ΜΑΝΤΙΣ ΕΙΜ’ ΕΣΘΛΩΝ ἈΓΩΝΩΝ
Oedip. Colon.
TO
HIS EXCELLENCY
PRINCE ALEXANDER MAVROCORDATO
LATE SECRETARY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
TO THE HOSPODAR OF WALLACHIA,
THE DRAMA OF HELLAS
IS INSCRIBED
AS AN IMPERFECT TOKEN
OF THE ADMIRATION, SYMPATHY, AND FRIENDSHIP
OF
THE AUTHOR.
Pisa,
November 1st, 1821.
The Poem of Hellas, written at the suggestion of the events of the moment, is a mere improvise, and derives its interest (should it be found to possess any) solely from the intense sympathy which the Author feels with the cause he would celebrate.
The subject in its present state, is insusceptible of being treated otherwise than lyrically, and if I have called this poem a drama from the circumstance of its being composed in dialogue, the licence is not greater than that which has been assumed by other poets who have called their productions epics, only because they have been divided into twelve or twenty-four books.
The Persae of Aeschylus afforded me the first model of my conception, although the decision of the glorious contest now waging in Greece being yet suspended forbids a catastrophe parallel to the return of Xerxes and the desolation of the Persians. I have, therefore, contented myself with exhibiting a series of lyric pictures, and with having wrought upon the curtain of futurity which falls upon the unfinished scene such figures of indistinct and visionary delineation as suggest the final triumph of the Greek cause as a portion of the cause of civilization and social improvement.
The drama (if drama it must be called) is, however, so inartificial that I doubt whether, if recited on the Thespian waggon to an Athenian village at the Dionysiaca, it would have obtained the prize of the goat. I shall bear with equanimity any punishment greater than the loss of such a reward which the Aristarchi of the hour may think fit to inflict.
The only goat-song which I have yet attempted has, I confess, in spite of the unfavourable nature of the subject, received a greater and a more valuable portion of applause than I expected or than it deserved.
Common fame is the only authority which I can alledge for the details which form the basis of the poem, and I must trespass upon the forgiveness of my readers for the display of newspaper erudition to which I have been reduced. Undoubtedly, until the conclusion of the war, it will be impossible to obtain an account of it sufficiently authentic for historical materials; but poets have their privilege, and it is unquestionable that actions of the most exalted courage have been performed by the Greeks, that they have gained more than one naval victory, and that their defeat in Wallachia was signalized by circumstances of heroism, more glorious even than victory.
The apathy of the rulers of the civilized world to the astonishing circumstance of the descendants of that nation to which they owe their civilization rising as it were from the ashes of their ruin is something perfectly inexplicable to a mere spectator of the shews of this mortal scene. We are all Greeks—our laws, our literature, our religion, our arts have their root in Greece. But for Greece, Rome, the instructor, the conqueror, or the metropolis of our ancestors would have spread no illumination with her arms, and we might still have been savages, and idolaters; or, what is worse, might have arrived at such a stagnant and miserable state of social institution as China and Japan possess.
The human form and the human mind attained to a perfection in Greece which has impressed its image on those faultless productions whose very fragments are the despair of modern art, and has propagated impulses which cannot cease, through a thousand channels of manifest or imperceptible operation to ennoble and delight mankind until the extinction of the race.
The modern Greek is the descendant of those glorious beings whom the imagination almost refuses to figure to itself as belonging to our kind, and he inherits much of their sensibility, their rapidity of conception, their enthusiasm and their courage. If in many instances he is degraded, by moral and political slavery to the practise of the basest vices it engenders, and that below the level of ordinary degradation; let us reflect that the corruption of the best produces the worst; and that habits which subsist only in relation to a peculiar state of social institution may be expected to cease so soon as that relation is dissolved. In fact, the Greeks, since the admirable novel of Anastasius could have been a faithful picture of their manners, have undergone most important changes; the flower of their Youth returning to their Country from the Universities of Italy, Germany and France have communicated to their fellow citizens the latest results of that social perfection of which their ancestors were the original source. The university of Chios contained before the breaking out of the Revolution eight hundred students, and among them several Germans and Americans. The munificence and energy of many of the Greek princes and merchants, directed to the renovation of their country with a spirit and a wisdom which has few examples, is above all praise.
The English permit their own oppressors to act according to their natural sympathy with the Turkish tyrant, and to brand upon their name the indelible blot of an alliance with the enemies of domestic happiness, of Christianity and civilization.
Russia desires to possess not to liberate Greece, and is contented to see the Turks, its natural enemies, and the Greeks, its intended slaves, enfeeble each other until one or both fall into its net. The wise and generous policy of England would have consisted in establishing the independence of Greece, and in maintaining it both against Russia and the Turk;—but when was the oppressor generous or just?
Should the English people ever become free they will reflect upon the part which those who presume to represent their will, have played in the great drama of the revival of liberty, with feelings which it would become them to anticipate. This is the age of the war of the oppressed against the oppressors, and every one of those ringleaders of the privileged gangs of murderers and swindlers called Sovereigns, look to each other for aid against the common enemy, and suspend their mutual jealousies in the presence of a mightier fear. Of this holy alliance all the despots of the earth are virtual members. But a new race has arisen throughout Europe, nursed in the abhorrence of the opinions which are its chains, and she will continue to produce fresh generations to accomplish that destiny which tyrants foresee and dread.
The Spanish peninsula is already free. France is tranquil in the enjoyment of a partial exemption from the abuses which its unnatural and feeble government are vainly attempting to revive. The seed of blood and misery has been sown in Italy and a more vigorous race is arising to go forth to the harvest. The world waits only the news of a revolution of Germany to see the Tyrants who have pinnacled themselves on its supineness precipitated into the ruin from which they shall never arise. Well do these destroyers of mankind know their enemy when they impute the insurrection in Greece to the same spirit before which they tremble throughout the rest of Europe, and that enemy well knows the power and the cunning of its opponents, and watches the moment of their approaching weakness and inevitable division to wrest the bloody sceptre from their grasp.—
MAHMUD
HASSAN
DAOOD
AHASUERUS, a Jew
Chorus of Greek Captive Women
Messengers, Slaves, and Attendants
——————
Scene, Constantinople.
Time, Sunset.
SCENE. A Terrace on the Seraglio. MAHMUD sleeping. An Indian Slave sitting beside his couch.
We strew these opiate flowers
On thy restless pillow,—
They were stript from Orient bowers,
By the Indian billow.
5 Be thy sleep
Calm and deep,
Like theirs who fell, not ours who weep!
Away, unlovely dreams!
Away, false shapes of sleep!
10 Be his, as Heaven seems,
Clear and bright and deep!
Soft as love, and calm as death,
Sweet as a summer night without a breath.
Sleep, sleep! our song is laden
15 With the soul of slumber;
It was sung by a Samian maiden
Whose lover was of the number
Who now keep
That calm sleep
20Whence none may wake, where none shall weep.
I touch thy temples pale!
