief
94 on the taxpayers’ dime. “California Three Strikes Law and Proposition 36 Reforms,” Shouse California Law Group, http://www.shouselaw.com/three-strikes.html.
95 a shocking 80 percent higher. Adam Liptak, “Justices, 5–4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population,” New York Times, May 23, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/us/24scotus.html.
14: The Vicious Cycle
99 a drug treatment program with a trained professional. “Drug Addiction Treatment in the Criminal Justice System,” National Institute on Drug Abuse, April 2014, https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/criminal-justice/drug-addiction-treatment-in-criminal-justice-system.
103 you instead had to go cold turkey. David Cecere, “Inmates Suffer from Chronic Illness, Poor Access to Health Care,” Harvard Gazette, January 15, 2009, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/01/inmates-suffer-from-chronic-illness-poor-access-to-health-care.
15: Hurt People
107 victims of physical or sexual abuse. “Fact Sheet on Domestic Violence and the Criminalization of Survival,” Press Release, Prison Rape Elimination Act, ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/other/prison-rape-elimination-act-2003-prea?redirect=prisoners-rights-womens-rights/prison-rape-elimination-act-2003-prea.
109 “And I want to admit it.” Peter Baker, “Bill Clinton Concedes His Crime Law Jailed Too Many for Too Long,” New York Times, July 15, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/us/politics/bill-clinton-concedes-his-crime-law-jailed-too-many-for-too-long.html.
16: A Tale of Two Systems
Changed name first appearing in this chapter: Ms. B
115 twice as likely to be incarcerated for drug offenses. “Women in the Criminal Justice System,” Sentencing Project: Research and Advocacy for Reform, May 2007, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Women-in-the-Criminal-Justice-System-Briefing-Sheets.pdf.
126 it was on the brink of being torn down. Gloria Ohland, “Renaissance in the Barrio,” LA Weekly, November 18, 2014, http://www.laweekly.com/news/renaissance-in-the-barrio-2139102.
17: A Way Out
127 increases the likelihood of arrest. “Child Abuse and Neglect: Consequences,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/consequences.html.
18: Finding Purpose
134 up to half of those on parole are homeless. Little Hoover Commission, California State Government, “Solving California’s Corrections Crisis,” January 25, 2007, http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhc/185/Report185.pdf.
19: A New Way of Life
Changed names first appearing in this chapter: June, Wanda
143 released back to their communities at some point. “Reentry Matters: Strategies and Successes of Second Chance Act Grantees Across the United States,” Council of State Governments Justice Center, November 2013, https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ReentryMatters.pdf.
20: The Wall of No
153 collateral consequences become a life sentence. William Hubbard, “1st National Summit on Collateral Consequences,” ABA, http://www.americanbar.org/groups/leadership/office_of_the_president/selected-speeches-of-aba-president-william-c--hubbard/1st-national-summit-on-collateral-consequences--february-2015.html.
21: Who’s Profiting from Our Pain?
159 twelve new prisons from 1852 to 1984. Saki Knafo, “California Prison Guards Union Pushes for Prison Expansion,” Huffington Post, September 9, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/09/california-prison-guards_n_3894490.html.
164 misdemeanor drug offenses could lead to deportation. Grace Meng, “True Drug Reform Includes Immigration Reform,” The Hill, May 16, 2014, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/206284-true-drug-reform-includes-immigration-reform.
168 “vowed to organize themselves and push to change public policy.” Jocelyn Stewart, “South L.A. Group Aims to Reform Foster Care,” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/sep/24/local/me-26152.
22: Women and Prison
170 Most women offenders are under thirty years old. Bloom et al., Gender-Responsive Strategies, p. 2.
170 for black women, it’s 1 in 19. “Women in the Criminal Justice System,” Sentencing Project.
171 jaywalking routinely landed a black man facedown on the street. Dennis Romero, “The Militarization of Police Started in Los Angeles,” LA Weekly, August 15, 2014, http://www.laweekly.com/news/the-militarization-of-police-started-in-los-angeles-5010287.
173 a photo of me, in cap and gown, at my graduation from Southwest College. Little Hoover Commission, California State Government, Report 177, “Breaking the Barriers for Women on Parole,” December 2004, http://www.lhc.ca.gov/studies/177/report177.html.