I breathe my soul on thee!
And could my prayers avail,
All my joy should be
25Dead, and I would live to weep,
So thou might’st win one hour of quiet sleep.
Breathe low, low!
The spell of the mighty mistress now
When Conscience lulls her sated snake
30 And Tyrants sleep, let Freedom wake.
Breathe! low—low
The words which like secret fire shall flow
Through the veins of the frozen earth—low, low!
Life may change, but it may fly not;
35Hope may vanish, but can die not;
Truth be veiled but still it burneth;
Love repulsed,—but it returneth!
Yet were Life a charnel where
Hope lay coffined with despair;
40Yet were Truth a sacred lie;
Love were Lust—
If Liberty
Lent not Life its soul of light,
Hope its iris of delight,
Truth its prophet’s robe to wear,
45Love its power to give and bear.
In the great Morning of the world
The spirit of God with might unfurled
The flag of Freedom over chaos,
And all its banded Anarchs fled
50Like Vultures frighted from Imaus
Before an Earthquake’s tread.—
So from Time’s tempestuous dawn
Freedom’s splendour burst and shone.—
55Caught, like mountains beacon-lighted,
The springing Fire.—The winged Glory
On Philippi half-alighted,
Like an Eagle on a promontory.
Its unwearied wings could fan
60The quenchless ashes of Milan.
From age to age, from man to man,
It lived; and lit from land to land
Florence, Albion, Switzerland.
Then Night fell—and as from night
65Re-assuming fiery flight
From the West swift Freedom came
Against the course of Heaven and doom,
A second sun arrayed in flame
To burn, to kindle, to illume.
70From far Atlantis its young beams
Chased the shadows and the dreams;
France with all her sanguine streams
Hid but quenched it not; again
Through clouds its shafts of glory rain
75 From utmost Germany to Spain.
As an eagle fed with morning
Scorns the embattled tempest’s warning
When she seeks her aiëry hanging
In the mountain-cedar’s hair
80And her brood expect the clanging
Of her wings through the wild air,
Sick with famine—Freedom so
To what of Greece remaineth now
Returns; her hoary ruins glow
85Like orient mountains lost in day.
Beneath the safety of her wings
Her renovated nurslings prey,
And in the naked lightnings
Of truth they purge their dazzled eyes.
90Let Freedom leave, where’er she flies,
A Desart, or a Paradise;
Let the beautiful and the brave
Share her glory, or a grave.
With the gifts of gladness
95 Greece did thy cradle strew—
With the tears of sadness
Greece did thy shroud bedew!
With an orphan’s affection
She followed thy bier through Time;
100And at thy resurrection
Reappeareth, like thou, sublime!
If Heaven should resume thee,
To Heaven shall her spirits ascend;
If Hell should entomb thee,
105 To Hell shall her high hearts bend.
If annihilation——
Dust let her glories be!
And a name and a nation
Be forgotten, Freedom, with thee!
110His brow grows darker—breathe not—move not.
He starts—he shudders—ye that love not,
With your panting loud and fast,
Have awakened him at last.
Mahmud [starting from his sleep.
Man the Seraglio-guard!—make fast the gate.
115What! from a cannonade of three short hours?
’Tis false! that breach towards the Bosphorus
Cannot be practicable yet—who stirs?
Stand to the match! that when the foe prevails
One spark may mix in reconciling ruin
120The conqueror and the conquered! Heave the tower
Into the gap—wrench off the roof!
[Enter HASSAN.
Ha! what!
The truth of day lightens upon my dream
And I am Mahmud, still,—
Your sublime highness
Is strangely moved.
Mahmud
The times do cast strange shadows
125On those who watch and who must rule their course,
Lest they being first in peril as in glory
Be whelmed in the fierce ebb—and these are of them.
Thrice has a gloomy vision hunted me
As thus from sleep into the troubled day;
130It shakes me as the tempest shakes the sea,
Leaving no figure upon memory’s glass.
Would that—no matter—thou didst say thou knewest
A Jew, whose spirit is a chronicle
Of strange and secret and forgotten things.
135I bade thee summon him—’tis said his tribe
Dream, and are wise interpreters of dreams.
Hassan
The Jew of whom I spake is old—so old
He seems to have outlived a world’s decay;
The hoary mountains and the wrinkled ocean
140Seem younger still than he—his hair and beard
Are whiter than the tempest-sifted snow.
His cold pale limbs and pulseless arteries
Are like the fibres of a cloud instinct
With light, and to the soul that quickens them
145Are as the atoms of the mountain-drift
To the winter wind—but from his eye looks forth
A life of unconsumed thought which pierces
The present, and the past, and the to-come.
Some say that this is he whom the great prophet
150Jesus, the Son of Joseph, for his mockery
Mocked with the curse of immortality.—
Some feign that he is Enoch—others dream
He was preadamite and has survived
Cycles of generation and of ruin.
155The Sage, in truth, by dreadful abstinence
And conquering penance of the mutinous flesh,
Deep contemplation and unwearied study
In years outstretched beyond the date of man,
May have attained to sovereignty and science
160Over those strong and secret things and thoughts
Which others fear and know not.
Mahmud
I would talk
With this old Jew.
Hassan
Thy will is even now
Made known to him, where he dwells in a sea cavern
’Mid the Demonesi, less accessible
165Than thou or God! He who would question him
Must sail alone at sunset where the stream
Of ocean sleeps around those foamless isles,
When the young moon is westering as now
And evening airs wander upon the wave;
170And when the pines of that bee-pasturing isle,
Green Erebinthus, quench the fiery shadow
Of his gilt prow within the sapphire water,
Then must the lonely helmsman cry aloud,
Ahasuerus! and the caverns round
175Will answer Ahasuerus! If his prayer
Be granted, a faint meteor will arise
Lighting him over Marmora, and a wind
Will rush out of the sighing pine forest
And with the wind a storm of harmony
180Unutterably sweet, and pilot him
Through the soft twilight to the Bosphorus:
Thence at the hour and place and circumstance
Fit for the matter of their conference
The Jew appears. Few dare and few who dare
185Win the desired communion—but that shout
[a shout within
Bodes——
Mahmud
Evil doubtless like all human sounds.
Let me converse with spirits.
Hassan
That shout again.
This Jew whom thou hast summoned—
Hassan
Will be here—
Mahmud
When the omnipotent hour to which are yoked
190He, I, and all things shall compel—Enough.
Silence those mutineers—that drunken crew,
That crowd about the pilot in the storm.
Aye! strike the foremost shorter by a head.—
They weary me and I have need of rest.
195Kings are like stars—they rise and set, they have
The worship of the world but no repose.
[Exeunt severally.
Worlds on worlds are rolling ever
From creation to decay,
Like the bubbles on a river
200 Sparkling, bursting, borne away.
But they are still immortal
Who through Birth’s orient portal
And Death’s dark chasm hurrying to and fro,
Clothe their unceasing flight
205 In the brief dust and light
Gathered around their chariots as they go;
New shapes they still may weave,
New Gods, new Laws receive,
Bright or dim are they as the robes they last
210 On Death’s bare ribs had cast.
A Power from the unknown God,
A Promethean Conqueror came;
Like a triumphal path he trod
The thorns of death and shame.
215 A mortal shape to him
Was like the vapour dim
Which the orient planet animates with light;
Hell, Sin and Slavery came
Like bloodhounds mild and tame,
220Nor preyed, until their Lord had taken flight;
The moon of Mahomet
Arose, and it shall set,
While blazoned as on Heaven’s immortal noon
The cross leads generations on.
225 Swift as the radiant shapes of sleep
From one whose dreams are Paradise
Fly, when the fond wretch wakes to weep,
And Day peers forth with her blank eyes;
So fleet, so faint, so fair,
230 The Powers of earth and air
Fled from the folding star of Bethlehem;
Apollo, Pan, and Love—
And even Olympian Jove—
Grew weak, for killing Truth had glared on them;
235 Our hills and seas and streams
Dispeopled of their dreams—
Their waters turned to blood, their dew to tears—
Wailed for the golden years.
[Enter MAHMUD, HASSAN, DAOOD, and others.
Mahmud
More gold? our ancestors bought gold with victory,
240And shall I sell it for defeat?
Daood
Clamour for pay—
Mahmud
Go! bid them pay themselves
With Christian blood! Are there no Grecian virgins
Whose shrieks and spasms and tears they may enjoy?
No infidel children to impale on spears?
245No hoary priests after that Patriarch
Who bent the curse against his country’s heart,
Which clove his own at last? Go! bid them kill—
Blood is the seed of gold.
It has been sown,
And yet the harvest to the sicklemen
250Is as a grain to each.
Mahmud
Then, take this signet.
Unlock the seventh chamber in which lie
The treasures of victorious Solyman,
An Empire’s spoil stored for a day of ruin.
O spirit of my sires, is it not come?
255The prey-birds and the wolves are gorged and sleep,
But these, who spread their feast on the red earth,
Hunger for gold, which fills not—see them fed;
Then, lead them to the rivers of fresh death.
[Exit DAOOD.
O, miserable dawn after a night
260More glorious than the day which it usurped!
O, faith in God! O power on earth! O word
Of the great prophet, whose o’ershadowing wings
Darkened the thrones and idols of the West:
Now bright!—for thy sake cursed be the hour,
265Even as a father by an evil child,
When th’ orient moon of Islam roll’d in triumph
From Caucasus to white Ceraunia!
Ruin above, and anarchy below;
Terror without, and treachery within;
270The chalice of destruction full, and all
Thirsting to drink, and who among us dares
To dash it from his lips? and where is hope?
Hassan
The lamp of our dominion still rides high,
One God is God—Mahomet is his prophet.
275Four hundred thousand Moslems, from the limits
Of utmost Asia, irresistibly
Throng, like full clouds at the Sirocco’s cry,
But not like them to weep their strength in tears:
They bear destroying lightning and their step
280Wakes earthquake to consume and overwhelm
And reign in ruin. Phrygian Olympus,
Tmolus and Latmos and Mycale roughen
With horrent arms; and lofty ships even now
Like vapours anchored to a mountain’s edge,
285Freighted with fire and whirlwind, wait at Scala
The convoy of the ever-veering wind.
Samos is drunk with blood;—the Greek has paid
Brief victory with swift loss and long despair.
The false Moldavian serfs fled fast and far
290When the fierce shout of Allah-illah-Allah!
Rose like the war-cry of the northern wind
Which kills the sluggish clouds, and leaves a flock
Of wild swans struggling with the naked storm.
So were the lost Greeks on the Danube’s day!
295If night is mute, yet the returning sun
Kindles the voices of the morning birds;
Nor at thy bidding less exultingly
Than birds rejoicing in the golden day,
The Anarchies of Africa unleash
300Their tempest-winged cities of the sea
To speak in thunder to the rebel world.
Like sulphurous clouds half shattered by the storm
They sweep the pale Aegean, while the Queen
Of Ocean, bound upon her island-throne
305Far in the West sits mourning that her sons
Who frown on Freedom spare a smile for thee.
Russia still hovers as an Eagle might
Within a cloud, near which a kite and crane
Hang tangled in inextricable fight,
310To stoop upon the victor—for she fears
The name of Freedom even as she hates thine.
But recreant Austria loves thee as the Grave
Loves Pestilence, and her slow dogs of war
Fleshed with the chase come up from Italy
315And howl upon their limits, for they see
The panther Freedom fled to her old cover
’Mid seas and mountains and a mightier brood
Crouch round. What Anarch wears a crown or mitre,
Or bears the sword, or grasps the key of gold,
320Whose friends are not thy friends, whose foes thy foes?
Our arsenals and our armouries are full;
Our forts defy assault—ten thousand cannon
Lie ranged upon the beach, and hour by hour
Their earth-convulsing wheels affright the city;
325The galloping of fiery steeds makes pale
The Christian merchant; and the yellow Jew
Hides his hoard deeper in the faithless earth.
Like clouds and like the shadows of the clouds
Over the hills of Anatolia
330Swift in wide troops the Tartar chivalry
Sweep—the far flashing of their starry lances
Reverberates the dying light of day.
We have one God, one King, one hope, one law;
But many-headed Insurrection stands
335Divided in itself, and soon must fall.
Mahmud
Proud words when deeds come short are seasonable.
Look, Hassan, on yon crescent moon emblazoned
Upon that shattered flag of fiery cloud
Which leads the rear of the departing day,
340Wan emblem of an empire fading now.
See! how it trembles in the blood-red air
And like a mighty lamp whose oil is spent
Shrinks on the horizon’s edge while from above
One star with insolent and victorious light
345Hovers above its fall, and with keen beams
Like arrows through a fainting antelope
Strikes its weak form to death.
Hassan
Even as that moon
Renews itself——
Mahmud
Shall we be not renewed!
Far other bark than ours were needed now
350To stem the torrent of descending time;
The spirit that lifts the slave before his lord
Stalks through the capitals of armed kings
And spreads his ensign in the wilderness,
Exults in chains, and when the rebel falls
355Cries like the blood of Abel from the dust;
And the inheritors of the earth, like beasts
When earthquake is unleashed, with idiot fear
Cower in their kingly dens—as I do now.
What were Defeat when Victory must appal?
360Or Danger when Security looks pale?
How said the messenger who from the fort
Islanded in the Danube, saw the battle
Of Bucharest?—that—
Hassan
Drew with its gleam swift victory from heaven,
365To burn before him in the night of battle,
A light and a destruction——
Mahmud
Aye! the day
Was ours—but how?——
Hassan
The Arnaut, Servian, and Albanian allies
Fled from the glance of our artillery
370Almost before the thunderstone alit.