173 filled to over 180 percent of its intended capacity. Paige St. John, “California Adds Another Private Prison,” Los Angeles Times, April 2, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-ff-california-adds-another-private-prison-20140402-story.html.
174 bartering sex acts for basic necessities. “Facts About California Women’s Prisons,” California Coalition for Women Prisoners, Women for Leadership Development, March 2007, http://www.womenprisoners.org/resources/critical_statistics.html.
175 forced sterilizations on men and women. Corey Johnson, “Female Inmates Sterilized in California Prisons Without Approval,” Center for Investigative Reporting, July 7, 2013, http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917.
23: A Kindred Sprit
177 rate of recidivism drops to a 16 percent chance. “Literacy Statistics,” Begin to Read, WriteExpress Corporation, http://www.begintoread.com/research/literacystatistics.html.
24: Taking Food off the Table
181 more likely to live in poverty and be hungry. “Hunger and Mass Incarceration,” Bread for the World Institute, http://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/downloads/gar-issues-mass-incarceration.pdf.
181 3 percent of federal spending goes toward nutrition programs. “2016 Hunger Report: The Nourishing Effect: Ending Hunger, Improving Health, Reducing Inequality,” Bread for the World Institute, http://hungerreport.org/2016/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/HR2016-Full-Report-Web.pdf.
181 Senator Edward Kennedy called the bill. Peter Edelman, “The Worst Thing Bill Clinton Had Done,” The Atlantic, March 1997.
182 a whopping 40 percent lived in California. Marc Mauer and Virginia McClamont, “A Lifetime of Punishment: The Impact of the Felony Drug Ban on Welfare Benefits,” Sentencing Project, http://sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/A-Lifetime-of-Punishment.pdf.
182 his habit of thwarting his state’s legislature and citizens. Lyndsey Eadler, “Purging the Drug Conviction Ban on Food Stamps in California,” The Scholar, p. 134, http://lawspace.stmarytx.edu/items/show/1504.
184 the food stamp ban was, at long last, dead. Rick Paulas, “California Removes Lifetime Food Stamp Ban for Drug Felons,” KCET, September 2, 2014, https://www.kcet.org/food/california-removes-lifetime-food-stamp-ban-for-drug-felons.
25: Broke Leg House
185 with a mother in prison has more than doubled since 1991. Glaze and Maruschak, “Special Report: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children.”
185 10 million American children have or have had a parent in prison. M. Mauer, A. Nellis, and S. Schirmir, “Incarcerated Parents and Their Children: Trends 1991–2007,” Sentencing Project, Febuary 2009, http://www.sentencingproject.org.
186 my personal story and the many barriers to re-entry. Sandra Murillo, “Helping Women Get a New Start After Prison,” Los Angeles Times, March 18, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/18/local/me-sober18.
26: From Trash to Treasure
193 extremely limited assistance to the poor. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996). See also Timothy M. Smeeding, “Poverty, Work, and Policy: The United States in Comparative Perspective,” in David Grusky (ed.), Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, 3rd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2008), pp. 327–29; and Michael B. Katz, The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001).
196 “we beat our chest and say we’re protecting the public.” James Koren, “State Senate Passes Inmate-Release Plan,” San Bernardino County Sun, August 20, 2009, http://www.dailybulletin.com/article/ZZ/20090820/NEWS/908209872.
197 one of the major issues he’d been working to reform when he’d been in office. Paige St. John, “Early Jail Releases Have Surged Since California’s Prison Realignment,” Los Angeles Times, August 16, 2014.
198 he went on to serve five consecutive terms. Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race, dir. Lyn Goldfarb (Los Angeles: PBS, June 2015), http://www.pbs.org/show/bridging-divide-tom-bradley-and-politics-race.
27: All of Us or None
200 six times more likely than white men to be incarcerated. “Poverty and Opportunity Profile: Americans with Criminal Records,” Half in 10, The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Americans-with-Criminal-Records-Poverty-and-Opportunity-Profile.pdf.
200 than adults with no criminal background. John Schmitt and Kris Warner, “Ex-offenders and the Labor Market,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, November 2010, http://cepr.net/documents/publications/ex-offenders-2010-11.pdf.
200 the 2.2 million Americans currently incarcerated. “Criminal Justice Facts,” Sentencing Project.