One half the Grecian army made a bridge
Of safe and slow retreat with Moslem dead;
The other—
Mahmud
Speak—tremble not.—
Hassan
By victor myriads formed in hollow square
375With rough and steadfast front, and thrice flung back
The deluge of our foaming cavalry;
Thrice their keen wedge of battle pierced our lines.
Our baffled army trembled like one man
Before a host, and gave them space, but soon
380From the surrounding hills the batteries blazed,
Kneading them down with fire and iron rain:
Yet none approached till like a field of corn
Under the hook of the swart sickleman
The band, intrenched in mounds of Turkish dead,
385Grew weak and few—then said the Pacha, ‘Slaves,
Render yourselves—they have abandoned you—
What hope of refuge, or retreat or aid?
We grant your lives—’ ‘Grant that which is thine own!’
Cried one, and fell upon his sword and died!
390Another—‘God, and man, and hope abandon me
But I to them and to myself remain
Constant’—he bowed his head and his heart burst.
A third exclaimed, ‘There is a refuge, tyrant,
Where thou darest not pursue and canst not harm
395Should’st thou pursue; there we shall meet again.’
Then held his breath, and after a brief spasm
The indignant spirit cast its mortal garment
Among the slain;—dead earth upon the earth!
So these survivors, each by different ways,
400Some strange, all sudden, none dishonourable,
Met in triumphant death; and when our army
Closed in, while yet wonder and awe and shame
Held back the base hyenas of the battle
That feed upon the dead and fly the living,
405One rose out of the chaos of the slain:
And if it were a corpse which some dread spirit
Of the old saviours of the land we rule
Had lifted in its anger wandering by;—
Or if there burned within the dying man
410Unquenchable disdain of death, and faith
Creating what it feigned;—I cannot tell—
But he cried—‘Phantoms of the free, we come!
Armies of the Eternal, ye who strike
To dust the citadels of sanguine kings,
415And shake the souls throned on their stony hearts,
And thaw their frostwork diadems like dew,—
O ye who float around this clime, and weave
The garment of the glory which it wears,
Whose fame though earth betray the dust it clasped,
420Lies sepulchred in monumental thought;—
Progenitors of all that yet is great,
Ascribe to your bright senate, O accept
In your high ministrations, us, your Sons.
Us first, and the more glorious yet to come!
425And ye, weak conquerors! giants who look pale
When the crushed worm rebels beneath your tread,
The vultures and the dogs, your pensioners tame,
Are overgorged, but like oppressors still
They crave the relic of destruction’s feast;
430The exhalations and the thirsty winds
Are sick with blood; the dew is foul with death;
Heaven’s light is quenched in slaughter; thus, where’er
Upon your camps, cities, or towers, or fleets
The obscene birds the reeking remnants cast
435Of these dead limbs,—upon your streams and mountains,
Upon your fields, your gardens, and your housetops,
Where’er the winds shall creep or the clouds fly
Or the dews fall or the angry sun look down
With poisoned light—Famine and Pestilence
440And Panic shall wage war upon our side;
Nature from all her boundaries is moved
Against ye;—Time has found ye light as foam;
The Earth rebels; and Good and Evil stake
Their empire o’er the unborn world of men
445On this one cast;—but ere the die be thrown
The renovated Genius of our race,
Proud umpire of the impious game, descends,
A seraph-winged Victory, bestriding
The tempest of the Omnipotence of God
450Which sweeps all things to their appointed doom
And you to oblivion!’—more he would have said
But—
Mahmud
Died—as thou shouldst ere thy lips had painted
Their ruin in the hues of our success—
A rebel’s crime gilt with a rebel’s tongue!
455Your heart is Greek, Hassan.
Hassan
It may be so:
A spirit not my own wrenched me within
And I have spoken words I fear and hate,
Yet would I die for—
Mahmud
Live! O live! outlive
Me and this sinking Empire.—But the fleet?—
460Alas!——
Mahmud
The fleet which like a flock of clouds
Chased by the wind flies the insurgent banner.
Our winged castles from their merchant ships!
Our myriads before their weak pirate bands!
Our arms before their chains! our years of Empire
465Before their centuries of servile fear!
Death is awake, Repulse is on the waters!
They own no more the thunder-bearing banner
Of Mahmud, but like hounds of a base breed,
Gorge from a stranger’s hand and rend their master.
Hassan
470Latmos, and Ampelos and Phanae saw
The wreck——
Mahmud
The caves of the Icarian isles
Told each to the other in loud mockery,
And with the tongue as of a thousand echoes
First of the sea-convulsing fight—and, then,—
475Thou darest to speak—senseless are the mountains;
Interpret thou their voice!
Hassan
My presence bore
A part in that day’s shame. The Grecian fleet
Bore down at day-break from the North, and hung
As multitudinous on the ocean line
480As cranes upon the cloudless Thracian wind.
Our squadron convoying ten thousand men
Was stretching towards Nauplia when the battle
Was kindled.—
First through the hail of our artillery
485The agile Hydriote barks with press of sail
Dashed—ship to ship, cannon to cannon, man
To man were grappled in the embrace of war,
Inextricable but by death or victory—
The tempest of the raging fight convulsed
490To its chrystalline depths that stainless sea
And shook Heaven’s roof of golden morning clouds
Poised on a hundred azure mountain-isles.
In the brief trances of the artillery
One cry from the destroyed and the destroyer
495Rose, and a cloud of desolation wrapt
The unforeseen event till the north wind
Sprung from the sea, lifting the heavy veil
Of battle-smoke—then Victory—Victory!
For as we thought three frigates from Algiers
500Bore down from Naxos to our aid, but soon
The abhorred cross glimmered behind, before,
Among, around us; and that fatal sign
Dried with its beams the strength in Moslem hearts,
As the sun drinks the dew—what more? We fled!—
505Our noonday path over the sanguine foam
Was beaconed,—and the glare struck the sun pale
By our consuming transports; the fierce light
Made all the shadows of our sails blood red
And every countenance blank. Some ships lay feeding
510The ravening fire even to the water’s level;
Some were blown up—some settling heavily
Sunk; and the shrieks of our companions died
Upon the wind that bore us fast and far
Even after they were dead—Nine thousand perished!
515We met the vultures legioned in the air
Stemming the torrent of the tainted wind;
They, screaming from their cloudy mountain peaks,
Stooped through the sulphurous battle-smoke and perched
Each on the weltering carcase that we loved
520Like its ill angel or its damned soul,
Riding upon the bosom of the sea.
We saw the dog-fish hastening to their feast,
Joy waked the voiceless people of the sea,
And ravening Famine left his ocean cave
525To dwell with war, with us and with despair.
We met Night three hours to the west of Patmos
And with Night, tempest——
Mahmud
Cease!—
[Enter a MESSENGER.
Your sublime Highness,
That Christian hound, the Muscovite Ambassador,
Has left the city—if the rebel fleet
530Had anchored in the port, had Victory
Crowned the Greek legions in the hippodrome,
Panic were tamer—Obedience and Mutiny
Like Giants in contention, planet-struck,
Stand gazing on each other—there is peace
535In Stamboul—
Mahmud
Is the grave not calmer still?
Its ruins shall be mine.
Hassan
Fear not the Russian:
The tiger leagues not with the stag at bay
Against the hunter—cunning, base, and cruel,
He crouches watching till the spoil be won
540And must be paid for his reserve in blood.
After the war is fought yield the sleek Russian
That which thou can’st not keep, his deserved portion
Of blood, which shall not flow through streets and fields,
Rivers and seas, like that which we may win,
545But stagnate in the veins of Christian slaves!
[Enter SECOND MESSENGER.
Second Messenger
Nauplia, Tripolizza, Mothon, Athens,
Navarin, Artas, Monembasia,
Corinth and Thebes are carried by assault
And every Islamite who made his dogs
550Fat with the flesh of Galilean slaves
Passed at the edge of the sword; the lust of blood
Which made our warriors drunk, is quenched in death,
But like a fiery plague breaks out anew
In deeds which make the Christian cause look pale
555In its own light. The garrison of Patras
Has store but for ten days, nor is there hope
But from the Briton; at once slave and tyrant
His wishes still are weaker than his fears
Or he would sell what faith may yet remain
560From the oaths broke in Genoa and in Norway;
And if you buy him not, your treasury
Is empty even of promises—his own coin.—
The freedman of a western poet chief
Holds Attica with seven thousand rebels
565And has beat back the Pacha of Negropont—
The aged Ali sits in Yanina
A crownless metaphor of empire:
His name, that shadow of his withered might,
Holds our besieging army like a spell
570In prey to Famine, Pest, and Mutiny;
He, bastioned in his citadel, looks forth
Joyless upon the sapphire lake that mirrors
The ruins of the city where he reigned
Childless and sceptreless. The Greek has reaped
575The costly harvest his own blood matured,
Not the sower, Ali—who has bought a truce
From Ypsilanti with ten camel loads
Of Indian gold—
[Enter a THIRD MESSENGER.
Mahmud
What more?
Third Messenger
Of Lebanon and the Syrian wilderness
580Are in revolt—Damascus, Hems, Aleppo
Tremble—the Arab menaces Medina,
The Ethiop has intrenched himself in Senaar
And keeps the Egyptian rebel well employed
Who denies homage, claims investiture
585As price of tardy aid—Persia demands
The cities on the Tigris, and the Georgians
Refuse their living tribute. Crete and Cyprus
Like mountain-twins that from each other’s veins
Catch the volcano-fire and earthquake spasm,
590Shake in the general fever. Through the city
Like birds before a storm the Santons shriek
And prophesyings horrible and new
Are heard among the crowd—that sea of men
Sleeps on the wrecks it made, breathless and still.
595A Dervise learned in the Koran preaches
That it is written how the sins of Islam
Must raise up a destroyer even now.
The Greeks expect a Saviour from the West
Who shall not come, men say, in clouds and glory:
600But in the omnipresence of that spirit
In which all live and are. Ominous signs
Are blazoned broadly on the noonday sky.
One saw a red cross stamped upon the sun;
It has rained blood, and monstrous births declare
605The secret wrath of Nature and her Lord.
The army encamped upon the Cydaris
Was roused last night by the alarm of battle
And saw two hosts conflicting in the air,
The shadows doubtless of the unborn time
610Cast on the mirror of the night;—while yet
The fight hung balanced, there arose a storm
Which swept the phantoms from among the stars.
At the third watch the spirit of the plague
Was heard abroad flapping among the tents;
615Those who relieved watch found the sentinels dead.
The last news from the camp is that a thousand
Have sickened, and——
[Enter a FOURTH MESSENGER.
Mahmud
And, thou, pale ghost, dim shadow
Of some untimely rumour—speak!
Fourth Messenger
One comes
Fainting with toil, covered with foam and blood:
620He stood, he says, on Chelonite’s
Promontory, which o’erlooks the isles that groan
Under the Briton’s frown, and all their waters
Then trembling in the splendour of the moon—
When as the wandering clouds unveiled or hid
625Her boundless light, he saw two adverse fleets
Stalk through the night in the horizon’s glimmer,
Mingling fierce thunders and sulphurious gleams,
And smoke which strangled every infant wind
That soothed the silver clouds through the deep air.
630At length the battle slept, but the Sirocco
Awoke and drove his flock of thunder clouds
Over the sea-horizon, blotting out
All objects—save that in the faint moon-glimpse
He saw, or dreamed he saw, the Turkish admiral
635And two the loftiest of our ships of war
With the bright image of that Queen of Heaven
Who hid, perhaps, her face for grief, reversed;
And the abhorred cross—
[Enter an ATTENDANT.
Attendant
Your sublime highness,
The Jew, who—
Mahmud
Could not come more seasonably:
640Bid him attend— I’ll hear no more! too long
We gaze on danger through the mist of fear,
And multiply upon our shattered hopes
The images of ruin—come what will!
Tomorrow and tomorrow are as lamps
Set in our path to light us to the edge
645Through rough and smooth, nor can we suffer aught
Which he inflicts not in whose hand we are.
[exeunt.
Would I were the winged cloud
Of a tempest swift and loud,
650 I would scorn
The smile of morn
And the wave where the moon rise is born!
I would leave
The spirits of eve
655 A shroud for the corpse of the day to weave
From other threads than mine!
Bask in the deep blue noon divine
Who would,—not I.
Whither to fly?
660Where the rocks that gird th’ Aegean
Echo to the battle paean
Of the free—
I would flee,
A tempestuous herald of Victory,
665 My golden rain
For the Grecian slain
Should mingle in tears with the bloody main
And my solemn thunder knell
Should ring to the world the passing bell
670 Of Tyranny!
Ha king! wilt thou chain
The rack and the rain,
Wilt thou fetter the lightning and hurricane?
The storms are free
675 But we?
O Slavery! thou frost of the world’s prime,
Killing its flowers and leaving its thorns bare!
Thy touch has stamped these limbs with crime,
These brows thy branding garland bear,
680 But the free heart, the impassive soul
Scorn thy controul!
Let there be light! said Liberty,
And like sunrise from the sea,
Athens arose!—around her born,
685Shone like mountains in the morn
Glorious States,—and are they now
Ashes, wrecks, oblivion?
Go,
Where Thermae and Asopus swallowed
Persia, as the sand does foam.
690Deluge upon deluge followed,—
Discord, Macedon and Rome:
And lastly Thou!
Temples and towers,
Citadels and marts and they
Who live and die there, have been ours
695And may be thine, and must decay,
But Greece and her foundations are
Built below the tide of war,
Based on the chrystalline sea
Of thought and its eternity;
700Her citizens, imperial spirits,
Rule the present from the past,
On all this world of men inherits
Their seal is set—
Hear ye the blast
Whose Orphic thunder thrilling calls
705 From ruin her Titanian walls?
Whose spirit shakes the sapless bones
Of Slavery? Argos, Corinth, Crete
Hear, and from their mountain thrones
The daemons and the nymphs repeat
710The harmony.