201 giving inmates a voice in civil law issues. Michael Taylor, “Recalling a Key Figure of Inmate-Rights Movement,” San Francisco Gate, May 28, 1998.
204 Ban the Box was further expanded to all public sector job applications. “AB-218 Employment Applications: Criminal History,” California State Legislature, 2013–14, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB218.
28: Treating the Symptoms and the Disease
206 46,600 people are released on parole. “Reentry Trends in the U.S.,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, https://www.bjs.gov/content/reentry/releases.cfm.
206 would not hire a person with a criminal record. Harry J. Holzer, Steven Raphael, and Michael A. Stoll, “Employer Demand for Ex-Offenders: Recent Evidence from Los Angeles,” March 2003, http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/410779-Employer-Demand-for-Ex-Offenders.PDF.
29: The Meaning of Life
216 a man who kills a female partner typically receives two to six years. “Words from Prison: Women in Prison: An Overview,” ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/other/words-prison-did-you-know.
217 “If I can’t have you, no one can!” Henry Weinstein, “Battered Woman to Be Freed After Killing Man in ’86,” Los Angeles Times, August 4, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/04/local/me-battered4.
217 a medical condition and a form of self-defense. Mary Wimberly, “Defending Victims of Domestic Violence Who Kill Their Batterers: Using the Trial Expert to Change Social Norms,” Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Law School, 2007, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/domviol/priorwinners/Wimberly2.authcheckdam.pdf.
217 mistaken for someone else and fatally shot. “Home for Christmas,” December 24, 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/HOME-FOR-CHRISTMAS-3234044.php.
217 the Board of Prison Terms found her suitable. National Lawyers Guild, September 2007.
218 Davis overturned all but six. National Lawyers Guild.
218 duct tape covering their mouths. California Coalition for Women Prisoners.
218 “she deeply regrets what happened.” Weinstein, “Battered Woman to Be Freed After Killing Man in ’86.”
30: The Women from Orange County
Changed names first appearing in this chapter: Rachel, Tara, Sonya
222 Women give significantly more to charity than their male peers. Debra J. Mesch, “Women Give 2010,” https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/6337/women_give_2010_report.pdf.
31: Being Beholden
226 within the first year of release. “2013 Outcome Evaluation Report,” California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_Information_Services_Branch/Annual/CalPris/CALPRISd2010.pdf.
32: Living an Impossible Life
233 90 percent of women imprisoned for killing someone close to them. Rebecca McCray, “When Battered Women Are Punished with Prison.” September 24, 2015, http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/09/24/battered-women-prison.
33: The House That Discrimination Built
241 unable to afford housing after release. “Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families,” Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Forward Together, and Research Action Design, September 2015, http://whopaysreport.org/key-findings.
241 deprives people of the right to housing because of their criminal histories. “No Second Chance: People with Criminal Records Denied Access to Public Housing,” Human Rights Watch, November 17, 2004, https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/17/no-second-chance/people-criminal-records-denied-access-public-housing.
34: Women Organizing for Justice and Opportunity
245 30 percent of all incarcerated women. “Facts About the Over-Incarceration of Women in the United States,” ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/other/facts-about-over-incarceration-women-united-states.
245 7 percent of the country’s population. United States Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts.
35: What Would Ms. Sybil Brand Think?
255 a likely preventable death at least every week. Sara Mayeux, “The Unconstitutional Horrors of Prison Overcrowding,” Newsweek, March 22, 2015, http://www.newsweek.com/unconstitutional-horrors-prison-overcrowding-315640.
36: Without Representation
260 Only two states, Maine and Vermont, allow voting from prison. “State Felon Voting Laws,” Procon: Explore Pros and Cons of Controversial Issues, October 5, 2016, http://felonvoting.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000286.
261 “save taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration.” “Federal Interagency Reentry Council,” Justice Center: Council of State Governments, https://csgjusticecenter.org/nrrc/projects/firc.
262 HUD publicly stated the importance of second chances. “On Public Housing: Reentry Myth-Buster” and “Federal Interagency Reentry Council,” Justice Center: Council of State Governments, https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Reentry_Council_Mythbuster_Housing.pdf.
37: Prop 47
264 One in five inmates in California is behind bars. Paige St. John, “Prop 47 Would Cut Penalties for 1 in 5 Criminals in California,” Los Angeles Times, October 11, 2014 http://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-ff-pol-proposition47-20141012-story.html.