I hear! I hear!
The world’s eyeless charioteer,
Destiny, is hurrying by!
What faith is crushed, what empire bleeds
Beneath her earthquake-footed steeds?
715What eagle-winged victory sits
At her right hand? what shadow flits
Before? what splendour rolls behind?
Ruin and Renovation cry
‘Who but we?’
I hear! I hear.
720 The hiss as of a rushing wind,
The roar as of an ocean foaming,
The thunder as of earthquake coming.
I hear! I hear!
The crash as of an empire falling,
725The shrieks as of a people calling
‘Mercy? Mercy!’ how they thrill!
Then a shout of ‘Kill! Kill! Kill!’
And then a small still voice, thus—
For
Revenge and wrong bring forth their kind,
730 The foul cubs like their parents are,
Their den is in the guilty mind
And Conscience feeds them with despair.—
In sacred Athens, near the fane
Of Wisdom, Pity’s altar stood.—
735Serve not the unknown God in vain,
But pay that broken shrine again,
Love for hate and tears for blood!
[Enter MAHMUD and AHASUERUS.
Mahmud
Thou art a man, thou sayest, even as we.
Ahasuerus
No more!
Mahmud
But raised above thy fellow men
740By thought, as I by power.
Thou sayest so.
Mahmud
Thou art an adept in the difficult lore
Of Greek and Frank philosophy; thou numberest
The flowers, and thou measurest the stars;
Thou severest element from element;
745Thy spirit is present in the past, and sees
The birth of this old world through all its cycles
Of desolation and of loveliness,
And when man was not, and how man became
The monarch and the slave of this low sphere,
750And all its narrow circles—it is much—
I honour thee, and would be what thou art
Were I not what I am—but the unborn hour,
Cradled in fear and hope, conflicting storms,
Who shall unveil? Nor thou, nor I, nor any
755Mighty or wise. I apprehended not
What thou hast taught me, but I now perceive
That thou art no interpreter of dreams;
Thou dost not own that art, device, or God,
Can make the future present—let it come!
760Moreover thou disdainest us and ours;
Thou art as God whom thou contemplatest.
Ahasuerus
Disdain thee? not the worm beneath thy feet!
The Fathomless has care for meaner things
Than thou canst dream, and has made Pride for those
765Who would be what they may not, or would seem
That which they are not—Sultan! talk no more
Of thee and me, the future and the past;
But look on that which cannot change—the One,
The unborn and the undying. Earth and ocean,
770Space and the isles of life or light that gem
The sapphire floods of interstellar air,
This firmament pavilioned upon chaos,
With all its cressets of immortal fire
Whose outwall bastioned impregnably
775Against the escape of boldest thoughts, repels them
As Calpe the Atlantic clouds—this Whole
Of suns, and worlds, and men, and beasts, and flowers,
With all the silent or tempestuous workings
By which they have been, are, or cease to be,
780Is but a vision—all that it inherits
Are motes of a sick eye, bubbles and dreams;
Thought is its cradle and its grave, nor less
The future and the past are idle shadows
Of thought’s eternal flight—they have no being.
785Nought is but that which feels itself to be.
Mahmud
What meanest thou? thy words stream like a tempest
Of dazzling mist within my brain—they shake
The earth on which I stand, and hang like night
On Heaven above me. What can they avail?
790They cast on all things surest, brightest, best,
Doubt, insecurity, astonishment.
Ahasuerus
Mistake me not! All is contained in each.
Dodona’s forest to an acorn’s cup
Is that which has been, or will be, to that
795Which is—the absent to the present. Thought
Alone, and its quick elements, Will, Passion,
Reason, Imagination, cannot die;
They are, what that which they regard, appears,
The stuff whence mutability can weave
800All that it hath dominion o’er, worlds, worms,
Empires and superstitions—what has thought
To do with time or place or circumstance?
Would’st thou behold the future?—ask and have!
Knock and it shall be opened—look and, lo!
805The coming age is shadowed on the past
As on a glass.
Mahmud
Wild—wilder thoughts convulse
My spirit—did not Mahomet the Second
Win Stamboul?
Thou would’st ask that giant spirit
The written fortunes of thy house and faith—
810Thou would’st cite one out of the grave to tell
How what was born in blood must die—
Mahmud
Thy words
Have power on me!—I see——
Ahasuerus
What hearest thou?
Mahmud
A far whisper——
Terrible silence—
Ahasuerus
What succeeds?
Mahmud
The sound
815As of the assault of an imperial city——
The hiss of inextinguishable fire,—
The roar of giant cannon;—the earthquaking
Fall of vast bastions and precipitous towers,
The shock of crags shot from strange engin’ry,
820The clash of wheels, and clang of armed hoofs
And crash of brazen mail as of the wreck
Of adamantine mountains—the mad blast
Of trumpets, and the neigh of raging steeds,
And shrieks of women whose thrill jars the blood
825And one sweet laugh most horrible to hear
As of a joyous infant waked and playing
With its dead mother’s breast, and now more loud
The mingled battle cry,—ha! hear I not
‘Ἐν τούτῳ νίκη’—‘Allah-Illah-Allah!’
Ahasuerus
830The sulphurous mist is raised—thou see’st—
A chasm
As of two mountains in the wall of Stamboul
And in that ghastly breach the Islamites
Like giants on the ruins of a world
Stand in the light of sunrise. In the dust
835Glimmers a kingless diadem, and one
Of regal port has cast himself beneath
The stream of war: another proudly clad
In golden arms spurs a Tartarian barb
Into the gap and with his iron mace
840Directs the torrent of that tide of men
And seems—he is, Mahomet!
Ahasuerus
What thou see’st
Is but the ghost of thy forgotten dream.
A dream itself, yet, less, perhaps, than that
Thou callest reality. Thou mayest behold
845How cities, on which empire sleeps enthroned,
Bow their tower’d crests to Mutability.
Poised by the flood, e’en on the height thou holdest,
Thou may’st now learn how the full tide of power
Ebbs to its depths.—Inheritor of glory
850Conceived in darkness, born in blood, and nourished
With tears and toil, thou see’st the mortal throes
Of that whose birth was but the same. The Past
Now stands before thee like an Incarnation
Of the To-come; yet would’st thou commune with
855That portion of thyself which was ere thou
Didst start for this brief race whose crown is death,
Dissolve with that strong faith and fervent passion
Which called it from the uncreated deep
Yon cloud of war with its tempestuous phantoms
860Of raging death; and draw with mighty will
The imperial shade hither—
[Exit AHASUERUS.
Mahmud
Approach!
I come
Thence whither thou must go! the grave is fitter
To take the living than give up the dead;
Yet has thy faith prevailed and I am here.
865The heavy fragments of the power which fell
When I arose like shapeless crags and clouds
Hang round my throne on the abyss, and voices
Of strange lament soothe my supreme repose,
Wailing for glory never to return.——
870 A later Empire nods in its decay:
The autumn of a greener faith is come,
And wolfish Change, like winter, howls to strip
The foliage in which Fame, the eagle, built
Her aiëry, while Dominion whelped below.
875The storm is in its branches, and the frost
Is on its leaves, and the blank deep expects
Oblivion on oblivion, spoil on spoil,
Ruin on ruin—thou art slow my son;
The Anarchs of the world of darkness keep
880A throne for thee round which thine empire lies
Boundless and mute, and for thy subjects thou,
Like us, shalt rule the ghosts of murdered life,
The phantoms of the powers who rule thee now—
Mutinous passions, and conflicting fears
885And hopes that sate themselves on dust and die,
Stript of their mortal strength, as thou of thine.
Islam must fall, but we will reign together
Over its ruins in the world of death—
And if the trunk be dry, yet shall the seed
890Unfold itself even in the shape of that
Which gathers birth in its decay—Woe! woe!
To the weak people tangled in the grasp
Of its last spasms.
Mahmud
Spirit, woe to all!—
Woe to the wronged and the avenger! woe
895To the destroyer; woe to the destroyed!
Woe to the dupe; and woe to the deceiver!
Woe to the oppressed; and woe to the oppressor!
Woe both to those that suffer and inflict,
Those who are born and those who die! but say,
900Imperial shadow of the thing I am,
When, how, by whom, Destruction must accomplish
Her consummation?
Phantom
Ask the cold pale Hour
Rich in reversion of impending death
When he shall fall upon whose ripe grey hairs
905Sit Care and Sorrow and Infirmity,
The weight which Crime whose wings are plumed with years
Leaves in his flight from ravaged heart to heart
Over the heads of men, under which burthen
They bow themselves unto the grave: fond wretch!
910He leans upon his crutch and talks of years
To come, and how in hours of youth renewed
He will renew lost joys, and——
Voice without
Victory! Victory!
[The PHANTOM vanishes.
Mahmud
What sound of the importunate earth has broken
My mighty trance?
Voice without
Victory! Victory!
Mahmud
915Weak lightning before darkness! poor faint smile
Of dying Islam! Voice which art the response
Of hollow weakness! Do I wake and live?
Were there such things or may the unquiet brain,
Vexed by the wise mad talk of the old Jew,
920Have shaped itself these shadows of its fear?
It matters not!—for nought we see or dream,
Possess or lose or grasp at can be worth
More than it gives or teaches. Come what may,
The future must become the Past, and I
925As they were to whom once this present hour,
This gloomy crag of Time to which I cling,
Seemed an Elysian isle of peace and joy
Never to be attained.——I must rebuke
This drunkenness of triumph ere it die,
930And dying, bring despair. Victory? poor slaves!
[Exit MAHMUD.
Voice without
Shout in the jubilee of death! the Greeks
Are as a brood of lions in the net
Round which the kingly hunters of the earth
Stand smiling. Anarchs, ye whose daily food
935Are curses, groans and gold, the fruit of death
From Thule to the Girdle of the World,
Come, feast! the board groans with the flesh of men;
The cup is foaming with a nation’s blood,
Famine and Thirst await! eat, drink and die!
940 Victorious Wrong with vulture scream
Salutes the risen sun, pursues the flying day!
I saw her, ghastly as a tyrant’s dream,
Perch on the trembling pyramid of night,
Beneath which earth and all her realms pavilioned lay
945In Visions of the dawning undelight.—
Who shall impede her flight?
Who rob her of her prey?
Voice without
Victory! Victory! Russia’s famished Eagles
Dare not to prey beneath the crescent’s light.
950Impale the remnants of the Greeks? despoil?
Violate! make their flesh cheaper than dust!
Thou Voice which art
The herald of the ill in splendour hid!
Thou echo of the hollow heart
955Of monarchy, bear me to thine abode
When Desolation flashes o’er a world destroyed.
O bear me to those isles of jagged cloud
Which float like mountains on the earthquake, mid
The momentary oceans of the lightning,
960 Or to some toppling promontory proud
Of solid tempest whose black pyramid,
Riven, overhangs the founts intensely brightening
Of those dawn-tinted deluges of fire
Before their waves expire
965When Heaven and Earth are light, and only light
In the thunder night!
Voice without
Victory! Victory! Austria, Russia, England
And that tame Serpent, that poor shadow, France,
Cry Peace, and that means Death when monarchs speak.
970Ho, there! bring torches,—sharpen those red stakes,
These chains are light, fitter for slaves and poisoners
Than Greeks. Kill, plunder, burn! let none remain.
Alas! for Liberty!
If numbers, wealth or unfulfilling years
975 Or fate can quell the free!
Alas! for Virtue when
Torments or contumely or the sneers
Of erring judging men
Can break the heart where it abides.
980Alas! if Love whose smile makes this obscure world splendid
Can change with its false times and tides,
Like hope and terror—
Alas for Love!
And Truth, who wanderest lone and unbefriended,
985If thou can’st veil thy lie-consuming mirror
Before the dazzled eyes of Error,
Alas for thee! Image of the Above.
Repulse, with plumes from Conquest torn,
Led the Ten Thousand from the limits of the morn
990 Through many an hostile Anarchy!
At length they wept aloud and cried, ‘The Sea! The Sea!’
Through exile, persecution and despair,
Rome was, and young Atlantis shall become
The wonder, or the terror or the tomb
995Of all whose step wakes Power lulled in her savage lair.
But Greece was as a hermit child,
Whose fairest thoughts and limbs were built
To woman’s growth, by dreams so mild,
She knew not pain or guilt;
1000And now—O Victory, blush! and Empire tremble
When ye desert the free—
If Greece must be
A wreck, yet shall its fragments reassemble
And build themselves again impregnably
1005 In a diviner clime
To Amphionic music on some cape sublime,
Which frowns above the idle foam of Time.
Let the tyrants rule the desart they have made—
Let the free possess the paradise they claim,
1010 Be the fortune of our fierce oppressors weighed
With our ruin, our resistance and our name!
Our dead shall be the seed of their decay,
Our survivors be the shadow of their pride,
Our adversity a dream to pass away—
1015 Their dishonour a remembrance to abide!
Voice without
Victory! Victory! The bought Briton sends
The Keys of Ocean to the Islamite—
Now shall the blazon of the cross be veiled
And British skill directing Othman might,
1020Thunderstrike rebel Victory. O keep holy
This jubilee of unrevenged blood—
Kill, crush, despoil! Let not a Greek escape!
Darkness has dawned in the East
On the noon of Time:
1025The death-birds descend to their feast,
From the hungry clime.—
Let Freedom and Peace flee far
To a sunnier strand,
And follow Love’s folding star
1030 To the Evening-land!
The young moon has fed
Her exhausted horn
With the sunset’s fire.
The weak day is dead,
1035 But the night is not born,
And like Loveliness panting with wild desire
While it trembles with fear and delight,
Hesperus flies from awakening night
And pants in its beauty and speed with light
1040 Fast flashing, soft and bright.
Thou beacon of love, thou lamp of the free!