264 reduce their sentences, clean up their records, and change their lives. “My Prop 47: Los Angeles,” My Prop 47 Organization, http://myprop47.org/la.
265 ease overcrowding in prisons and jails and save taxpayer money. Erika Aguilar, “Prop 47 Reduces Drug and Property Crimes to Misdemeanors,” Southern California Public Radio, October 9, 2014, http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/09/47265/election-2014-prop-47-reduces-drug-and-property-cr.
265 removing the mandatory twenty-five-years-to-life sentence for a third nonviolent offense. “California Three Strikes Law and Proposition 36 Reforms,” SHouse California Law Group, http://www.shouselaw.com/three-strikes.html.
265 saving the state an estimated $20 million. “California Leads on Justice Reform,” New York Times, October 29, 2014; “Proposition 36 Progress Report,” Stanford Law School, Three Strikes Project, https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/child-page/595365/doc/slspublic/ThreeStrikesReport.pdf.
266 rules about voting rights weren’t widely known. ACLU of Northern California.
267 impressive 64 percent. “Statement of Vote: November 14, 2014, General Election,” California Secretary of State Office, http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2014-general/pdf/2014-complete-sov.pdf.
268 fewer sheriffs than there’d been popes at the Vatican. Kristin Lapore, “A New Sheriff in Town,” Southern California Public Radio, January 16, 2014, http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/01/16/41448/new-sheriff-in-town-a-look-at-8-potential-successo.
268 rejected the proposed six-month prison sentence as too lenient. John R. Emshwiller, “Plea Deal Rejected for Former L.A. Sheriff Lee Baca,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/plea-deal-rejected-for-former-l-a-sheriff-lee-baca-1468874393.
268 Baca got to keep his nearly $330,000 annual pension. Kim Christensen and Richard Winton, “Why ex-L.A. Sheriff Lee Baca Gets to Keep His Pension Even If He Goes to Jail for Lying,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-baca-pension-20160212-story.html.
270 Stanford Law School later released a Proposition 47 Progress Report. “Proposition 47 Progress Report: Year One Implementation,” Stanford Justice Advocacy Project, October 2015, https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Prop-47-report.pdf.
38: The Movement
273 police killed at least 102 unarmed black people. “Unarmed Victims: Key Findings,” Mapping Police Violence, http://mappingpoliceviolence.org/unarmed.
274 months of thwarted voter registration efforts. Christopher Klein, “Remember Selma’s ‘Bloody Sunday,’” History Channel, March 6, 2015, http://www.history.com/news/selmas-bloody-sunday-50-years-ago.
274 a third of the population living below the poverty line. “Selma Updates: Recalling ‘Bloody Sunday,’ Crowds Cross Edmund Pettus Bridge,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-selma-live-updates-20150308-htmlstory.html.
39: The Arc Bends Toward Justice
276 that’s one in three Americans. “Poverty and Opportunity Profile: Americans with Criminal Records,” Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Americans-with-Criminal-Records-Poverty-and-Opportunity-Profile.pdf.
278 Obama believed the gap should have been closed entirely. Zachary Norris, “SB 1010: Fixing California’s Racist Drug Laws,” Huffington Post, October 12, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zachary-norris/sb-1010-fixing-california_b_5670206.html.
279 four to five dollars would be saved on re-incarceration costs. Lois M. Davis et al., “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education,” RAND Corporation, 2013, http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR266.html.
279 offer Pell Grants and education for inmates. “12,000 Incarcerated Students to Enroll in Postsecondary Educational and Training Programs Through Education Department’s New Second Chance Pell Pilot Program,” U.S. Department of Education, June 24, 2016, http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/12000-incarcerated-students-enroll-postsecondary-educational-and-training-programs-through-education-departments-new-second-chance-pell-pilot-program.
279 affected a mere 11 percent of federal inmates. Matt Zapotosky and Chico Harlan, “Justice Department Says It Will End Use of Private Prisons,” Washington Post, August 18, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/08/18/justice-department-says-it-will-end-use-of-private-prisons/?utm_term=.2df602ce04d7; and Juleyka Lantigua-Williams, “Feds End Use of Private Prisons, but Questions Remain,” The Atlantic, August 18, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/end-of-private-prison-contracts-with-federal-government/496469.