Guide us far, far away,
To climes where now veiled by the ardour of day
Thou art hidden
1045 From waves on which weary noon
Faints in her summer swoon
Between Kingless continents sinless as Eden,
Around mountains and islands inviolably
Prankt on the sapphire sea.
1050 Through the sunset of Hope
Like the shapes of a dream
What Paradise islands of glory gleam!
Beneath Heaven’s cope,
Their shadows more clear float by—
1055The sound of their oceans, the light of their sky,
The music and fragrance their solitudes breathe
Burst, like morning on dream or like Heaven on death,
Through the walls of our prison;
And Greece which was dead is arisen!
1060The world’s great age begins anew,
The golden years return,
The earth doth like a snake renew
Her winter weeds outworn;
Heaven smiles, and faiths and empires gleam
1065Like wrecks of a dissolving dream.
A brighter Hellas rears its mountains
From waves serener far,
A new Peneus rolls his fountains
1070Where fairer Tempes bloom, there sleep
Young Cyclads on a sunnier deep.
A loftier Argo cleaves the main,
Fraught with a later prize;
Another Orpheus sings again,
1075 And loves, and weeps, and dies;
A new Ulysses leaves once more
Calypso for his native shore.
O, write no more the tale of Troy
If earth Death’s scroll must be!
1080Nor mix with Laian rage the joy
Which dawns upon the free;
Although a subtler Sphinx renew
Riddles of death Thebes never knew.
Another Athens shall arise,
1085 And to remoter time
Bequeath, like sunset to the skies,
The splendour of its prime.
And leave, if nought so bright may live,
All earth can take or Heaven can give.
1090Saturn and Love their long repose
Shall burst, more bright and good
Than all who fell, than One who rose,
Than many unsubdued;
Not gold, not blood their altar dowers
1095But votive tears and symbol flowers.
O cease! must hate and death return?
Cease! must men kill and die?
Cease! drain not to its dregs the urn
Of bitter prophecy.
1100The world is weary of the past,
O might it die or rest at last!
Milan was the centre of the resistance of the Lombard league against the Austrian tyrant. Frederic Barbarossa burnt the city to the ground, but Liberty lived in its ashes and it rose like an exhalation from its ruin. See Sismondi’s Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, a book which has done much towards awakening the Italians to an imitation of their great ancestors.
The popular notions of Christianity are represented in this chorus as true in their relation to the worship they superseded, and that which in all probability they will supersede, without considering their merits in a relation more universal. The first stanza contrasts the immortality of the living and thinking beings which inhabit the planets, and to use a common and inadequate phrase, clothe themselves in matter, with the transience of the noblest manifestations of the external world.
The concluding verses indicate a progressive state of more or less exalted existence according to the degree of perfection which every distinct intelligence may have attained. Let it not be supposed that I mean to dogmatize upon a subject concerning which all men are equally ignorant, or that I think the Gordian knot of the origin of Evil can be disentangled by that or any similar assertions. The received hypothesis of a Being resembling men in the moral attributes of his nature having called us out of non-existence, and after inflicting on us the misery of the commission of error, should superadd that of the punishment and the privations consequent upon it, still would remain inexplicable and incredible. That there is a true solution of the riddle and that in our present state that solution is unattainable by us, are propositions which may be regarded as equally certain; meanwhile as it is the province of the poet to attach himself to those ideas which exalt and ennoble humanity, let him be permitted to have conjectured the condition of that futurity towards which we are all impelled by an inextinguishable thirst for immortality. Until better arguments can be produced than sophisms which disgrace the cause, this desire itself must remain the strongest and the only presumption that eternity is the inheritance of every thinking being.
The Greek Patriarch after having been compelled to fulminate an anathema against the insurgents was put to death by the Turks.
Fortunately the Greeks have been taught that they cannot buy security by degradation, and the Turks, though equally cruel, are less cunning than the smooth-faced Tyrants of Europe. As to the anathema, his Holiness might as well have thrown his mitre at Mount Athos for any effect that it produced. The Chiefs of the Greeks are almost all men of comprehension and enlightened views on religion and politics.
A Greek who had been Lord Byron’s servant commands the insurgents in Attica. This Greek, Lord Byron informs me, though a poet and an enthusiastic patriot, gave him rather the idea of a timid and unenterprising person. It appears that circumstances make men what they are, and that we all contain the germ of a degree of degradation or of greatness whose connexion with our character is determined by events.
It is reported that this Messiah had arrived at a sea-port near Lacedaemon in an American brig. The association of names and ideas is irresistibly ludicrous, but the prevalence of such a rumour strongly marks the state of popular enthusiasm in Greece.
For the vision of Mahmud of the taking of Constantinople in 1453, see Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 12, p. 223.
The manner of the invocation of the spirit of Mahomet the Second will be censured as over subtle. I could easily have made the Jew a regular conjuror and the phantom an ordinary ghost. I have preferred to represent the Jew as disclaiming all pretension or even belief in supernatural agency and as tempting Mahmud to that state of mind in which ideas may be supposed to assume the force of sensations through the confusion of thought with the objects of thought, and the excess of passion animating the creations of imagination.
It is a sort of natural magic, susceptible of being exercised in a degree by any one who should have made himself master of the secret associations of another’s thoughts.
The final chorus is indistinct and obscure as the event of the living drama whose arrival it foretells. Prophesies of wars, and rumours of wars &c., may safely be made by poet or prophet in any age, but to anticipate, however darkly, a period of regeneration and happiness is a more hazardous exercise of the faculty which bards possess or feign. It will remind the reader ‘magno nec proximus intervallo’ of Isaiah and Virgil, whose ardent spirits overleaping the actual reign of evil which we endure and bewail, already saw the possible and perhaps approaching state of society in which the ‘lion shall lie down with the lamb’ and ‘omnis feret omnia tellus’. Let these great names be my authority and my excuse.
Saturn and Love were among the deities of a real or imaginary state of innocence and happiness. All those who fell, or the gods of Greece, Asia, and Egypt; the One who rose or Jesus Christ, at whose appearance the idols of the Pagan world were amerced of their worship; and the many unsubdued or, the monstrous objects of the idolatry of China, India, the Antarctic islands, and the native tribes of America, certainly have reigned over the understandings of men in conjunction or in succession, during periods in which all we know of evil has been in a state of portentous, and until the revival of learning and the arts, perpetually increasing activity. The Grecian gods seem indeed to have been personally more innocent, although it cannot be said that as far as temperance and chastity are concerned they gave so edifying an example as their successor. The sublime human character of Jesus Christ was deformed by an imputed identification of it with a Demon, who tempted, betrayed and punished the innocent beings who were called into existence by his sole will; and for the period of a thousand years the spirit of this the most just, wise and benevolent of men has been propitiated with myriads of hecatombs of those who approached the nearest to his innocence and his wisdom, sacrificed under every aggravation of atrocity and variety of torture. The horrors of the Mexican, the Peruvian, and the Indian superstitions are well known.